Results of the War_The Circle of Knowledge: A Classified, Simplified, Visualized Book of Answers

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, in 1848, closed the war. Its chief

provisions were:

(1) The Rio Grande was made the boundary between Texas and Mexico.

(2) California and New Mexico were ceded to the United States.

(3) The United States paid Mexico $15,000,000, and assumed $3,500,000

due American citizens.

The slavery question was intensified in American politics.

=PRINCIPAL BATTLES=

_NOTE: The Americans were victorious in every conflict._

==============+==============+========================+===============

=Place of | =Dates= | =Commanders= | =Engaged=

Battle= | |----------+-------------+-------+-------

| | | | can= | can=

--------------+--------------+----------+-------------+-------+-------

Bracite |Dec. 25, 1846|Doniphan |Ponce de Leon| 500| 1,200

Buena Vista |Feb. 23, 1847|Taylor |Santa Anna | 4,700| 17,000

Contreras |Aug. 20, 1847|Scott |Valencia | 4,000| 7,000

Churubusco |Aug. 20, 1847|Scott |Santa Anna | 8,000| 25,000

Huamantla |Oct. 9, 1847|Lane |Santa Anna | 500| 1,000

Palo Alto |May 8, 1846|Taylor |Arista | 2,300| 6,000

Resaca de la |May 9, 1846|Taylor |Arista | 2,000| 5,000

Sacramento |Feb. 28, 1847|Doniphan |Trias | 900| 4,000

Vera Cruz |Mar. 27, 1847|Scott |Landero | 12,000| 6,000

--------------+--------------+----------+-------------+-------+-------

The only naval engagements of importance during the war with Mexico

were the bombardment of Vera Cruz, by Commodore Conner, which lasted

four days, and the bombardment of Monterey, Commodore Sloat, both

cities being forced to surrender.

The Democrats, holding that slaves were property, claimed the right to

take them into any territory, and asserting the principle of “squatter

sovereignty,” claimed the right of the people living in any territory to

settle for themselves whether it should be slave or free. The Free

Soilers demanded that the soil having been free when a part of Mexico,

should be free as a part of the United States. Between these two Clay

now stepped in to act as pacificator. Taking up the grievances of each

side, he framed and carried through the measure known as the Compromise

of 1850, the third great political compromise in our history. The fruit

of this was the admission of California as a free state; the passage of

a more stringent law for the recovery of fugitive slaves; the abolition

of the slave trade in the District of Columbia; and the organization of

Utah and New Mexico on the basis of “squatter sovereignty.”

This done, senators and representatives of all parties joined in a

manifesto declaring that the issues resting on slavery were dead issues,

and that they would neither vote for, nor work for any man who thought

otherwise. But thousands did think otherwise. The action of Clay pleased

none. Anti-slavery men deserted him in the North; pro-slavery men

deserted him in the South; and in 1852 the Whig party carried but four

states out of thirty-one and perished. Even its two great leaders, Clay

and Webster, were, by that time, in their graves.

Excited by such success, the Democrats, led on by Stephen A. Douglas,

now broke through the compromise of 1820 and in 1854 applied “squatter

sovereignty” to the organization of the territories of Kansas and

Nebraska. Against this violation state legislatures, the people, the

pulpit, and the press protested vigorously, for every acre of Kansas and

Nebraska lay to the north of 36° 30′ and was solemnly pledged to

freedom. But the Democratic leaders would not listen and drove from

their ranks another detachment of voters. The effect was soon manifest.

The little parties began to unite and when, in 1856, the time came to

elect another president, the Republican Party of to-day was fully

organized and ready. Once more and for the last time for twenty-eight

years the Democrats won.

=Buchanan’s Administration the Prelude to the Civil War.=--The

administration of James Buchanan (1857-1861) marks an epoch. The

question before the country was that of the extension of slavery into

the new territories. Hardly had he been inaugurated when the Supreme

Court handed down a decision on the case of Dred Scott, which denied the

right of Congress to legislate on slavery, set aside the compromises of

1820 and 1850 as unconstitutional, and opened all the territories to

slavery.

=Rise of the Republican Party and Election of Lincoln.=--From that

moment the Whig and Democratic parties began to break up rapidly till,

when 1860 came, four parties and four presidential candidates were in

the field. The Democratic party, having finally split at the national

convention for nominating a president and vice-president, the southern

wing put forward Breckenridge and Lane and demanded that Congress should

protect slavery in the territories. The northern wing nominated Stephen

A. Douglas and declared for squatter sovereignty and the compromise of

1850. A third party, taking the name of “Constitutional Union,” declared

for the Constitution and the Union at any price and no agitation of

slavery, nominated Bell and Everett, and drew the support of the old

Whigs of the Clay and Webster school. The Republicans, declaring that

Congress should prohibit slavery in the territories, nominated Abraham

Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin and won the election.

=Secession, and the Formation of the Confederacy.=--The State of South

Carolina immediately seceded and before the end of February, 1861, was

followed by Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and

Texas. Taking the name of the Confederate States of America, they formed

first a temporary and then a permanent government, elected Jefferson

Davis president, raised an army, and besieged Fort Sumter in Charleston

Harbor. The attempt to relieve the fort brought on the bombardment and

surrender (April 19, 1861). The Confederate States were now joined by

Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee. Richmond was made the

capital, and the Civil war opened.

=Civil War between the Union and the Confederacy.=--The line of

separation between the states then became the Potomac River, the Ohio

River, and a line across southern Missouri and Indian Territory to New

Mexico. Along this line the troops of the Union were drawn up in many

places under many commanders. Yet there were in the main but three great

armies. That of the East or Potomac under General McClellan, that of the

Center or the Ohio under General Buell, that of the West or Missouri

under General Halleck. In command of all as Lieutenant-General was

Winfield Scott. Confronting them were the troops of the Confederacy,

drawn up in three corresponding armies: that of North Virginia under

Johnston and Lee, that of the Cumberland under Albert Sidney Johnston,

and that of the trans-Mississippi under McCulloch and Price.

Yielding to the demand of the North for the capture of Richmond before

the Confederate Congress could meet there (July 20, 1861), McDowell

went forth with thirty-eight thousand three-months volunteers to the

ever memorable field of Bull Run.

=The Union Successes in the Southwest.=--But the serious campaigning did

not begin until January, 1862. Then the whole line west of the

Alleghanies (made up of the armies of Ohio and Missouri), turning on

Pittsburgh as a center, swept southward, captured Forts Henry and

Donelson, defeated the Confederates at Shiloh, captured Corinth, took

Island Number 10, and drove them from Fort Pillow. Meantime Farragut

entered the Mississippi from the Gulf, passed Forts Jackson and St.

Philip, captured New Orleans, and sent Commodore Davis up the river to

take Memphis. Memphis fell June 6, 1862, and, save for Vicksburg, the

Mississippi was open for navigation. When the year closed the

Confederates had been driven to the east into the mountains of

Tennessee, where, December 31, 1862 to January 2, 1863, was fought the

desperate and bloody battle of Murfreesboro. The Union troops won, and

the Confederate army fell back to Chattanooga.

=The Peninsular Campaign Favors Confederate Arms.=--With the Army of the

Potomac meantime all had gone ill. The affair at Bull Run in July, 1861,

had been followed by the transfer of the army to McClellan. But

McClellan wasted time, wore out the patience of the North, and forced

Lincoln to issue General Order Number One for the forward movement of

all armies on February 22, 1862. Obedient to this McClellan began his

Peninsular Campaign against Richmond, was out-generaled by Lee, and in

the second battle of Bull Run suffered so crushing a defeat that Lee

ventured to cross the Potomac and enter Maryland, and encountered

McClellan, on the field of Antietam. In that battle Lee was beaten and

fled across the Potomac. But McClellan failed to follow up the victory

and was removed, the command of the Army of the Potomac passing to

Burnside. Burnside led it across the Potomac and the Rappahannock and on

December 13, 1862, lost the battle of Fredericksburg. For this he was

replaced by Hooker, who, May 1-4, 1863, fought and lost the battle of

Chancellorsville.

