II. FROM THE AGE OF ABRAHAM TO THE RISE OF ASSYRIA, 2250-1100, B.C._The Circle of Knowledge: A Classified, Simplified, Visualized Book of Answers

GREAT EVENTS OF PERIOD. Abraham becomes first great leader of the

Hebrews. Egyptian revolt from the Shepherd Kings. New Egyptian

empire. Rise of Assyria--originally settled by emigrants from

Babylonia. Wars with Babylonia. Sidon, a Phœnician city, at its

zenith. Phœnician colonies established round the Mediterranean.

Advanced civilization in Crete. Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt

under Moses. Hittites rise to great power, contending equally with

Egypt and Assyria.

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

| | | | (2250-1200) |

| =2500=| | | |

| | | 11 to 17) |(Palestine). |

| | | | |

| | |ty. | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| =1500=| | |1500-1220. Palestine |

| =1400=|1400. Probable Myce- | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| |WAR. | | =II. Period of the |

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+

|=B. C.=| =Babylonia-Assyria= | =Border Peoples= |

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+

| | =III. Early Babylo- | |

| | nian Empire= | |

| | (2250-1750) | |

| =2500=| | |

| |2250. HAMMURABI | |

| |(Amraphel?), great | |

| |ruler and lawgiver, | |

| |united the whole of | |

| |Babylonia. His code | |

| |of laws one of the | |

| |most important of | |

| |Oriental discoveries.| |

| |Under him Babylon | |

| |reached high degree | |

| |of culture. | |

| | | |

| |2100. Second Babylo- | |

| =2000=|nian dynasty: lasted | |

| |about 300 years. |1800-1500. Assyria |

| | |ruled by patesis or |

| | =IV. Kassite Period=|governors. |

| | (1750-1150) | |

| | | |

| |1750. Third, or |1750. The Kassites, a|

| |Kassite, dynasty of |mountain people north|

| |foreign kings in |of Elam, subdue |

| |power for nearly 600 |Babylonia. |

| =1500=|years. |An Elamite dynasty |

| | |with its capital at |

| =1400=|1400. BURNABURIASH, |Susa, gave rise to |

| |greatest of Kassite |the Persian nation |

| |kings, established |(1750-836). |

| |political relations | |

| |with Egypt. Settled |1350. Great expansion|

| |boundary with As- |of Assyria; capital |

| |syria. See Tel-el- |removed from Asshur |

| |Amarna Letters. |to Kalkhi (Ninevah). |

| | | |

| | =V. Period of | |

| | Decline= (1300-745) | |

| | | |

| =1300=|1300. Kassites ab- | |

| |sorbed into the Se- | |

| |mitic population of |1275. Continuous |

| |Babylonia. |struggle between As- |

| | |syria and Babylonia. |

| | | |

| |1250-1210. Decline of|1250. King of Assyria|

| |Babylonian power and |conquers Babylon and |

| |rise of Assyria. |rules seven years. |

| | +---------------------+

| =1200=| |

| |1100. Babylon subjected by TIGLATH PILESER |

| |I. of Assyria. Great expansion of Assyrian |

| |empire. |

+-------+-------------------------------------------+

III. FROM THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE TO THE TIME OF XERXES

THE GREAT, 1100-485 B. C.

GREAT EVENTS OF PERIOD. 1100-1000: Heroic age of Greece; Hebrews

reach their highest point of national power. Beginning of the

Medo-Persian nations. Celts disperse over western Europe and into

British Isles. 1000-900: Homeric age. Celts already in Britain, with

bronze in use. Phœnician trade extended from Senegal to India.

900-800: Decline of Phœnician cities. 800-700: Ethiopian supremacy

in Egypt. Assyrian conquests continue; Tiglath-Pileser III.; Sargon;

Babylonia rises to height of its power. 700-600: Zenith and fall of

Nineveh, and Assyrian empire. Media rises to power. Perhaps last

migrations from the Aryan center--Teutonic and Slav races. 600-500:

Zenith and fall of Babylon. Long reign of Nebuchadnezzar; he ravages

Egypt. The seventy years’ captivity of Judah. Rise of Persia.

Founding of the Roman republic. Establishment of democracy in

Athens.

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

| | | (1100-500) | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| =900= | | | |

| =800= | | | |

| | (753-510) | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | (722-654) |

| | | | |

| =700= |700-200. Etruscan | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| =600= | |600-590. FIRST SACRED| |

| | |WAR. | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | (510-264) |510. Athenian demo- | |

| | | | |

| =500= | | =III. Persian Wars= | |

| | | (500-449) | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+

|=B. C.=| =Phœnicia-Lydia |=China, Japan, India=|

| | Phrygia= | |

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+

| =1100=|1100. Tyre attains | |

| |first rank among |China: 1123-255. Chow|

| |Phœnician seacoast |dynasty. Feudal |

| |towns. |system developed. |

| =1000=| | |

| |970. King Hiram sent | |

| |material for Solo- | |

| |mon’s Temple. | |

| =900= | | |

| |846. CARTHAGE founded| |

| |by Elissa (Dido). | |

| | | |

| =800= |800. Phrygia an inde-|India: 800. Bramanic |

| |pendent monarchy. |period of Vedic |

| | |literature. |

| | | |

| | |China: 780-700. |

| |728. Midas of Phrygia|Constant struggles |

| |foments rebellion |between central power|

| |against rule of |and feudal states. |

| |Sargon in Northern | |

| |Syria. | |

| | | |

| |727. Tyre captured by| |

| |Assyria. Phœnician | |

| |decline begins. | |

| | | |

| =700= |700. Cimmerian in- | |

| |vasion shortly | |

| |destroys Phrygian | |

| |Kingdom. | |

| | | |

| |689. GYGES, first | |

| |important King of |Japan: 660-585. Jimmu|

| |Lydia. |Tenno, first Mikado. |

| | |Largely legendary. |

| |636. Last Assyrian | |

| |governor of Phœnicia.| |

| | | |

| |610. Alyattes, King | |

| |of Lydia, battles | |

| |with Cyaxares of | |

| |Media. Erected mag- | |

| |nificent buildings at| |

| |Sardis. | |

| | | |

| =600= | | |

| |586-573. Tyre be- | |

| |sieged by | |

| |Nebuchadnezzar. | |

| |Phœnicia a Persian | |

| |province (538). | |

| | | |

| |568. CRŒSUS, son of | |

| |Alyattes, subdued all| |

| |the Grecian cities of| |

| |the coast. | |

| | |China: 551. |

| |546. SARDIS CAPTURED |_CONFUCIUS_ born. |

| |and Lydia absorbed |Greatest figure in |

| |into Persian Empire. |Chinese history. |

| | | |

| |538. Phœnicia became |This great Chinese |

| |a Persian province. | |

| | |philosopher, intro- |

| |530. CARTHAGE becomes| |

| |independent. |duces a new religion,|

| | | |

| |Phœnicia: through its|opposed to that of |

| | | |

| |influence the whole |Fohi, and boldly |

| | | |

| |country is allowed to|inveighs against the |

| | | |

| |carry on its trade as|vice and immorality |

| | | |

| |usual, under the |of the times. |

| | | |

| |authority and protec-| |

| | | |

| |tion of the king of | |

| | | |

| |Persia. | |

| | | |

| |508. Carthage makes | |

| |its first commercial | |

| |treaty with Rome. | |

| | | |

| =500= |500. Carthage trades | |

| |with the Greeks. | |

| | | |

| |Carthage effects an | |

| |alliance with the | |

| |Persians against | |

| |Sicily. | |

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | =IV. Divided |ty._ | |

| | (937) | | |

| =900= | | | |

| | | | |

| | |ate over Babylon. | (836-640) |

| | | | |

| =800= | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | +-------+ | |

| | :722-705. SARGON II. conquered| |

| |715-686. :Samaria and destroyed the | |

| |Hezekiah. Be-:Kingdom of Israel. He re- | |

| |gan religious:ceived tribute from Arabia, | |

| |and social :Egypt, and Cyprus; suppressed| |

| |reforms. :revolts in Armenia, Media and| |

| | :Babylonia, and united the | |

| | :latter with Assyria. | |

| | : | |

| | :705. SENNACHERIB. Invaded | |

| =700= | :Judah. Palace at Nineveh and |700-600. Scythians |

| | :library. |sweep over Media, |

| | :Assyrian art most flourishing|Persia and Assyria. |

| | :from Ninth to end of Seventh | |

| | :Century. | |

| | : | |

| |681. ESARHADDON. Wars with Phœnicia, Cilicia, Edom, Medes, and |

| |Arabs. Conquest of Lower Egypt. |

| | : | |

| | :668. ASHUR-BANI-PAL | =II. Period of the |

| | :(Sardanapalus). Expelled | Median Empire.= |

| | :Nubians from Egypt and es- | |

| | :tablished his supremacy for a|655-633. Phraortes |

| | :time. Best period of art. |united Media. |

| | :Creation tablets and Deluge | |

| | :tablets. Gyges, King of |640. Medes revolt |

| | :Lydia, killed during a |from Assyria and es- |

| | :revolt. |tablish the Median |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| |608-597. |608. =New Babylonian Empire.=| |

