IX. FROM THE TREATY OF VERDUN TO THE SIGNING OF MAGNA CHARTA BY KING
JOHN, 843-1215 A. D.
GREAT EVENTS OF PERIOD. 900-1000: Norse ravages and conquests
continue; also private wars. 1000-1100: Increasing and beneficent
power of the church exerted in the direction of order. Normans in
Italy and Sicily. The Norman conquest of England; which as regards
good government far surpasses all other countries. Quarrels between
popes and emperors begin. 1100-1200: Quarrels between popes and
emperors continue; zenith of papal power; Criticism revived. Private
wars lessen; advance in power of kings and of towns at expense of
the feudal baronage. The Crusades. 1200-1300: Rise of universities
and of mendicant Friars. Quarrels between popes and emperors still
continue. Last Crusades. English liberties recognized by the crown.
Magna Charta.
+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
|=A. D.=| =Spain= |=Eastern Empire=| =Saracens= | =China, Japan, |
| | | | | India= |
+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| =850= | | | | |
| | | | |859. Japan: |
| |864-1131. King- | | |Powerful Seiwa |
| |dom of Barcelo- |867-1057. East- | |family arises. |
| |na. |ern emperors of |870-892. | |
| =875= | |the Macedonian |Muattemed re- | |
| |885-1512. King- |line. |establishes the | |
| |dom of Navarre. | |capital at | |
| | |886-911. Leo |Bagdad. | |
| =900= | |VI., the Philos-| | |
| | |opher. | |907-960. China: |
| |912-961. | | |Period of five |
| |Abderrahman III.|917. The Bul- | |dynasties. |
| =925= |_The greatest |garians besiege | | |
| |Arab prince of |Constantinople. | | |
| |Spain; splendid | | | |
| |edifices built; |941. Russian ex-| | |
| |learning en- |pedition against| | |
| |couraged; com- |Constantinople, | | |
| |merce flou- |under Igor. | | |
| =950= |rishes._ | | | |
| | |956. Armenia and| | |
| | |the provinces | | |
| | |between the | | |
| | |Black and the | | |
| | |Caspian Sea, re-| | |
| | |covered from the| | |
| | |Saracens. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |959-963. Romanus| | |
| | |II. | |960. China: Tai |
| | | | |Tsoo founder of |
| | |964-975. Cyprus,| |later Sung |
| | |Cilicia and |969. The |dynasty. |
| | |Antioch are cap-|FATIMITES become| |
| | |tured by Nice- |masters of | |
| | |phorus; Syria is|Egypt, with | |
| | |overrun, and, |Cairo as the | |
| | |under Zimisces, |capital. | |
| | |the Greeks pene-| | |
| | |trate to the | | |
| | |Tigris. | | |
| =975= | | | | |
| | |976-1025. Basil | | |
| | |II. |980. Seljuk, a | |
| =1000=|1000-1035. | |Turk officer of |1000-1186. |
| |Sancho III., the|1018. Bulgaria |the khan of |India: Supremacy|
| |Great, King of |again reduced to|Tartary, becomes|of Ghazni. |
| |Navarre and |a Grecian pro- |a Mohammedan, | |
| |Castile. There |vince. |and settles in | |
| |existed hence- | |Samarcand. | |
| =1025=|forward three |1025-1028. | |_Golden Age of |
| |Christian king- |Constantine IX. | |Rajput civiliza-|
| |doms in Spain: | | |tion in India._ |
| |1, Castile-Leon;|_Culmination | | |
| |2, Navarre; 3, |point of Byzan- | | |
| |Aragon. _Golden |tine greatness. | | |
| |age of Arabian |Greeks greatest | | |
| |literature in |merchants and | | |
| |Spain._ |capitalists of | | |
| | |the world during| | |
| |1026. Hixem III.|this century._ | | |
| | | | | |
| |1030. With him | | | |
| |ends the Cali- | |1042. Turks in- | |
| =1050=|fate of the | |vade and conquer| |
| |West. |1057-1185. East-|Persia. | |
| | |ern emperors of | | |
| |1072. Alfonso |the houses of |The kingdom of | |
| |VI. of Castile, |the Ducas and |Ghizni declines | |
| |enlarges his |the Comnenes. |after 1032, and | |
| |dominions by |Southern Italy |is confined to | |
| |conquests from |lost to the |India; falls | |
| |the Mohammedans.|Normans. |1183. | |
| =1075=| | | | |
| | | |1076. Jerusalem | |
| | | |captured by | |
| | | |Turks. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1084. Seljuks in| |
| |1085. The Cid. | |Asia Minor. | |
| |Toledo is taken | | | |
| |by Alfonso VI. | | | |
| |after a three | | | |
| |years’ siege. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1086. The battle| | | |
| |of Zalaca. | |1092. The Seljuk| |
| | | |Empire falls | |
| | | |apart into a | |
| | | |number of smal- | |
| | | |ler states. | |
| | | |Iconium or Roum,| |
| | | |Damascus, | |
| | | |Aleppo, Kerman | |
| | | |and Iran. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1095-1270. =The | |
| | | |First Crusade.= | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1099. Foundation| |
| =1100=| | |of the Kingdom | |
| =1125=| | |of Jerusalem. | |
| | | |Godfrey of |1127. China: |
| |1139. Kingdom of| |Bouillon, |Kaou Tsung, Emp-|
| |Portugal. | |elected king by |eror. |
| | | |the army. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1146. =The | |
| =1150=| | |Second Crusade.=| |
| | | | |1156. Japan: War|
| | | |_The power of |between the fa- |
| | | |the crusaders |milies of _Gen_ |
| | | |declines._ |and _Hei_. |
| | | | | |
| | | |1171-1193. | |
| =1175=| | |Saladin becomes | |
| | |1185-1204. |Sultan of Egypt.| |
| | |Dynasty of |Extends his |1186-1206. |
| | |Angelus. |dominions in |India: The |
| | | |Egypt, conquers |Afghans of Ghor |
| | | |Syria, Assyria, |rule. |
| | | |Mesopotamia and | |
| | | |Arabia. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1189. =The Third| |
| | | |Crusade.= | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1193. Saladin | |
| |1195. Battle of | |dies; his do- | |
| =1200=|Alarcon in which| |minions divided.| |
| |the Christians | | | |
| |are defeated. | |1202. =The | |
| | |1204. New revo- |Fourth Crusade.=| |
| | |lution. The Cru-| | |
| | |saders return, | | |
| | |again take | | |
| | |Constantinople. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |1204-1261. Latin| | |
| | |Empire. | |1206. GENGHIS |
| |1212. Battle of | | |KHAN becomes |
| |Navas de Tolosa;| | |emperor of the |
| |a victory for | | |Mongols. |
| |the Christians. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1213-1276. James| | | |
| |I., the Conquer-| | | |
| |or in Aragon. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1214-1217. Henry| | | |
| |I., King in | | | |
| |Castile. | | | |
+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
|=A. D.=| =Britain= | =France= | =Germany= |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| =850= | | | |
| | |855. Kingdom divided. Louis II., Emperor, |
| |866. Invasion of the |obtains Italy and Rhætia till 875. Charles,|
| |Danes. |Provence, till 863. |
| | | | |
| |871-900. ALFRED THE | | |
| =875= |GREAT. | | |
| | |876. Kingdom divided:| |
| | |Charles the Fat ob- |Louis the Younger, |
| | |tains Suabia and |Saxony and Thuringia |
| | |Alsace till 887. |till 882. |
| | | | |
| | |884. Charles the Fat reunites the monarchy |
| | |of the Franks. |
| | | | |
| =900= | |Rollo, the Dane, | |
| |901-924. Edward the |forces Charles to | |
| |Elder, the first |confer on him the | |
| |prince who takes the |province of Normandy | |
| |title of King of |and becomes: | |
| |England. | | |
| | |912. Robert, Duke of | |
| | |Normandy; capital |919-1024. Kings and |
| | |Rouen. |Emperors of the Saxon|
| | | |house. |
| | |_France is now divi- | |
| | |ded among the power- |919-936. Henry I., |
| | |ful barons, who exer-|the Fowler, a great |
| | |cise sovereign power |prince, consolidates |
| | |in their respective |the empire. |
| =925= | |domains._ | |
| | | |936-973. OTHO the |
| | | |GREAT. |
| =950= | | | |
| | | |955. Decisive victory|
| | | |over the Huns, which |
| | | |leads to the consoli-|
| | | |dation of the margra-|
| | | |vate of Austria. |
| | | | |
| | | |961-965. Otho’s |
| | | |second expedition |
| | | |into Italy; he de- |
| | | |thrones Berenger; is |
| | | |crowned king, and |
| | | |emperor. |
| | | | |
| | | |962. Makes Rome his |
| | | |capital. |
| | | | |
| | | |967. Otho II. crowned|
| | | |emperor. |
| =975= | | | |
| |978-1016. Ethelred | | |
| |the Unready. | | |
| |New invasion of the | | |
| |Danes. | | |
| | | =House of Capet= | |
| | | | |
| | |987-996. HUGH CAPET. | |
| =1000=| |France, for a long | |
| | |period before and |1002-1024. Henry, |
| |1016-1035. Canute the|after the accession |Duke of Bavaria, a |
| |Great, King of |of the Capets, has no|just and pious king. |
| |Denmark. |national history; the|Continual wars with |
| | |royal authority is |the Poles and Italy. |
| |1017-1041. Danish |now restricted to the| |
| |kings. |city in which the | =House of |
| | |court resides. | Franconia= |
| | | | |
| | | |1024-1039. Conrad |
| =1025=| | |II., the Salic. |
| | | | |
| | | |1039-1056. HENRY III.|
| | | |He defeats the Bohe- |
| | | |mians and Hungarians |
| | | |and makes both tribu-|
| | | |tary. _The imperial |
| | | |power at its highest |
| | | |point._ |
| |1042. The Saxon line | | |
| |restored. | | |
| | | | |
| |1042-1066. Edward the| | |
| =1050=|Confessor. French | | |
| |Normans become a new | |1056-1106. Henry IV. |
| |source of trouble. | | |
| | | |1059. =Quarrels be- |
| | |1060-1108. Philip I. |tween the Popes and |
| | | |German Emperors |
| |1066. Harold elected |1066. William, Duke |respecting investi- |
| |king, but is defeated|of Normandy, invades |tures and nomination |
| |and slain in the |England. |to the Holy See.= |
| |battle of =Hastings=,| | |
| |which gives England | | |
| |to William. | | |
| | | | |
| |1066-1154. =Norman | | |
| |Kings.= | | |
| | | | |
| |1066-1087. WILLIAM | | |
| |THE CONQUEROR. | | |
| =1075=| | | |
| |1087-1100. William | | |
| |II., Rufus. _Revolt |1096. =The First | |
| |of the Norman nobles.|Crusade.= Peter the | |
| |The feudal system |Hermit and Walter the| |
| |established in |Penniless. | |
| |England._ | | |
| | | | |
| =1100=|1100-1135. HENRY I., | | |
| |Beauclerc. | | |
| | | | |
| |1101. Robert, Duke of| | |
| |Normandy, invades | | |
| |England. | | |
| | | | |
| |1103-1106. Henry in- | | |
| |vades and conquers | |1106-1125. Henry V., |
| |Normandy. | |Emperor of Germany |
| | | |and King of Italy. |
| =1125=| | | |
| |=Wars between the French and English, and | =House of |
| |rise of rivalry between these two nations, | Hohenstaufen= |
| |which lasts for three centuries and a | |
| |half.= |1138-1152. Conrad I.,|
| | |1147. =The Second |elected emperor. |
| | |Crusade= preached by | |
| | |St. Bernard and |_Rise of the factions|
| | |joined by the Emperor|of Guelfs and |
| | |Conrad and Louis VII.|Ghibelines._ |
| =1150=| |of France. | |
| | | |1152-1190. Frederic |
| |1154-1399. | |I., Barbarossa, |
| |=Plantagenets.= | |Emperor and King, one|
| | | |of the most heroic |
| |1154-1189. Henry II.,| |figures of the Middle|
| |Plantagenet. | |Age. |
| | | | |
| |1159. War between France and England. | |
| | | |1166. Frederic in |
| | |_The French language |Italy. League of the |
| |1171-1172. Conquest |cultivated._ |Italian cities, 1167,|
| |of Ireland. | |to preserve their |
| =1175=| | |liberties. |
| | |1180-1223. Philip | |
| | |II., the greatest |1183. Peace of |
| |1189-1199. Richard |prince since |Constance re- |
| |I., the Lion-hearted.|Charlemagne. |establishes the inde-|
| |Dreadful massacre of | |pendence of the |
| |the Jews at his | |Italian Republics. |
| |coronation. | | |
| | | | |
| |1189. =Third Crusade= led by Philip Augustus, of France; Richard,|
| |of England; and Frederic Barbarossa. |
| | | | |
| | | |1190-1198. Henry VI.,|
| | | |Emperor and King of |
| | | |Italy and the |
| | | |Sicilies. |
| | | | |
| | | |1198. Philip of |
| |1199-1216. John | |Suabia and Otho of |
| |usurps over Arthur, | |Saxony, dispute the |
| |the son of his elder | |crown; the former |
| |brother, Geoffrey. | |supported by the |
| =1200=| | |Ghibelines, the |
| |1201-1206. War with France; Philip espouses|latter by the Guelfs.|
| |the cause of Prince Arthur. | |
| | | | |
| | |1202. The =Fourth | |
| | |Crusade= under |1212-1250. Frederic |
| |1213-1215. War with |Boniface of |II. becomes emperor |
| |France; the English |Montferrat. |and king of the two |
| |lose Vermandois and | |Sicilies. |
| |Valois. | | |
| | | | |
| |1215. Insurrection of| | |
| |the barons. | | |
| |=Magna Charta= signed| | |
| |at Runnymede. | | |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
|=A. D.=| =Italy= | =Church= | =Scandinavia and |
| | | | Slavs= |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| =850= | | | |
| |855. Kingdom divided.| | |
| |Louis II., Emperor, |860. =Separation of | |
| |obtains Italy and |the Greek and Latin |862. Russia: Rurik, |
| |Rhætia till 875. |Churches.= |first grand prince. |
| |Charles, Provence, | | |
| |till 863. | |863-1030. Norway: |
| | |867. Pope Hadrian |Harold Harfargar to |
| | |II., Photius, |St. Olaf. |
| | |Patriarch of | |
| | |Constantinople, de- | |
| | |posed. | |
| | | | |
| | |872. Pope John VIII. | |
| =875= | | | |
| |Carloman, Bavaria, | | |
| |etc. till 879; be- | |895. Hungary: Magyars|
| |comes King of Italy, | |under Arpad enter the|
| |877. | |Kingdom. |
| =900= | | | |
| | |911. The Northmen in | |
| |919-1024. Kings and |France embrace | |
| |Emperors of the Saxon|Christianity. | |
| |house. | | |
| =925= | | | |
| | |927. Odo, abbot of | |
| | |Cluny, establishes | |
| | |celebrated code of | |
| | |discipline. | |
| =950= |950-961. Berenger | | |
| |II., submitted to |959. St. Dunstan be- | |
| |Otto as his suzerain.|comes Archbishop of | |
| | |Canterbury and | |
| |961-965. Otho’s |attempts to reform | |
| |second expedition |the church; enforcing| |
| |into Italy; he de- |clerical celibacy. | |
| |thrones Berenger; is | | |
| |crowned king, and |966. Poland receives | |
| |emperor. |Christianity under | |
| | |Miecislas. | |
| =975= | | | |
| | |989. Byzantine | |
| | |Christianity propa- | |
| | |gated in Russia by | |
| | |Vladimir the Great. | |
| | | | |
| | |999. Pope Sylvester | |
| |Venice, Genoa, and |II. | |
| =1000=|Pisa rise in power, | | |
| |opulence and civili- | |1019. Russia: |
| |zation. | |Yaroslaff the Great. |
| =1025=| | | |
| |1029. Settlement of | | |
| |the Normans in South | | |
| |Italy. | | |
| | | | |
| |1041. They conquer | | |
| |Apulia from the | | |
| |Greeks; 1060, | | |
| |Calabria; 1060-1090, | | |
| |Sicily. | | |
| =1050=| | | |
| |1059. =Quarrels between the Popes and | |
| |German Emperors respecting investitures and| |
| |nomination to the Holy See.= | |
| | | | |
| |1060. Robert | | |
| |Guiscard, first duke.| | |
| | | | |
| |1060-1090. Sicily | | |
| |conquered by Count |1073. _POPE GREGORY | |
| |Roger, brother of |VII._ | |
| |Robert. | | |
| |Robert invades the |_Papacy attains great| |
| |Greek Empire and |power._ | |
| =1075=|gains the battle of | | |
| |Durazzo. | |1077. Hungary: |
| | | |Ladislas I., the |
| | | |Saint. |
| | | | |
| | | |1084. Bohemia erected|
| | |1088. Pope Urban II. |into a kingdom by the|
| | | |Emperor Henry IV. |
| | |1099. Pope Pascal II.| |
| =1100=| | |1100-1523. Denmark: |
| | | |Introduction of |
| | | |Feudal system to In- |
| | | |dependence of Sweden.|
| | | | |
| | | |1100-1468. Norway. |
| | | | |
| | | |1100-1448. Sweden. |
| |1106-1125. Henry V., | | |
| |Emperor of Germany |1119. POPE CALIXTUS | |
| |and King of Italy. |II. | |
| =1125=| | | |
| |1139. The two | | |
| =1150=|Sicilies erected into| | |
| |a kingdom under |1154. Pope Hadrian | |
| |Roger. |IV. |1157. Denmark: |
| | | |Waldemar I., the |
| |1158. Venice a great | |Great. |
| |maritime power. |1159. Pope Alexander | |
| | |III. | |
| |1166. Frederic in | | |
| |Italy. League of the |1170. The Waldenses. | |
| =1175=|Italian cities, 1167,| | |
| |to preserve their | |1177. Poland: Casimir|
| |liberties. | |the Just. |
| | | | |
| |1183. Peace of | | |
| |Constance re- | | |
| |establishes the inde-| | |
| |pendence of the | | |
| |Italian Republics. | | |
| | | | |
| |1189. =Third Crusade=| | |
| |led by Philip | | |
| |Augustus, of France; | | |
| |Richard, of England; | | |
| |and Frederic Barba- | | |
| |rossa. | | |
| | | | |
| |1190-1198. Henry VI.,| | |
| |Emperor and King of |1191. Pope Celestine | |
| |Italy and the |III. | |
| |Sicilies. | | |
| | |1198. =Pope Innocent | |
| =1200=| |III.= | |
| | | |1202-1241. Denmark: |
| |1204. Venice ag- |Papal power attains |Waldemar II., the |
| |grandized by the con-|its climax. It is |Conqueror. |
| |quest of |supreme over secular | |
| |Constantinople. |power. | |
| | | | |
| |1210-1212. First war | | |
| |of Venice and Genoa. |_ST. FRANCIS OF ASSISI_ (1182-1226) |
| | | | |
| | |1215. Fourth Lateran,| |
| | |and twelfth general |1217-1262. Norway: |
| | |council against the |Haco IV. |
| | |Albigenses and all | |
| | |heretics. The doc- | |
| | |trines of transub- | |
| | |stantiation and auri-| |
| | |cular confession | |
| | |established. | |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
X. FROM THE SIGNING OF MAGNA CHARTA TO THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY
COLUMBUS, 1215-1492 A. D.