=The Turning Point of the War.=--Lee now again took the offensive,

crossed the Potomac, entered Pennsylvania, and at Gettysburg met the

Army of the Potomac under Meade. On that field was fought the decisive

battle of the war. Then (July 1-4, 1863) the backbone of the Confederacy

was broken, and the two armies returned to their old positions in

Virginia.

While Meade was beating Lee at Gettysburg, Grant captured Vicksburg,

July 1-3, 1863. For this he was sent to command the army of Rosecrans,

then besieged by Bragg at Chattanooga. Again success attended him, and

in November he stormed Lookout Mountain, defeated Bragg in the famous

“Battle above the Clouds,” and drove him in disorder through the

mountains. For these signal victories he was raised to the rank of

Lieutenant General in 1864, and placed in command of the armies of the

United States.

That year is memorable for the great march of Sherman to the east from

Chattanooga to the sea, for the victories of Sheridan in the valley of

the Shenandoah, for the Wilderness Campaign of Grant, the shutting up of

Lee in Richmond, and by the re-election of Lincoln. His competitor was

General McClellan, whom the northern Democrats put forward on the

platform that the war was a failure, and that peace should be made with

the South. In the spring of 1865 came the retreat of Lee from Richmond,

and, on April 9, his surrender at Appomattox Court House.

=THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, 1861-1865=

===================+==============================+===================

=Causes of the War=| =Influencing Events= | =Results of the

| | War=

-------------------+------------------------------+-------------------

_Real, but remote:_|The invention of the cotton |The Union was pre-

|gin, 1793. |served.

(1) The doctrine of| |

popular sovereign- |Fugitive slave laws, 1793 and |Slavery was

ty. Different con- |1850. |abolished.

structions of the | |

Constitution. |Protective tariff laws. |Secession as a

| |working program was

(2) Slavery. Dif- |Missouri compromise, 1820. |shown to be imprac-

ferent systems of | |ticable.

labor in the North |Nullification act in South |

and the South. |Carolina, 1832. |The war cost the

| |lives of nearly one

(3) Lack of inter- |Annexation of Texas, 1845. |million able-bodied

course between the | |men.

North and the |Omnibus bill, 1850. |

South. | |The national debt

|Kansas-Nebraska bill, 1854 |was increased to

(4) The increase of| |$2,750,000,000.

territory. |Dred Scott decision, 1857. |

| |An incalculable

_Immediate:_ |Personal liberty bills, 1857. |amount of property

The secession of | |was destroyed.

the states. |John Brown raid, 1859. |

| |

|Anti-slavery papers, books, |

|and speeches. |

| |

|New England Anti-Slavery So- |

|ciety was organized, 1832. |

| |

|Anti-slavery parties: |

| Liberty party, 1840-1848. |

| Free-Soil party, 1848-1856. |

| Republican party, 1854. |

-------------------+------------------------------+-------------------

=CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES=

Naval engagements are printed in _italics_; names of victorious

commanders in =bold-face= type.