| =600= | |Jerusalem (586) and subdued | |

| | | +-----------+ |

| |Jews made | | (558-330) |

| | | |

| | |539-538. War of Cyrus against the Babylonians. |

| |538-332. |Babylon captured. The Babylonian Empire incorpo- |

| |Palestine |rated with the Persian. |

| |under Persian| |

| |dominion. |529-522. CAMBYSES conquered Egypt by his victory at|

| | |Pelusium. |

| | | |

| | |521-485. DARIUS son of Hystaspes was made king. |

| |520-516. | |

| |Temple re- |_Darius has special interest because he was first |

| |built at |to extend Persian authority into Europe, and thus |

| |Jerusalem. |paved the way for the subsequent invasion of |

| | |Greece._ |

| | | |

| | |518. Revolt of Babylon, and destruction of that |

| | |city after a twenty months’ siege. Indian campaign,|

| | |in which the countries north of the Indus become |

| | |subject to Persia. Indus the boundary of the |

| | |empire. |

| | | |

| | |513. (?). Unsuccessful expedition of Darius against|

| | |the Scythians with a land force of 700,000 men. |

| | |Macedonia and Thrace tributary. |

| | | |

| =500= | |500-494. The Ionian colonies rebel, and are |

| | |assisted by the Athenians, which gives rise to the |

| | |Perso-Grecian wars and the national hatred between |

| | |the two countries. |

| | | |

| | |499. Sardis burnt by the Ionians. =Grecian wars= |

| | |follow. |

| |According to | |

| |Philo, the |494. The Greeks and their allies defeated in naval |

| |history of |engagement at the island of Lade. |

| |Judith and | |

| |Holofernes |493-490. War of Darius against the European Greeks.|

| |falls under |Revolt among the Egpyptians. |

| |the reign of | |

| |Artaxerxes. |492. First expedition, under Mardonius, unsuccess- |

| | |ful. |

| |Under the | |

| |same king |490. Second expedition, defeated at Marathon by |

| |lived Esther |Miltiades. |

| |and Haman. | |

| | |486. Egypt revolts and is not reduced to subjection|

| | |until 484. |

| | | |

| | |485. Death of Darius. He was succeeded by his son |

| | |XERXES. |

+-------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+

IV. FROM THE ACCESSION OF XERXES THE GREAT TO THE PERIOD OF THE PUNIC

WARS, 485-264, B. C.

GREAT EVENTS OF THE PERIOD. 500-400: Zenith of Persia; and glorious

century of Greece. Struggles of Patricians and Plebeians at Rome.

400-300: Decline and fall of Persia before Alexander the Great;

Greek language and Greek civilization extended all through the

Levant. Roman wars with the Samnites. Internal quarrels of the

Romans diminish. 300-200: Semi-Greek Kingdoms built on the ruins of

the Persian Empire; in Egypt the Ptolemies; in Syria, the Antiochi.

Many Jews at Alexandria.

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

| |in 530. |481-475. Wars with | |

| =475= | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| =425= | | | |

| | | | |

| =400= | | | |

| | | | |

| =375= | |Laws. | |

| =350= |form settlements in | | |

| | | | |

| | |War. | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| =275= | |himself master of all| |

| | | | |

| |264-241. FIRST PUNIC WAR. Contest over | |

| |Sicily. | |

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+

|=B. C.=| =The Greeks= |

+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+

| | _ÆSCHYLUS_ (525-456).|

| | |

| |481-480. Third expedition of the Persians against Greece, under |

| |Xerxes. |

| | |

| |480. Battle of the Greeks under Leonidas, at Thermopylæ. Naval |

| |battle of Salamis saved Athens. |

| | |

| |479. Fourth expedition of the Persians against Greece. Greek |

| |victories at Platæa and Mycale. Persian army destroyed. |

| | |

| | _SOPHOCLES_ (495-406).|

| =475= | |

| |465. Battle of the Eurymedon. |

| | |

| |464-456. THIRD MESSENIAN WAR. |

| | |

| |457-445. War of the Spartans and Bœotians against Athens. |

| =450= | |

| |449. Battle of Salamis in Cyprus. |

| | |

| | _HERODOTUS_ (484-408).|

| | |

| | _EURIPIDES_ (480-406).|

| | |

| |445. End of Persian war. Thirty years’ peace between Athens and |

| |Sparta. |

| | |

| | =IV. Age of Pericles and Greek Luxury= |

| | |

| | _PERICLES_ (499-429).|

| | |

| |444-429. Athens under the administration of Pericles, reached the|

| |zenith of its greatness. |

| | |

| | _PHIDIAS_ (fl. 448-440).|

| | |

| |431-404. PELOPONNESIAN WAR--between Athens and Sparta. |

| | |

| | _SOCRATES_ (469-399).|

| =425= | |

| |421. ALCIBIADES in power at Athens. |

| | |

| | _THUCYDIDES_ (471-402).|

| | |

| |415-413. Expedition of the Athenians against =Syracuse=. Greek |

| |defeat. Decline of Athenian power. |

| | |

| |405. LYSANDER of Sparta destroyed Athenian fleet. |

| | |

| | =The Spartan Supremacy= (405-371). |

| | |

| |404. Surrender of Athens and end of Peloponnesian War. Sparta |

| |supreme in Greece. |

| =400= | |

| |399-394. War between the Spartans and Persians. Fall of Spartan |

| |power in Asia. |

| | |

| | _PLATO_ (429-347).|

| | |

| |379-362. War between Thebes and Sparta. Thebes freed. |

| =375= | |

| |359. Rise of the Macedonian power. PHILIP OF MACEDON. |

| | |

| | _DEMOSTHENES_ (382-347).|

| | |

| |357-355. The Social War. |

| | |

| |355-346. Second Sacred War against the Phocians, who seized |

| |Delphi. |

| | |

| | _ARISTOTLE_ (384-322).|

| =350= | |

| | =V. The Macedonian Period= |

| | (338-146) |

| | |

| |339-338. THIRD SACRED WAR. Macedonians against Athens and Greece.|

| | |

| |338. Macedonia supreme under PHILIP II. |

| | |

| |336. Philip assassinated. |

| | |

| |336-323. ALEXANDER THE GREAT, King of Macedonia. Great extension |

| |of power. |

| | |

| |334-328. WARS OF ALEXANDER IN ASIA. |

| | |

| |334. Battle at Granicus. |

| | |

| |333. Founded Alexandria in Egypt. Occupied Babylon, subdued |

| |Persia and Darius III. Invaded India in 327. |

| +-----------------------------------------------------------------+

| | =The Immense Greek Empire of Alexander The Great= |

| +-----------------------------------------------------------------+

| =325= | :

| |323. Death of Alexander at Babylon. His empire split up among his:

| |generals after his death. Perdiccas became regent in Asia for :

| |Alexander’s half brother and his posthumous son. Antipater and :

| |Craterus shared the regency of the west. The other generals re- :

| |ceived lieutenancies: Ptolemæus, Egypt; Antigonus, Pamphylia, :

| |Phrygia and Lycia; Eumenes, Alexander’s secretary, Paphlygonia :

| |and Cappadocia; and Cassander, Caria; Leonnatus, Phrygia on the :

| |Hellespont. :

| | :

| |323-301. WARS OF ALEXANDER’S SUCCESSORS FOR HIS ASIATIC :

| |DOMINIONS. The first partition of the empire was made 322, but :

| |twenty-two years elapsed before peace was concluded between the :

| |contending claimants. :

| | :

| |_KINGDOMS AND STATES which arose upon the DIVISION OF THE :

| |MACEDONIAN EMPIRE AT THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT._ :

| | :

| | /-----------------\ /-----------------\ /-----------------\ :

| | =Macedonia= =Greece= =Thrace= :

| +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

| |323. Perdiccas ap- :323-322. Lamian War; :323. LYSIMACHUS is :

| |pointed regent; slain:Phocian at head of :appointed governor of:

| |321. :affairs. Death of :Thrace. :

| | :Demosthenes. : :

| | : : :

| | :321. Antipater, : :

| |319. Polysperchon :regent of the empire.: :

| |succeeds Antipater, : : :

| |and proclaims liberty:317. Phocion put to : :

| |to the Grecian :death by the Athe- : :

| |cities. :nians. : :

| | :Demetrius Phalereus : :

| | :governs Athens. : :

| | : : :

| | :315. Cassander re- : :

| | :builds Thebes. : :

| | : :307. Lysimachus :

| | :303. Demetrius :seizes the throne. :

| | :Poliorcetes, general : :

| |302. CASSANDER, king :of the Grecian :302. Invades Asia. :

| |of Macedonia. :states, opposes : :

| | :Cassander. : :

| | : : :