GREAT EVENTS OF PERIOD. 1200-1300: Hanse League established. Great
conquests Tartars in Asia; they overrun Russia and establish a
dynasty at Moscow. 1300-1400: Growth of cities and trade--especially
in Italy, where also literature and art, inspired by Dante and
Giotto, make progress. Popes at Avignon. Era of Wyclif: his teaching
spreads in Bohemia. Invention of gunpowder. Mariner’s compass comes
into use in the West. 1400-1500: Turks take Constantinople. Revival
of learning and advance of art in the West--especially in Italy.
Consolidation of France and Spain. End of Tartar rule in Russia.
Invention of printing. Formation of modern “middle classes.”
Maritime discoveries: The cape route to India; the “New World.” End
of the Middle Ages.
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
|=A. D.=| =Spain, Portugal= | =Britain= | =France= |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| | |1214-1292. _ROGER | |
| | |BACON._ | |
| | | | |
| | |1216-1272. Henry III.| |
| |1217. Ferdinand, King| | |
| =1225=|of Castile. | | |
| | | |1226-1270. LOUIS IX.,|
| | |1228. =The Fifth |Saint. Blanche of |
| |1230. =Castile and |Crusade.= Many |Castile, his mother, |
| |Leon united by Fer- |English and French |regent. |
| |dinand III., who |nobles join. | |
| |takes large territory| |1248. The king sets |
| |from the Moors.= | |out on =The Sixth |
| =1250=| | |Crusade=. |
| |1253. The Alhambra | | |
| |founded. |1263-1265. CIVIL WAR.| |
| | | | |
| | |1265. Parliament of | |
| | |Simon of Montfort. | |
| | |Beginning of the | |
| | |House of Commons. De-| |
| | |feat and death of | |
| | |Simon of Montfort at | |
| | |Evesham. | |
| | | | |
| | |1270. =The Seventh | |
| | |and Last Crusade.= | |
| | | | |
| | |1272-1307. EDWARD I.,| |
| |1274. Crown of |Longshanks. | |
| =1275=|Navarre passes to | | |
| |France. | |1276. France at war |
| | |1283. England and |with Castile. |
| | |Wales united. Robert | |
| | |Bruce and John | |
| | |Balliol contend for | |
| | |the crown of Scot- | |
| | |land. | |
| | | | |
| | |1284. Annexation of | |
| |1291. James II., King|Wales to England. | |
| |of Aragon. | | |
| | |1297. War between |1297. Invasion of |
| | |England and Scotland.|Flanders. |
| =1300=| | | |
| | | |1302. First convoca- |
| | | |tion of the states- |
| | | |general in France. |
| | | | |
| | | |1304. War with |
| | |1306. ROBERT BRUCE |Flanders. |
| |1312. Alphonso XI., |proclaimed king of | |
| |King of Castile and |Scotland. | |
| |Leon. | | |
| =1325=| | | |
| |1327. Arrival of |1327-1377. EDWARD | |
| |200,000 Moors to |III. | |
| |assist Granada. | | |
| | |1328-1400. _CHAUCER._|1328-1498. =The House|
| | | |of Valois.= |
| | | | |
| | | |1328-1350. Philip VI.|
| | | | |
| | |1337. Edward lays claim to France which |
| | |gives rise to: |
| | | |
| | |1337-1453. HUNDRED YEARS WAR. |
| |1340. Moors defeated | | |
| |at Tarifa. | | |
| | | | |
| =1350=|Heroic Age of | | |
| |Portugal. | |1364-1380. Charles V.|
| =1375=| | |the Wise. |
| |1394-1460. =Henry the| | |
| |Navigator=, King of |1399-1461. =House of | |
| |Portugal. |Lancaster.= | |
| | | | |
| | |1399. Henry IV., King| |
| | |of England. | |
| =1400=| | | |
| | |1406. James I., King | |
| |1407. John II., King |of Scotland. | |
| |of Castile. | |1410. Civil war be- |
| | | |tween Orleans and |
| | | |Burgundy. |
| | |1414. Henry V. claims| |
| |1416. Alphonso V., |the French crown. | |
| |King of Aragon and | | |
| |Sicily. |1422. Henry VI. pro- | |
| =1425=| |claimed at Paris, | |
| | |King of France. War |1427-1429. =Siege of |
| |1430. War between |with France. |Orleans.= The English|
| |Castile and Granada. | |defeated by the |
| | | |French under Joan of |
| | | |Arc. France saved |
| | | |from the fate of |
| | | |Ireland. Charles VII.|
| | | |crowned at Rheims. |
| | | | |
| | | |1431. Joan of Arc |
| | |1444. Truce with |burned. |
| | |France. Marriage of | |
| | |Henry to Margaret of | |
| | |Anjou. | |
| | | | |
| =1450=|1450-1560. =Period of|1450. Richard, Duke | |
| |great maritime power |of York, claims the | |
| |of the Portuguese.= |throne. | |
| | | | |
| |1452. Civil war in | | |
| |Navarre, in which |1453. _End of the French and English wars, |
| |Castile and Aragon |without any formal peace._ |
| |join. | | |
| | | | |
| |1454. Henry IV. of | | |
| |Castile, King of |1455-1485. WARS OF | |
| |Spain. |THE ROSES. | |
| | | | |
| | |1461-1485. =House of |1461. Louis XI., |
| | |York.= |King. |
| | | | |
| | |1461. Edward IV., | |
| | |King. House of York. | |
| |1469. Marriage of | | |
| |Ferdinand of Aragon |1470. Henry VI. re- | |
| |with Isabella of |stored by Warwick. | |
| |Castile. | | |
| | |1471. Return of | |
| | |Edward IV. Deaths of | |
| | |Warwick and Henry VI.| |
| | | | |
| =1475=| |1475. Edward IV. in- | |
| | |vades France. |1477. Artois and |
| |1479. =Union of | |Burgundy united to |
| |Castile and Aragon.= | |France. |
| | |1480. War between | |
| | |England and Scotland.|1483-1498. Charles |
| | | |VIII. |
| | | =House of Tudor= | |
| | | | |
| | |1485-1509. Henry VII.| |
| |1492. Conquest of | | |
| |Granada and union of | | |
| |the kingdom with | | |
| |Castile. | | |
| | | | |
| |1492. =America dis- | | |
| |covered by Columbus.=| | |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
+-------+-------------------------------------------+---------------------+
|=A. D.=| =Holy Roman Empire= |=Switzerland, Poland,|
| | =Italy and Church= | =Germany= | Hungary, Bohemia= |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| |_Struggle of the Guelfs and Ghibelines. The| |
| |power of the Roman pontiffs is carried to | |
| |the highest pitch during this century._ | |
| =1225=| | | |
| |1227-1274. _THOMAS | | |
| |AQUINAS._ | | |
| | | | |
| |1243. Struggle of |1243. =The Hanseatic | |
| |Pope Innocent IV. |League.= | |
| |with the Emperor | | |
| =1250=|Frederick. |1250. Conrad IV., | |
| | |Emperor. | |
| | | | |
| | | =House of Hapsburg= | |
| | | | |
| | |1273. =Rudolf=, | |
| |1274. Fourteenth |Emperor, founds House| |
| |General Council at |of Hapsburg. | |
| =1275=|Lyons. | | |
| | | | |
| |1293. Naval war be- | | |
| |tween Genoa and | |1295. Poland: |
| |Venice. |1298. Adolphus, |Vladislav the Dwarf, |
| | |Emperor, deposed and |founder of Polish |
| | |Albert I. enthroned. |greatness. |
| =1300=|1303. Papal power | | |
| |declines. |1304. Rise of the | |
| | |Swiss towns. | |
| | | | |
| | |1306. Rudolf of | |
| | |Austria, Emperor. | |
| | | | |
| | |1308. Henry of Luxem-| |
| |1309. Seat of the |burg, Emperor. Gene- | |
| |popes transferred to |ral insurrection in | |
| |Avignon. |Switzerland. | |
| | | | |
| |1311. General Council| | |
| |at Vienna. |1314. Louis of | |
| | |Bavaria and Frederick|1315-1388. AUSTRO- |
| |1265-1321. _DANTE._ |of Austria contend |SWISS WAR. |
| | |for the crown. | |
| |1265-1337. _GIOTTO._ | | |
| | |1322. Frederick of | |
| =1325=| |Austria defeated. | |
| | | |1333. Poland: Casimir|
| |1339. Struggle in | |the Great becomes |
| |Rome between the | |King. |
| |Colonna and the | =House of Luxemburg=| |
| |Ursini. | |1342. Hungary: Louis |
| | |1346-1378. Charles |the Great. |
| | |IV., King of Bohemia.| |
| |1347. Democracy in | | |
| |Rome under Rienzi, | | |
| |last of the Tribunes.| | |
| =1350=| | | |
| |1354. Rienzi killed; | | |
| |papal dominion re- |1355-1356. Promulga- | |
| |stored. |tion of the golden |1370. Poland: Extinc-|
| | |bull; it fixes the |tion of the royal |
| | |prerogatives of the |race of Piasts with |
| | |electoral college. |Casimir III. |
| | |Fundamental law of | |
| | |the empire. | |
| =1375=| | | |
| | |1378. Wenceslas, King| |
| | |of Bohemia, Emperor. | |
| | | | |
| =1400=| |1400. Robert, Count | |
| | |of Palatine, Emperor.| |
| | | | |
| | |1411. Sigismund, King| |
| | |of Hungary, Emperor. | |
| | | | |
| | |1414. Council of | |
| | |Constance. | |
| | | |1419. Bohemia: HUS- |
| | |1420. Sigismund be- |SITE WAR. |
| | |comes king of | |
| | |Bohemia. |1424. Bohemia: Death |
| =1425=| | |of John Ziska, the |
| |1429-1463. Cosmo de’ | |Hussite leader. |
| |Medici in Florence, |1438. =House of | |
| |great patron of the |Austria.= Albert II. | |
| |arts and sciences. |(King of Bohemia and | |
| | |Hungary), Emperor. | |
| | | | |
| | |1446. War with | |
| =1450=|1450-1466. House of |Hungary. | |
| |Sforza in Milan. | | |
| | |1453. Austria made an| |
| |1454. Struggle be- |hereditary duchy by | |
| |tween Cosmo de’ |Emperor Frederick |1458. Hungary: |
| |Medici and the aris- |III. |Matthias Corvinus |
| |tocracy. | |makes his country |
| |1462. The emperor be-|formidable to her |
| | |sieged in court at |neighbors. |
| | |Vienna. | |
| | | | |
| |1469. =Lorenzo de’ |1469-1480. Invasion | |
| |Medici= at Florence. |of the Turks. | |
| | | | |
| |1471. Increase of the| | |
| =1475=|power of the Medici. | | |
| |Rise of learning. |1477. Marriage of |1477. Hungary: War |
| |Sixtus IV., Pope. |Maximilian and Maria |with Frederick III. |
| | |of Burgundy. | |
| | | |1485. Hungary: |
| | | |Matthias Corvinus |
| | | |takes Vienna. |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
|=A. D.=|=Scandinavia and|=Eastern Empire=| =Saracens= | =China, Japan, |
| | Russia= | | | India= |
+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| | | | |1219. Japan: The|
| | | | |shogunate seized|
| | | | |by the Fujiwara.|
| | | | | |
| | |1221. Robert | |1221. The |
| |1224-1240. |Guiscard, Em- | |Khorasmian Em- |
| |Mongolian inva- |peror. | |pire overthrown |
| |sion of Russia. | | |by Genghis Khan.|
| =1225=| | | | |
| |1242. Alexander | | | |
| |Nevski, Prince |1244. The | | |
| =1250=|of Novgorod. |Khorasmians take|1250. Egypt: The| |
| | |Jerusalem. |Mamelukes rule; | |
| | | |take Damascus | |
| | | |and Aleppo. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1258. Hulaku | |
| | | |Khan enters |1259-1294. |
| | |1261. Michael |Persia, takes |China: Kublai |
| |1262. Norway: |Palæologus re- |Bagdad, and an |Khan, Emperor of|
| |Iceland sub- |covers |end to the |all China, |
| |jected. Green- |Constantinople |caliphate. |founder of the |
| |land tributary |and overthrows | |Mongol dynasty. |
| |to Norway. |the Latin | | |
| | |Empire. | |1264. China: |
| =1275=| | | |Kublai Khan |
| |1279. Russia: | | |builds Pekin, |
| |Hanseatic | | |and makes it his|
| |settlement at | | |capital. |
| |Novgorod. | | | |
| | | | |1281. Japan: In-|
| | | |1288. Othman |vasion of Mongol|
| | |1291. Capture of|begins to lay |Tatars. |
| =1300=| |Acre by the |the foundations | |
| | |Mamelukes; end |of the Turkish | |
| | |of the European |power in Asia | |
| | |states in Asia |Minor. | |
| =1325=| |Minor. | | |
| | | |1326. Death of | |
| | | |Othman; Orkhan, | |
| | | |son of Othman, | |
| | | |makes Prusa his | |
| | | |capital. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1327. Nicomedia | |
| |1328. Moscow | |taken by Orkhan.| |
| |under the Grand-|1329. Andronicus III. defeated by| |
| |duke Ivan Kalita|the Turks in the battle of | |
| |becomes para- |Pelekanon. | |
| |mount in Russia.| | |
| | |1330. Nicæa taken. |1333. China: |
| | | | |Shun-te last of |
| | | | |the Mongol Em- |
| | | | |perors succeeds.|
| | | | |Japan: Fall of |
| | | | |the Hojo family.|
| | | | | |
| | | | |1336-1392. |
| |1340. Denmark: | | |Japan: Feudalism|
| |Waldemar III. |1341. John V. | |reached its |
| | |(Paleologus), | |height. |
| | |Emperor. | | |
| =1350=| | | | |
| | |1354. Turks seize Gallipoli in | |
| | |Europe. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1359. Murad I., | |
| | | |conquered |1363. Timur, or |
| | | |Adrianople. |Tamerlane, be- |
| | | | |gins his career |
| | | |1365. Adrianople|of conquest. |
| | | |residence of | |
| | | |sovereigns. |1368-1398. |
| | | | |China: Hung Woo |
| | | | |establishes the |
| | | | |native Ming |
| | | | |dynasty. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1369. Timur be- |
| =1375=| | | |comes king of |
| | |1381. The empire| |Transoxiana and |
| |1382. Russia: |pays tribute to | |makes Samarcand |
| |The Tartars sack|the Turks. | |the capital of |
| |Moscow. | | |his new empire. |
| | | | | |
| |1387. Denmark | | | |
| |and Norway: | | |1392. Timur sub-|
| |Margaret, the | | |jugates Persia. |
| |Semiramis of the| | | |
| |North, becomes | | | |
| |queen. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1397. =Union of | | | |
| |Calmar=, forming| | |1398. Invasion |
| |Denmark, Sweden | | |of India by |
| |and Norway into | | |Timur; he takes |
| |a single | | |Delhi. |
| |monarchy. | | | |
| =1400=| | | |1400-1573. |
| | | |1402. Bajazet |Japan: The |
| | | |defeated and |Shoguns dominate|
| | | |made prisoner by|for almost two |
| | | |Timur at the |centuries. |
| | | |battle of | |
| | | |Angora. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1403. Empire of | |
| | | |the Turks di- | |
| | | |vided after | |
| | | |death of | |
| | | |Bajazet, among | |
| | | |Solyman I., Musa| |
| | | |and Mohammed I. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1413. Mohammed | |
| | | |I. sole ruler of| |
| | | |the Turks. | |
| =1425=| | | | |
| | |1438-1439. The | | |
| | |emperor visits | | |
| | |Italy to obtain | | |
| | |help against the| | |
| | |Turks. | | |
| | | | | |
| |1448. Denmark: |1448. | | |
| =1450=|Christian I., of|Constantine | | |
| |Oldenburg, King.|XII., last of |1451. Mohammed | |
| |Sweden: Charles |the Greek |II., sultan of | |
| |VIII. |emperors. |the Turks. | |
| | | | | |
| | |1453. Siege and capture of | |
| | |Constantinople by the Turks, | |
| | |ending the Eastern Empire. | |
| | +---------------------------------+ |
| | | =Ottoman Empire= | |
| | +---------------------------------+ |
| | |1458. Greece subjected to the | |
| | |Turks. | |
| | | | |
| | |1464. War with Hungary. | |
| | | | |
| | |1468. Uzun Hasan, master of all | |
| | |Persia. |1469. India: The|
| | | |Sikhs become |
| | |1470. Forms an alliance with the |powerful. |
| |1472. Russia: |Venetians and the Duke of | |
| |Ivan III. mar- |Burgundy against the Turks; con- | |
| |ries Sophia, |quers Bagdad. | |
| |niece of the | | |
| |Greek Emperor. |1480. Otranto taken. | |
| | | | |
| | |1481. Bajazet II., Sultan. | |
+-------+----------------+---------------------------------+----------------+
XI. FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY COLUMBUS TO THE PEACE OF
WESTPHALIA, 1492-1648 A. D.