=LAND AND SEA ENGAGEMENTS=

===================+==================+=================================

=Name, Location | =Commanders= | =Casualties=

and Date | +----------------+----------------

of Battle= | | =Union= | =Confederate=

| +--------+-------+--------+-------

| | | ed= | | ed=

-------------------+------------------+--------+-------+--------+-------

=1861= | | | | |

| | | | |

=Bombardment of |=Gen. Beauregard= | No casualties on either side

13-14) | | | | |

| | | | |

=Bull Run=, |=Gen. Beauregard= | 481| 1,011| 362| 1,390

| | | | |

=Wilson Creek=, |=Gen. Price= vs. | 223| 721| 331| 764

10) | | | | |

| | | | |

=1862= | | | | |

| | | | |

=Pea Ridge=, |=Gen. Curtis= and | 203| 972| 1,040| 3,638

8) |vs. Gen. Van Dorn.| | | |

| | | | |

_Monitor and Merri-|=Lt. J. L. Worden=| 0| 1| 0| 2

| | | | |

=Fort Donelson=, |=Gen. Grant= vs. | 560| 746| 466| 1,534

15) |Pillow and Gen. | | | |

| | | | |

=Shiloh, or Pitts- |=Gen. Grant= vs. | 1,735| 7,882| 1,128| 8,012

7) | | | | |

| | | | |

=Drury’s Bluff=, |=Gen. Beauregard= | 422| 2,380| 514| 1,086

| | | | |

=Seven Pines, or |=Gen. Johnston= | 891| 3,627| 1,987| 2,233

| | | | |

=Gaines Mill=, |=Gen. A. Elzey= | 3,000| 4,500| 2,000| 4,000

| | | | |

=Malvern Hill=, |=Gen. McClellan= | 2,860| 3,500| 3,023| 4,077

| | | | |

=Cedar Mountain=, |=Gen. Jackson= vs.| 450| 660| 223| 1,060

9) | | | | |

| | | | |

=Bull Run No. 2, or|=Gen. Lee= and | 798| 4,023| 1,090| 6,154

| | | | |

=Antietam=, Mary- |=Gen. McClellan= | 2,010| 9,416| 1,842| 9,399

17) | | | | |

| | | | |

=Corinth=, Missis- |=Gen. Rosecrans= | 315| 1,812| 1,423| 5,692

| | | | |

=Perrysville=, |=Gen. Buell= vs. | 916| 2,943| 980| 1,520

8) | | | | |

| | | | |

=Fredericksburg=, |=Gen. Lee= vs. | 1,152| 9,101| 505| 4,061

11-13) |Burnside. | | | |

| | | | |

=Murfreesboro, or |=Gen. Rosecrans= | 1,533| 7,245| 1,384| 6,892

30, 1862, to | | | | |

| | | | |

=1863= | | | | |

| | | | |

=Chancellorsville=,|=Gen. Lee= and | 1,512| 9,518| 1,718| 10,563

| | | | |

=Vicksburg=, Mis- |=Gen. Pemberton= | 1,848| 2,378| 1,420| 2,151

25) | | | | |

| | | | |

=Gettysburg=, Penn-|=Gen. George G. | 2,834| 13,709| 4,000| 14,000

|Lee. | | | |

| | | | |

=Chickamauga=, |=Gen. Bragg= vs. | 1,644| 9,262| 6,000| 10,000

18-20) | | | | |

| | | | |

=Chattanooga, in- |=Gen. Grant=, | 757| 4,529| 850| 2,150

| | | | |

=1864= | | | | |

| | | | |

=Wilderness=, |=Gen. Grant= vs. | 2,309| 12,188| 1,956| 10,444

| | | | |

=Spottsylvania=, |=Gen. Grant= vs. | 3,288| 19,278| 3,342| 20,187

| | | | |

=Spottsylvania=, |=Gen. Grant= vs. | 2,031| 7,956| 1,752| 7,248

| | | | |

=Bermuda Hundreds=,|=Gen. Butler=, vs.| 201| 998| 864| 2,136

30) | | | | |

| | | | |

=Cold Harbor=, |=Gen. Lee= vs. | 1,905| 10,570| 364| 1,336

| | | | |

=Petersburg=, |=Gen. Lee= vs. | 1,298| 7,474| 984| 6,721

19) |Hancock and Gen. | | | |

| | | | |

=Petersburg=, |=Gen. Grant= vs. | 112| 506| 801| 1,417

30) | | | | |

| | | | |

=Peach Tree Creek=,|=Gen. Thomas= vs. | 301| 1,411| 880| 3,916

| | | | |

=Atlanta=, Georgia,|=Gen. Logan= vs. | 499| 2,142| 1,162| 7,337

| | | | |

=Petersburg=, |=Gen. Grant= vs. | 419| 2,076| 799| 4,023

| | | | |

=Petersburg=, |=Gen. Grant= vs. | 87| 484| 101| 605

31) | | | | |

| | | | |

=Opequan=, Virginia|=Gen. Sheridan= | 653| 3,719| 1,632| 3,868

| | | | |

=Cedar Creek=, |=Gen. Sheridan= | 588| 3,516| 961| 3,239

19) | | | | |

| | | | |

=Fair Oaks=, |=Gen. McClellan= | 120| 783| 150| 301

27-28) | | | | |

| | | | |

=Petersburg=, |=Gen. Grant= vs. | 170| 822| 240| 761

| | | | |

=Franklin=, Tennes-|=Gen. Hood= vs. | 189| 1,033| 1,141| 5,113

| | | | |

=Nashville=, Ten- |=Gen. Thomas= vs. | 399| 1,741| 584| 3,021

15-16) | | | | |

| | | | |

=1865= | | | | |

| | | | |

=Petersburg=, |=Gen. Grant= vs. | 298| 2,565| 341| 3,092

| | | | |

=Appomattox=, |=Gen. Grant= vs. | 203| 297| 189| 386

-------------------+------------------+--------+-------+--------+-------

=Lincoln Assassinated, and Beginning of Reconstruction.=--On April 14,

1865, Lincoln was assassinated and Andrew Johnson became president. With

the succession of Johnson the era of reconstruction, political and

social, begins. The outcome of political reconstruction was the

thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments to the Constitution of

the United States, the impeachment of Andrew Johnson, and a long list of

acts to protect and assist the freedmen of the South. The outcome of

social reconstruction was the rise of the Ku Klux Klan, the passage and

use of the Force Act, and the dreadful condition of affairs which ruined

the South for a decade.

In the North the effect of such measures was to split the Republican

party and put seven presidential candidates in the field in 1872. One

represented the Temperance party; another the Labor party, denouncing

Chinese labor and the non-taxation of Government land; a third was the

Liberal Republican, demanding union, amnesty, and civil rights, accusing

Grant of packing the Supreme Court in the interests of corporations, and

calling for a repeal of the Ku Klux laws. The Liberal Republicans

having chosen Horace Greeley as their candidate, the Democrats accepted

and indorsed him. But he pleased neither party, and the discontented

Liberals and the discontented Democrats each chose a candidate of their

own. The Republicans nominated Grant and elected him.

=Election of Hayes Decided by an Electoral Commission.=--His second term

(1873-1877) was the nadir of our politics, both state and national, and

ended with the disputed election and the rise of the Independent or

“Greenback party,” demanding the repeal of the act for the resumption of

specie payments and the issue of the United States “greenback” notes,

convertible into bonds, as the currency of the country. Double returns

and doubtful returns from the Southern states put the votes of thirteen

electors in dispute. As the House was Democratic and the Senate

Republican, the joint rule under which the electoral votes had been

counted since 1865 could not be adopted. A compromise was necessary, and

on January 29, 1877, the Electoral Commission of five Senators, five

Representatives, and five judges of the Supreme Court was created to

decide on the doubtful returns. Of the fifteen, eight were Republicans

and seven Democrats, and by a strict party vote the thirteen electoral

votes were given to the Republicans and Rutherford B. Hayes declared

elected.

=Resumption of Specie Payments by the Government.=--The memorable events

of his term (1877-1881) were the resumption of specie payments on

January 1, 1879; the passage of the Bland Silver Bill, restoring the

silver dollar to the list of coins, making it legal tender, and

providing for the coinage of not less than two million nor more than

four million each month; and the rapid growth of the National or

Greenback Labor party. Hayes was followed in 1881 by James A. Garfield,

whose contest with the Senators from New York over the distribution of

patronage led to his assassination by the hand of a crazy applicant for

office. Chester A. Arthur then became President, was followed in 1885 by

Grover Cleveland, who was succeeded in 1889 by Benjamin Harrison, who

was in turn succeeded in 1893 by Grover Cleveland.

The presidential campaign of 1896 was one of the most exciting and

important that has ever taken place. It was a contest respecting

principles, and party platforms never received more attention. The

amount of financial and political literature distributed and read was

enormous, and political speeches, almost without number, were delivered.

The cooperation of very many gold standard Democrats greatly increased

the Republican strength and McKinley and Hobart were elected by a large

majority of the electoral votes and by a plurality of over six hundred

thousand of the popular vote.

=McKinley and the Spanish-American War.=--The administration of

President McKinley was notable in many respects, and marked a new era in

the foreign policy of the United States. Chief of the events was the

Spanish-American war, which was precipitated in 1898, largely through

the cruel treatment of the Cuban people by the mother country, Spain.

Public opinion in the United States had been much divided in regard to

the Cuban difficulties, but the division was in no sense sectional and a

majority believed that war was not only justifiable but inevitable.

On February 15, 1898, the United States battleship _Maine_ was destroyed

in Havana harbor, and many believed this to have been the work of the

Spaniards. Thereupon a congress was held, and a resolution passed

demanding the withdrawal of Spain from Cuba. But before the message

could be delivered, the American minister in Madrid received his

passports and the Spanish government declared war. On April 22,

Rear-Admiral Sampson began the blockade of Havana and the northern coast

of Cuba with his North Atlantic squadron.

Meanwhile Dewey, who had been stationed at Hong-Kong with the American

squadron, was ordered to begin operations, and sailed to Manila Bay in

the Philippines. He entered Manila Bay early Sunday morning, May 1,

1898. The Spanish fleet lying in the harbor was protected by the guns of

the batteries at Cavité, a few miles from Manila.

The Spaniards knew that he had left Hong-Kong, but he came sooner than

he was expected and caught them unawares. He had planned to do this so

that he might choose his own time for attack. As soon as he reached

Manila Bay he opened upon the Spanish fleet a terrible fire of shot and

shell. His fire was answered vigorously from the war vessels and the

shore batteries, but the guns of the enemy were not well aimed and their

shot did little damage. After a sharp fight of about two hours Dewey

withdrew his fleet, in order, it is said, to give his men time for

breakfast, but more likely to see how his ammunition was holding out.

After three hours he returned to the attack. By this time most of the

Spanish vessels were in flames. An hour later the Spanish batteries

“were silenced and the ships sunk or burned and deserted.” In the

conflict the Spaniards lost every vessel and hundreds of men were

killed, wounded, and missing. No American was killed and but seven

wounded; while no American vessel was seriously damaged.

The battle of Manila is one of the great naval actions of history; never

before had so much been won with so little loss of life and ships.

Congress made Dewey a Rear Admiral, gave him a vote of thanks, and voted

him a sword. Soon after the war he was made Admiral, the highest rank in

the navy.

About the same time the Spanish Admiral, Cervera, had left the Cape

Verde Islands en route for Santiago, where he arrived on May 19. Strict

watch was kept by Sampson to prevent the escape of the enemy, and the

_Merrimac_ was sunk at night to block the Spanish squadron in the

harbor, but the ship drifted too far to prevent Cervera’s exit. This

difficult feat was intrusted to Ensign Richmond P. Hobson and six men.

They performed their dangerous task, notwithstanding a severe fire from

the Spanish land batteries. They were captured, but Admiral Cervera was

so moved by their bravery that he sent word to the Americans that they

were safe and would be well treated.

=SUMMARY OF SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR, 1898=

=Causes= =Treaty and Results=

_Underlying:_ The Treaty of Paris, December 10,

1898, stipulated as follows:

Sympathy for the oppressed Cubans.