| |301. AFTER THE BATTLE OF IPSUS ALEXANDER’S EMPIRE WAS AGAIN |

| |DIVIDED INTO FOUR CHIEF PARTS. |

| +--------------------------------+--------------------------------+

| | =Macedonia= | =Greek States= |

| =300= +--------------------------------+--------------------------------+

| |296. Death of Cassander. Quar- | |

| |rels of his two sons, Antipater | |

| |and Alexander. | |

| | | |

| |287. Demetrius expelled by |287. Athens revolts from |

| |Pyrrhus. Lysimachus drives |Demetrius. |

| |Pyrrhus out of Macedonia. | |

| | | |

| |283. Death of Demetrius. | |

| | |281. Lysimachus defeated and |

| | |slain by Seleucus. |

| | | |

| | |281. The ACHÆAN LEAGUE created. |

| |280. Sosthenes ascends the |Lysimachus defeated and slain by|

| |throne and liberates his |Seleucus in the battle of |

| |country; but falls, 278. |Korupedion. |

| | | |

| |277. ANTIGONUS GONATAS, King of | |

| =275= |Macedonia, descendant of one of | |

| |Alexander’s generals, master of |274. Pyrrhus invades Macedonia, |

| |all Greece except Sparta. |defeats Antigonas, and is pro- |

| | |claimed king. |

| | | |

| | |272. Pyrrhus besieges Sparta and|

| | |Argos--is slain, and Antigonus |

| | |is restored. |

| | |266. The Chremonidean War. |

| | |Athens and Sparta allied in |

| | |revolt against Macedonia. |

+-------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

|=B. C.=| =Egypt= | =Hebrews= : =Persia= |

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

| |485. Xerxes quelled a| :485-465. XERXES I. |

| |revolt. | : |

| | | :480. Xerxes invaded |

| | | :Greece, Thermopylæ, |

| | | :Salamis. Elaborate |

| | | :great palace at |

| | | :Persepolis. Hypostyle|

| | | :Hall, fine bull- |

| | | :capitals, good bas- |

| | | :reliefs with invoca- |

| | | :tions to Ahura Mazda.|

| | | :Propylæa, winged |

| | | :human-headed bulls. |

| | | :Hanging draperies. |

| | | :Xerxes and his eldest|

| | | :son murdered. |

| | | : |

| | | :479. Persians ex- |

| | | :pelled from Greece. |

| =475= | | : |

| | | :465-424. Artaxerxes |

| | | :I. succeeded to the |

| | | :throne. |

| | | : |

| | | :462-455. Second |

| | |458(?). Ezra. :revolt of the |

| |455(?). Herodotus in | :Egyptians. |

| =450= |Egypt. | : |

| | |444. NEHEMIAH, gover-: |

| | |nor of Jerusalem. Re-: |

| =425= | |builds the city : |

| | |walls. :424. Xerxes II. |

| | | :murdered by his |

| | | :brother Sogdianus |

| | | :same year. |

| | | : |

| | | :423. Darius II. |

| | |415. Death of : |

| | |Nehemiah. High :412. Sparta recog- |

| | |priests rule under :nized Persian rule in|

| | |Persian authority. :Asia minor. |

| | | : |

| | | :405. Egypt declared |

| | | :its independence. |

| | | : |

| |404. Egypt indepen- | :404. ARTAXERXES II. |

| |dent of Persia for | :Revolt of his younger|

| |short period. | :brother Cyrus, aided |

| | | :by Greeks. |

| | | : |

| | | :401. Cyrus defeated |

| | | :at Cunaxa and slain. |

| | | :“Retreat of the Ten |

| | | :Thousand.” |

| =400= | | : |

| | | :398. Artaxerxes II. |

| | | :War with Greece. |

| | | :Egypt and Cyprus |

| | | :assisted Greece. |

| | | : |

| | | :394. Persian fleet |

| | | :defeated the Spartans|

| | | :at Cnidus. |

| =375= | | : |

| | |370. Persian satrap :370-363. Renewed re- |

| | |suppressed civil war.:volts in Asia Minor. |

| |361. Treaty with | :Egypt joined the |

| |Sparta vs. Persians. | :rebels and invaded |

| | | :Syria. |

| |359-342. Persian in- | : |

| |vasions of Egypt. | :358. Artaxerxes III. |

| |Nectanebo II. last | :seized the throne. |

| =350= |native king. |350. Temple destroyed:Persians defeated in |

| | |by Persians. Many :Egypt. |

| | |Jews deported. : |

| | | :340. CONQUEST OF |

| | | :EGYPT. |

| | | : |

| | | :337. MITHRIDATES I. |

| | | :of Pontus became in- |

| | | :dependent of Persia. |

| | | : |

| | | :335. Darius III. |

| +---------------------+---------------------+ascended the throne. |

| :334-323. Alexander : :334-332. Alexander |

| :the Great overthrows :333. Palestine under :the Great defeated |

| :Persians, and is :Alexander the Great. :Darius at Granicus |

| :master of Egypt. :Remained under Greek :and Issus. |

| :Greek domination. :domination to 198 +---------------------+

| :Alexandria founded. :B. C. : |

| : : :331. Battle of |

| :EUCLID (Alexandria). : :=Arbela=. The |

| :(fl. 325). : :Persians defeated by |

| : : :the Macedonians and |

| : : :Greeks under |

| : : :Alexander the Great. |

| : : :END OF THE PERSIAN |

| : : :EMPIRE. |

| +-----------------------------------------------------------------+

| | =The Immense Greek Empire of Alexander The Great= |

| +-----------------------------------------------------------------+

| =325= | |

| |323. Death of Alexander at Babylon. His empire split up among his|

| |generals after his death. Perdiccas became regent in Asia for |

| |Alexander’s half brother and his posthumous son. Antipater and |

| |Craterus shared the regency of the west. The other generals re- |

| |ceived lieutenancies: Ptolemæus, Egypt; Antigonus, Pamphylia, |

| |Phrygia and Lycia; Eumenes, Alexander’s secretary, Paphlygonia |

| |and Cappadocia; and Cassander, Caria; Leonnatus, Phrygia on the |

| |Hellespont. |

| | |

| |323-301. WARS OF ALEXANDER’S SUCCESSORS FOR HIS ASIATIC |

| |DOMINIONS. The first partition of the empire was made 322, but |

| |twenty-two years elapsed before peace was concluded between the |

| |contending claimants. |

| | |

| |_KINGDOMS AND STATES which arose upon the DIVISION OF THE |

| |MACEDONIAN EMPIRE AT THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT._ |

| | |

| | /------------\ /------------\ /--------------\ /-----------\ |

| | =Egypt= =Palestine= =Phrygia, Lycia, =Syria= |

| | Pamphylia= |

+-------+----------------+----------------+---------------+---------------+

| :323. Ptolemy I. :323. Annexed : : |

| :Soter, the son :with Phœnicia to: :321. The King- |

| :of Lagus. :Syria. : :dom of the |

| : : : :Seleucidæ |

| :320. Ptolemy : :320. Phrygia, :founded by |

| :makes himself : :Lycia, Pamphy- :SELEUCUS |

| :master of Cyprus: :lia fell to the:NICATOR, who |

| :and Syria. : :share of Anti- :received Baby- |

| : : :gonus, who de- :lon as his |

| : : :feats Eumenes :province. |

| : : :and makes him- : |

| : : :self master of : |

| : : :all Asia Minor.: |

| : : : : |

| : : :315. Formation : |

| : :312. Capture of :of a league :312. Syria |

| : :Jerusalem by :against Anti- :ruled by |

| : :Ptolemy. Colony :gonus by :Seleucus |

| : :of Jews in :Ptolemy, Cas- :Nicator; he |

| : :Alexandria. :sander, :takes Babylon. |

| : : :Seleucus, and :Era of the |

| : :311-301. Subject:Lysimachus. :Seleucidæ. |

| :305. Ptolemy :to Antigonus. : : |

| :assumes the : : : |

| :regal title of :301. Again under:301. Battle of :301. After the |

| :Egypt. :Egypt. :Ipsus. Anti- :battle of |

| : : :gonus killed. :Ipsus, Seleucus|

| :Alexandria be- : : :gains the pro- |

| :gins a great : : :vinces of |

| :period. : : :Syria, Cappado-|

| : : : :cia, Mesopota- |

| : : : :mia, and |

| : : : :Armenia. |

| : : : : |

| |301. AFTER THE BATTLE OF IPSUS ALEXANDER’S EMPIRE WAS AGAIN |

| |DIVIDED INTO FOUR CHIEF PARTS. |

| +----------------+----------------+-------------------------------+

| | =Egypt= : =Palestine= | =Seleucid Kingdom= |

| +----------------+----------------+-------------------------------+

| =300= :The empire of :300. Canon of | |

| :the Ptolemies :Old Testament, |299. Seleucus built or improved|

| :extended over :under Simon the |a great number of cities in- |

| :Egypt, Libya, :Just. |cluding Antioch, Seleucia, |

| :Cyrene, Arabia : |Apamea, and Laodicea. |

| :Pettræa, Judæa, : | |

| :Phœnicia, Damas-: | |

| :cus, and Cyprus.: | |

| :Golden age of : | |

| :the Ptolemies. : |287. Seleucus defeats Demetrius|

| : :284. The |Poliorcetes and keeps him |

| :283-247. PTOLEMY:_Septuagint_ |prisoner. |

| :II. Philadel- :translation of | |

| :phus, the most :the _Old Testa- |280. Antiochus I. succeeds |

| :magnificent of :ment_, begun at |Seleucus. |

| :the Egyptian :Alexandria, by | |

| :kings, is asso- :order of Ptolemy|278-250. Nicomedes I. |

| :ciated by his :Philadelphus. | |

| :father in the : |277. Gauls (Galatia) invaded |

| :kingdom. : |Asia Minor. |

| :Canal of : | |

| :Arsinoë. : | |

| :Obelisk. : | |

| : : | |

| :273. Ambassadors: | |

| :sent to Rome. : | |

| : : | |

| :272. Roman : | |

| :embassy sent to : | |

| :Egypt. : | |

+-------+----------------+----------------+-------------------------------+

V. FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE PUNIC OR CARTHAGINIAN WARS TO THE FOUNDING

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, 264-30, B. C.

GREAT EVENTS OF PERIOD. 300-200: Rome mistress of Italy; then,

victorious over Carthage, extends her influence to Greece and Spain.

Peasant proprietors replaced by slaves in Italy. 200-100: Greece,

Macedonia, Carthage, and Spain under Roman rule; decline of the

Roman Oligarchy; the Gracchi begin the democratic revolution which

ends in the empire. Eastern luxury introduced among the Romans.

100-1: The Romans govern all the countries around the Mediterranean.

Roman Oligarchy is followed by establishment of the empire.