GREAT EVENTS OF PERIOD. 1500-1600: The Reformation: Immense
development of new life in Europe. Age of Charles V. Power of Spain,
and her conquests in America. The monarchy strong in England.
1600-1700: The Thirty Years’ War, at first a life struggle of Roman
Catholics and Protestants, results in downfall of Spain, and the
ascendency of France, which reached its zenith under Louis XIV.
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
|=A. D.=| =Britain= | =Spain and Portugal=| =Holland= |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| | |The power of Spain | |
| | |grew rapidly. | |
| | |Greatest power in | |
| | |Europe during most of| |
| | |Sixteenth Century. | |
| | | | |
| | |1492. America dis- | |
| | |covered by COLUMBUS. | |
| | | | |
| | |1494-1529. WARS WITH | |
| | |FRENCH for control of| |
| | |Italy. | |
| | | | |
| | |1497-1503. Voyages of| |
| | |AMERIGO VESPUCIUS. | |
| | |South American coast | |
| | |explored. | |
| | | | |
| | |1498. Vasco de Gama | |
| =1500=| |reaches India via | |
| |1502. Marriage of |Cape of Good Hope. | |
| |Henry’s eldest | | |
| |daughter, Margaret, |1506. Columbus dies |1506-1530. =Margaret |
| |with James IV., King |at Valladolid. |of Austria regent for|
| |of Scotland. | |her nephew Charles.= |
| | | | |
| |1509. HENRY VIII., | | |
| |King. | | |
| | | | |
| |1512. War with | | |
| |France. Alliance with| | |
| |Spain and the Pope | | |
| |against France. | | |
| | | | |
| |1513. Battle of | | |
| |Flodden; James IV. | | |
| |killed. | | |
| | | | |
| |1515. WOLSEY, chan- | | |
| |cellor and cardinal. |1516-1556. CHARLES I.| |
| | |of Spain and V. of | |
| | |Germany. | |
| | | | |
| | |1519. Conquest of | |
| | |Mexico by Cortez. | |
| =1525=| | | |
| |1529. =Reformation | | |
| |begins in England.= |_Rivalry of Spain and| |
| | |France begins._ | |
| | | | |
| | |1531-1532. Conquest | |
| |1532. The king mar- |of Peru by PIZARRO. | |
| |ries Anne Boleyn. | | |
| | | | |
| |1535. Henry excommu- |_IGNATIUS LOYOLA_ | |
| |nicated by the Pope. |(1491-1556). | |
| | | | |
| | |1540. Lisbon the | |
| | |market of the world. | |
| | | | |
| | |1541. De Soto disco- | |
| |1543. Invasion of |vers the Mississippi | |
| |France. |River. | |
| | | | |
| |1547. Edward VI., | | |
| |King. Formal estab- | | |
| |lishment of Protes- | | |
| |tantism. | | |
| =1550=| | | |
| |1553. MARY TUDOR, | | |
| |Queen of England. | | |
| | | | |
| |1554. Lady Jane Grey | | |
| |executed. | | |
| | | | |
| |1555. Persecution of | | |
| |the Protestants. |1556. PHILIP II., | |
| | |King. | |
| |1558. ELIZABETH, | | |
| |Queen. Rise of the |_CAMOENS_ (1525- | |
| |Puritans. |1579). | |
| | | | |
| | |1564. Acquisition of | |
| | |the Philippines. | |
| | | | |
| | |1567. DUKE OF ALVA, | |
| |1568. MARY, QUEEN OF |Governor of the |WAR OF LIBERATION. |
| |SCOTS, takes refuge |Netherlands. |1568-1648. Sanguinary|
| |in England. | |tribunals. Egmont and|
| | | |Horn beheaded, 1568. |
| |_SPENSER_ (1553- | | |
| |1599). |1571. Battle of |_Reign of Terror |
| | |Lepanto. |under Alva._ |
| |_SIR WALTER RALEIGH_ | | |
| |(1552-1618). | | |
| =1575=| | | |
| | | |1579. Commencement of|
| | |1580. Portugal passes|the Dutch Republic by|
| | |under Spanish |the Union of Utrecht;|
| | |dominion. |WILLIAM, PRINCE OF |
| | | |ORANGE, stadholder. |
| | | | |
| |1584. Raleigh’s | |1584. William of |
| |colony in Virginia. | |Orange assassinated. |
| | | | |
| |1585. War with Spain.| | |
| | | | |
| |1588. Spanish Armada |1588. Defeat of the | |
| |destroyed. |=Spanish Armada=. | |
| | |England saved from | |
| |=Maritime supremacy |Spanish invasion. | |
| |of England begins.= | | |
| | |_CERVANTES_ (1547- | |
| |1596-1597. Naval ex- |1616). | |
| |peditions of Drake | | |
| |and Raleigh in South |1598-1621. Philip | |
| |America. Cadiz taken,|III. | |
| |and the Spanish fleet| | |
| |burned. | | |
| | | | |
| |_SHAKESPEARE_ (1564- | | |
| |1616). | | |
| =1600=| | | |
| |1603. UNION OF | | |
| |ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND.| | |
| | | | |
| |_BACON_ (1561-1626). | |1583-1645. _GROTIUS._|
| | | | |
| |1607. English settle-| | |
| |ment at =Jamestown=. |1609. Expulsion of | |
| | |the Moors. | |
| +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| | 1618-1648. THIRTY YEARS WAR--THIRTY YEARS WAR--THIRTY YEARS WAR |
| +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| |1620. Emigration of | | |
| |Pilgrims to New |1621. Dutch War. |1621. Dutch West |
| |England and founding | |India Company in- |
| |of =Plymouth=. | |corporated. |
| | | | |
| |_HARVEY_ (1578-1657).| | |
| | | | |
| =1625=|1625. Charles I., |1625. Naval war with |1625. Breda taken by |
| |King. |England. |Spinola. |
| | | | |
| |1632. Maryland | | |
| |settled by a colony | |1639. Great naval |
| |sent out by Lord |1640. Portugal re- |victory by Van Tromp,|
| |Baltimore. |gains independence. |over the Spanish |
| | | |fleet in the Downs. |
| |1642-1649. CIVIL WAR |_VELASQUEZ_ (1599- | |
| |AND REVOLUTION. |1660). |_Vandyck_ (1599- |
| | | |1641). |
| |1648. Cromwell routs | | |
| |the Scotch. The pres-| | |
| |byterians expelled | | |
| |from parliament, | | |
| |which receives the | | |
| |name of “the Rump.” | | |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
|=A. D.=| =France= | =Holy Roman Empire= |
| | | =Italy and Church= |=Germany and Austria=|
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| |1491. Bretagne united| | |
| |to the crown. | |1493-1519. MAXIMILIAN|
| | | |I. |
| |1494-1529. WARS FOR |1494. Expedition of | |
| |THE CONTROL OF ITALY |Charles VIII. into | |
| |between the French |Italy. | |
| |and Spanish. | | |
| | |1494-1559. =Sixty- | |
| | |five years of Italian|1495. Diet at Worms. |
| | |Wars.= | |
| | | |_COPERNICUS_ (1473- |
| | | |1543). |
| =1500=| |1500. Partition of | |
| | |Naples between France| |
| | |and Spain. | |
| | | | |
| | |1503. Naples annexed | |
| |1510. Council of |to the Spanish crown.| |
| |Tours. |JULIUS II., pope. |1512. Maximilian di- |
| | | |vides the empire into|
| | |1513. Pope LEO X. |ten circles. |
| | |patron of literature | |
| | |and the arts. |_LUTHER_ (1483-1546).|
| |1515. FRANCIS I. in- | | |
| |vades Italy. |_ARIOSTO_ (1474- |1517. =Beginning of |
| | |1533). |the Reformation.= |
| | | | |
| | |_RAPHAEL_ (1483- |1519-1556. CHARLES |
| | |1520). |V., King of Spain, |
| | | |Emperor. |
| | | | |
| |1521. First war with | |1521. Accession of |
| |Charles V. | |Bohemia and Hungary |
| | | |to the House of |
| =1525=|1525. Francis de- |1525. Spanish ascen- |Hapsburg. |
| |feated and taken |dency by the victory | |
| |prisoner at Pavia. |of Pavia. | |
| | | | |
| |1527. Second war with|_MICHAELANGELO_ | |
| |Charles V. |(1475-1564). | |
| | | | |
| |_CALVIN_ (1509-1564).|_TITIAN_ (1477-1576).|_HOLBEIN_ (1498- |
| | | |1559). |
| |1532-1544. Struggle | | |
| |for possession of |1540. Order of | |
| |Italy. |Jesuits founded by |1543. Alliance with |
| | |LOYOLA. |England against |
| | | |France. |
| | |1545. Council of | |
| | |Trent. |1546-1547. |
| |1547. Henry II., | |SCHMALKALDIC WAR. |
| =1550=|King; CATHERINE DE’ |1550. Julius III., | |
| |MEDICI, Queen. |Pope. |1551. Treaty of |
| | | |Passau secures reli- |
| |1552. Fifth war with | |gious liberty to the |
| |Charles V. | |Protestants. |
| | | | |
| |_PALISSY_ (1510- | |1556. =Charles V. |
| |1589). |1559. Termination of |abdicates.= |
| | |French wars in Italy.| |
| |RELIGIOUS WARS IN | | |
| |FRANCE 1562-1598. | | |
| | | | |
| |1562. Religious |_Tintoretto_ (1512- | |
| |liberty granted to |1594). |1564. MAXIMILIAN II.,|
| |the Huguenots. | |Emperor. |
| | | | |
| |_MONTAIGNE_ (1533- |1569. Florence a | |
| |1592). |grand duchy. | |
| | | | |
| |1572. Massacre of St.|_Torquato Tasso_ | |
| |Bartholomew. |(1544-1595). | |
| =1575=| | | |
| |1576. The Catholic | |1576. Rudolph II., |
| |league. | |(King of Bohemia and |
| | | |Hungary), Emperor. |
| |1577. Sixth religious| | |
| |war. |1585. Pope SIXTUS V. | |
| | |restores the Vatican | |
| |1588. Revolt of |library. | |
| |Paris. | | |
| | | | |
| |1589-1792. =House of | | |
| |Bourbon.= | | |
| | | | |
| |1589-1610. HENRY IV. | | |
| | | | |
| |1590. Siege of Paris | | |
| |raised by the |1592. The Rialto and | |
| |Spaniards. |Piazza di San Marco |1594. Union of |
| | |built at Venice. |Protestants at |
| | | |Heilbronn. |
| |1598. =Edict of | | |
| |Nantes= toleration | |_KEPLER_ (1571-1630).|
| |granted to the |_GALILEO_ (1564- | |
| |Protestants. |1642). | |
| =1600=| | | |
| | | |1608. Protestant |
| | |1609. Leghorn becomes|union under Frederick|
| |1610. Assassination |the emporium of the |the Elector. |
| |of Henry IV. |Levant trade. | |
| | | | |
| |1614. Last assembly | | |
| |of the states- | | |
| |general. | | |
| +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| | 1618-1648. THIRTY YEARS WAR--THIRTY YEARS WAR--THIRTY YEARS WAR |
| +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| | | |1620. Massacre of |
| |1624. Ministry of | |Prague. |
| =1625=|Cardinal Richelieu. | | |
| | |1626. =St. Peter’s= | |
| | |dedicated. |1628. Victories of |
| | | |Wallenstein. |
| |_DESCARTES_ (1596- | | |
| |1650). | |1629. Gustavus |
| | |1631. Influence of |Adolphus lands in |
| | |France increases. |Germany. |
| | | | |
| | | |1632. Battle of |
| |1638. Invasion of | |Lutzen. |
| |Spain. | | |
| | | | |
| |1640. Turin taken by | | |
| |the French. | | |
| | | | |
| |1643. LOUIS XIV., | | |
| |King. |1646. Revolt of | |
| | |Naples under | |
| |1648. WARS OF THE |Masaniello. |1648. PEACE OF WEST- |
| |FRONDE. | |PHALIA, THE BASIS OF |
| | | |ALL SUBSEQUENT |
| | | |TREATIES; SIGNED AT |
| | | |MUNSTER. |
| | | | |
| | | |_At this time begins |
| | | |the policy of the |
| | | |“Balance of Power” in|
| | | |Europe._ |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
|=A. D.=| =Poland, | =Scandinavia | =Ottoman Empire| =China, Japan, |
| | Prussia, | and Russia= | and Persia= | India= |
| | Hungary, | | | |
| | Bohemia= | | | |
+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| =1500=| | | | |
| | |1502. Destruc- |1502. Persia: | |
| | |tion of the |Ismail Shah Sufi| |
| | |Golden Horde and|makes himself | |
| | |end of Mongol |sole sovereign | |
| | |power in Russia.|of Persia. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1505. War with | |
| | | |Persia. | |
| |1506. Poland: | | |1506. China: |
| |Sigismund I., | |1512. Selim I. |Portuguese, |
| |the Great. | |dethrones and |first Europeans |
| | | |puts to death |in China. |
| | | |his father. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1514. Persians | |
| | | |defeated; | |
| | | |Kurdistan added | |
| | | |to the empire. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1516. Cairo | |
| | | |taken. | |
| | | | | |
| | |1520. Christian |1520. Soliman | |
| | |II. of Denmark |the Magnificent,| |
| | |invades Sweden |Sultan. | |
| | |and overthrows | | |
| | |Sten Sture. |1521. Belgrade | |
| | | |taken. | |
| | |1523. Sweden: | | |
| =1525=|1525. Albert, |Revolt under | | |
| |Grand-master of |GUSTAVUS VASA. |1526. Invasion |1526. India: |
| |Teutonic Order |The Danes expel-|of Hungary. |Baber founds the|
| |makes East Prus-|led. Union of | |Mogul dynasty at|
| |sia a secular |Calmar dis- |1529. Invasion |Delhi. |
| |possession. |solved. Denmark |of Austria. | |
| | |and Norway: |Siege of Vienna.| |
| | |Frederick I. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |1530. Russia: | | |
| | |IVAN IV., the | | |
| | |Terrible. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |1533. Norway and| | |
| | |Denmark: |1535. Barbarossa| |
| | |Christian III. |seizes Tunis. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1547. Turks in- | |
| | | |vade Persia. | |
| =1550=| | | | |
| | | |1551. Tripoli | |
| | | |taken. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1552. Invasion | |
| | | |of Hungary. |1556. India: |
| | | | |AKBAR becomes |
| | |1559. Denmark |1559. Military |Mogul emperor, a|
| | |and Norway: |power of the |patron of |
| | |Frederick II. |Turks at its |science and li- |
| | | |greatest height |terature. _Mogul|
| | |_Tycho Brahe_ |under Soliman. |Empire at its |
| | | (1546-1601).| |greatest |
| | | | |splendor._ |
| |1569. Poland and| | | |
| |Lithuania united| |1570. War with | |
| |by the Diet of | |Venice. | |
| |Lublin. | | | |
| | | | | |
| | |1571. Russia de-|1571. Battle of | |
| | |vastated by the |Lepanto. |1573. Japan: |
| =1575=|1575. Poland: |Tartars, and | |Fall of the |
| |Stephen Bathori |Moscow burned. | |Ashikaga |
| |chosen king; he | | |shoguns; |
| |strengthens the | | |Nobunaga |
| |Jesuits. | | |supreme. |
| | | | | |
| |1578. Alliance of Sweden and | | |
| |Poland against Russia. | | |
| | | | | |
| |1587. Poland: | | | |
| |Sigismund III., |1588. Denmark: | | |
| |King. |Christian IV. |1589. Revolt of | |
| | | |the Janisaries. | |
| | |1592. Sweden: | | |
| | |Sigismund III., |1595. Power in | |
| |_RUBENS_ (1577- |of Poland, suc- |Hungary de- | |
| |1640). |ceeds to the |clines; revolt | |
| | |Swedish crown. |of Wallachia. | |
| =1600=| | | | |
| | | | |1603. Japan: |
| | | | |Tokugawa Iyeyasu|
| | | | |makes himself |
| | | | |shogun: his de- |
| | | | |scendants retain|
| | | | |power till 1868.|
| | | | | |
| | | | |1605. India: |
| | |1611. Sweden: | |Jehangir, Mogul,|
| | |GUSTAVUS | |Emperor. |
| | |ADOLPHUS, King. | | |
| | |War with Den- | | |
| | |mark. | | |
| | |OXENSTIERN, | | |
| | |Minister. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |1613. Russia: | | |
| | |MICHAEL | | |
| | |ROMANOFF, Czar, | | |
| | |founder of the | | |
| | |present ruling | | |
| | |line. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |1616. _Sweden | | |
| | |dominates the | | |
| | |North._ | | |
| +----------------+----------------+ | |
| | 1618-1648. THIRTY YEARS WAR | | |
| +----------------+----------------+ | |
| =1625=| | | | |
| | | |WAR WITH AUSTRIA| |
| |1632. War with |1632. Sweden: |1682-1699. | |
| |Russia. Poles |CHRISTINA, | | |
| |advance to |Queen; |1634. Murad in- | |
| |Moscow. |OXENSTIERN, |vades Persia. | |
| | |Regent. | | |
| | | |1637. Troubles | |
| |1640. FREDERICK | |on the Tartar | |
| |WILLIAM of | |frontier. Bagdad|1644. China: Es-|
| |Prussia. | |taken by the |tablishment of |
| | | |Turks. |the Manchu |
| | | | |dynasty. |
| | | |1645. War with | |
| | | |Venice. | |
| |1648. PEACE OF WESTPHALIA, THE | | |
| |BASIS OF ALL SUBSEQUENT TREATIES;| | |
| |SIGNED AT MUNSTER. | | |
| | | | |
| |_At this time begins the policy | | |
| |of the “Balance of Power” in | | |
| |Europe._ | | |
+-------+---------------------------------+----------------+----------------+
XII. FROM THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA TO THE CLOSE OF AMERICAN WAR OF
INDEPENDENCE, 1648-1783 A. D.