The “reconcentrados,” people driven Spain gives up title to Cuba.

into the towns by Weyler, died by

thousands, and Americans who aided Spain cedes Porto Rico, Guam and

them are arrested and their the Philippines to the United

property destroyed. States.

The proximity of Cuba and its geo- The United States gives Spain

graphical position make its situa- $20,000,000.

tion of great importance to the

United States. The direct cost of the war to the

United States is about

Destruction of American property. $130,000,000.

Publication of a letter of the Soldiers killed, 430. A large

Spanish Minister, in which he number die of disease.

speaks slightingly of President

McKinley. The United States becomes the

guardian of Cuba.

_Immediate:_

An increase in our navy and stand-

The blowing up of the battleship ing army.

_Maine_.

The war in the Philippines.

The question of territorial expan-

sion in our politics.

=LAND AND SEA ENGAGEMENTS=

=====================+==================+=================================

=Name, Location and | =Commanders= | =Casualties=

Date of Battle= | +----------------+----------------

| |=United States= | =Spanish=

| +--------+-------+--------+-------

| | | ed= | | ed=

---------------------+------------------+--------+-------+--------+-------

| | | | |

=Guantanamo= (June |... | 6 | 16 | ... | ...

11-20, 1898) | | | | |

| | | | |

=Bombardment of |... | ... | ... | ... | ...

1898) | | | | |

| | | | |

=Las Guasimas=, |=Gen. Wheeler= vs.| 16 | 50 | 28 | 124

1898) | | | | |

| | | | |

=El Caney=, Cuba |=Gen. Lawton= and | 88 | 356 | 120 | 400

| | | | |

=San Juan=, Cuba |... | 151 | 1,007 | 204 | 1,340

| | | | |

=Santiago=, Cuba |=Gen. Shafter.= | 2 | 13 | ... | ...

| | | | |

=Santiago Campaign=|=Gen. Shafter= vs.| 260 | 1,341 | ... | ...

17, 1898) | | | | |

| | | | |

=Porto Rico Cam- |=Gen. Miles.= | 3 | 40 | ... | ...

1898) | | | | |

| | | | |

=The Reduction of |=Gen. Merritt.= | 17 | 106 | ... | ...

1898) | | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

=Manila Bay=, |American Command- |American Casualties:

Philippine Islands |er: =Geo. Dewey.= |Seven men slightly injured. No

(May 1, 1898). | |damage to ships.

American Vessels: |Spanish Commander:|

_Olympia_, |Admiral Montijo. |Spanish Casualties:

_Baltimore_, | |All ships destroyed. 450 men

_Raleigh_, | |killed and wounded.

| | | | |

=Bombardment of |By torpedo boat | 1 | 11 | |

(May 11, 1898). | | | | |

| | | | |

=Bombardment of San|=Admiral Sampson.=| 1 | 7 | |

1898) | | | | |

| | | | |

=Before Santiago= |American Command- |American Casualties:

(July 3, 1898) |er: =Winfield |One man killed.

American Vessels: |Schley.= |_Brooklyn_ struck thirteen times,

_Brooklyn_, | |_Texas_ once, but neither badly

_Texas_, _Oregon_, |Spanish Commander:|damaged.

_Iowa_, |Admiral Cervera. |

_Gloucester_. | |Spanish: All ships destroyed,

Spanish Vessels: | |more than 600 men killed and

_Almirante_, | |wounded, and rest surrendered.

_Oquendo_, | |

_Christobal Colon_,| |

_Vizcaya_, _Infanta| |

Maria Teresa_, and | |

torpedo boats | |

_Pluton_ and | |

_Furor_. | |

---------------------+------------------+---------------------------------

The total number of vessels captured from Spain during the war of 1898

was 58.

On June 21, Major-General Shafter arrived off Santiago and successfully

landed his troops at Baiquiri, and three days later the Spaniards were

driven back from Sevilla. General Shafter then began his attack on

Santiago, whither the Spaniards had retreated. Operations began on July

1. The severest fighting took place at San Juan Hill and El Caney, a

garrisoned post, where a body of five hundred Spaniards offered a

desperate resistance for some hours. By sundown the hills on which the

enemy were posted, including San Juan, were occupied by the Americans.

The attacking force consisted of regular infantry and dismounted

cavalry, with an irregular corps of mounted men known as the Rough

Riders. The latter, under the command of Colonels Leonard Wood and

Roosevelt, took a prominent part in the fight. On July 4 the city was

summoned to surrender, but without success. In the meanwhile Admiral

Cervera’s squadron had been ordered to sea by the Madrid government. He

accordingly left Santiago harbor the same day at nine a. m. with the

object of effecting its escape by keeping close to the western shore.

The American fleet, temporarily under Schley’s command, at once engaged

the Spaniards, and by two o’clock succeeded in burning, beaching, or

capturing all the enemy’s vessels. After this Santiago surrendered, July

17, and Spain sued for peace. It was arranged that Spain should evacuate

Cuba, should cede Porto Rico to the United States, as well as her

islands in the Antilles, and one of the Ladrones, and should leave the

United States in the possession of Manila. In 1899 a treaty was signed,

and Spain evacuated Cuba, the Philippines, and other islands for an

indemnity of twenty million dollars.

=Insurrection in the Philippine Islands.=--A day or two after the final

vote on the treaty a body of Philippines under Amilio Aguinaldo, a

native of great ability, attacked the American defenses at Manila. The

next day the Americans returned the attack, and for nearly a year there

was a resistance to the American rule on the part of the tribes which

Aguinaldo represented. These tribes belonged to the Tagals, a Malay

race. They are in a minority as regards the whole population, but are

among the most intelligent. By the close of the year 1899 the organized

resistance on the part of the Tagals appeared to be nearly ended, and

the army of Aguinaldo reduced to marauders and bandits, and the

insurrection against the authority and sovereignty of the United States

was ended in July, 1902, after the capture and surrender of the

insurgent leader.

=Assassination of McKinley and Succession of Roosevelt.=--Shortly after

his re-election to a second term, on September 6, 1901, the country was

shocked by the assassination of President McKinley by an anarchist named

Czolgosz. This was the third time in the history of the country that the

chief executive was stricken down by the hand of an assassin. The

Vice-President, Theodore Roosevelt, then succeeded to the presidency and

continued, in all essential details, the policy of his lamented

predecessor.

Under President Roosevelt, a champion of administrative reform and the

regulation of commercial trusts, the status of Cuba was settled;

progress was made in the Philippines; the navy was very greatly

strengthened; the Isthmian Canal question was solved in favor of the

Panama route, and the Republic of Panama recognized; and the President

reasserted with emphasis the Monroe Doctrine as the key to foreign

policy. The Alaska boundary was fixed by a mixed commission. The United

States took part with the European powers in armed intervention at

Peking in 1899; and an arbitration treaty with Great Britain and other

countries was arranged for.

In a second term (1905-1909) President Roosevelt maintained his

popularity by the same policy. In 1906 an insurrection broke out in

Cuba, and in October American troops again took possession of the

island. When confidence had been restored the United States authorities

withdrew.

=President Taft and the Rise of the Progressives.=--In 1908 the

Republican, Taft, defeated Bryan, the Democratic candidate. Mr.

Roosevelt had refused to be a candidate again and was instrumental in

securing Mr. Taft’s nomination. President Taft was elected on a

Rooseveltian programme of anti-trust legislation and promises of a

reduced tariff. In 1910-1911 attempts were made at a Reciprocity of

Duties Treaty with Canada, so as to establish freer trade between the

two countries. The Canadian general election of 1911 gave an emphatic

negative to the proposal.

During the latter part of 1912 a renewed insurrection in Mexico brought

about strained diplomatic relations with that country.

In Ohio, Minnesota, and Indiana, however, Democratic governors were

elected, and these results pointed to a political reaction in the West,

largely owing to supposed inequities in the tariff and to the dominance

of trusts.