+-------+---------------+-----------------+----------------+----------------+

+-------+---------------+-----------------+----------------+----------------+

| | |(264-146) | | |

| | | | | |

| | | (287-212).| | |

| =250= | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | (247-183).| |226. Athens | |

| =225= | | |freed from Mace-| |

| |succeeds |Po. | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| =200= | | |200-197. SECOND | |

| | | |Cynoscephalæ by |nia. |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| =175= | |dued. | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| =150= | | | |150. Dissensions|

| | | +----------------+----------------+

| |_A Roman pro- | |

| |vince._ | |

| +---------------+ |

| | =IV. Epoch of the Civil Wars= |

| | Down to the Absolute Rule of Octavian, After the |

| | Battle of Actium. |

| | |

| | AFFAIRS IN THE WEST : AFFAIRS AND CIVIL : AFFAIRS IN THE EAST |

| | : WARS IN ROME : |

| | : : |

| |146-140. War with : : |

| |Viriathus, the gallant:A struggle arises be- : |

| |leader of the Lusita- :tween the aristocracy : |

| |ni, who maintains a :(the nobiles and : |

| |six years’ war with :optimates, or rich : |

| |Rome. :families of senators : |

| | :and magistrates) and : |

| |145. Æmilianus is sent:the plebs, or common : |

| |against Viriathus. :people. : |

| | : : |

| |143-133. NUMANTINE WAR: : |

| |of ten years. : : |

| | : : |

| |140. Viriathus is : : |

| |treacherously mur- :133-121. CIVIL :133. Pergamus be- |

| |dered, and Lusitania :TROUBLES UNDER THE :queathed to Rome by |

| |becomes a Roman pro- :GRACCHI. :Attalus III. |

| |vince. : : |

| | :130. The Tribunes ob- : |

| |128. Flaccus reduces :tain a seat and the : |

| |the Transalpine :right of voting in the: |

| |Ligurians. :senate. : |

| |_Increase of Roman : : |

| |power in Transalpine : : |

| |Gaul._ : : |

| =125= | : : |

| | :123. Tribunate of : |

| |122. Aix, the first :CAIUS GRACCHUS. Re- : |

| |Roman colony in Gaul. :newal of the Agrarian : |

| | :Law. : |

| |_Gaul a Roman pro- : : |

| |vince._ :121. General struggle : |

| | :in the city. C. :118. Death of |

| | :Gracchus and 3000 :Micipsa, King of |

| | :citizens killed. :Numidia, and assassi-|

| | :_Triumph of the :nation of Hiempsal by|

| | :aristocracy._ :Jugurtha. |

| | : : |

| |113-101. CIMBRIAN WAR.: : |

| |The Cimbrians and : :111-106. JUGURTHINE |

| |Teutones migrate along: :WAR. Mummius and |

| |the Danube to the : :Metellus take part in|

| |boundaries of Illyria.: :it; and Marius ends |

| | : :it by the capture of |

| | : :Jugurtha, 106. |

| =100= | : : |

| | : :96. Cyrene bequeathed|

| | : :to the Romans by |

| | : :Apion. |

| | : : |

| | : :92. Sulla settles the|

| |91-88. MARSIAN OR SOCIAL WAR which costs the :affairs of Asia |

| |lives of 300,000 men; and ends in the conces-:Minor. |

| |sion of the rights and privileges of Roman : |

| |citizenship to the Italian states. : |

| | : : |

| | :88-82. FIRST ROMAN :88-63. WARS WITH |

| |83-72. Sertorius, the :CIVIL WAR OF MARIUS :MITHRIDATES THE |

| |opponent of Sulla, :AND SULLA. Sulla ob- :GREAT, KING OF |

| |goes into Spain, be- :tains the command :PONTUS. |

| |comes general of the :against Mithridates. : |

| |Lusitani. :Marius by an alliance : |

| | :with Sulpicius and the: |

| | :people. Sulla is : |

| | :created perpetual : |

| | :dictator. : |

| | : : |

| | : _CICERO_ (106-43).: |

| | : : |

| | :79-78. Abdication and : |

| |78. War with Rome. :death of Sulla. : |

| | :_Rising splendor of : |

| | :Rome. Marble theater : |

| | :of Saurus for 80,000 : |

| | :spectators. Magnifi- : |

| | :cent houses of the : |

| | :Roman nobles. Library : |

| | :of Lucullus._ : |

| | : :74. Bithynia be- |

| | :73-71. WAR WITH SPAR- :queathed to Rome by |

| |72. The Helvetii and :TACUS the gladiator, :King Nicomedes III. |

| |other tribes, under :at the head of 70,000 : |

| |Ariovistus, advance :slaves in Italy. Con- :66. Pompey in Asia, |

| |into Gaul, but are :cluded by Crassus and :about the Caucasus, |

| |defeated by JULIUS :Pompey. :65, in Syria, 64. |

| |CÆSAR, 58. : :Settles the affairs |

| | :65-62. Catiline’s con-:of Asia, 63. |

| | :spiracy suppressed by : |

| | :the vigilance of : |

| | :Cicero. : |

| | : : |

| | :60. FIRST TRIUMVIRATE:: |

| | :Cæsar, Pompey and : |

| | :Crassus. : |

| |58-51. GALLIC WAR. : : |

| |Cæsar’s eight cam- : : |

| |paigns in Gaul--he : : |

| |arrests the invasion : : |

| |of the Helvetii and : : |

| |expels the Germans. : : |

| | : : |

| |55. First invasion of : : |

| |Britain, and expedi- : : |

| |tion into Germany. : : |

| | : : |

| |54. Second invasion of: :54-53. Parthian War, |

| |Britain. : :in which Crassus is |

| | : :slain. |

| |54-53. Cæsar crosses : : |

| |the Rhine, but is un- : : |

| |successful in his : : |

| |attack upon the : : |

| |Germans. : : |

| =50= | : : |

| |49-31. SECOND ROMAN CIVIL WAR between Cæsar : |

| |and Pompey: Cæsar crosses the Rubicon with : |

| |6,000 men, and in sixty days makes himself : |

| |master of Italy. Cæsar marches into Spain, : |

| |and forces Pompey’s troops to surrender. : |

| | : : |

| | :48. Cæsar gains the : |

| | :decisive victory of : |

| | :=Pharsalla= over : |

| | :Pompey, who flees into: |

| | :Egypt and is there : |

| | :slain. : |

| | : : |

| | : _VIRGIL_ (70-19).: |

| | : : |

| | :47. Cæsar in Asia. War with Pharnaces, King |

| | :of Bosporus, (“veni, vidi, vici.”) |

| | : : |

| | :46. AFRICAN WAR: defeat of Scipio and Juba |

| | :at Thapsus. Cato kills himself at Utica. |

| | :Cæsar returns to Rome. Dictator for ten |

| | :years. |

| | : : |

| |45. War in Spain: defeat of Pompey’s two sons: |

| |at Munda--Cæsar returns to Rome--Perpetual : |

| |dictator, and Consul for ten years. : |

| | : : |

| | :44. Plans an expedi- : |

| | :tion against the : |

| | :Parthians, but is : |

| | :assassinated in the : |

| | :senate house by : |

| | :Brutus, Cassius, and : |

| | :other conspirators, on: |

| | :the ides of March. : |

| | :Antony and Octavianus : |

| | :(Cæsar’s heir) obtain : |

| | :the upper hand in : |

| | :Rome. : |

| | : : |

| | :SECOND TRIUMVIRATE: : |

| | :Antony, Octavianus, : |

| | :and Lepidus. : |

| | : : |

| | :42. Civil war of the : |

| | :triumvirate against : |

| | :the republicans-- : |

| | :Philippi--death of : |

| | :Brutus and Cassius. : |

| | : : |

| | :41-30. Quarrels of the: |

| | :Oligarchy. : |

| | : : |

| | :36. Defeat and death :36. Marcus Antonius |

| | :of Pompey. :invades Parthia but |

| | : :is compelled to re- |

| | : :treat with loss. |

| | : : |

| | : :34. Antony subdues |

| | :33-30. Civil war be- :Armenia. |

| | :tween Octavianus and : |

| | :Antony. : |

| | : : |

| | :31. Defeat of Antony at Actium. Cæsar gains |

| | :his fleet and army--death of Antony. |

| | : |

| | :OCTAVIANUS CÆSAR sole master of the repub- |

| | :lic. |

| | : |

| |30. PERIOD OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE BEGINS. HISTORY OF THE EMPIRE IS NOW|

| |PRACTICALLY THAT OF THE CIVILIZED WORLD, DIVIDED INTO LATIN, GREEK |

| |AND ORIENTAL PROVINCES. |

+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

|=B. C.=| =Seleucid Empire= | =Palestine= : =Egypt= |

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

| |261. Revolt of | : |

| =250= |Parthians from | The : |

| |Seleucid rule. | :247-30. Ptolemy III.,|

| |Parthian kingdom | Jews :Euergetes. Extended |

| |formed. | :his empire by con- |

| =225= | | remained :quests in Mesopota- |

| |223. ANTIOCHUS III., | :mia, Babylonia, |

| |the Great, ruled | subject :Persia, Susiana, and |

| |Syria, Phœnicia to | :Media, and extends |

| |Egypt. | to :his influence as far |

| | | :as Thrace and Mace- |

| |217. Antiochus III. | Egypt :donia. |

| |defeated by Ptolemy | : |

| |Philopater in the | down : |

| |battle of Raphia. | : |

| | | to : |

| |212-206. Campaigns in| : |

| |Upper Asia against | B. C. :205. Ptolemy V., |

| |the Parthians and | :Epiphanes. Lost most |

| |Bactrians. | 203, :of the cities of |

| | | :Palestine and Phœni- |

| | | in :cia to Antiochus and |

| | | :he cities of the |