GREAT EVENTS OF PERIOD. 1600-1700: Civil and religious liberty
fought out in England under the Stuarts. Rise of modern science and
philosophy. 1700-1800: Astounding growth of the British Empire.
Government in England now and henceforth carried on by a Cabinet
Ministry. Development of manufactures in England. Inventions and
discoveries. Immense advance in arts and sciences. INDEPENDENCE OF
THE UNITED STATES. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION which powerfully influences
social, political and intellectual progress for the next hundred
years.
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
|=A. D.=| =United States= : =Britain= | =Spain and Portugal=|
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| | :1649. Trial and exe- | |
| =1650=| :cution of Charles I. | |
| | :=The Commonwealth.= | |
| | : | |
| | :1652. War with Hol- | |
| | :land. | |
| | : | |
| | :1653. CROMWELL, Lord | |
| | :Protector. |1654. Brazil re- |
| | : |covered from the |
| | : |Dutch. |
| | : | |
| | :_MILTON_ (1608-1674).|1655. War with En- |
| | : |gland. |
| | : | |
| | :=Stuarts restored.= | |
| | : | |
| | :1660. Charles II., | |
| | :King. |1661. Invasion of |
| |1663. Settlement of : |Portugal. |
| |North Carolina under : | |
| |royal patent. : | |
| | : | |
| |1664. New Amsterdam : | |
| |occupied by the :1665-1700. CHARLES | |
| |English. :II. | |
| | : | |
| | :1668. Triple alliance| |
| | :of England, Sweden | |
| | :and Holland against |_MURILLO_ (1618- |
| | :France. |1682). |
| | : | |
| | : |1673. War with France|
| =1675=|1675-1676. King : |to protect Holland. |
| |Philip’s War in New :1679. HABEAS CORPUS | |
| |England. Bacon’s Re- :ACT passed. | |
| |bellion in Virginia. : | |
| | :_NEWTON_ (1642-1727).| |
| | : | |
| | :1685. James II., | |
| | :King. Rise of the | |
| | :Whigs and Tories. | |
| | : | |
| | :_JOHN LOCKE_ (1632- | |
| | :1704). | |
| | : | |
| | :1688. Revolution. | |
| | : | |
| |1689-1697. WAR OF WILLIAM AND MARY WITH THE|1689. Revolt in |
| |FRENCH. |Catalonia in favor of|
| | : |France. |
| | :1689. WILLIAM III., | |
| | :King, and MARY II., | |
| | :Queen. War with | |
| | :France. | |
| | : | |
| | :1690. Battle of the | |
| | :Boyne. James de- |1691. Incursion of |
| | :feated, returns to |the French into |
| | :France. |Aragon. |
| | : | |
| | :1697. General peace. | |
| =1700=| : | |
| | : 1701-1714. WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION |
| | : | |
| | : |1701. Philip V., |
| |1702-1713. QUEEN :1702. QUEEN ANNE. War|King. |
| |ANNE’S WAR WITH THE :against France and | |
| |FRENCH. :Spain. | |
| | : | |
| | :1704. Gibraltar taken| |
| | :by English. |1705. Barcelona taken|
| | : |by the Allies. |
| |1707. Unsuccessful :1707. Act of union of| |
| |expedition against :England and Scotland.| |
| |Port Royal. :First united parlia- | |
| | :ment of Great Britain| |
| | :meets. | |
| | : | |
| |1713. Treaty of :1713. =Peace of | |
| |Utrecht which gives :Utrecht.= England | |
| |Arcadia to the :acquires large | |
| |English. :American possessions.| |
| | : | |
| |1718. New Orleans :1718. WAR WITH SPAIN. QUADRUPLE ALLIANCE OF|
| |settled by the :THE EMPEROR, FRANCE, ENGLAND AND HOLLAND, |
| |French. :AGAINST THE DESIGNS OF SPAIN. |
| | : | |
| | : |1724. Spain: Philip |
| =1725=| : |V. abdicates but re- |
| | :1727. George II., |sumes power after |
| |1729. The Carolinas :King of England. |some months. |
| |separated. : | |
| | : | |
| |1734. Beginning of : |1734. Conquest of |
| |the Great Awakening :1739. War with Spain.|Sicily and Naples by |
| |in New England. : |Don Carlos. |
| | : | |
| | : 1740-1748. WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION |
| | : | |
| | :1745. Troubles in | |
| | :Scotland. |1746. Ferdinand VI., |
| | :King. |King. |
| | : | |
| | :_HUME_ (1711-1776). | |
| =1750=| : | |
| |1754-1763. OLD FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR OR SEVEN YEARS WAR: ENGLAND |
| |AND PRUSSIA VS. FRANCE, AUSTRIA, RUSSIA, SPAIN AND SWEDEN. |
| | : | |
| | :1756. Alliance with | |
| |1759. Invasion of :Prussia. | |
| |Canada; death of : | |
| |Wolfe. Quebec taken. :1760-1820. GEORGE | |
| | :III. | |
| | : | |
| | :1762. War with Spain.| |
| | : | |
| | :1763. Peace of Paris.| |
| |_FRANKLIN_ (1706- : | |
| |1790). :_GIBBON_ (1737-1794).| |
| | : | |
| |1765. Stamp Act re- :1765. Establishment | |
| |sisted in Massa- :of a British Empire |1767. Jesuits ex- |
| |chusetts and :in India. |pelled from Spain. |
| |Virginia. : | |
| | :_JAMES WATT_ (1736- | |
| | :1819). | |
| | : | |
| =1775=|1775-1783. AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR. |
| | : | |
| |1775. April 19, :1775. Lord North’s | |
| |skirmish at :“conciliatory mea- | |
| |Lexington. June 17, :sures” rejected by | |
| |battle of Bunker :the colonies. | |
| |Hill. : | |
| | : | |
| |1776. =Declaration of| | |
| |Independence, July | | |
| |4.= British army | | |
| |takes possession of |_ARKWRIGHT_ (1732- | |
| |New York. Hessians |1792). | |
| |hired for service in | | |
| |America. | | |
| | | | |
| |1777. Battle of | |1777. Portugal: |
| |=Saratoga= and criti-|1778. Siege and cap- |Maria, Queen. |
| |cal battle of the |ture of Pondicherry, | |
| |Revolution. |by the English. |1779. Spain: Alliance|
| | | |with the American |
| |1781. Surrender of | |colonists. |
| |Cornwallis at |1783. Treaty of | |
| |Yorktown. |Versailles. Indepen- | |
| | |dence of the United | |
| | |States acknowledged. | |
| | | | |
| |1783. Peace of Versailles between France, Spain, England and |
| |America. |
+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
|=A. D.=| =France= | =Italy and | =Holland= | =Scandinavia= |
| | | Church= | | |
+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| |1649. Siege of | | | |
| |Paris. | | | |
| =1650=| | | | |
| |1653. Mazarin | |1653. JOHN DE |1653. Sweden: |
| |enters Paris in | |WITT, Grand |Christina re- |
| |triumph. | |Pensionary of |signs. Charles |
| | | |Holland. |X. first of the |
| |_MOLIERE_ (1622-| | |House of |
| |1673). | |_REMBRANDT_ |Zweibrucken. |
| | | |(1607-1669). | |
| | | | |1655. Charles X.|
| | | | |of Sweden in- |
| | | | |vades Poland. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1658. Denmark: |
| |1659. Peace of | | |War against the |
| |the Pyrenees. | | |Swedes, who |
| | | | |overrun Denmark,|
| | | | |and menace |
| | | | |Copenhagen. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1660. Denmark: |
| |1667-1697. First| |1667. Holland: |Peace of Copen- |
| |three wars of |1669. Candia |Peace of Breda; |hagen. Revolu- |
| |Louis XIV. |taken from |loss of New |tion in Denmark;|
| | |Venice. |Netherlands. |absolute monar- |
| |1667. War with | | |chy established.|
| |Spain. |1670. War be- |_SPINOZA_ (1632-|Prussia acknow- |
| | |tween Genoa and |1677). |ledged indepen- |
| | |Savoy. | |dent. |
| |1672. War with | |1672. Sea fight | |
| =1675=|Holland. | |between the |1675. The Swedes|
| | |1676. Messina |Dutch fleet, |invade Branden- |
| | |blockaded by the|under De Witt |burg and are de-|
| | |Dutch and |and De Ruyter, |feated at |
| | |Spanish fleets. |and the English |Fehrbellin. |
| | | |and French | |
| | | |fleets; Dutch |1677. Battle of |
| |1678. Peace with| |defeated. |the Lund, be- |
| |Holland and | |Holland: William|tween the Swedes|
| |Spain restores | |III., Stadt- |and Danes; the |
| |tranquility to | |holder. |latter defeated.|
| |Europe. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1680. =France | | | |
| |the most formi- | | | |
| |dable power in | | | |
| |Europe.= | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1685. Revocation| | | |
| |of the edict of | | | |
| |Nantes. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1688. War of the| | | |
| |allies against |1689. Alexander | | |
| |France. |VIII., Pope. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |1693. Battle of | |1693. The King |
| | |Marsaglia. |1695. Brussels |of Sweden de- |
| |1697. General | |bombarded by the|clared absolute.|
| |peace of Ryswick| |French. | |
| |between France | | |1699. CHARLES |
| |and the allies. | | |XII. begins to |
| | | | |reign. Denmark, |
| | | | |Poland and |
| | | | |Russia form an |
| | | | |alliance against|
| | | | |Sweden. |
| =1700=| | | | |
| | 1701-1714. WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION |
| | | | | |
| |1702. Invasion |1702. French | |1702-1706. |
| |of Holland. Re- |victory at | |Charles XII. |
| |volt of the |Luzzara over the| |sweeps Poland |
| |Huguenots. |Imperialists. | |and Russia. |
| | | | | |
| |1704. Defeat at | | | |
| |Blenheim. |1706. French | | |
| | |driven from | | |
| | |Italy by Prince | | |
| | |Eugene. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |1707. All | | |
| |1713. Peace of |Spanish posses- | | |
| |Utrecht; per- |sions in Italy | | |
| |petual separa- |abandoned. | | |
| |tion of the | | | |
| |crown of France | | | |
| |and Spain. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1715. Death of |1715. Siege of |1715. Treaty of |1715. Charles |
| |Louis XIV.; |Corfu raised. |Antwerp with |returns to |
| |LOUIS XV., King.| |Austria. |Sweden. Prussia |
| | | | |and England join|
| |_MONTESQUIEU_ | | |the alliance |
| |(1689-1755). | | |against him. |
| | | | | |
| |1718. WAR WITH SPAIN. QUADRUPLE ALLIANCE OF THE EMPEROR, FRANCE, |
| |ENGLAND AND HOLLAND, AGAINST THE DESIGNS OF SPAIN. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1718. Charles |
| |_VOLTAIRE_ |1719. Sicily in-| |XII. invades |
| |(1694-1778). |vaded by the | |Norway and is |
| | |Spanish. | |killed at the |
| | | | |siege of |
| | | | |Frederickshall. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1720. Sweden: |
| |1724-1725. Con- | | |The queen abdi- |
| |gress of Cambray| | |cates in favor |
| |to consider | | |of her husband, |
| |claims of Spain | | |Frederick I. |
| |and Austria. | | | |
| =1725=| | | |_LINNAEUS_ |
| | | | |(1707-1778). |
| | | | | |
| | |1730. Clement | |1730. Denmark: |
| |1733. The Polish|XII., Pope. | |Christian VI. |
| |succession in- | | | |
| |volves France in| | | |
| |war. | | | |
| | | | | |
| | 1740-1748. WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1741. Sweden: |
| | | | |War with Russia.|
| | | | |Swedes driven |
| | | | |out of Finland. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1743. Peace of |
| |1744. War with |1744. Italy in- | |Abo with Sweden |
| |England and |vaded by the | |gives to Russia |
| |Austria. |French and | |southern Fin- |
| | |Spaniards. | |land. |
| |_D’Alembert_ | | | |
| |(1717-1783). |1746. French and| | |
| | |Spaniards driven| | |
| |1747. War with |from Lombardy. |1747. Nether- | |
| |Holland. | |lands: William | |
| | | |IV., Stadt- | |
| | | |holder. | |
| =1750=| | | | |
| | | |1751. Nether- | |
| | | |lands: William | |
| | | |V., Stadtholder.| |
| | | | | |
| |1754-1763. OLD FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR OR SEVEN YEARS WAR: ENGLAND |
| |AND PRUSSIA VS. FRANCE, AUSTRIA, RUSSIA, SPAIN AND SWEDEN. |
| | | | | |
| |1760. Loss of | | | |
| |all Canada. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1763. Peace of | | | |
| |Paris. | | |1766. Denmark: |
| | | | |Christian VII. |
| |1770. Marriage | | | |
| |of the dauphin | | |1772. Despotism |
| |to Marie |1773. Jesuits | |re-established |
| |Antoinette. |expelled from | |in Sweden by |
| | |Rome. | |Gustavus III. |
| |1774. LOUIS | | | |
| |XVI., King. | | | |
| =1775=| | | | |
| |1776. Franklin | | | |
| |in Paris. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1778. Alliance | | | |
| |with America. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1780. Rochambeau| | |1780. _Declara- |
| |sent to aid the | | |tion of the |
| |Americans. | | |Armed Neutrality|
| | | | |for the protec- |
| |_LAVOISIER_ | | |tion of neutral |
| |(1743-1794). | | |flags_ against |
| | | | |the right of |
| |1783. Peace of | | |maritime search |
| |Versailles be- | | |claimed by En- |
| |tween France, | | |gland--joined by|
| |Spain, England | | |Denmark and |
| |and America. | | |Sweden. Prussia |
| | | | |and Austria, |
| | | | |1781. Portugal, |
| | | | |1782. |
+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
|=A. D.=| =Germany= | =Prussia and | =Russia= | =Ottomans, |
| | | Poland= | | India, Japan, |
| | | | | China= |
+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| | |1648. Poland: | | |
| | |The Cossacks re-| | |
| | |volt and defeat | | |
| | |the Poles. John | | |
| | |Casimir, King. | | |
| =1650=| | | | |
| | |1653. Poland: | | |
| | |War with Russia.|1654. Russian | |
| | | |victories in | |
| | |1656. The |Poland. | |
| | |Elector of Bran-| | |
| | |denburg allies | | |
| | |himself with | | |
| | |Sweden against | | |
| | |Poland. | | |
| | | | | |
| |1657. Leopold |1657. Poland | |1657. Alliance |
| |I., Emperor. |cedes Prussia to| |with Sweden |
| | |the Elector. | |against Poland. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1661. War with |
| | | | |Austria. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1662. Invasion |
| | | | |of Hungary. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1664. India: |
| |1665. Tyrol | | |Rise of the |
| |united to | |1671. The Cos- |Mahratta power. |
| |Austria. | |sacks sub- |Sivaji takes and|
| | | |jugated. |sacks Surat. |
| | | | | |
| |1672. The | | |1672. Invasion |
| |Emperor and | | |of Poland. |
| |Elector of Bran-| | | |
| |denburg ally | | | |
| |themselves with | | | |
| |Holland against | | | |
| |France. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1673. War of | | | |
| |Austria and |1674. Sobieski, | | |
| |France. |King of Poland. | | |
| =1675=| | | | |
| |1676. General | | | |
| |revolt of the | | |1678. First war |
| |Hungarians. | | |with Russia. |
| | | | | |
| |_LEIBNITZ_ | | | |
| |(1646-1716). | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1680. Greater | | | |
| |part of Alsace | |1682. Ivan and |1682. War with |
| |seized by | |Peter, Czars. |Austria. |
| |France. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1683. Siege of | | | |
| |Vienna by the | | | |
| |Turks. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1686. Buda taken| | |1686. Russia de-|
| |after being held| | |clares war. |
| |by the Turks one| | | |
| |hundred and | | |1686. India: The|
| |forty-five | | |Dekkan conquered|
| |years. | | |by Aurungzeb. |
| | | | | |
| |1687. Joseph I.,| | |1687. Revolution|
| |King of Hungary.| |1688. Prussia: |in Constanti- |
| | | |Frederick III. |nople. Solyman |
| | | | |II., Sultan. |
| | | | | |
| | | |1689. Russia: |1689. First |
| |1690. Joseph I. | |PETER THE GREAT |trade with |
| |elected King of | |begins personal |China. |
| |the Romans. | |rule after over-| |
| | | |throwing his |India: Height of|
| | | |sister Sophia |the Mogul power |
| | | |and repressing |under Aurungzeb.|
| | | |the Streltsi. | |
| | | | |China: Great in-|
| | | |1692. First |fluence of |
| | |1696. Poland: |trade with |Jesuits. |
| | |Death of |China. | |
| | |Sobieski; suc- | | |
| | |ceeded by: | | |
| | | | | |
| |1697. Victories |1697. Frederick | | |
| |of PRINCE EUGENE|Augustus I. | |1699. =Peace of |
| |over the Sultan | | |Carlowitz. The |
| |Mustapha at | | |Ottoman power |
| |Zenta. | | |broken.= |
| | | | | |
| =1700=|1700-1721. GREAT NORTHERN WARS. |1700. Peter the | |
| | | |Great wars with | |
| |1701. Hague |1701. Prussia is|the Northern | |
| |alliance. |erected into a |Powers. | |
| | |kingdom under | | |
| | |Frederick I. |1703. St. |1703. Mustapha |
| | | |Petersburg |II. deposed by |
| |1704. Battle of |1704. Stanislaus|founded. |the Janizaries. |
| |=Blenheim=. |I., King of | | |
| |Bavarians and |Poland. |1707. Revolt of | |
| |French defeated | |the Cossack | |
| |by English and | |Mazeppa. | |
| |Allies. Germany | | | |
| |delivered from | |1708. Charles | |
| |Louis XIV. | |XII. of Sweden | |
| | | |invades Russia. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1709. Is de- | |
| |1711. CHARLES | |feated at | |
| |VI., Emperor. |1712-1786. |=Pultowa= by | |
| | |FREDERICK II. |Peter the Great.| |
| | | |Russia becomes a| |
| | | |great power. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1714. Finland | |
| | | |conquered. |1717. Turks lose|
| | | | |Belgrade. |
| |_BACH_ (1685- | |1721. Peter as- | |
| |1754). | |sumes the title |1723. Turks and |
| | | |“Emperor of all |Russians attempt|
| |_HANDEL_ (1685- | |the Russias.” |to dismember |
| |1759). | | |Persia. |
| | | | | |
| =1725=|1725. Treaty of | | | |
| |Vienna, alliance| |1727. Treaty | |
| |between Spain | |with China. | |
| |and Austria. | | | |
| | | |1730. Peter II.,| |
| | | |last of the | |
| | | |Romanoffs. | |
| |1733. =War of |1733. Poland: | | |
| |the Polish suc- |Frederick | | |
| |cession.= |Augustus II. The| | |
| | |diet elects | | |
| | |Stanislaus, but | | |
| | |is compelled by | | |
| | |the Russian army| | |
| | |to elect | | |
| | |Frederick. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |1734. Stanislaus| |1734. Turks |
| | |besieged in | |driven from |
| | |Dantzic, escapes| |Persia by Nâdir |
| | |to Konigsberg. | |Shah. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1739. India: |
| | | | |Invaded by Nâdir|
| | | | |Shah who takes |
| | | | |and plunders |
| | | | |Delhi. |
| | | | | |
| |1740-1748. WAR |1740-1786. | |1740. Renewed |
| |OF THE AUSTRIAN |FREDERICK THE | |invasion of |
| |SUCCESSION. |GREAT of Prus- | |Turkey. |
| | |sia. | | |
| |1741. MARIA | | | |
| |THERESA succeeds| | | |
| |to the heredita-| | | |
| |ry states. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1745. Francis | | | |
| |I., husband of | | | |
| |Maria Theresa, | | | |
| |Emperor. | | | |
| =1750=| | | | |
| |1754-1763. OLD FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR OR SEVEN | |
| |YEARS WAR: ENGLAND AND PRUSSIA VS. FRANCE, |1756. India: |
| |AUSTRIA, RUSSIA, SPAIN AND SWEDEN. 1754-1763. |Calcutta taken |
| | | | |by Surajah |
| | | |1762. CATHERINE |Dowlah of |
| |1763. Prussia and Austria hold |II. reigns. |Bengal; the |
| |the balance of power on the | |Black Hole. |
| |Continent. | | |
| | | | | |
| |_LESSING_ (1729-|1764. Poland: | | |
| |1781). |Stanislaus |1768. War with |1768. War be- |
| | |Poniatowski |the Ottoman |tween Russia and|
| | |elected king. |Empire. |the Ottoman |
| | | | |Empire. |
| |1772. JOSEPH II.|1772. First | | |
| |takes part in |partition of | |1773. Ottoman |
| |the first parti-|Poland, among | |Empire: The Rus-|
| |tion of Poland, |Russia, Prussia | |sians are re- |
| |the territory |and Austria. | |pulsed at Varna |
| |acquired being | | |and Silistria. |
| |made into the | | |ABDUL HAMID suc-|
| |Kingdom of | | |ceeds. |
| |Galicia. | | | |
| | | |1774. Revolt of |1774. India: |
| |_IMMANUEL KANT_ | |the Cossacks. |Warren Hastings,|
| |(1724-1804). | |Peace of |first British |
| | | |Kutchuk-Kainarji|governor- |
| | | |between Russia |general. |
| | | |and Turkey. | |
| =1775=| | | | |
| |1778. War of the| | |1778. India: War|
| |Bavarian succes-| | |between the |
| |sion. Bavaria | | |English and the |
| |seized by | | |Mahrattas. |
| |Germany. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |_MOZART_ (1756- | | | |
| |1791). | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1780. _Declaration of the Armed Neutrality for the| |
| |protection of neutral flags_ against the right of | |
| |maritime search claimed by England--joined by | |
| |Denmark and Sweden. Prussia and Austria, 1781. | |
| |Portugal, 1782. | |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------+
XIII. FROM THE RECOGNITION OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE TO THE ESTABLISHMENT
OF THE SECOND FRENCH REPUBLIC, 1783-1848 A. D.