In 1910 an “insurgent” or progressive section, to which Mr. Roosevelt

adhered, formed itself within the Republican party; and the state

elections in November resulted in a Democratic triumph without a

parallel since that of the year 1890.

=Democrats Restored to Power under Leadership of Woodrow Wilson.=--In

1913 Woodrow Wilson swept the country on a Democratic programme, having

a clear majority over the two Republican ex-presidents (Roosevelt and

Taft) opposed to him. His election was fought chiefly on the tariff

question, his main argument being that some industries were receiving

unfair protection at the expense of others.

Shortly after the inauguration of President Wilson (May 31, 1913), the

Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States,

providing for the direct election of Senators by the people of the

states, instead of by their respective legislatures, became effective.

On October 3, of the same year, the Underwood Tariff Act became a law.

Following this, on December 23, the Currency and Banking Bill, providing

regional reserve banks throughout the country, was signed.

In 1914 the continued insurrectionary conditions in Mexico led to the

seizure of the custom house at Vera Cruz by a United States fleet,

resulting in an American loss of eighteen marines killed and seventy

wounded. Subsequently diplomatic representatives of the republics of

Argentina, Brazil, and Chile (popularly known as the “A B C powers”)

offered their services as mediators, were accepted by the United States

and the troops withdrawn. The temporary lull, however, thus brought

about was soon succeeded by a series of struggles between the

provisional Mexican government and the insurrectionists, led by

Francisco Villa, which have ever since continued with little abatement.

In 1916 the border raids of the Mexican bandits resulted in so many

outrages upon American lives and property that the President was

compelled to order United States troops to the Rio Grande for the

protection of our citizens, and finally a detachment under General

Pershing was sent into Mexican territory.

The important La Follette Seaman’s bill, to promote the welfare of

American seamen and provide for their safety at sea, was approved March

4, 1915; and, in the same year (February 20), the Panama-Pacific

Exposition was opened at San Francisco. On November 12, the United

States assumed a protectorate of the Republic of Hayti.

[Illustration: =PRESIDENT WILSON LEAVING THE EXECUTIVE OFFICES=]

During 1916 the Republic of Santo Domingo likewise passed under an

American protectorate and the Rural Credits Bill became a law, whereby

a system of Farm Loan Banks was created.

From the very beginning of the European war the administration of

President Wilson was brought face to face with numerous intricate and

several critical diplomatic situations growing out of that titanic

conflict. The relationship of the United States, as a neutral nation, to

the belligerent countries engaged in this war gave rise to more

difficult and significant issues than any other president was compelled

to meet since the time of Lincoln, if indeed, it has not been

unprecedented in our entire history.

=President Wilson Re-elected and His Policies Approved=.--At the

national election, in November, 1916, President Wilson was re-elected

over his opponent, Charles E. Hughes. Following his re-election

(December, 1916) the President proffered the services of this government

to the belligerent powers of Europe in an effort to re-establish peace

between these great contending coalitions. In spite of foreign

complications, the year 1916 closed a period of unparalleled industrial

and commercial prosperity for the United States, and more than ever

confirmed its position as a great world power, with an immense field of

new possibilities and corresponding duties.

On January 2, 1917, Congress re-assembled and began the consideration of

important questions of national defense, railroads, and foreign policy

growing out of the European war. In February, diplomatic relations were

severed by the United States with Germany, and was succeeded in March by

a declaration of armed neutrality on the part of our government.

Meanwhile great activity characterized all departments of the national

government along lines of military preparedness, supported by

unprecedented appropriations by Congress.

The supreme national industrial event of the Wilson administration,

however, was the opening of the Panama Canal for navigation on August

14, 1914, and its use since that time as an instrumentality of world

traffic.

PANAMA CANAL.--This gigantic engineering project was designated by

Count de Lesseps, of France, in 1879, and actual work began by the

French Panama Canal Company, in 1881. Negotiations extending from

1901 to 1904 resulted in the taking over of the holdings of the

French company by the United States, and work was started by United

States government engineers in May of the latter year. Since that

time the project has been steadily carried forward to completion.

The Canal is about fifty miles in length from deep water in the

Caribbean Sea to deep water in the Pacific Ocean. The channel ranges

in width from three hundred to one thousand feet. The average bottom

width of the channel in this project is six hundred and forty-nine

feet, and the minimum width is three hundred feet. The Canal has a

minimum depth of forty-one feet. The time required for the passage

of a ship of medium size through the entire length of the Canal is

estimated at from nine and one-half to ten hours, and for larger

vessels from ten and one-half to eleven hours.

The actual construction cost at present estimated for completing the

Canal is $325,201,000, which includes $20,053,000 for sanitation and

$7,382,000 for civil administration. These figures do not include

the $50,000,000 paid to the New French Canal Company and to the

Republic of Panama for property and franchises. Hence it is

estimated that the total construction cost of the Canal to the

United States will approximate $375,000,000.

[Illustration: =CONTOUR MAP OF THE PANAMA CANAL AND CONNECTIONS=

This map shows the general direction of the canal to be north and south;

how it is brought into direct communication with the ports of the United

States; and how it facilitates shipping to all parts of the world.]

=TABLE OF STATE AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT=

In all the States except Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho,

Kansas, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington and Wyoming and

the Territory of Alaska, the right to vote at general elections is

restricted to males of twenty-one years of age and upward. Women in

Illinois, Iowa and Michigan have a restricted vote and in several

States may vote at school elections.

=============================+========================================

STATES AND POPULAR NAME | REQUIREMENTS AS TO CITIZENSHIP

| PERSONS EXCLUDED FROM SUFFRAGE (_in

| italic_)

-----------------------------+----------------------------------------

=Alabama= “Lizard” |Citizen of United States or alien who

|has declared intention.

|_Convicted of treason or other felonies,

|idiots, vagrants, insane._

=Alaska= |Citizen of the United States, male or

|female.

|_Aliens and Indians._

=Arizona= |Citizen of the United States, male or

|female.

|_Idiot, insane, felon_* (_b_).

=Arkansas= “Bear” |Citizen of the United States or alien

|who has declared intention.

|_Idiots, insane, convicted of felony,

|failure to pay poll tax._

=California= “Golden” |Citizen, male or female, by nativity,

|naturalization 90 days prior to elec-

|tion (_d_).

|_Idiots, insane, embezzlers of public

|moneys, convicted of infamous crime._*

=Colorado= “Centennial” |Citizen, native or naturalized, male or

|female.

|_Felons, insane._

=Connecticut= “Nutmeg” |Citizen of the United States.

|_Convicted of heinous crime._

=Delaware= “Diamond” |Citizen of the United States.

|_Insane, paupers, felons._*

=Dist. of Col.= |See foot note on following page.

=Florida= “Flower” |Citizen of the United States.

|_Idiots, duelists, felons._

=Georgia= “Cracker” |Citizen of the United States.

|_Felons, idiots and insane._

=Hawaii= |Citizen of the United States.

|_Idiots, insane, felons_ (_j_).