| | | comparative :Hellespont to Philip |

| | | :V. of Macedon. Egypt |

| | | peace. :assisted by Rome. |

| | | : |

| | :203. Judæa submits to: |

| | :Antiochus the Great. |_Roman influence pre-|

| | : |vails from this time_|

| =200= | : | |

| |198. Antiochus de- :198. The Jews assist | |

| |feats the Egyptians :Antiochus in ex- | |

| |under Scopas in a :pelling Scopas and | |

| |great battle in :the Egyptian troops | |

| |Palestine. :from Jerusalem; final| |

| | :establishment of the | |

| |195. Hannibal flees :Syrian power in | |

| |to Antiochus III. :Palestine. |193. Ptolemy marries |

| | : |the daughter of |

| |192. Syria at war : |Antiochus the Great. |

| |with Rome. : | |

| | : | |

| |190. Scipio Asiaticus: | |

| |defeats Antiochus : | |

| |III. at Magnesia and : | |

| |compels him to cede : | |

| |all of Asia Minor : | |

| |excepting Cilicia. : | |

| | : | |

| |189. ARMENIA revolts : | |

| |from the Seleucid : | |

| |rule and establishes : | |

| |its independence. : | |

| | : | |

| |187. Antiochus III. : |187. Ptolemy renews |

| |killed; succeeded by : |his alliance with the|

| |Seleucus IV. : |Achæans. |

| |Philopator. : | |

| | : |181-146. Ptolemy VI. |

| =175= |175-164. Antiochus :175. Deposition of |(Philometor). |

| |IV. Epiphanes. :the high priest | |

| |Universally hated and:Onias. | |

| |despised. : | |

| | : | |

| |171. Invades Egypt, : |171-168. War with |

| |and gains a victory : |Antiochus Epiphanes. |

| |at Pelusium. : | |

| | : | |

| |170. Another victory.:170. Tyranny of | |

| |Subjugation of Egypt :Antiochus. | |

| |as far as Alexandria.: | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| |150-125. Demetrius |to 130._ | |

| | | | |

| |126. | | |

| | | | |

| =125= | | | |

| | | | |

| =100= | | | |

| | | | |

| +---------------------+---------------------+ |

| :By the absorption of : | |

| :Syria, Rome comes : | |

| :into touch with the : | |

| :Parthian power. : | |

| : :54. Crassus pillages | |

| :52. Parthians overrun:the Temple. | |

| =50= :Syria and threaten : | |

| :Antioch. :48. Antipater, by the|48. ALEXANDRINE WAR. |

| : :influence of Julius |Ptolemy perishes in |

| : :Cæsar, he is ap- |the contest, and the |

| : :pointed procurator of|crown falls to |

| : :Judæa. |CLEOPATRA, who reigns|

| : : |jointly with Ptolemy |

| : : |II. |

| : : | |

| : : |44. Cleopatra removes|

| :40. Parthians invade : |her brother by |

| :Syria, take Antioch :38. Herod, his second|poison. |

| :and Sidon, plunder :son, rises to power | |

| :Jerusalem and advance:by the friendship of | |

| :as far as the Medi- :Antony and is ap- | |

| :terranean. :pointed king. | |

| : : | |

| : :37. He takes posses- | |

| : :sion of Jerusalem and|36. Cleopatra obtains|

| : :Judæa. |from Antony grant of |

| : : |Phœnicia, Cyrene and |

| : : |Cyprus. |

| : : | |

| : : |30. Dies by her own |

| : : |hand. |

| : : | |

| : : |_A Roman province._ |

| : : +---------------------+

| :30. PERIOD OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE BEGINS. HISTORY OF THE EMPIRE IS |

| :NOW PRACTICALLY THAT OF THE CIVILIZED WORLD, DIVIDED INTO LATIN, |

| :GREEK AND ORIENTAL PROVINCES. |

+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+

|=B. C.=| =Parthia= |=China, India, Japan=|

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+

| =250= |250-248. Arsaces I. | |

| |founds the kingdom of| |

| =225= |Parthia, having | |

| |killed Agathocles, |221-210. China: Chi- |

| |and expelled the |Huang-Ti, first uni- |

| |Macedonians. |versal emperor. GREAT|

| | |WALL BUILT. |

| |216. Arsaces III., | |

| |King of Persia. |206. China: The dy- |

| | |nasty of Han founded;|

| | |it lasts until 221 |

| | |A. D. _One of the |

| | |most brilliant |

| | |periods in the |

| | |history of China._ |

| =200= | | |

| | |199-138. India: So- |

| |196. Arsaces IV., |called “Greek Kings.”|

| |King of Parthia. | |

| | | |

| |181-174. Arsaces V., | |

| |conquers the Mardians| |

| |on the Caspian. | |

| =175= | | |

| |174-136. Mithridates | |

| |I., raises Parthia to|166. China: Tartar |

| |an exalted rank. |invasion. |

| =150= | | |

| | |140. China: VOUTI, |

| |138. The invasion of |Emperor, Great Ruler.|

| |Demetrius II. of |Invasion of Huns. |

| |Syria. | |

| | | |

| |128. Invasion of | |

| |Antiochus. Parthian | |

| |empire is hencefor- | |

| |ward freed from the | |

| |attacks of the Syrian| |

| |kings. | |

| =125= | | |

| |124-87. Mithridates | |

| |II., restores tran- | |

| |quillity to the East | |

| |after a long succes- | |

| |sion of bloody wars. | |

| |He meets with a | |

| |powerful rival in | |

| |Tigranes I., King of | |

| |Armenia. | |

| =100= | | |

| | |97-30. Japan: Sujin, |

| |92. First public |Mikado. Important |

| |transaction between |reforms. |

| |_Rome and Parthia_. | |

| | | |

| |68-60. Arsaces XII. | |

| |contemporary with the| |

| |third Mithridatic | |

| |War. | |

| | | |

| |54. First war with | |

| |Rome caused by the | |

| |invasion of Crassus. | |

| | | |

| |52-51. The Parthians | |

| |invade Syria. | |

| =50= | | |

| | |40. India: Trade with|

| |38. Arsaces XV. |Greece, Rome, Egypt, |

| | |China, and the East. |

| |36. Defeats Antony. |Period of Hindu |

| | |power. |

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+

VI. FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE UNDER AUGUSTUS TO ITS

PERMANENT DIVISION, B. C. 30-395, A. D.

GREAT EVENTS OF THE PERIOD: Rome mistress of the world. The Augustan

Age. Golden Age of Roman literature. 1-100, A. D.: Christianity

founded amid persecutions. Parthia a powerful state but unequal

rival of Rome. 100-200: Zenith of Roman Empire. The good emperors.

Persecutions of the Christians continue. 200-300: Emperors chosen by

the army. Germanic tribes on Roman borders. Persecutions continue.

300-400: Constantine moves the capital of the empire to

Constantinople, and professes Christianity. Rise of Christian

Monasticism. Great church disputes. Germanic incursions and

settlements. The Roman Empire reaches its greatest territorial

extent.

+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+

|=B. C.=| =The Roman Empire--In Europe, Asia and Africa--Under Augustus :

| | Cæsar, Emperor= :

+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+

| |31-14. Cæsar Octavianus Augustus. The surname Augustus (the Illus- :

| |trious, the Sublime), which was given Octavianus by the Senate in :

| |27 B. C., is the name by which he was known as sole ruler of the :

| |Roman world. :

| | :

| | =Countries Subject to Roman : =Age of Augustus= :

| | Dominion= : :

| | : :

| |IN EUROPE:--_Spain_, _Gaul_, :27-25. Expedition of Augustus :

| |_Britain_, _Italy_, _Rhætia_, :against the Cantabri and Astures.:

| |_Vindelicia_, _Noricum_, : :

| =25= |_Pannonia_, _Illyria_, _Greece_, :25. Expedition to Arabia, without:

| |_Macedonia_, _Thrace_, _Mœsia_, :results, conducted by C. Ælius :

| |_Dacia_. :Gallus, prefect of Egypt. :

| | : :

| |IN ASIA:--_Asia Minor_, _Syria_, :22-21. Successful war against the:

| |_Phœnicia_, _Palestine_, _the :Ethiopians, by Petronius, the :

| |northern and eastern coasts of :successor of Gallus in Egypt. :

| |the Black Sea_, _Armenia_, : :

| |_Mesopotamia_, _Assyria_. :20. Campaign of Augustus against :

| | :the Parthians. Tigranes was re- :

| |IN AFRICA:--_Egypt_, _and the :instated in the kingdom of :

| |whole of the northern coast_. :Armenia. :

| | : :

| |Its distant territories were :19. Subjugation of Spain com- :

| |_Scandia_, _Sarmatia_, _India_, :pleted. :

| |_Æthiopia_, and _Galatia_; Rome : :

| |itself being the common center of:15. Rhætia made a Roman province,:

| |the whole. :along with Vindelicia (now Augs- :

| | :burg) and Noricum. :

| +---------------------------------+ :

| | =German Nations= |12-9. Drusus undertook four cam- :

| =1 +---------------------------------+paigns in Germany proper. :

| A. D.=| | :

| | |4-6. Campaigns of Tiberius in :

| |6-9. Varus, in his camp on the |Germany. :

| |Weser, governs Lower Germany as a| :

| |Roman province. |7. Germanicus is sent into :

| | |Germany. :

| |9. Hermann, or Arminius defeats | :