GREAT EVENTS OF PERIOD. France chief power in Europe. Napoleon’s
colossal power and downfall. Fall of despotisms and rise of
Republicanism; great political advance of European people. Continued
rapid advancement of science, inventions and discoveries. Increased
philanthropic effort and intellectual enlightenment.
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
|=A. D.=| =United States= | =Great Britain= | =Spain and Portugal=|
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| | |1787. Warren Hastings|1788. Charles IV., |
| |1789. GEORGE |impeached. |King. |
| |WASHINGTON, Presi- | | |
| |dent. | | |
| | | | |
| |1793. Washington re- |1793. FIRST COALITION AGAINST FRANCE: |
| |elected. Neutrality |DIRECTED BY ENGLAND, _which forms alliances|
| |in regard to France. |with Russia, Sardinia, Spain, Naples, Prus-|
| | |sia, Austria, Portugal and Tuscany; all |
| |_HAMILTON_ 1757- |Europe except Sweden, Denmark and Turkey._ |
| |1804. | | |
| | | |1796. Alliance with |
| |1797. John Adams, |1797. NELSON destroys|France; war against |
| |second president. |French fleet near |England. |
| | |Alexandria. | |
| | | | |
| | |1798. SECOND COALITION AGAINST FRANCE: |
| | |_Alliances of England with Russia, Naples, |
| | |Sicily, Turkey and Austria--Prussia, Hol- |
| | |land and Belgium, neutral._ |
| | | | |
| =1800=| |1800. Union of En- | |
| |1801. THOMAS |gland. | |
| |JEFFERSON, third | | |
| |president. |_SIR WALTER SCOTT_ | |
| | |(1771-1832). | |
| | | | |
| |1803. Purchase of |1803. Successful war |1803. Purchases neu- |
| |Louisiana. |in India. |trality with the |
| | | |French by a subsidia-|
| |_JOHN MARSHALL_ 1755-| |ry treaty; declares |
| |1835. | |war against England, |
| | | |1804. |
| | | | |
| | |1805. THIRD COALITION AGAINST FRANCE: |
| | |_formed by England; alliances with Sweden, |
| | |Russia and Austria--Prussia unfortunately |
| | |neutral._ |
| | | | |
| | |1805. Napoleon de- |1805. =Battle of |
| | |feated at Trafalgar. |Trafalgar.= |
| | | | |
| | |_WORDSWORTH_ (1770- | |
| | |1850). | |
| | | | |
| |1806. British Orders |1806. FOURTH COALITION AGAINST FRANCE: |
| |in Council and Napo- |_England, Russia, Prussia, Saxony and |
| |leon’s decrees seri- |Sweden._ |
| |ously impair American| | |
| |commerce. |1807. Bill for the |1807. Invasion of |
| | |abolition of the |Portugal. |
| | |slave trade, passed. | |
| | | |1808. Madrid taken by|
| | | |the French. Joseph |
| | | |Bonaparte, King. |
| | | | |
| |1809. James Madison, |1809. FIFTH COALITION AGAINST FRANCE: _En- |
| |fourth president. |gland, Austria, Spain and Portugal._ |
| | | | |
| |1812-1814. WAR OF 1812, between United |1812. Battle of |
| |States and Great Britain. |Salamanca. |
| | | | |
| |1813. Perry’s victory|1813. SIXTH GREAT COALITION AGAINST FRANCE |
| |on Lake Erie. |AND GENERAL INSURRECTION OF THE NATIONS OF |
| | |EUROPE AGAINST FRENCH DOMINION: _England, |
| | |Russia, Prussia, Sweden and Austria after |
| | |the Congress of Prague, with 800,000 men; |
| | |against France, Italy, the Confederation of|
| | |the Rhine and Denmark, with about 400,000 |
| | |men._ |
| | | | |
| |1814. City of | |1814. Ferdinand VII.,|
| |Washington burned by | |restored. |
| |the British. | | |
| | | | |
| |1815. British de- |1815. WELLINGTON vic-|1815. Union of Portu-|
| |feated at New |torious at Waterloo. |gal and Brazil under |
| |Orleans. |The Allies enter |John VI. |
| | |Paris, and Napoleon | |
| | |is banished to St. | |
| | |Helena. | |
| | | | |
| |1816. U. S. Bank in- |1816. Bombardment of | |
| |corporated. |Algiers. The Bey com-| |
| | |pelled to abolish | |
| |1817. JAMES MONROE, |slavery. |1817. Slave trade |
| |President. | |abolished. |
| | | | |
| |First passage of the Atlantic by steam ef- | |
| |fected by the Savannah, of New York, to | |
| |Liverpool. | |
| | | | |
| |1819. Florida | |1819. Ferdinand of |
| |purchase. |1820-1830. GEORGE IV.|Spain sells Florida |
| | | |to the United States.|
| | | | |
| |1821. Monroe re- |1821-1829. WAR OF GRECIAN INDEPENDENCE. |
| |elected. Missouri |GREEKS, AIDED BY ENGLAND, RUSSIA, AND |
| |Compromise bill |FRANCE VS. TURKS. 1821-1829. |
| |passed. | | |
| | |1823. The CANNING | |
| |1824. Visit of |ministry. | |
| |Lafayette. | | |
| | |_GEORGE STEPHENSON_ | |
| =1825=|1825. Erie Canal |(1781-1848). | |
| |opened. Protective | | |
| |tariff enacted. J. Q.|1828. Wellington | |
| |Adams, President. |ministry. Irish | |
| | |disturbances. | |
| |_DANIEL WEBSTER_ | | |
| |1782-1852. | | |
| | | | |
| |1829. ANDREW JACKSON,| | |
| |President. |1830. William IV., |1830. Salic law |
| | |King. Difficulties |abolished. |
| | |with China. | |
| |1831. Northeastern | | |
| |boundary between the |1832. =Reform Bill= | |
| |United States and |passed. | |
| |British provinces | | |
| |established. | | |
| | | | |
| |1833. President | |1833. Isabella II., |
| |Jackson re-elected. | |Queen of Spain. |
| |Bank deposits removed| |Portugal a constitu- |
| |from the U. S. Bank. | |tional monarchy. |
| | | | |
| | | |1836. Spain: The |
| | | |queen regent adopts |
| | | |the constitution of |
| | | |1812. |
| | | | |
| |1837. Independence of|1837. VICTORIA, |1837. The monasteries|
| |Texas acknowledged. |Queen. |in Spain dissolved. |
| |Martin Van Buren, | | |
| |President. |1840. War with China | |
| | |over the opium trade.| |
| |_EMERSON_ 1803-1882. |War in Syria; Great | |
| | |Britain an ally of | |
| | |Austria and Turkey. | |
| | | | |
| |1841. W. H. Harrison,|1841. Chinese war | |
| |President. Death of |ended. |1842. Insurrection in|
| |Harrison and succes- | |Barcelona. |
| |sion of John Tyler. |_THOMAS CARLYLE_ | |
| | |1795-1884. | |
| |_MORSE_ 1791-1872. | | |
| | |1844. Daniel | |
| |1845. Texas annexed |O’Connell’s trial. | |
| |to the U. S. Treaty |Sentence reversed by | |
| |with China. James K. |the House of Lords. | |
| |Polk, President. | | |
| | | | |
| |1846-1848. WAR WITH |1846. Repeal of the |1846. Civil war in |
| |MEXICO. The Oregon |English corn-laws. |Portugal. |
| |treaty with Great | | |
| |Britain settling the |1847. Severe famine | |
| |northwestern boundary|in Ireland. | |
| |of the United States.| | |
| | | | |
| |1848. Treaty of |1848. Civil war in | |
| |Guadalupe Hidalgo, |Ireland. Habeas | |
| |ends Mexican War. |Corpus Act suspended.| |
| |Gold discovered in | | |
| |California. | | |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
|=A. D.=| =France= | =Italy and Church= | =Scandinavia, Hol- |
| | | | land, Belgium, |
| | | | Switzerland= |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| |1787. First assembly | | |
| |of Notables. | | |
| |Lafayette commander | | |
| |of the national | | |
| |guards. | | |
| | | | |
| |1789-1799. FRENCH | | |
| |REVOLUTION. | | |
| | | | |
| |1792. War with | |1792. Sweden: |
| |Germany. France de- | |Gustavus IV. |
| |clared a republic. | | |
| |Battle of =Valmy=. | | |
| | | | |
| |1793. FIRST COALITION AGAINST FRANCE: DIRECTED BY ENGLAND, _which|
| |forms alliances with Russia, Sardinia, Spain, Naples, Prussia, |
| |Austria, Portugal and Tuscany; all Europe except Sweden, Denmark |
| |and Turkey._ |
| | | | |
| |1793. King and Queen | | |
| |beheaded. Reign of | | |
| |Terror. | | |
| | | | |
| |1795. =The | |1795. Holland con- |
| |Directorate.= | |quered and the |
| | | |Batavian Republic |
| |1795. NAPOLEON | |proclaimed. |
| |BONAPARTE commands | | |
| |the army. | | |
| | | | |
| |1796. War in Italy. |1796-1797. Napoleon’s| |
| | |Italian campaign. | |
| |1797. Napoleon in | | |
| |Austria. | | |
| | | | |
| |1798. SECOND COALITION AGAINST FRANCE: _Alliances of England with|
| |Russia, Naples, Sicily, Turkey and Austria--Prussia, Holland and |
| |Belgium, neutral._ |
| | | | |
| |1798. Expedition to |1798. Roman republic |1798. Swiss revolu- |
| |Egypt. |proclaimed by the |tion. Helvetian Re- |
| | |French. |public declared. |
| |1799. Swiss campaign.| | |
| | | | |
| =1800=|1800. Battle of | | |
| |Marengo. | |1801. Danish fleet at|
| | | |Copenhagen defeated |
| |_Madame de Staël_ | |by Nelson. |
| |(1766-1817). | | |
| | | | |
| |1802-1815. NAPOLEONIC|1802. Napoleon, | |
| |WARS. |President of the | |
| | |Italian Republic. | |
| |1804-1814. =First | | |
| |French Empire.= | | |
| |Napoleon I., Emperor | | |
| |of the French. | | |
| | | | |
| |_BICHAT_ (1771-1802).| | |
| | | | |
| |1804. Code Napoleon | | |
| |published. | | |
| | | | |
| |1805. THIRD COALITION AGAINST FRANCE: _formed by England; alli- |
| |ances with Sweden, Russia and Austria--Prussia unfortunately |
| |neutral._ |
| | | | |
| |1805. May 26, |1805. Napoleon | |
| |Bonaparte crowned |crowned King of | |
| |King of Italy, at |Italy. | |
| |ilan. Naval defeat at| | |
| |Trafalgar. Austrian | | |
| |campaign; battle of | | |
| |Austerlitz. Peace of | | |
| |Presburg. | | |
| | | | |
| |_CUVIER_ (1769-1832).| | |
| | | | |
| |1806. FOURTH COALITION AGAINST FRANCE: _England, Russia, Prussia,|
| |Saxony and Sweden._ |
| | | | |
| |1806. _Formation of | |1806. Louis |
| |the Confederation of | |Bonaparte, King of |
| |the Rhine._ Victories| |Holland. |
| |of Auerstädt and Jena| | |
| |over the Prussians. |1808. Rome annexed by|1808. Denmark: |
| |Berlin decree against|Napoleon to the king-|Frederick VI. |
| |British commerce. |dom of Italy. | |
| | | | |
| |1809. FIFTH COALITION AGAINST FRANCE: _England, Austria, Spain |
| |and Portugal._ |
| | | | |
| | |1809. Papal states |1809. Sweden: Charles|
| | |annexed to France. |XIII.; Bernadotte be-|
| | | |comes prince royal. |
| | | | |
| |1810. Continental | |1810. Holland joined |
| |peace except with | |to France. |
| |Spain. | | |
| | | | |
| |1810. Emperor marries| | |
| |Maria Louisa of | | |
| |Austria. | | |
| | | | |
| |1811. Napoleon II., | | |
| |King of Rome, born. | | |
| | | | |
| |1812. Disastrous war | | |
| |against Russia. The | | |
| |Poles declared a | | |
| |nation by Napoleon. | | |
| |Diet of Warsaw. | | |
| | | | |
| |1813. SIXTH GREAT COALITION AGAINST FRANCE AND GENERAL INSURREC- |
| |TION OF THE NATIONS OF EUROPE AGAINST FRENCH DOMINION: _England, |
| |Russia, Prussia, Sweden and Austria after the Congress of Prague,|
| |with 800,000 men; against France, Italy, the Confederation of the|
| |Rhine and Denmark, with about 400,000 men._ |
| | | | |
| |1814. Allies enter |1814. Fall of |1814. Union of Hol- |
| |Paris. =House of |Napoleon. Kingdom |land and Belgium. |
| |Bourbon.= |ceases. | |
| | | |1814. =Union of |
| | | |Sweden and Norway= as|
| | | |two kingdoms under |
| | | |one monarch. |
| | | | |
| |1815. Napoleon re- |1815. Kingdom of Two |1815. William I., |
| |turns from Elba. |Sicilies restored. |King of Netherlands. |
| |=Hundred Days’ war.= | |=Battle of Waterloo= |
| |Abdication of | |and defeat of |
| |Napoleon. | |Napoleon. |
| | | | |
| |TALLEYRAND (1754- | | |
| |1838). | | |
| | | | |
| |1818. France joins in| |1818. Sweden: CHARLES|
| |Holy Alliance. | |XIV. (Bernadotte). |
| | | | |
| |1821-1829. WAR OF GRECIAN INDEPENDENCE. GREEKS, AIDED BY ENGLAND,|
| |RUSSIA, AND FRANCE VS. TURKS. 1821-1829. |
| | | | |
| |1821. Death of |1821. Austrian inva- | |
| |Napoleon at St. |sion of Italy. | |
| |Helena. | | |
| | | | |
| |1824. CHARLES X., | | |
| =1825=|King. |1825. Death of | |
| | |Ferdinand after reign| |
| | |of sixty-six years. | |
| | | | |
| | |1827. Treaty between | |
| | |Russia and Turkey | |
| | |respecting Greece. | |
| | | | |
| |1830. Algiers taken | |1830. Belgium revolts|
| |by the French. Revo- | |from Holland, and is |
| |lution and abdication| |declared independent |
| |of Charles X. Louis | |by the Great Powers. |
| |Philippe, King. | | |
| | | | |
| |1831. Abolition of |1831-1833. Formation |1831. Leopold I., |
| |hereditary peerage in|of Young Italy party |King of the Belgians.|
| |France. |by Mazzini. | |
| | | |New constitution for |
| | | |Denmark, Sleswick and|
| | | |Holstein; with repre-|
| | | |sentative local |
| | | |councils. |
| | | | |
| |1836. Insurrection | | |
| |attempted by Louis | |1839. Christian VIII.|
| |Napoleon at | |succeeds. |
| |Strasburg. | | |
| | | |1840. William I. ab- |
| |_H. DE BALZAC_ (1799-|1843. King Otho of |dicates as King of |
| |1850). |Greece compelled to |Holland. |
| | |accept a constitu- | |
| |GUIZOT (1832-1848). |tion. | |
| | | | |
| |1844. War with | | |
| |Morocco. | | |
| | | | |
| | =The Second | | |
| | Republic.= | | |
| | | | |
| |_VICTOR HUGO_ 1802- | | |
| |1885. | | |
| | | | |
| |1848. Abdication of |1848. Rising of the |1848. Holland re- |
| |Louis Philippe, and a|great Italian cities |ceives a constitu- |
| |republic proclaimed. |in revolution. Roman |tion. |
| |Louis Napoleon, |republic overthrown. | |
| |President. Bloody in-| |Denmark: Frederick |
| |surrection in Paris. | |VII., King; revolt of|
| | | |Schleswig-Holstein. |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
|=A. D.=| =Germany= | =Prussia and | =Russia= | =Ottomans, |
| | | Poland= | | China, India, |
| | | | | Japan= |
+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| |_SCHILLER_ |1786. Prussia: | | |
| |(1759-1805). |Death of |1787. War with |1787. Disastrous|
| | |Frederick the |the Turks. |war with Austria|
| |1792. War with |Great. Frederick| |and Russia. |
| |France. |William II. | | |
| | | | | |
| |1793. FIRST COALITION AGAINST FRANCE: DIRECTED BY | |
| |ENGLAND, _which forms alliances with Russia, | |
| |Sardinia, Spain, Naples, Prussia, Austria, | |
| |Portugal and Tuscany; all Europe except Sweden, | |
| |Denmark and Turkey._ | |
| | | | | |
| | |1793. Second | | |
| | |partition of | | |
| |_GOETHE_ (1749- |Poland by Russia| | |
| |1832). |and Prussia. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |1794. Polish re-| | |
| | |volt at Cracow. | | |
| | |Revolt under | | |
| | |Kosciuszko. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |1795. Final | | |
| | |partition of |1796. Unsuccess-| |
| |1797. Napoleon’s|Poland; extinc- |ful war with | |
| |Austrian cam- |tion of the |Persia. | |
| |paign. Peace of |kingdom. | | |
| |Campo Formio in | | | |
| |which Austria | | | |
| |cedes Belgium | | | |
| |and Lombardy re-| | | |
| |ceiving Venetia.| | | |
| | | | | |
| |1798. SECOND COALITION AGAINST FRANCE: _Alliances of England with |
| |Russia, Naples, Sicily, Turkey and Austria--Prussia, Holland and |
| |Belgium, neutral._ |
| | | | | |
| | |1798. Prussia: | |1798. War with |
| | |Frederick | |the French in |