=Idaho= |Citizen of the United States, male or

|female.

|_Idiots, insane, felons, bigamists._

=Illinois= “Prairie” |Citizen of the United States (_e_).

|_Convicted of crime._

=Indiana= “Hoosier” |Citizen of the United States or alien

|who has declared intention (_g_).

|_Convicted of infamous crime._ (_b_)

=Iowa= “Hawkeye” |Citizen of the United States (_k_).

|_Idiots, insane, felons._

=Kansas= “Sunflower” |Citizen of the United States, male or

|female, or alien who has declared inten-

|tion.

|_Convicted of treason or felony, in-

|sane._

=Kentucky= “Blue Grass” |Citizen of United States (_a_).

|_Felons, idiots and insane._

=Louisiana= “Creole” |Citizen of United States (_c_).

|_Idiots, insane, felons._*

=Maine= “Pine Tree” |Citizen of the United States.

|_Paupers, insane, Indians._*‡

=Maryland= “Old Line” |Citizen of the United States.

|_Felons, lunatics, bribers._

=Massachusetts= “Bay” |Citizen (_a_).

|_Paupers._*

=Michigan= “Wolverine” |Citizen of the United States or alien

|who declared intention two years and six

|months prior to November 8, 1894 (_c_).

|_Indians with tribal relations._

=Minnesota= “North Star” |Citizen of United States (_a_).

|_Felons, insane, Indians._‡

=Mississippi= “Bayou” |Citizen of the United States.

|_Insane, idiots, Indians not taxed,

|felons, bigamists._*

=Missouri= |Citizen of the United States or alien

|who has declared intention.

|_Felons_ (_b_).

=Montana= “Mountain” |Citizen of the United States, male or

|female.

|_Felons, idiots, insane_‡ (_b_).

=Nebraska= |Citizen of the United States or alien

|who has declared intention (_a_).

|_Felons, insane._

=Nevada= “Silver” |Citizen of the United States, male or

|female.

|_Idiots, insane, felons._

=New Hampshire= “Granite” |Citizen of United States (_a_).

|_Paupers, insane, idiots, felons._

=New Jersey= “Jersey Blue” |Citizen of the United States.

|_Idiots, paupers, insane, felons_ (_b_).

=New Mexico= |Citizen of United States (_a_).

|_Idiots, insane, felons._†

=New York= “Empire” |Citizen who shall have been a citizen

|for ninety days prior to election.

=North Carolina= “Old North” |Citizen of the United States.

|_Idiots, lunatics, felons._

=North Dakota= “Sioux” |Citizen of United States (_a_).

|_Felons, insane, tribal Indians._

=Ohio= “Buckeye” |Citizen of United States (_a_).

|_Idiots, insane, and felons_ (_b_).

=Oklahoma= |Citizen of United States (_a_).

|_Felons, idiots, insane_*‡

=Oregon= “Sunset” |Citizen of the United States, male or

|female, or alien who declared intention

|more than one year prior to election.

|_Idiots, insane, convicted of felony,

|U. S. soldiers and sailors._

=Pennsylvania= “Keystone” |Citizen of the United States at least

|one month.

|_Felons, non-taxpayers._

=Porto Rico= |Citizen of United States (_f_).

|_Felons, insane_ (_b_).

=Rhode Island= “Little Rhody”|Citizen of the United States.

|_Paupers, lunatics, felons._

=South Carolina= “Palmetto” |Citizen of United States (_h_).

|_Felons, insane, paupers._

=South Dakota= “Coyote” |Citizen of the United States or alien

|who has declared intention.

|_Insane, felons, U. S. soldiers, seamen

|and marines._

=Tennessee= “Volunteer” |Citizen of the United States.

|_Felons, failure to pay poll tax._

=Texas= “Lone Star” |Citizen of the United States or alien

|who has declared intention.

|_Idiots, lunatics, felons, U. S.

|soldiers, marines and seamen._

=Utah= |Citizen of the United States, male or

|female.

|_Idiots, insane, felons_ (_b_).

=Vermont= “Green Mountain” |Citizen of the United States.

|_Those lacking approbation of local

|board of civil authority._

=Virginia= “Old Dominion” |Citizen of the United States.

|_Idiots, lunatics, paupers_ (_b_) (_i_).

=Washington= “Evergreen” |Citizen of the United States, male or

|female.

|_Idiots, lunatics, felons._‡

=West Virginia= “Panhandle” |Citizen of the United States.

|_Idiots, lunatics, felons._

=Wisconsin= “Badger” |Citizen of United States (_a_).

|_Insane, felons, tribal Indians._

=Wyoming= |Citizen of the United States, male or

|female.

|_Idiots, insane, felons, unable to read

|State Constitution._

-----------------------------+----------------------------------------

=============================+===============================+=============

STATES AND POPULAR NAME | PREVIOUS RESIDENCE REQUIRED | GOVERNORS

+-------+--------+------+-------+------+------

| In | In | In | In | Sala-|Length

-----------------------------+-------+--------+------+-------+------+------

=Alabama= “Lizard” |2 years| 1 year| 3 mos.| 3 mos.|$7,500| 4

=Alaska= |1 year |... |30 days|30 days| 7,000| 4

=Arkansas= “Bear” |1 year | 6 mos.|30 days|30 days| 5,000| 2

=California= “Golden” |1 year |90 days|... |30 days|10,000| 4

=Connecticut= “Nutmeg” |1 year |... | 6 mos.|... | 5,000| 2

=Delaware= “Diamond” |1 year | 3 mos.|... |30 days| 4,000| 4

=Dist. of Col.= |... |... |... |... | ...| ...