| |Varus at =Winfield-Lippe=. Teu- | :

| |tonic independence established by| :

| |the defeat of the Roman legions. | :

| |The line drawn between the | :

| |Germanic and Latin races. | :

| | | :

| |14-17. Expedition of Germanicus. |14-37. Tiberius (Claudius Nero), :

| | |step-son of Augustus. :

| =25= |_The Romans from this time main- | :

| |tain military power on the right |37-41. Caligula (properly, Gaius :

| |bank of the Rhine and from the |Cæsar Germanicus), youngest son :

| |Maine to the Danube._ |of Germanicus. :

| | | :

| | |41-54. Claudius (Tiberius :

| | |Claudius Nero), son of Drusus, :

| | |influenced largely by 1, the :

| | |shameless Messalina; 2, the :

| | |ambitious Agrippina. :

| | | :

| | |43. Commencement of the conquest :

| | |of Britain. :

| | | :

| =50= |50. Colony of Claudius. Agrippa | :

| |(Cologne) founded. |54-68. Nero (Nero Claudius Cæsar :

| | |Augustus Germanicus). Destroys :

| | |Britannicus and all the Julian :

| | |family. :

| | | :

| | |59-62. Murders his wife and :

| | |mother. :

| | | :

| | |64. Fire at Rome, followed, :

| | | :

| | |65. by the persecution of the :

| | |Christians. :

| | | :

| | |68. Death of Nero, and extinction:

| | |of the house of Cæsar. :

| | | :

| |69-70. Revolt of the Batavians in|69-79. VESPASIANUS, (Titus :

| |Belgian Gaul. |Flavius Vespasianus), one best of:

| | |Roman princes. Eruption of :

| | |Vesuvius and destruction of :

| | |Herculaneum, Pompeii and Stabiæ. :

| | | :

| | |86-107. DACIAN WARS. :

| | | :

| | | _PLUTARCH_ (50?-120?):

| | | :

| | |98-117. TRAJAN (Marcus Ulpius :

| | |Traianus). Excellent ruler and :

| | |general. Magnificent buildings in:

| | |Rome (Forum Traianum) and :

| | |throughout the empire. :

| =100= | | :

| | |101-103. Victorious over the :

| |106. Dacia a Roman province. The |Dacians. :

| |country is filled with Roman | :

| |colonists. Origin of the Latin |107. Reduction of part of Arabia.:

| |language in Hungary. | :

| | |114-116. War with the Parthians, :

| | |in which Rome is victorious. :

| | |Armenia and Mesopotamia Roman :

| | |provinces. :

| | | :

| | | PERIOD OF GREATEST EXTENT OF :

| | | THE EMPIRE. :

| | | :

| | |117-138. Hadrian (Publius Ælius :

| | |Hadrianus) a lover of peace, an :

| | |excellent administrator, learned :

| | |and vain. :

| | | :

| | |117. Gives up the provinces of :

| | |Armenia, Mesopotamia and Assyria.:

| +---------------------------------+---------------------------------+

| | =German Nations= | =The Roman Empire--In Europe, :

| | | Asia and Africa= :

| +---------------------------------+---------------------------------+

| |121. Roman wall from the Rhine to|121. Builds a wall across the :

| |the Danube by Hadrian. |north of England. :

| =125= | | :

| | |131. Improves Roman juris- :

| | |prudence. :

| | | :

| | |138-161. ANTONINUS PIUS, whose :

| |140. =The Goths migrate south- |reign was the happiest period of :

| |wards.= |the Roman empire. :

| =150= | | :

| | |161-180. MARCUS AURELIUS, (Marcus:

| | |Aurelius Antoninus), a wise and :

| | |active sovereign, highly :

| | |educated, a stoic philosopher. :

| | | :

| | |162-165. Verus successful against:

| | |the Parthians. :

| | | :

| | |166. The Marcomanni, with their :

| |167-180. War of the league |allies, penetrate as far as :

| |against Rome. |Aquileia. :

| | | :

| |170. Invasion of Illyria as far | :

| =175= |as Aquileia. | :

| | |178. The Marcomanni and their :

| | |allies renew the war with Rome, :

| | |and before the close of it M. :

| | |Aurelius dies, 180, at Sirmium. :

| | | :

| | |193-284. CIVIL WARS OF THE ROMAN :

| | |EMPIRE. :

| | | :

| | | =Period of Military Despotism= :

| | | :

| +----------------+----------------+193-211. Septimius Severus. Im- :

| | =Franks= : =Goths= |provements in the administration :

| +----------------+----------------+of justice through the jurist :

| =200= |The name of :200. The Goths |Papinianus. :

| |Franks, (or free:enter Dacia, and| :

| |men), was given :after crossing |208. Expedition to Britain :

| |to a military :the Danube |against the Scots. :

| |confederacy of :attack the Roman| :

| |the lower Rhine :provinces. |211-217. CARACALLA, (Antoninus :

| |and the Weser. : |Bassianus). By the Constitutio :

| | : |Antoniana Roman citizenship was :

| | : |conferred upon all the inhabi- :

| | : |tants of the provinces. Systemat-:

| | : |ic plundering of the provinces, :

| | : |unsuccessful wars against the :

| | : |Goths in Dacia, cruel treatment :

| | : |of the inhabitants of Alexandria.:

| | : |Plundering expedition against the:

| | : |Parthians. :

| | : | :

| | : |222-235. SEVERUS ALEXANDER. Ex- :

| =225= | : |cellent ruler, advised by the :

| | : |jurists Domitius Ulpianus and :

| | : |Julius Paullus. :

| | :236-237. They | :

| |238. They invade:invade lower | :

| |Gaul. :Mœsia, and exact|248. Celebration of the thou- :

| | :tribute of the |sandth anniversary of the founda-:

| | :Romans. |tion of Rome. :

| | : | :

| =250= | :250. The Goths, | :

| | :under their | :

| | :king, Ostro- | :

| | :gotha, for the | :

| | :first time force| :

| | :their way into | :

| | :the Roman Empire| :

| | :by crossing the | :

| | :Danube. | :

| | : | :

| | :258-69. Four | :

| | :great expedi- |268-270. Claudius II. raised to :

| | :tions of the |the throne by the soldiers. :

| | :Goths into Asia | :

| | :Minor and |270-275. AURELIANUS. He concluded:

| | :Greece. |peace with the Goths by the sac- :

| | : |rifice of the province of Dacia. :

| | :272. They are |He defeated Zenobia in two :

| | :driven from |battles, at Antiochia and at :

| | :Illyricum and |Edessa, subdued Syria, besieged :

| | :Thrace, and de- |and destroyed Palmyra, captured :

| | :feated also on |Zenobia, and reconquered Egypt, :

| | :the Danube. |273. Aurelian called “Restorer of:

| | : |the universal Empire.” :

| | :274. They obtain| :

| =275= | :Dacia from the |275. Tacitus, Imperator. He de- :

| | :Romans. |feated the Alani, who had invaded:

| | : |Asia Minor. :

| | :The Goths, in | :

| | :their progress |276-282. Probus. Drove back the :

| |277. Extraordi- :southward, are |Franks, Burgundians, Alamanni and:

| |nary naval expe-:joined by count-|Vandals, entered Germany, and :

| |dition of the :less swarms of |strengthened the wall between the:

| |Thracian Franks,:barbarians and |Rhine and Danube. :

| |in the Mediter- :thus overwhelm | :

| |ranean and :the countries |282-283. Carus succeeded. Con- :

| |northern seas. :they invade. |quered the Sarmatians. :

| | : | :

| | : |284-305. Diocletianus proclaimed :

| |288. Maximian :Gothic monarchy |imperator by the soldiers. :

| |transplants a :on the banks of | :

| |part of them :the lower Danube| =Period of Absolute :

| |into Gaul. :and the northern| Imperialism.= :

| | :coast of the | :

| | :Black Sea. | :

| | : | :

| | :290. They con- | :

| |294. Repeated :quer the | :

| |migrations. :Burgundiones. | :

| =300= | : | :

| |306. Constantine: | :

| |defeats the : |308. Rebellion in Rome. Six :

| |Franks, who had : |emperors. :

| |invaded Gaul. : | :

| | : |310-323. WARS OF CONSTANTINE THE :

| | : |GREAT. :

| | : | :

| | : |323-337. CONSTANTINE, THE GREAT, :

| =325= | : |sole ruler. Christianity recog- :

| | : |nized by the State and favored at:

| | : |the expense of paganism. :

| | : | :

| | : |330. Seat of empire moved to :

| | : |Constantinople. :

| | : | :

| | : |337. On the death of Constantine :

| =350 | :350. Hermanric, |the Great, the empire was divided:

| |356-7. Franks :King of the |between his three sons: Constan- :

| |and Alemanni :Ostrogoths, |tine, Constans and Constantius. :

| |pour into Gaul. :founds an exten-| :

| | :sive empire. |361. JULIAN, called the Apostate.:

| | : |Disliked Christianity, and tried :

| | : |to restore paganism. :

| | : | :

| | : |364. Empire divided into East and:

| |365-371. Valen- : |West with an emperor ruling in :

| |tinian drives :366. The Goths |each. :

| |the Alemanni out:invade Thrace, | :

| |of Gaul. :but are defeated| | :

| | :by the generals | WEST | EAST :

| | :of Valens. Upon | | :

| | :the invasion of |364. |364. Valens, :

| | :the Huns, the |Valentinian I. |killed by Goths.:

| | :Ostrogoths sepa-| :

| | :rate from the | :

| | :Visigoths. | :

| | : | :

| =375= | :375. Death of |375-493. INVASION OF ROMAN EMPIRE:

| | :Hermanric and |BY NORTHERN BARBARIANS. :

| | :fall of his | :

| | :empire. |375. Gratian and| :

| | : |Valentinian II. | :

| | :376. The Visi- | | :

| | :goths pressed by| |379. Theodosius :

| | :the Huns, im- |383. Valentinian|I. Became a :

| | :plore the pro- |II. |Christian; kept :

| | :tection of | |back the Goths; :

| | :Valens, and | |divided Armenia :

| | :cross the Danube| |between Rome and:

| | :into Mœsia, | |Persia. :

| | :which he cedes | :

| | :to them. |394. The whole empire was, for :

| | : |the last time, reunited under :

| | : | :

| | : |394-395. THEODOSIUS. After his :

| | : |death the division of adminis- :

| | : |tration into an eastern and west-:

| | : |ern section, which had existed :

| | : |for a hundred years, became a :

| | : |permanent division of the empire.:

| | : | :

| | : |395. _DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE :

| | : |BETWEEN THE SONS OF THEODOSIUS, :

| | : |HONORIUS AND ARCADIUS._ :