| | |William III. | |Egypt. |
| =1800=| | | | |
| | |1801. ALEXANDER | | |
| |1803. =End of |I. | |1803. Insurrec- |
| |the Holy Roman | | |tion of |
| |Empire.= | | |Mamelukes at |
| |FRANCES II. | | |Cairo. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1803. India: |
| |1804. The | |1804. War with |Great Mahratta |
| |Emperor of | |Persia. |War. |
| |Germany assumes | | | |
| |the title of | | | |
| |Emperor of | | | |
| |Austria. | | | |
| | | | | |
| | =Confederation of the Rhine.= | | |
| |Prussia henceforth the center of | | |
| |the German federate system. | | |
| | | | | |
| |_HEGEL_ (1770- | | | |
| |1831). | | | |
| |1805. THIRD COALITION AGAINST FRANCE: _formed by | |
| |England; alliances with Sweden, Russia and Austria| |
| |--Prussia unfortunately neutral._ | |
| | | |
| |1805. Battle of Austerlitz. | |
| | | |
| |NAPOLEON PROTECTOR OF THE CONFEDERATION OF THE | |
| |RHINE. | |
| | | |
| |1806. FOURTH COALITION AGAINST FRANCE: _England, | |
| |Russia, Prussia, Saxony and Sweden._ | |
| | | | | |
| |1807. Victories | |1807. Treaty of |1807. War |
| |of Eylau and of | |Tilsit. |against Russia |
| |Friedland are | | |and England. |
| |followed by the | | | |
| |peace of Tilsit | | | |
| |in which Prussia| | | |
| |loses her Polish| | | |
| |territories. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |_BEETHOVEN_ | | | |
| |(1770-1827). | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1809. Battles of| | | |
| |Eckmühl, Aspern |1812. The Poles |1812. Russian | |
| |and Wagram. |declared a |campaign. Inva- | |
| |Peace of Vienna.|nation by |sion of | |
| |Austria cedes |Napoleon. Diet |Napoleon. Moscow| |
| |territory to |of Warsaw. |burned. | |
| |Russia, Bavaria | | | |
| |and France. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |_A. VON | | | |
| |HUMBOLDT_ (1769-| | | |
| |1859). | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1813. SIXTH GREAT COALITION AGAINST FRANCE AND | |
| |GENERAL INSURRECTION OF THE NATIONS OF EUROPE | |
| |AGAINST FRENCH DOMINION: _England, Russia, | |
| |Prussia, Sweden and Austria after the Congress of | |
| |Prague, with 800,000 men; against France, Italy, | |
| |the Confederation of the Rhine and Denmark, with | |
| |about 400,000 men._ | |
| | | | | |
| |1813. War of | | |1813. Servia in-|
| |German indepen- | | |vaded by Turkish|
| |dence. Battle of| | |army. |
| |Leipsic. | | | |
| |Bonaparte driven| | |1814. Malta |
| |to the Rhine. | | |falls to |
| | | | |England. |
| |1815. =Congress | |1815. Joins the | |
| |of Vienna ef- | |“Holy Alliance”:| |
| |fects the poli- | |Russia, Prussia | |
| |tical recon- | |and Austria, | |
| |struction of | |later joined by | |
| |Europe.= | |France. Poland | |
| |Germanic Con- | |united to | |
| |federation | |Russia. | |
| |organized. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1817. Population| | | |
| |28,000,000. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1818. Napoleon’s|1818. The | | |
| |son made Duke of|=Zollverein= | | |
| |Reichstadt. |formed. | | |
| | | | | |
| |METTERNICH |1819. Death of |1819. Establish-| |
| |(1773-1859). |Marshal Blucher.|ment of military| |
| | | |colonies. Liber-| |
| | | |ty of the press | |
| | | |in Poland nulli-| |
| | | |fied. | |
| | | | | |
| |1821-1829. WAR OF GRECIAN INDEPENDENCE. GREEKS, AIDED BY ENGLAND, |
| |RUSSIA, AND FRANCE VS. TURKS. 1821-1829. |
| | | | | |
| |1821. Congress | | | |
| |of monarchs at | | |1822. Greek |
| |Laybach. | | |declaration of |
| | | | |independence. |
| | | | |Massacre of Scio|
| | | | |and capture of |
| | | | |Acropolis of |
| | | | |Athens by |
| | | | |patriots. |
| =1825=| | | | |
| | | |1826. NICHOLAS |1826. Greece: |
| | | |I. crowned at |Missolonghi and |
| | | |Moscow. War |Athens (1827) |
| | | |against Persia. |taken by the |
| | | | |Turks. |
| | | | | |
| | | |1828. Russia: War declared |
| |1829-1834. Prussia, Bavaria, and |against Turkey. By the peace of |
| |finally all Germany, save |Turkmantchai, Persian Armenia is |
| |Austria, unite in a Zollverein or|acquired. |
| |Customs-Union, which gave great | | |
| |impetus to trade and helped to- | | |
| |wards national unity. | | |
| | | | | |
| |1831. Austria | | | |
| |interferes in |1832. Poland |1832. Kingdom of| |
| |Italian affairs.|made part of |Greece founded. | |
| | |Empire. | | |
| |1836. Visit of | | | |
| |the Emperor of | | | |
| |Russia. | | | |
| |Ferdinand I., | | | |
| |Emperor. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1838. Commercial| |1838. Smuggling | |
| |treaty with En- | |carried on ex- |1839-1842. |
| |gland. |1840. Frederick |tensively. |China: Opium War|
| | |William, King. | |with Great |
| |_RICHARD WAGNER_| | |Britain. Hong |
| |1813-1883. | | |Kong ceded to |
| | | | |latter. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1843. Greece: |
| | | | |King Otho com- |
| | | | |pelled to accept|
| | | | |constitution, |
| | | | |Sept. 15. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1844. China: |
| | | |1845. Emperor |Commercial |
| |1847. Austria | |visits England. |treaty with |
| |takes possession| | |United States. |
| |of Cracow. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1848. Revolution|1848. Insurrec- | | |
| |in Hungary. |tion in Berlin. | | |
| |FRANCIS JOSEPH, | | | |
| |Emperor. Kossuth| | | |
| |withdraws his | | | |
| |army from | | | |
| |Vienna. | | | |
+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
XIV. FROM THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SECOND FRENCH REPUBLIC TO THE
FOUNDING OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE, 1848-1871 A. D.
GREAT EVENTS OF PERIOD. Continued rapid advancement of science,
inventions and discoveries. Increased philanthropic effort and
intellectual enlightenment. Unification of Italy. Commercial
treaties with China and Japan. American Civil War. Union of Austria
and Hungary. Franco-Prussian War. Establishment of the German
Empire.
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
|=A. D.=| =United States= | =Spain and Portugal=| =Great Britain= |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| |1849. Zachary Taylor,| |1849. Mooltan in |
| |President. Railroad | |India taken. |
| |from Boston to New | | |
| |York. | | |
| | | | |
| =1850=|1850. Attempted inva-| |1850. The war in |
| |sion of Cuba by fili-| |Lahore ended. The |
| |busters. Death of | |Punjab annexed to the|
| |President Taylor; | |British Crown. |
| |Millard Fillmore, | | |
| |President. Texas | |1850-1853. Kafir War |
| |boundary settled. | |in South Africa. |
| |Fugitive Slave Law | | |
| |passed. | | |
| | | | |
| |1851. Erie railway |1851. Death of Dodoy,|1851. Continuance of |
| |opened. Charleston |“Prince of Peace.” |the Kafir war. |
| |Convention. Kossuth | |Kossuth visits En- |
| |arrives in New York. | |gland. |
| | | | |
| |1853. Franklin | |1853. Queen Victoria |
| |Pierce, President. | |visits Ireland. Kafir|
| |Gadsden Purchase. | |war ended. |
| | | | |
| |1854. Treaty with |1854. Military insur-|1854-1856. CRIMEAN |
| |Japan. Kansas- |rection under |WAR. Treaty of |
| |Nebraska Bill passed.|O’Donnell. |alliance with France.|
| |Ostend Manifesto | | |
| |issued. | | |
| | | | |
| |1855. Panama Railroad| |1855. British fleet |
| |completed. Troubles | |bombards and partial-|
| |in Kansas. | |ly destroys Canton, |
| | | |China. |
| | | | |
| | | |_ROBERT BROWNING_ |
| | | |(1812-1889). |
| | | | |
| |1857. Dred Scott de- | |1857-1858. SEPOY |
| |cision. James | |MUTINY. Sepoys vs. |
| |Buchanan, President. | |English. |
| |Great financial | | |
| |panic. | |1858. Completion of |
| | | |the Atlantic tele- |
| |1859. John Brown |1859. War with |graph cable. |
| |captures Harpers |Morocco. | |
| |Ferry. | | |
| | | | |
| |1860. South Carolina |1860. Defeat of the |1860. Rebellion in |
| |passes ordinance of |Moors. |India subdued. Neu- |
| |secession. | |trality proclaimed |
| | | |during the American |
| | | |Civil War. |
| | | | |
| |1861-1865. AMERICAN |1861. Annexation of |_TENNYSON_ (1809- |
| |CIVIL WAR. Federal |Santo Domingo. Inter-|1892). |
| |Government of United |vention in Mexico. | |
| |States vs. Southern | |_DARWIN_ 1809-1882. |
| |Confederacy. ABRAHAM | | |
| |LINCOLN, President. | | |
| | | | |
| |1863. =Battle of | | |
| |Gettysburg.= |1864. Rupture with | |
| | |Peru. | |
| | | | |
| |1865. Assassination |1865. Dispute with |1865. Fenian out- |
| |of President Lincoln;|Chile. |breaks in Ireland. |
| |Andrew Johnson, | |British and French |
| |President. | |governments rescind |
| | | |their recognition of |
| |1866. Civil Rights |1866. Military insur-|the Confederate |
| |Bill passed. Atlantic|rection headed by |States of America. |
| |telegraph completed. |General Prim. | |
| | | | |
| |1867. General |1867. Death of | |
| |amnesty proclamation.|Marshal O’Donnell. | |
| |Purchase of Alaska. | | |
| | | | |
| |1868. Burlingame |1868. Queen deposed. |1868. GLADSTONE, |
| |treaty with China. | |Premier |
| | | | |
| |1869. U. S. GRANT, | | |
| |President. Union |1870. Isabella II. |1870. Irish Land Act |
| |Pacific railway |abdicates; Amadeus, |passed. |
| |opened for traffic. |King. | |
| | | |_HERBERT SPENCER_ |
| | |1871. Sagasta, Prime |(1820-1903). |
| | |Minister. | |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
|=A. D.=| =France= | =Italy and Church= | =Holland, Belgium, |
| | | | Switzerland, |
| | | | Scandinavia= |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| |1848-1852. =Second | | |
| |Republic.= |1849. Catania, | |
| | |Syracuse, and Palermo| |
| =1850=|1850. Jerome |taken by assault. |1850. Denmark: Bloody|
| |Bonaparte, Field- |MAZZINI’S proclama- |battle of Idstedt, |
| |Marshal. |tion of provisional |between the Danes and|
| | |government. VICTOR |Schleswig- |
| | |EMANUEL, King. Rome |Holsteiners. |
| | |surrenders to the | |
| | |French; Garibaldi | |
| | |leaves city. Bourbon | |
| | |rule begins. | |
| | | | |
| |1852-1870. =Second |1852. CAVOUR becomes | |
| |Empire.= |Prime Minister in |1853. Denmark: |
| | |Piedmont. |Parliament prorogued |
| |1852. NAPOLEON III. | |and a “fundamental” |
| |declared Emperor. | |law issued. |
| | | | |
| | | |1853. Belgium: Mar- |
| |1854. War declared | |riage of the Duke of |
| |against Russia. |1855. Important con- |Brabant, heir- |
| | |cordant between Italy|apparent of the |
| |1856. Peace with |and Austria. |throne, and the Arch-|
| |Russia. | |duchess Maria. |
| | | | |
| | | |Holland: The first |
| | | |chamber adopts the |
| | | |much-disputed law on |
| | | |religious liberty. |
| | | | |
| |1859. THE WAR OF | |1859. Sweden: Oscar |
| |ITALIAN LIBERATION. | |I., died July 8; suc-|
| |Sardinia-Piedmont and| |ceeded by his son |
| |France vs. Austria. | |Charles XV. |
| | | | |
| |1860. Commercial |1860. GARIBALDI lands| |
| |treaty with England. |in Sicily, and as- | |
| | |sumes dictatorship. | |
| | | | |
| | |1861. Victor Emanuel | |
| | |II., King of | |
| | |Sardinia, first King | |
| | |of Italy. | |
| | | | |
| |1862. Great distress |1862. Garibaldi es- | |
| |caused by American |tablishes a provisio-| |
| |Civil War. |nal government. | |
| | | | |
| |1863. The French | |1863. Denmark: |
| |occupy Mexico. | |Christian IX. suc- |
| | | |ceeds Frederick VII. |
| | | | |
| |1864. Maximilian ac- |1864. Florence made |1864. Peace between |
| |cepts Mexican crown. |capital of Italy. |Denmark and the |
| | | |allies, to whom |
| | | |Schleswig-Holstein |
| | | |and Lauenburg are |
| | | |surrendered. |
| | | | |
| | |1865. Ionian Isles |1865. Leopold II. |
| | |made over to Greece. |succeeds his father, |
| | | |Leopold I. in |
| | |1866. Austrian War. |Belgium. |
| | |Venetia proclaimed a | |
| | |part of Italy. | |
| | | | |
| |1867. Great exposi- |1867. Garibaldi and | |
| |tion in Paris. |the Papal States. | |
| | | | |
| |_PASTEUR_ 1822-1895. |1869. Vatican Council| |
| | |opened at Rome. | |
| | | | |
| |1870. =Third |1870. Rome is annexed| |
| |Republic.= |to Italy and declared| |
| | |the capital. | |
| |1870-1871. FRANCO- | | |
| |PRUSSIAN WAR. France | | |
| |vs. Prussia supported| | |
| |by all German States | | |
| |including South. | | |
| |=Battle of Sedan.= | |_HENRIK IBSEN_ 1828- |
| |Surrender of Metz. | |1908. |
| | | | |
| |1871. Capitulation of| | |
| |Paris. Peace rati- | | |
| |fied. | | |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
|=A. D.=| =The German Confederation= | =Russia= |=Turkey, Greece,|
| +----------------+----------------+ | China, India, |
| | =Prussia= | =Austria= | | Japan= |
+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| |1849. The king |1849. New con- |1849. Aids | |
| |declines the Im-|stitution |Austria in sub- | |
| |perial Crown. |promulgated. |duing Hungary. | |
| |Armistice be- | | | |
| |tween Prussia | | | |
| |and Denmark. | | | |
| | | | | |
| =1850=|1850. Treaty of | |1850. Harbor of |1850. Turkey: |
| |peace with | |Sebastopol com- |Insurrection in |
| |Denmark. New | |pleted. |Bosnia. |
| |constitution for| | | |
| |Prussia. | | |1850-1864. |
| | | | |China: Taiping |
| | |1851. LOUIS | |rebellion. |
| | |KOSSUTH sen- | | |
| | |tenced to death | | |
| | |at Pesth. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |1852. Emperor of| |1852. Greece: |
| |1853. Plot to |Austria visits |1853. War de- |Convention of |
| |overthrow the |Emperor of |clared against |London by En- |
| |government. |Prussia. |Turkey. |gland, France, |
| | | | |Prussia, Bavaria|
| | | | |and Greece in |
| | | | |reference to the|
| | | | |affairs of |
| | | | |Greece. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1852. Turkey: |
| | | | |War between the |
| | | | |Turks and |
| | | | |Montenegrins. |
| | | | | |
| |1854. Treaty |1854. Alliance |1854-1856. CRIMEAN WAR. Russia |
| |with Austria, |with England and|vs. Turkey aided by Great |
| |offensive and |France. |Britain, France and Sardinia. |
| |defensive. | | | |
| | | |1854. War with |1854. Japan: |
| | | |France and En- |Treaty with the |
| | | |gland. Siege of |United States. |
| | | |Sebastopol. | |
| | | |Battle of Balak-| |
| | | |lava. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1855. Death of | |
| | | |Nicholas I. | |
| | | |Alexander II., | |
| | | |Emperor. | |
| | | | | |
| | |1856. Hungarians|1856. Destruc- | |
| | |granted amnesty.|tion of |1857-1858. Sepoy|
| | | |Sebastopol |Mutiny. |