=Florida= “Flower” |1 year | 6 mos.| 6 mos.| 6 mos.| 6,000| 4

=Georgia= “Cracker” |6 mos. | 6 mos.|... |... | 5,000| 2

=Hawaii= |1 year |... |... | 3 mos.| 7,000| 4

=Idaho= |6 mos. |30 days|... |... | 5,000| 2

=Indiana= “Hoosier” |6 mos. |... |60 days|30 days| 8,000| 4

=Iowa= “Hawkeye” |6 mos. |60 days|10 days|10 days| 5,000| 2

=Kansas= “Sunflower” |6 mos. |30 days|30 days|10 days| 5,000| 2

=Kentucky= “Blue Grass” |1 year | 6 mos.|... |60 days| 6,500| 4

=Louisiana= “Creole” |2 years| 1 year|... | 6 mos.| 5,000| 4

=Maine= “Pine Tree” |3 mos. | 3 mos.| 3 mos.| 3 mos.| 3,000| 2

=Maryland= “Old Line” |1 year | 6 mos.| 6 mos.| 1 day | 4,500| 4

=Massachusetts= “Bay” |1 year | 6 mos.| 6 mos.| 6 mos.|10,000| 1

=Michigan= “Wolverine” |6 mos. |20 days|20 days|20 days| 5,000| 2

=Minnesota= “North Star” |6 mos. |30 days|30 days|30 days| 7,000| 2

=Missouri= |1 year |60 days|60 days|... | 5,000| 4

=Montana= “Mountain” |1 year |30 days|... |... | 5,000| 4

=Nebraska= |6 mos. |40 days|10 days|10 days| 2,500| 2

=Nevada= “Silver” |6 mos. |30 days|30 days|30 days| 7,000| 4

=New Hampshire= “Granite” |6 mos. | 6 mos.| 6 mos.| 6 mos.| 3,000| 2

=New Jersey= “Jersey Blue” |1 year | 5 mos.|... |... |10,000| 3

=New Mexico= |1 year |90 days|... |30 days| 5,000| 5

=New York= “Empire” |1 year | 4 mos.|30 days|30 days|10,000| 2

=North Carolina= “Old North” |2 years| 6 mos.| 4 mos.| 4 mos.| 5,000| 4

=North Dakota= “Sioux” |1 year | 6 mos.|90 days|90 days| 5,000| 2

=Oklahoma= |1 year | 6 mos.|... |30 days| 4,500| 4

=Oregon= “Sunset” |6 mos. |30 days|... |30 days| 5,000| 4

=Pennsylvania= “Keystone” |1 year |... |... | 2 mos.|10,000| 4

=Porto Rico= |1 year |... | 1 year|... | 8,000| 4

=Rhode Island= “Little Rhody”|2 years|... | 6 mos.|... | 3,000| 2

=South Carolina= “Palmetto” |2 years| 1 year| 4 mos.| 4 mos.| 3,000| 2

=South Dakota= “Coyote” |6 mos. |30 days|10 days|10 days| 3,000| 2

=Tennessee= “Volunteer” |1 year | 6 mos.|... |... | 4,000| 2

=Texas= “Lone Star” |1 year | 6 mos.| 6 mos.|... | 4,000| 2

=Utah= |1 year | 4 mos.|... |60 days| 6,000| 4

=Vermont= “Green Mountain” |1 year | 3 mos.| 3 mos.| 3 mos.| 2,500| 2

=West Virginia= “Panhandle” |1 year |60 days|60 days|... | 5,000| 4

=Wisconsin= “Badger” |1 year |... |10 days|10 days| 5,000| 2

-----------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------+------

=============================+=============================+===========+=====

STATES AND POPULAR NAME | LEGISLATURES |MEMBERS’ |ELEC-

| |TERMS |TORAL

+-----+-------+---------------+-----+-----+VOTE,

| Ann.| Limit | Salaries of |Sena-| Re- |1916

| or | of | Members |tors | pre-|

|Bien.| Ses- | | | sen-|

| | sion | | | ta- |

-----------------------------+-----+-------+---------------+-----+-----+-----

=Alabama= “Lizard” |Quad.|50 days|$4.00 per diem | 4 | 4 | 12

=Alaska= |Bien.|60 days|$15.00 per diem| 4 | 2 | 0

=Arizona= |Bien.|60 days|$7.00 per diem | 2 | 2 | 3

=Arkansas= “Bear” |Bien.|60 days|$6.00 per diem | 4 | 2 | 9

=California= “Golden” |Bien.|None |$1,000 term | 4 | 2 | 13

=Colorado= “Centennial” |Bien.|90 days|$1,000 term | 4 | 2 | 6

=Connecticut= “Nutmeg” |Bien.|None |$300 term | 2 | 2 | 7

=Delaware= “Diamond” |Bien.|60 days|$5.00 per diem | 4 | 2 | 3

=Dist. of Col.= |... |... |... | ... | ... | 0

=Florida= “Flower” |Bien.|60 days|$6.00 per diem | 4 | 2 | 6

=Georgia= “Cracker” |Ann. |50 days|$4.00 per diem | 2 | 2 | 14

=Hawaii= |Bien.|60 days|$600 session | 4 | 2 | 0

=Idaho= |Bien.|60 days|$5.00 per diem | 2 | 2 | 4

=Illinois= “Prairie” |Bien.|None |$3,500 annum | 4 | 2 | 29

=Indiana= “Hoosier” |Bien.|61 days|$6.00 per diem | 4 | 2 | 15

=Iowa= “Hawkeye” |Bien.|None |$1,000 session | 4 | 2 | 13

=Kansas= “Sunflower” |Bien.|50 days|$3.00 per diem | 4 | 2 | 10

=Kentucky= “Blue Grass” |Bien.|60 days|$10.00 per diem| 4 | 2 | 13

=Louisiana= “Creole” |Bien.|60 days|$5.00 per diem | 4 | 4 | 10

=Maine= “Pine Tree” |Bien.|None |$300 annum | 2 | 2 | 6

=Maryland= “Old Line” |Bien.|90 days|$5.00 per diem | 4 | 2 | 8

=Massachusetts= “Bay” |Ann. |None |$1,000 annum | 1 | 1 | 18

=Michigan= “Wolverine” |Bien.|None |$800 annum | 2 | 2 | 15

=Minnesota= “North Star” |Bien.|90 days|$1,000 session | 4 | 2 | 12

=Mississippi= “Bayou” |Bien.|None |$500 session | 4 | 4 | 10

=Missouri= |Bien.|70 days|$5.00 per diem | 4 | 2 | 18

=Montana= “Mountain” |Bien.|60 days|$10.00 per diem| 4 | 2 | 4

=Nebraska= |Bien.|60 days|$10.00 session | 2 | 2 | 8

=Nevada= “Silver” |Bien.|60 days|$600 term | 2-4 | 2 | 3

=New Hampshire= “Granite” |Bien.|None |$200 term | 2 | 2 | 4

=New Jersey= “Jersey Blue” |Ann. |None |$500 annum | 3 | 1 | 14

=New Mexico= |Bien.|60 days|$5.00 per diem | 4 | 2 | 3

=New York= “Empire” |Ann. |None |$1,500 annum | 2 | 1 | 45

=North Carolina= “Old North” |Bien.|60 days|$4.00 per diem | 2 | 2 | 12

=North Dakota= “Sioux” |Bien.|60 days|$5.00 per diem | 4 | 2 | 5

=Ohio= “Buckeye” |Bien.|None |$1,000 annum | 2 | 2 | 24

=Oklahoma= |Bien.|60 days|$6.00 per diem | 4 | 2 | 10

=Oregon= “Sunset” |Bien.|40 days|$3.00 per diem | 4 | 2 | 5

=Pennsylvania= “Keystone” |Bien.|None |$1,500 session | 2 | 2 | 38

=Porto Rico= |Ann. |60 days|$5.00 per diem | 4 | 2 | 0

=Rhode Island= “Little Rhody”|Ann. |60 days|$5.00 per diem | 2 | 2 | 5

=South Carolina= “Palmetto” |Ann. |40 days|$200 term | 4 | 2 | 9

=South Dakota= “Coyote” |Bien.|60 days|$5.00 per diem | 2 | 2 | 5

=Tennessee= “Volunteer” |Bien.|75 days|$4.00 per diem | 2 | 2 | 12

=Texas= “Lone Star” |Bien.|90 days|$5.00 per diem | 4 | 2 | 20

=Utah= |Bien.|60 days|$4.00 per diem | 4 | 2 | 4

=Vermont= “Green Mountain” |Bien.|None |$4.00 per diem | 2 | 2 | 4

=Virginia= “Old Dominion” |Bien.|60 days|$500 session | 4 | 2 | 12

=Washington= “Evergreen” |Bien.|60 days|$5.00 per diem | 4 | 2 | 7

=West Virginia= “Panhandle” |Bien.|45 days|$4.00 per diem | 4 | 2 | 8

=Wisconsin= “Badger” |Bien.|None |$500 annum | 4 | 2 | 13

=Wyoming= |Bien.|40 days|$8.00 per diem | 4 | 2 | 3

-----------------------------+-----+-------+---------------+-----+-----+-----

Note.--Residents of the District of Columbia never had the right to

vote therein for national officers, or on other matters of national

concern after the territory embraced in it was ceded to the United

States and became the seat of the general Government.

* Or persons unable to read and write in English. † Or citizens of

Mexico who desire to become citizens of Arizona under treaties of

1848 and 1854. ‡ Indians who have not severed tribal relations.

(_a_): Women can vote in school elections. (_b_): Also soldiers,

sailors and marines in United States service. (_c_): Women taxpayers

can vote on tax propositions. (_d_): Or by Queretaro treaty. (_e_):

Women can vote in all elections except those pertaining to

Constitutional officers or Constitutional propositions. (_f_): Males

born in Porto Rico who formally renounced allegiance to a foreign

power. (_g_): One year’s residence in the United States prior to

election is required. (_h_): Who has paid six months before election

all taxes then due, and can read and write any section of the State

Constitution, or can show that he owns and has paid all taxes due

the previous year on property in the State assessed at $300 or more.

(_i_): Failure to pay poll tax. (_j_): Or those unable to speak,

read and write the English or Hawaiian language. (_k_): Women can

vote in school and city elections. (_l_): Offenders against elective

franchise rights, guilty of bribery, betting on elections, and

persons convicted of a felony and not restored to citizenship by the

Executive. Convicts in House of Refuge or Reformatory not

disqualified. (_m_): All of the States and Territories pay mileage

also, except New Jersey, but free transportation is accorded in New

Jersey by all railroads to members by law.