+-------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------------+

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

|=B. C.=: =Roman Empire= | =Parthia= |=China, Japan, India=|

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

| : =Palestine= | | |

| +---------------------+ | |

| :30. Augustus bestows | |30. Japan: Suinin, a |

| :increase of territory| |great civilizer. |

| :on Herod. | | |

| : | | |

| :29. Herod kills his | | |

| :wife, Mariamne. | |27. India: Andhra |

| : | |kingdom very power- |

| =25= :25. Herod begins ex- |25. Tiridates aspires|ful. |

| :tensive building |to the sovereignty | |

| :operations in Judea: |but is defeated and | |

| :rebuilds Samaria, re-|takes refuge at the | |

| :constructs temple at |court of Augustus. | |

| :Jerusalem, 20-19. | | |

| : |20. Phraates restores| |

| : |the standards taken | |

| : |from Crassus. | |

| : | | |

| : |18. Sends his sons as| |

| :4. Birth of =Jesus |hostages to Rome. | |

| :Christ=. Date now | | |

| :generally accepted |_Gradual decline of | |

| :though not actually |the Parthian | |

| :certain. |Kingdom._ | |

| =1 +---------------------+ | |

| A. D.=: =The Christian | | |

| : Church= | | |

| +---------------------+ | |

| :6. Judea made a Roman| | |

| :province under a pro-| |21. India: |

| :curator. | |Gondophares, King of |

| =25= : |_Series of struggles |Kabul and Punjab. |

| :26. Pontius Pilate |for succession to the| |

| :becomes procurator of|throne for over one | |

| :Judea. |hundred years._ | |

| : | | |

| :28-29. Baptism of | | |

| :Jesus Christ and be- | | |

| :ginning of His public| | |

| :work. | | |

| : | | |

| :30. Crucifixion of | | |

| :Jesus Christ. | | |

| : | | |

| :35-36. ST. PAUL con- | | |

| :verted to Christiani-| | |

| :ty. | | |

| : | | |

| :42. ST. PETER, the | | |

| :Apostle, after | | |

| :filling the see of | | |

| :Antioch seven years, | | |

| :goes to Rome. | | |

| : | | |

| :49. Council of the | | |

| =50= :Apostles at Jerusa- |50. Vologeses I. | |

| :lem. | | |

| : |52. War against Rome | |

| :56. Paul arrested in |for the possession of| |

| :Jerusalem. |Armenia Minor. |58. China: Ming-Ti |

| : | |introduces Buddhism. |

| :59. Paul arrives in | | |

| :Rome. | | |

| : | | |

| :64. First traditional| | |

| :persecution of Chris-|65. Terminated at the| |

| :tians, by Nero. |death of Tigranes, | |

| : |when Tiridates ac- | |

| :66. Outbreak of |cepts the crown of | |

| :Jewish war. |Armenia from Nero. | |

| : | | |

| :67. Pope Linus. | | |

| :Vespasian despatched | | |

| :against the Jews. | | |

| : | | |

| :70. The destruction | | |

| :of Jerusalem by | |71-130. Japan: Keiko |

| :Titus. | |and Yamato-Dake make |

| : | |large conquests. |

| :72. Conquest of Judea| | |

| =75= :completed. | | |

| : |90. Death of | |

| :95. Second traditio- |Vologeses. Arsaces | |

| :nal persecution of |XXIV. in alliance | |

| :the Christians, by |with the Romans, em- | |

| :Domitian. |bellishes Ctesiphon. | |

| =100= : | | |

| : |107. Chosroes | |

| : |(Arsaces XXV.), im- |109. China: Conquest |

| :112-113. Third tra- |plicated in a war |of Korea. |

| :ditional persecution,|with Trajan on | |

| :by Trajan. |account of Armenia. | |

| : | | |

| : |117. Chosroes re- | |

| : PERIOD OF GREATEST |stored. | |

| : EXTENT OF THE | | |

| : EMPIRE. |121. Vologeses II., | |

| =125= : |(Arsaces XXVI.) |125. India: Nagar- |

| : | |Juna, great apostle |

| :145. Rise of the | |of Buddhism. |

| :Marcionites. |149. Vologeses III., | |

| =150= : |(Arsaces XXVII). Re- | |

| :154. Canon of Scrip- |newal of the war with| |

| :ture fixed about this|Rome. | |

| :time. JUSTIN MARTYR | | |

| :publishes his apology| | |

| :for the Christians. | | |

| : | | |

| :155. Martyrdom of | | |

| :Polycarp; appearance | | |

| :of Montanus. | | |

| : | | |

| :165. Death of Justin |165. Casius destroys | |

| :Martyr. |Seleucia. | |

| =175= : | | |

| :177. Fourth traditio-| | |

| :nal persecution, by | | |

| :Marcus Aurelius-- | | |

| :Irenæus becomes | | |

| :bishop of Lyons. | | |

| : | | |

| :180. Age of Theo- | | |

| :philus and Tatian. |191. Vologeses IV., | |

| : |(Arsaces XXVIII.) | |

| =200= : | | |

| : | |201-269. Japan: |

| : |207. Defeated by |JINGU-KOGO, most |

| : |Septimius Severus, |famous of Japanese |

| : |who sacks the chief |female sovereigns. |

| : |towns of Parthia. | |

| : | | |

| : |216. Artabanus IV., | |

| : |(Arsaces XXX), the |221-265. China: Epoch|

| : |last of the Arsacidæ.|of the “Three King- |

| : +---------------------+doms.” |

| : | =Persia= | |

| =225= : +---------------------+ |

| : |226-651. Dynasty of | |

| : |the Sassanides. | |

| : | | |

| : |226-240. Artaxerxes | |

| :235. Origen. Sixth |becomes the founder | |

| :persecution of the |of the new Persian | |

| :Christians, under |monarchy. | |

| :Maximinus. | | |

| : | | |

| :248. Cyprian becomes | | |

| :bishop of Carthage. | | |

| :Monastic life origi- | | |

| :nates about this | | |

| :time. Dispute between| | |

| :the churches of Rome | | |

| :and Africa about | | |

| :baptism. | | |

| =250= : | | |

| :251. Seventh persecu-| | |

| :tion of the Christi- | | |

| :ans, under Decius. | | |

| : | | |

| :257. Eighth persecu- |257. War against the | |

| :tion, under Valerian.|Romans: Sapor advan- | |

| : |ces as far as Cappa- | |

| :260. Paul, of |docia. The Emperor | |

| :Samosata, bishop of |Valerian taken | |

| :Antioch, denies the |prisoner. | |

| :divinity of Jesus | | |

| :Christ. | | |

| : | | |

| :270. MANES advocates |_The Sassanidæ, |270-310. Japan: OJIN,|

| :his doctrines in |claiming to be de- |a great warrior. |

| :Persia. |scendants of the | |

| : |ancient kings of | |

| :274. Ninth persecu- |Persia, form preten- | |

| =275= :tion, under Aurelian.|sions to all the | |

| : |Asiatic provinces of | |

| : |the Roman Empire._ | |

| : | | |

| : |292-301. Narses. | |

| =300= : | | |

| : |301-309. Hormisdas | |

| :303. Tenth persecu- |II., builds Ormus. | |

| :tion of the Christi- | | |

| :ans, by Diocletian. |305. Persecution of | |

| : |the Christians | |

| : |stopped by | |

| : |Constantius Chlorus. | |

| : | | |

| : |309-380. Sapor II | |

| :311. Pope Miltiades. |carries on a series | |

| :Constantine issues |of wars with Rome. |313. Japan: Nintoku, |

| :Edict of Toleration. | |the Sage Emperor. |

| : | | |

| :320. Strife of the | |320. India: |

| :Donatists in Africa. | |CHANDRAGUPTA, first |

| : | |supreme emperor of |

| =325= :325. The Council of | |India. |

| :Nice, consisting of |326. Persecution of |_Brilliant Gupta |

| :three hundred and |the Christians. |Period from 320 to |

| :eighteen bishops, who| |480._ |

| :condemn Arianism. | | |

| :ATHANASIUS, ARIUS, | | |

| :flourish in the reign| | |

| :of Constantine. | | |

| : | | |

| :337. Pope Julius I. |337-363. War with | |

| : |Rome. Sapor demands | |

| :340. Christianity |the restitution of | |

| :propagated in Ethio- |all the provinces | |

| :pia by Frumentius.-- |Persia had formerly | |

| :Gothic version of |possessed in Asia | |

| :Bible by Wulfila |Minor. | |

| :(Ulfilas). | | |

| =350= : | | |

| :352. Pope Liberius. | | |

| :Hilary of Poitiers.--|362-3. War with | |

| :Cyril, Bishop of |Julian, who is slain | |

| :Jerusalem. |in repulsing the | |

| : |Persians, on the | |

| :363. Jovian. Restored|Tigris. | |

| :Christianity. | | |

| : |372-420. Peace with | |

| =375= :375. Ambrose of |Rome. |375. India: |

| :Milan; Martin of | |Chandragupta II. ex- |

| :Tours. |380-383. ARTAXERXES |tended the empire. |

| : |II. | |

| :381. The second gene-| | |

| :ral council of |383-388. Sapor III. | |

| :Constantinople. |Division of Armenia | |

| :Gregory of Nazianzus |between Persia and | |

| :made patriarch of |Rome. | |

| :Constantinople. | | |

| : | | |

| :395. _DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE BETWEEN THE SONS OF THEODOSIUS, |

| :HONORIUS AND ARCADIUS._ |

+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+

VII. FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE MIDDLE AGES TO THE FORMATION OF THE

MOHAMMEDAN EMPIRE, 395-622 A. D.