| | | |docks. Evacua- | |
| | | |tion of Crimea. |1857-1860. |
| | | | |China: Second |
| | | |1858. Partial |war with Great |
| |1859. THE WAR OF ITALIAN LIBERA- |emancipation of |Britain. |
| |TION. |the serfs. | |
| | | | | |
| | |Peace after | | |
| | |battle of | | |
| | |Solferino. | | |
| | | | | |
| |1861. WILLIAM |1861. New con- | | |
| |I., King. |stitution for | | |
| | |the Austrian | | |
| | |monarchy. | | |
| | | | | |
| |1862. BISMARCK, |1862. Amnesty to|1862. |1862. Bloody |
| |Premier. |political offen-|Nesselrode, |conflict between|
| | |ders in Hungary.|Chancellor. |Servians and |
| | | | |Turks in |
| |1863. King re- | |1863. Termina- |Belgrade. |
| |solves to govern| |tion of serfdom.| |
| |without parlia- | | | |
| |ment. Congress | | | |
| |of German sover-| | | |
| |eigns at Frank- | | | |
| |fort. “One | | | |
| |Federal State” | | | |
| |proposed. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1864. DANISH WAR. Austria and |1864. Emigration|1864. George of |
| |Prussia vs. Denmark. |of Caucasian |Denmark becomes |
| | | |tribes into |King of Greece. |
| | | |Turkey. | |
| | | | | |
| |1866-1871. =North German Confede-|1866. Inaugura- | |
| |ration.= |tion of trial by| |
| | | |jury. War with | |
| |1866. AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR. Prus- |Bokhara. | |
| |sia with smaller North German | | |
| |States and Italy vs. Austria, | | |
| |Hanover, Saxony and South German | | |
| |States. | =Austria- | |
| | | | Hungary= | |
| | | | | |
| |1867. North |1867. Autonomy |1867. Alaska | |
| |German Constitu-|for Hungary an- |sold to the |1868. Japan: End|
| |tion accepted. |nounced. Emperor|United States. |of the |
| | |crowned King of | |Shogunate. |
| | |Hungary. | |Restoration of |
| |_HELMHOLTZ_ | | |the Mikado. |
| |1821-1894. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1870-1871. |1870. Concordat | | |
| |FRANCO-PRUSSIAN |with Rome sus- | | |
| |WAR. Battle of |pended. | | |
| |Sedan. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1871- ----. | | | |
| |=House of Hohen-| | | |
| |zollern.= | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1871. King of |1871. New German|1871. Electric |1871. Japan: |
| |Prussia pro- |Empire recog- |telegraph be- |Feudalism |
| |claimed Emperor |nized. |tween Russia and|abolished. |
| |of Germany. | |Japan. | |
+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
XV. FROM THE FOUNDING OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE TO THE CLOSE OF THE EUROPEAN
WAR AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF EUROPE, 1871- ----
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
|=A. D.=| =United States= | =Spain and Portugal=| =Great Britain= |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| | | |1873. Payment of |
| | |1874. Alfonso XII., |Alabama claims to the|
| | |king. |United States. |
| | | | |
| =1875=| |1875. Civil war. | |
| | | |1876. Queen Victoria |
| |1877. R. B. Hayes, | |proclaimed Empress of|
| |president. | |India. |
| =1880=| | | |
| |1881. James A. | | |
| |Garfield, president. | |1882. Attempt on life|
| |President Garfield |1883. Sagasta again |of Queen Victoria. |
| |assassinated, July |minister. | |
| |2d; Chester A. | | |
| |Arthur, president. | | |
| | | | |
| |1885. Grover | | |
| |Cleveland, president.| |1887. Queen’s |
| | | |Jubilee. |
| |Apache Indian War. | | |
| | | | |
| |1889. Benjamin |1889. Trial by jury |1889. Great labor |
| |Harrison, president. |first put in force. |strikes. |
| | | | |
| |Johnstown flood. |Accession of Carlos | |
| | |I. to Portuguese | |
| | |throne on death of | |
| | |his father, Luis I. | |
| | | | |
| =1890=|1890. McKinley tariff|1890. Castillo, |1890. Stanley returns|
| |bill passed. |premier. |from Africa. |
| | | | |
| |1893. Grover |1893. War with |1893. Behring Sea |
| |Cleveland, president.|Morocco. |arbitration. |
| | | | |
| |Chinese exclusion | |1894. Manchester ship|
| |bill approved. | |canal opened. |
| | | | |
| |World’s Columbian ex-| | |
| |position at Chicago. | | |
| | | | |
| |1897. William |1897. Assassination |1897. Blackwell |
| |McKinley, president. |of Premier Canovas |tunnel opened. The |
| | |del Castillo. Scheme |Queen’s Diamond |
| | |of Cuban autonomy |Jubilee celebrated. |
| | |approved. | |
| | | | |
| |1898. Destruction of | |1898. Death of |
| |the “Maine” at | |Gladstone. Irish |
| |Havana. Spanish- | |local government bill|
| |American war between | |passed. Imperial |
| |United States and | |penny postage goes |
| |Spain. Treaty of | |into effect. |
| |Paris. | | |
| | | | |
| |1899. Cuba is re- |1899. Death of |1899. The Boer war in|
| |linquished by Spain. |Premier Canovas of |South Africa. |
| |Philippines and Porto|Spain. | |
| |Rico acquired. | | |
| | |Spain sells the | |
| =1900=|1900. Civil govern |Caroline, Pelew and |1900. Field Marshal |
| |ment established in |Ladrone islands to |Roberts takes command|
| |the Philippines. |Germany. |in South Africa. |
| | | | |
| |Chinese troubles. | | |
| | | | |
| |1901. Assassination | |1901. Census of the |
| |of President McKinley| |Indian empire taken. |
| |by the anarchist | |Death of Queen |
| |Czolgosz. Capture of | |Victoria and acces- |
| |Aguinaldo. Death of | |sion of Edward VII. |
| |ex-President | | |
| |Harrison. | | |
| | | | |
| |1902. Cuban indepen- |1902. Alfonso XIII., |1902. The British- |
| |dence under Platt |king. |Japanese alliance |
| |amendment. President | |signed. Boer war |
| |Roosevelt recommends | |ended. Marquis of |
| |the purchase of the | |Salisbury resigns as |
| |Panama Canal company.| |premier. |
| | | | |
| |1903. Panama Canal | |1903. King Edward |
| |treaty signed with | |visits the king of |
| |Colombia. Commercial | |Italy. Irish land |
| |treaty with China | |bill passed the |
| |signed. Independence | |Houses of Parliament.|
| |of Panama recognized.| | |
| | | | |
| |1904. Great Baltimore|1904. Death of ex- |1904. Col. Young- |
| |fire. U. S. Senator |Queen Isabella at |husband enters Tibet.|
| |Burton convicted of |Paris. | |
| |malfeasance in | | |
| |office. St. Louis | | |
| |exposition opened. | | |
| | | | |
| |1905. Protocol with |1905. Attempted |1905. Resignation of |
| |Santo Domingo. |assassination of the |Lord Curson as vice- |
| | |king in Paris. |roy of India. |
| | | | |
| |1906. Riot at |1906. King Alfonso |1906. King Edward |
| |Brownsville, Texas. |married to Princess |visits Paris. |
| |The president visited|Victoria of England. | |
| |Panama. Great earth- | | |
| |quake at San Francis-| | |
| |co. | | |
| | | | |
| |1907. Philippine |1907. King and queen |1907. King Edward and|
| |assembly opened. |visit England. |Emperor Francis |
| | | |Joseph meet at Ischl.|
| | | | |
| |1908. Voyage of the | |1908. Asquith, |
| |Pacific fleet to | |premier. |
| |Asiatic waters. | | |
| | | | |
| |1909. Tariff revised.| | |
| | | | |
| =1910=|1910. Elections re- |1910. Spain recalled |1910. Death of King |
| |sult in great |its envoy to the |Edward VII. Accession|
| |Democratic gains. |vatican. |of George V. |
| | | | |
| | |Portugal becomes a | |
| | |republic. | |
| | | | |
| |1911. Extra session |1911. Further crea- |1911. King George |
| |of Congress called by|tion of religious |formally opens the |
| |President Taft. Cana-|orders prohibited. |British Parliament. |
| |dian reciprocity bill| | |
| |passed. | | |
| | | | |
| |1912. Tariff revision| |1912. King George re-|
| |begun by Congress. | |turns from Durbar, in|
| | | |India. Steamship |
| | | |“Titanic” sinks with |
| | | |appalling loss of |
| | | |life. |
| | | | |
| |1913. Democratic |1913. Continued |1913. Colonies aid |
| |Party comes into |Strife between |policy of Naval Ex- |
| |power. Parcels Post |Royalists and Re- |pansion. |
| |System inaugurated. |publicans. | |
| |Woodrow Wilson in- | | |
| |augurated president. |Attempted assassina- | |
| | |tion of King Alfonso.| |
| | | | |
| |=Greatest European War in History begins with the British Empire,|
| |France, Russia, Belgium, Japan, Servia, Italy, Portugal and |
| |Roumania on one side, and Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and |
| |Bulgaria on the other.= |
| | | | |
| |1914. Anti-trust |1914. Portuguese |1914. King George |
| |legislation begun in |cabinet resigns, |urges mutual conces- |
| |Congress. Declares |Bernardino Machado, |sions in Irish Home |
| |neutrality in the |premier. Portugal |Rule controversy. |
| |European war. New |supports the Triple | |
| |regional banking sys-|Entente. |Wages war on the |
| |tem goes into opera- | |Teutonic Alliance as |
| |tion. Panama Canal | |a member of Triple |
| |officially opened. | |Entente. |
| | | | |
| |1915. American pro- |1915. The Spanish |1915. War Council |
| |tectorate established|cabinet resigns. |created to direct the|
| |over Haiti. La |Spain maintains |policies of the Al- |
| |Follette Seaman’s Act|strict neutrality in |lies in the European |
| |passed by Congress. |European war. |war. Gigantic war |
| |Diplomatic inter- | |loans strain British |
| |changes with Germany | |finances. The British|
| |concerning rights of | |blockade of the |
| |neutral ships. | |Central Powers only |
| |Carranza government | |partially successful.|
| |in Mexico recognized | | |
| |by the United States.| | |
| | | | |
| |1916. Year of great |1916. Martial law is |1916. British and |
| |industrial and com- |declared throughout |French forces compel-|
| |mercial activity and |Spain on account of |led to withdraw from |
| |high prices. Woodrow |the widespread rail- |operations against |
| |Wilson re-elected |way strike. |the Dardanelles with |
| |President. | |disastrous losses. |
| | | |Rebellious uprising |
| |Woman suffrage a pro-| |in Ireland suppressed|
| |nounced political | |by military force. |
| |power. Santo Domingo | |Home Rule agitation |
| |passes under the | |continues. Asquith |
| |military rule of the | |cabinet overthrown, |
| |United States. Presi-| |and David Lloyd |
| |dent sends a military| |George made premier |
| |force into Mexico. | |with practically dic-|
| | | |tatorial powers. |
| | | | |
| |1917. Famous “Peace |1917. Seventh attempt|1917. Great Britain |
| |Note” issued to the |made upon the life of|rejects the peace |
| |nations of the world |King Alfonso. |overtures of the |
| |by President Wilson. | |Central Powers. |
| | | | |
| |Rupture with Germany,| |Sends envoys, headed |
| |and diplomatic rela- | |by ex-premier |
| |tions severed. | |Balfour, to United |
| | | |States for an Allied |
| |War declared by the | |War Council. |
| |United States on Ger-| | |
| |many, and war loan of| | |
| |seven billion dollars| | |
| |passed by Congress. | | |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
|=A. D.=| =Holland, Belgium, | =France= | =Italy and Church= |
| | Switzerland, | | |
| | Scandinavia= | | |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| |1872. One thousandth | | |
| |anniversary of king- |1873. Marshal Mac- | |
| |dom of Norway cele- |Mahon, president. | |
| |brated. | | |
| | |1874. Death of | |
| =1875=|Death of Charles XV. |Guizot. | |
| |of Sweden, succeeded | |1878. Death of Victor|
| |by Oscar II. Coinage |1879. Jules Grevy, |Emmanuel II. Humbert,|
| |made uniform in Den- |president. |king. Death of Pius |
| |mark, Sweden and | |IX. Leo XIII., pope. |
| |Norway. | | |
| -1880=| | |1882. Death of |
| | | |Garibaldi. |
| | | | |
| | | |1885. War with |
| | | |Abyssinia. |
| | | | |
| | |1887. Sadi-Carnot, |1887. Alliance of |
| | |president. |Italy with Austria- |
| | | |Hungary and Germany |
| =1890=|1890. Holland: |1890. War with |signed. Crispi, prime|
| |William III. of the |Dahomey. |minister. |
| |Netherlands dies, and| | |
| |is succeeded by his | | |
| |daughter, Wilhelmina,| | |
| |under the regency of | | |
| |her mother. | | |
| | | | |
| |1891. Switzerland: | |1891. Treaty of Italy|
| |Celebration of the |1892. Panama |with Great Britain |
| |six hundredth anni- |scandals. |relative to East |
| |versary of the foun- | |Africa. |
| |dation of the Swiss | | |
| |Confederacy. | |Triple Alliance |
| | | |renewed. |
| | | | |
| |1893. Belgium: Uni- | |1893. Pope’s Jubilee |
| |versal suffrage in | |at Rome. |
| |combination with | | |
| |plural voting | | |
| |established. | | |
| | | | |
| |1894. Denmark: Fall |1894. President | |
| |of the Estrup minis- |Carnot assassinated | |
| |try, succeeded by a |at Lyons. M. Casimir-| |
| |cabinet under Reeds- |Perier, president. | |
| |Thott. | | |
| | |Captain Dreyfus tried| |
| | |and imprisoned. | |
| | | | |
| | |1895. President | |
| |1896. Belgium: Inter-|Casimir-Perier re- |1896. Peace with |
| |national Bimetallic |signs. M. Felix |Abyssinia. |
| |Congress assembles at|Faure, president. | |
| |Brussels. | |Italy abandons claims|
| | |Death of PASTEUR. |to a protectorate |
| |1897. Ten-hour law | |over that country. |
| |for railway employes | | |
| |passed. |1898. Review of |1898. Pope offers to |
| | |Dreyfus case granted.|mediate in the Cuban |
| | | |question. |
| | | | |
| =1900=| | |1900. Assassination |
| |1901. The Norwegian |1901. Diplomatic re- |of King Humbert of |
| |Parliament confers |lations with Turkey |Italy. Victor |
| |the franchise in mu- |suspended. |Emmanuel III., king. |
| |nicipal and communal | | |
| |elections on women |1902. M. Combes forms| |
| |tax-payers. |a new French | |
| | |ministry. | |
| |Marriage of Queen | | |
| |Wilhelmina of the |1903. Dreyfus case |1903. Death of Pope |
| |Netherlands to Duke |reopened. President |Leo XIII. Pope Pius |
| |Henry of Mecklenberg-|Loubet visits King |X. |
| |Schwerin. |Edward. | |
| | | | |
| | |1904. Arbitration |1904. King and queen |
| | |treaties with Hol- |of Italy visit En- |
| | |land, Spain, Sweden, |gland. |
| | |Norway and the United| |
| | |States. Bill for | |
| | |separation of church | |
| | |and state introduced.| |
| | | | |
| |1905. Norway: Haakon |1905. The Moroccan |1905. The railway |
| |VII., king. |situation grows in |bills passed in |
| | |complexity. |Italy. |
| | | | |
| |1906. Death of King |1906. M. Fallières, |1906. Sonnino, |
| |Christian of Denmark.|president. The church|premier. |
| |Norway and Sweden in-|controversy. The | |
| |dependent kingdoms. |Pope’s encyclical. |International exhibi-|
| | |M. Sarcien, premier. |tion at Milan. |
| |The crown prince of | | |
| |Denmark is proclaimed| | |
| |King Frederick VIII. | | |