=GOVERNMENTS OF THE UNITED STATES, BRITISH EMPIRE, GERMANY, AND FRANCE

ARRANGED IN PARALLEL COLUMNS=

=UNITED STATES= =BRITISH EMPIRE=

_Form of Government:_ Republic. The _Form of Government._--Monarchy in

general plan of the government of the form, but republic in practice. The

United States is determined by the monarchy is constitutional and

Constitution. The central government limited.

is limited to the exercise of the The British Empire consists of the

powers specifically enumerated in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and

Constitution, or implied therein, Ireland, the Empire of India, and

while the remaining governmental the British Dominions beyond the

powers, not denied to the states by Seas, including the self-governing

the Constitution, are reserved to the Dominions, and the Crown Colonies,

states. The general government is in Protectorates, and other Dependen-

three fairly well defined parts, the cies, the whole forming one Empire.

legislative, executive, and judicial.

=I. Constitution.=--The present Con- =I. Constitution.=--The British

stitution was adopted September 17, Constitution is mainly unwritten and

1787. customary, but its development is

marked by certain outstanding and

_Ratification of the Constitution._-- fundamental laws, of which the prin-

The Constitution was ratified by the cipal are: Magna Charta, 1215; the

thirteen original States in the fol- Habeas Corpus Act, 1679; the Act of

lowing order: Settlement, 1701; the Act of Union

Delaware, Dec. 7, 1787, unanimous- with Scotland, 1707; the Act of Union

ly. with Ireland, 1800; and the Parlia-

Pennsylvania, Dec. 12, 1787, vote ment Act, 1911. The first secured

46 to 23. annual parliaments and the equal ad-

New Jersey, Dec. 18, 1787, unani- ministration of justice; the second

mously. established the liberty of the per-

Georgia, Jan 2, 1788, unanimously. son; the third provided for the Prot-

Connecticut, Jan 9, 1788, vote 128 estant succession to the throne; the

to 40. fourth and fifth created the United

Massachusetts, Feb. 6, 1788, vote Kingdom; and the last enabled the

187 to 168. Commons to pass certain Acts without

Maryland, April 28, 1788, vote 63 the adherence of the other Chamber.

to 12.

South Carolina, May 23, 1788, vote

149 to 73.

New Hampshire, June 21, 1788, vote

57 to 46.

Virginia, June 25, 1788, vote 89 to

79.

New York, July 26, 1788, vote 30 to

28.

North Carolina, Nov. 21, 1789, vote

193 to 75.

Rhode Island, May 29, 1790, vote 34

to 32.

_Amendments._--Congress may, by two-

thirds vote of both Houses, propose

amendments to the Constitution, or

upon application of the Legislatures

of two-thirds of the several States,

shall call a convention for proposing

amendments, which, in either case,

must be ratified by the Legislatures

of three-fourths of the several

States, or by conventions in three-

fourths thereof.

=II. The President.= =II. The Sovereign.=

_How Elected._--The several steps in _How Designated._--The King’s legal

the election of the President are: title rests upon the Act of Settle-

ment, in 1701, under William III., by

State Electors are chosen at a Gener- which the succession to the Crown of

al Election held on the _Tuesday fol- Great Britain and Ireland was settled

lowing the first Monday of November_ on the Princess Sophia of Hanover and

of every fourth year; the number of the “heirs of her body, being Protes-

Electors of each State being equal to tants.” The throne is hereditary in

the number of Senators and Represen- the English house of Saxe-Coburg-

tatives to which the State is en- Gotha with mixed succession, the sons

titled in Congress. of the Sovereign and their descen-

dants having precedence of daughters,

The Electors meet in their respective but daughters and their descendants

States on the _second Monday in preference over lateral lines. The

January_ following their election, Sovereign is designated King (or

and vote by ballot for President and Queen) of Great Britain and Ireland,

Vice-President; and at the same time and Emperor (or Empress) of India.

make certificates of their vote and

transmit the same to the President of

the Senate.

The Senate and House of Representa-

tives meet together on the _second

Wednesday of February_ next ensuing,

and count the votes of the State

Electors, when, if there is an elec-

tion, the President of the Senate

declares who is elected President and

Vice-President.

In case there is no choice by the

State Electors, the President is

elected by the House of Representa-

tives from the three candidates who

received the most electoral votes for

President; in which election the vote

is taken by States, each State having

but one vote, and a majority of all

the States being necessary to a

choice.

_Term of Office._--Four years. _Term of Office._--Holds office for

life, by hereditary title, and cannot

be removed.

_Eligibility._--A natural born citi-

zen; resident of the United States

fourteen years; minimum age thirty-

five years.

_Salary._--Fixed by law at $75,000 _Salary or Civil List._--The Civil

per year. List Act, 1910, gave the King

$2,350,000. Provision for other mem-

bers of the Royal Family, $730,000.

The Prince of Wales, as the income

of the Duchy of Cornwall, $435,000.

The King in addition to his Civil

List receives the revenues of the

Duchy of Lancaster amounting to

$320,000.

_Powers and Duties of the President._ _Powers and Duties._--Has command of

--Commander-in-Chief of the Army and army and navy.

Navy. Communicates with Congress by

message. Approves or disapproves Parliament cannot be assembled, pro-

Acts of Congress. Makes treaties rogued, or dissolved except by the

with advice and consent of the express command of the Sovereign.

Senate. Appoints Public Officers with

the advice and consent of the Senate. At the commencement of a new Parlia-

Commissions Public Officers of the ment must deliver, either in person

United States. Grants reprieves and or by a commission authorized for

pardons for offenses against the that purpose, a speech declaring the

United States. cause of the summons.

_The Vice-President._--Elected by Bills passed by Parliament must re-

State Electors the same as the Presi- ceive the assent of the Sovereign in

dent; or by the Senate, in case there order to become law.

is no choice by the State Electors.

Term of office same as for the Presi- Has legally a veto power; but, be-

dent. Eligibility same as required of cause the influence of the Executive

the President. Salary fixed by law at over legislation has passed into the

twelve thousand dollars per year. hands of the Ministers, the veto of

the Crown has been disused since

_The Presidential Succession._--In 1707.

case of the removal, death, resigna-

tion, or inability of the President, Has power to appoint all officers in

the Vice-President takes the Presi- the army and navy, judges, ambas-

dent’s place. sadors, colonial governors, bishops

and archbishops of the Established

In case of the removal, death, resig- Church, and grants all degrees of

nation, or inability of both Presi- nobility.

dent and Vice-President the heads of

the Executive Departments succeed to May make treaties of any kind.

the Presidency in the order in which

the Executive Departments are named May grant pardon to any particular

below; but such officer must be con- offender.

stitutionally eligible to the Presi-

dency, must have been appointed to _The Privy Council._--The King in

the cabinet by the advice and with Council is the supreme executive

the consent of the Senate, and be not authority in the realm. The Privy

under impeachment. The Secretary of Council meets as a whole at the be-

Agriculture and the Secretary of Com- ginning of a new reign and on other

merce and Labor are ineligible to the occasions of state and ceremony, pos-

presidency by reason of the fact that sesses certain administrative powers,

these two cabinet offices were and is the Supreme Court of the Em-

created subsequent to the passage of pire. Its personnel includes the

the act of the forty-ninth Congress royal princes and the archbishops,

in which provision was made for the Members of the Cabinet and of the

presidential succession. royal household, the Speaker of the

House of Commons, the ambassadors,

the principal colonial governors,

colonial statesmen, certain judges,

and members of both political parties

who have never been in office.

The important functions of the Coun-

cil are the bringing into operation

by means of orders in council of the

provisions of many statutes which

Parliament leaves to the executive to

enforce, temporarily or permanently,

at such time or times as it may deem

necessary and desirable. These orders

have all the force and validity of

law.

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