| | | | |
| |The Belgian Chamber | | |
| |votes in favor of | | |
| |annexing the Congo | | |
| |Free State. | | |
| | | | |
| |1907. Death of Oscar |1907. Wine growers’ |1907. Italy signs |
| |II. of Sweden. Gustav|agitation. French |arbitration treaty |
| |V., king. Norwegian |occupation of |with Argentina. |
| |Parliament votes to |Morocco. | |
| |grant the suffrage to| | |
| |about three hundred | | |
| |thousand women, based| | |
| |upon a property | | |
| |qualification. | | |
| | | | |
| |1909. Belgium: Albert| | |
| |I., king. | | |
| | | | |
| =1910=|1910. Denmark: |1910. Briand cabinet |1910. Decree issued |
| |Christian X., king. |resigned. |by the king of Greece|
| | | |for a revision of the|
| | | |constitution. |
| | | | |
| | |1911. New ministry |1911. Second Parlia- |
| | |formed by premier. |ment assembles. |
| | | | |
| | | |1911-1912. War with |
| | |1913. Raymond |Turkey over Tripoli. |
| | |Poincaré inaugurated | |
| | |president. | |
| | | | |
| |=Greatest European War in History begins with the British Empire,|
| |France, Russia, Belgium, Japan, Servia, Italy, Portugal and |
| |Roumania on one side, and Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and |
| |Bulgaria on the other.= |
| | | | |
| | |1914. A new political| |
| | |party is formed to be| |
| | |known as the | |
| | |Briandist. Joins | |
| | |Great Britain and | |
| | |Russia in war upon | |
| | |Teutonic Alliance. | |
| | | | |
| |1915. Holland con- |1915. The Viviani |1915. Italy joins the|
| |tinues her policy of |coalition ministry |Triple Entente in the|
| |strict neutrality. |resigned. Immense war|war. Declares war on |
| | |loans successfully |Bulgaria. |
| |Belgium passes under |floated. | |
| |the military rule of | | |
| |Germany. | | |
| | | | |
| |1916. Frequent |1916. Verdun is suc- |1916. Italian milita-|
| |Belgian protests |cessfully defended |ry movements ineffec-|
| |against German mili- |against violent |tive on the Austrian |
| |tary rule. Many |assaults of the Ger- |frontier. A change of|
| |Belgians deported to |manic forces. Gen. |ministry forecasted. |
| |Germany as a military|Joffre is succeeded | |
| |measure. |as commander-in-chief| |
| | |of the French army by| |
| | |General Petain. | |
| | | | |
| | |A war council suc- | |
| | |ceeds the general | |
| | |ministry. | |
| | | | |
| | |1917. France joins |1917. Conference of |
| | |Great Britain in re- |Entente Allies held |
| | |jecting the Kaiser’s |in Rome. |
| | |peace overtures. | |
| | | |Much discontent in |
| | |Ex-premier Viviana |Italy over the war. |
| | |and General Joffre | |
| | |sent to United States| |
| | |as members of the | |
| | |Allied War Council. | |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
|=A. D.=| =Germany= | =Austria- | =Russia= | =Turkey and |
| | | Hungary= | | Balkans, China,|
| | | | | India, Japan= |
+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| |1871. William | | | |
| |I., emperor. | |1873. Khiva cap-| |
| =1875=| | |tured. |1875. Insurrec- |
| | | | |tion against the|
| | | | |Turks in |
| | | | |Herzegovina. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |Insurrection in |
| | | | |Bosnia. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1876. Sultan |
| |1877. Attempted | |1877. War |Murad deposed; |
| |assassination of| |against Turkey. |Abdul Hamid II. |
| |emperor. | | |succeeds. |
| | |1878. Occupation|1878. Spread of | |
| | |of Bosnia. |Nihilism in the |Six weeks’ |
| | | |empire. |armistice be- |
| | | | |tween Turkey and|
| =1880=| | |1880. Many |Servia. |
| | | |Nihilists | |
| | | |imprisoned and |Constitution for|
| | | |executed. |Turkey |
| | | | |announced. |
| | | | | |
| | | |1881. Alexander |1881. Roumania |
| | |1882. Six |II. assassina- |declared a king-|
| |1883. Italy |hundredth anni- |ted. |dom. |
| |joins the al- |versary of the | | |
| |liance between |House of |Alexander III., | |
| |Germany and |Hapsburg. |emperor. | |
| |Austria, thus | | | |
| |forming the | | | |
| |Triple Alliance.| | | |
| | | | | |
| |1884. German | | | |
| |annexations on | |1885. Ship canal|1885. Outbreak |
| |African slave | |from St. Peters-|of war between |
| |coast; December | |burg to Cron- |Servia and |
| |19, in Pacific | |stadt opened. |Bulgaria. |
| |Ocean, begin- | | | |
| |nings of German | |Trouble with the| |
| |colonial policy.| |Afghans. | |
| | | | | |
| | |1886. Army put |1886. Russia |1886. Servia, |
| | |on war footing |interferes in |Bulgaria and |
| | |of one million |Bulgaria. |Greece compelled|
| | |five hundred | |by the powers to|
| |1888. Accession |thousand men. |1888. Central |disarm. |
| |and death of | |Asian railway | |
| |Frederick III. | |opened. |Treaty of peace |
| |William II., | | |signed between |
| |emperor. | | |Servia and |
| | | | |Bulgaria. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1889. Japan’s |
| =1890=|1890. Resigna- | |1890-1892. |Constitution |
| |tion of Bismarck| |Famine through |proclaimed. |
| |as chancellor. | |the empire. | |
| | | | | |
| |1891. Triple |1891. Renewal of|1891. Imperial | |
| |Alliance re- |Triple Alliance.|ukase orders ex-| |
| |newed. | |pulsion of Jews | |
| | | |from Moscow. | |
| |1893. Anti- | | | |
| |Jesuit law re- | | | |
| |pealed. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1894. Commercial|1894. Commercial|1894. Death of |1894. Turkey: |
| |treaty with |treaty with |Alexander III. |British, French |
| |Russia. New par-|Russia ratified.| |and Russian am- |
| |liament house | |Nicholas II., |bassadors pre- |
| |opened. | |czar. |sent note to |
| | | | |sultan demanding|
| |1895. North Sea |1895. Anti- |1895. Diplomatic|reforms in |
| |and Baltic canal|Semitic agita- |relations with |Armenia. |
| |opened. Restric-|tion. |Abyssinia. Per- | |
| |tions imposed on| |secution of the |1894-1895. |
| |American in- | |Jews. |Chinese-Japanese|
| |surance compa- | | |war. |
| |nies. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1896. New civil |1896. Archduke |1896. First | |
| |code for the |Karl Ludwig, |official census | |
| |empire com- |heir to the |of the empire. | |
| |pleted. |throne, dies. | | |
| | |Millennial expo-|1897. Judicial |1897. Turko- |
| | |sition at Buda- |reform in |Grecian war. |
| | |pest. |Siberia. | |
| | | | |China: Kiau- |
| |1898. Death of |1898. Assassina-|1898. Port |Chau, with sur- |
| |Bismarck. Em- |tion of the em- |Arthur leased |rounding zone, |
| |peror visits |press by an |from China. |leased to |
| |Constantinople |anarchist at | |Germany for |
| |and Jerusalem. |Geneva. Aus- |1899. Czar pro- |ninety-nine |
| | |gleich of 1867 |poses universal |years. |
| | |renewed. |peace. The Fin- | |
| | | |nish diet is de-|Port Arthur and |
| | | |prived of the |Ta-lien-wan |
| | | |exclusive right |leased to Russia|
| | | |of legislation |for twenty-five |
| | | |and a thorough |years. |
| | | |policy of Russi-| |
| | | |fication begun. | |
| | | | | |
| =1900=|1900. Abolition |1900. Marriage |1901. Count |1900. China: |
| |of the Roman law|of the heir ap- |Tolstoi excommu-|Boxer uprising. |
| |throughout |parent, Francis |nicated. | |
| |Germany. |Ferdinand. | | |
| | | | | |
| |1901. Bicentena-| | |1901. Turkey |
| |ry of the coro- | | |pays to the |
| |nation of the | | |United States |
| |first king of | | |the claims ad- |
| |Prussia. | | |vanced in behalf|
| | | | |of the missiona-|
| | | | |ries in Asia |
| | | | |Minor for losses|
| | | | |incurred during |
| | | | |the Armenian |
| | | | |disturbances of |
| | | | |1895-1896. |
| | | | | |
| |1902. Prince |1902. Triple | |1902. Treaty of |
| |Henry of Prussia|Alliance re- | |alliance signed |
| |visits the |newed. The | |between Great |
| |United States. |language ques- | |Britain and |
| | |tion between | |Japan. |
| |England and |Germany and | | |
| |Germany press |Czechs. | | |
| |their Venezuelan| | | |
| |claims. |1903. New tariff|1903. Russo- |1903. Servia: A |
| | |bill. Visit of |Japanese crisis.|band of conspi- |
| | |the czar of | |rators invade |
| | |Russia. | |the royal palace|
| | | | |and slay King |
| | | | |Alexander and |
| | | | |Queen Draga. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |The national |
| | | | |assembly chooses|
| | | | |Peter |
| | | | |Karageorgevitch |
| | | | |king. |
| | | | | |
| |1904. German |1904. Ultimatum |1904. War with |1904. Japanese |
| |troops defeated |to the Sultan |Japan over |war with Russia.|
| |in Africa. |issued. Great |Manchuria begun.| |
| | |railway strike. | | |
| | | | | |
| |1905. Interven- |1905. Treaty |1905. Fall of |1905. The Russo-|
| |tion of Germany |with Germany |Port Arthur and |Japanese peace |
| |in Moroccan |ratified. |end of war. |treaty ratified.|
| |affairs. | |Great railway | |
| |The new commer- |Universal suf- |strike at Petro-| |
| |cial treaties. |frage on an |grad, Warsaw and| |
| | |educational |Moscow. Consti- | |
| |Marriage of the |basis advocated.|tution granted | |
| |crown prince. | |by czar and the | |
| | | |Duma authorized.| |
| | | | | |
| |1906. Propaganda|1906. Prince |1906. The czar | |
| |against |Schillingfurst |opened the first| |
| |Socialism. |succeeds Baron |Russian Duma. | |
| | |Gautch. | | |
| | | | | |
| |1907. German |1907. Universal |1907. Third |1907. Abdication|
| |emperor visited |suffrage bill |Russian Duma |of Korean |
| |London. |passed. |convened. Resig-|emperor. |
| | | |nation of Count | |
| | |1909. Bosnia and|Witte as prime | |
| | |Herzegovina ac- |minister of | |
| | |quired. |Russia. | |
| | | | | |
| =1910=|1910. Emperor | |1910. Death of |1910. Japan |
| |William received| |Count Tolstoi. |annexed Korea. |
| |ex-President | | | |
| |Roosevelt. | | |Montenegro be- |
| | | | |came a kingdom |
| | | | |with Nicholas as|
| | | | |king. |
| | | | | |
| |1911. The |1911. Austria |1911. Russian | |
| |Emperor urged a |strengthens her |army mobilized | |
| |policy of re- |army and navy. |on Chinese | |
| |clamation. | |frontier. | |
| | | | | |
| |1912. Large |1912. Death of |Premier Stolypin|1912. Greece |
| |Socialist gains |Premier |assassinated. |joins Balkan |
| |in German Diet. |Aerenthal. | |Allies in war |
| | | | |against Turkey. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |Death of |
| | | | |Mutsuhito; |
| | | | |Yoshito becomes |
| | | | |mikado of Japan.|
| | | | | |
| |1913. Declares |1913. Mobilize |1913. Serfdom |1913. Assassina-|
| |support of |army on Servian |obliterated from|tion of King |
| |Triple Alliance.|frontier to con-|entire empire. |George of |
| | |serve interests | |Greece. Constan-|
| | |of Empire | |tine, king. |
| | |pending Balkan | | |
| | |war. | |China a repub- |
| | | | |lic; Yuan, |
| | |Archduke and | |president. |
| | |Duchess of | | |
| | |Austria assassi-| | |
| | |nated in Bosnia.| | |
| | | | | |
| |=Greatest European War in History begins with the British Empire, |
| |France, Russia, Belgium, Japan, Servia, Italy, Portugal and |
| |Roumania on one side, and Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and |
| |Bulgaria on the other.= |
| | | | | |
| |1914. Germany’s |1914. Austria |1914. Russian |1914. Greece re-|
| |new fiscal poli-|adopts a strong |Premier |tains the Aegean|
| |cy lays a tax on|policy against |Kokovtsov re- |islands wrested |
| |royalty. De- |Balkan expan- |signs. As a |from Turkey. |
| |clares war on |sion. Joins Ger-|member of the | |
| |the Triple |many in a decla-|Triple Entente | |
| |Entente. |ration of war on|joins in war on | |
| | |the Triple |the Teutonic | |
| | |Entente. |Alliance. | |
| | | | | |
| |1915. Wages a |1915. At the |1915. Russia de-|1915. King Con- |
| |ruthless sub- |suggestion of |clares war on |stantine of |
| |marine war on |the United |Bulgaria. Loses |Greece refuses |
| |allied shipping |States, its Am- |Poland and its |to support |
| |and neutral |bassador, Dr. |capital, Warsaw,|Venizelos’ pro- |
| |vessels carrying|Dumba, is recal-|to the Teutonic |allies policy. |
| |contraband of |led from |Allies. |Latter resigns |
| |war. Shows as- |Washington. | |as premier. |
| |tonishing effi- | | | |
| |ciency in the | | |Turkey success- |
| |conduct of the | | |fully repulsed |
| |war against the | | |the attempt of |
| |Entente Allies. | | |the Entente |
| | | | |Allies to force |
| | | | |the Dardanelles.|
| | | | | |
| | | | |Bulgaria enters |
| | | | |the war on be- |
| | | | |half of the |
| | | | |Teutonic Allies.|
| | | | | |
| | | | |Yoshohito |
| | | | |crowned emperor |
| | | | |of Japan. |
| | | | | |
| |1916. German mi-|1916. Austria- |1916. Premier |1916. Roumania |
| |litary opera- |Hungary proves a|Sturmer resigns |enters the war |
| |tions and con- |powerful aid to |and is succeeded|on side of the |
| |quests stand out|the Teutonic |by M. Trepoff. |Entente, and is |
| |in marked con- |Allies in the | |conquered by the|
| |trast with those|Balkans. Emperor|Russian and |Teutonic-Bulgar |
| |of the Entente |Francis Joseph |Roumanian armies|forces with the |
| |Allies. Belgium,|dies and is suc-|are defeated and|loss of its cap-|
| |Servia, Monte- |ceeded on the |driven back with|ital, Bucharest.|
| |negro, Poland, |throne by Emper-|frightful losses| |
| |Lithuania, Alba-|or Charles I. |in the Balkans. |President Yuan |
| |nia and Roumania| | |of China assas- |
| |are held under | | |sinated. Li |
| |Teutonic rule. | | |Yuan-hung be- |
| |Poland is de- | | |comes president.|
| |clared indepen- | | | |
| |dent by Germany | | |Premier Okuma of|
| |and Austria. | | |Japan resigns, |
| | | | |and is succeeded|
| | | | |by Count |
| | | | |Terauchi, an ag-|
| | | | |gressive champi-|
| | | | |on of both Japan|
| | | | |and China. |
| | | | | |
| |1917. The German|1917. Austro- |1917. The Rus- |1917. Great |
| |government sends|Bulgarian army |sian government |political unrest|
| |peace overtures |makes a strong |supports France |in India. |
| |to belligerent |drive against |and Great | |
| |and neutral |Roumania, and |Britain in re- |Turkey revokes |
| |nations. |Russia. Emperor |jecting peace |all treaties |
| | |Charles crowned |overtures of the|limiting her ab-|
| |Germany declares|King of Hungary.|Central Powers. |solute indepen- |
| |a rigid blockade| | |dence as a |
| |of the Entente | |Russian monarchy|nation. |
| |Powers. | |overthrown; Czar| |
| | | |abdicates and a | |
| | | |republic is | |
| | | |established. | |
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