GREAT EVENTS OF PERIOD. Invasion of the Germanic Tribes. Middle Ages

begin. Anglo-Invasion of Britain. 400-500: Fall of the Roman Empire.

Beginning of new states. 500-600: Great disorders in the West.

Beginnings of Feudalism; power of the clergy increases. In the East

the great reign of Justinian. 600-700: Rise and wonderful spread of

Mohammedanism from Arabia to Siude on the east, and Carthage on the

west. Christianizing of Germany.

+-------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+

|=A. D.=| =Britain= | =Western Part of the Roman Empire= |

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

| | =I. | | |

| =400= | | | |

| =425= |_The Scots and Picts | | |

| | (449-1066) | | |

| =450= | | |450. Dynasty of the |

| =475= | |Monarchy of Spain. | |

| | +---------------------+---------------------+

| | | _NEW NATIONS FORMED OUT OF THE ROMAN |

| | | EMPIRE_ |

| | +---------------------+---------------------+

| | +---------------------+---------------------+

| | +---------------------+---------------------+

| | | | |

| | | | |

| =500= | | |Clovis. He defeats |

| | |own. | |

| | | | |

| =525= | |the first Gothic king| |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| =550= | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| =575= |575. East-Anglia, is | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| =600= | | | |

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+

|=A. D.=| =Western Part of the Roman Empire= |

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

| | |402. | |

| =400= | | |400. CHRYSOSTOM, |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | |423-455. The greater |I. |

| =425= | |part of Gaul and | |

| =450= | | | |

| | | | |

| =475= | | | |

| +---------------------+---------------------+ |

| | _NEW NATIONS FORMED OUT OF THE ROMAN | |

| | EMPIRE_ | |

| +---------------------+---------------------+482. The Emperor Zeno|

| +---------------------+---------------------+_Henoticon_. |

| | | | |

| =525= | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | |533-555. WARS OF JUSTINIAN AGAINST THE |

| | |VANDALS AND OSTROGOTHS. |

| | | | |

| | |541. | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| =550= | | |pudiates the work of |

| | | | |

| | |568-752. The | |

| =575= | | | |

| =600= | | | |

| | | | |

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

+-------+---------------------------------+----------------+----------------+

+-------+---------------------------------+----------------+----------------+

| |ern Empire, also called the |399-420. | |

| =400= | | | |

| | | | |

| =425= | | |dynasty. |

| | | | |

| =450= | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| =475= |475. The Ostrogoths. THEODORIC | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| =500= | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| =525= | | | |

| | | | |

| |Persians at Daras. |531-579. | |

| | +----------------+ | |

| =550= | |550 |of Petra. | |

| | | | | |

| |Belisarius and |569-582. The | | |

| |570-600. The |them. | | |

| | | | | |

| =575= | | | | |

| |578-582. | | | |

| |Tiberius II. | |579-590. | |

| |582-602. | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | |591-628. |Dynasty of Suy. |

| | | | | |

+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+

VIII. FROM THE BEGINNING OF MOHAMMEDAN POWER TO THE TREATY OF VERDUN,

622-843 A. D.

GREAT EVENTS OF PERIOD. 700-800: Christianizing of Germany

continues. Hostile caliphates of Bagdad and Cordova. Mohammedan

advance in the West checked by Charlemagne, who nominally restores

the Western Roman Empire. Norman ravages begin. 800-900: Norman

ravages continue. Private wars. Charlemagne’s Empire falls to

pieces.

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

| | | | |

| =625= | | | |

| | | | |

| =675= |clines, but Wessex | | |

| =700= | | | |

| =725= | | | |

| | |1230. | |

| =750= | | | |

| | | | |

| =825= | |pendence of the | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | at |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

+-------+-------------------------------------------+---------------------+

|=A. D.=| =Franks and Germans= | =Italy and Church= |

+-------+-------------------------------------------+---------------------+

| |_The power of the mayors of the palaces in-| |

| =625= |creases by their being appointed regents |625-638. Honorius I. |

| |over the countries conquered by Clotaire._ |Much money spent in |

| | |building churches. |

| |628-633. Dagobert I., King of all the | |

| |Frankish realms. |_Africa and Asia, |

| | |with the churches of |

| |633. Death of Dagobert I., and long minori-|Jerusalem, Alexan- |

| |ty rule of his sons. |dria, and Antioch, |

| | |lost to the Christian|

| | |world by the progress|

| | |of Mohammedanism._ |

| | | |

| |636-687. Continued decline and final decay |636-652. Rotharis. |

| |of the Merovingians. | |

| | |_Legislation of |

| | |Rotharis and gradual |

| | |formation of the |

| | |Italian language._ |

| | | |

| | |Invasion of the |

| | |Slavs, who are re- |

| | |pulsed. |

| | | |

| | |649. POPE MARTIN I. |

| =650= | | |

| | |662. Grimoald, Duke |

| | |of Benevento, comes |

| | |to aid Gondebert, but|

| | |kills him and seizes |

| | |the crown. |

| | | |

| | |664. Roman Christia- |

| | |nity triumphs in |

| | |England at the |

| | |Council at Whitby. |

| =675= | | |

| | |680-681. The sixth |

| |687-714. Pipin, Mayor of the Palace. |general council at |

| | |Constantinople con- |

| |The Alemani, Bavarians, Frisons, Thuringi- |demns the Monothe- |

| |ans and Saxons, while France is occupied |lites. |

| |with the dissensions of the mayors of the | |

| |palace, shake off the Frankish yoke. |697. Venice begins to|

| | |have its Doges. |

| =700= | | |

| | |710. Emperor |

| | |Justinian II. con- |

| | |firms the Roman See |

| | |in its privileges. |

| | | |

| | |712. Constantine |

| | |opposes the emperor |

| | |Philippicus Bardanes |

| | |in the question of |

| | |the Monothelite |

| | |heresy. |

| | | |

| | |712-744. Luitbrand, a|

| | |great and virtuous |

| | |prince. Luitbrand |

| | |takes advantage of |

| | |the civil broils in |

| | |Italy, captures |

| | |Ravenna and several |

| | |cities from the pope.|

| | | |

| |715. Death of Pipin, succeeded after a long|715. Pope GREGORY II.|

| |struggle by his son. |engages in controver-|

| | |sy with the Emperor |

| |715-741. CHARLES MARTEL. Complete master of|Leo the Isaurian over|

| |the French monarchy. |image-worship. |

| | | |

| |720-729. The Arabs invade France, but are | |

| |several times defeated and driven back by |722. Boniface conse- |

| |Eudes, Duke of Aquitaine. |crated bishop of |

| | |Germany. |

| =725= | | |

| | |730. Gregory excommu-|

| | |nicates the emperor. |

| | | |

| | |731. Pope GREGORY |

| |732. Charles Martel gains the decisive |III. |

| |victory of =Tours= which saves the liber- | |

| |ties and religion of Europe. |749-756. Aistulf. |

| | | |

| | =Carlovingian Dynasty= | |

| =750= | | |

| |751. With Pipin the Short (741-768), | |

| |Charles Martel’s son, the Carolingians |752. He defeats the |

| |became kings of the Franks. |Greek exarchs, and |

| | |demands a tribute |

| | |from Rome. |

| | | |

| | END OF THE GREEK EXARCHATE |

| | | |

| |754-756. Pipin makes two expeditions into Italy and bestows the |

| |exarchate upon the pope, thus laying the foundation of the |

| |temporal power of the Papacy. |

| | | |

| | |756. Commencement of |

| | |the pope’s temporal |

| | |power under the aus- |

| | |pices of Pipin, who |

| | |bestows on Stephen |

| | |the exarchate of |

| | |Ravenna. Didier, the |

| | |last king, quarrels |

| | |with Pope Adrian, |

| | |772, at whose request|

| | |Charlemagne crosses |

| | |the Great St. Bernard|

| | |from Geneva, takes |

| | |Pavia, dethrones |

| | |Didier, and thus, |

| | |774, ENDS THE KINGDOM|

| | |OF THE LOMBARDS which|

| | |had lasted 206 years.|

| | | |

| |768-814. CHARLEMAGNE, and Carloman, the |768. Pope STEPHEN |

| |former one of the greatest monarchs, be- |III. |

| |comes sole ruler upon the death of | |

| |Carloman, 771. |772. Pope HADRIAN I.,|

| =775= | |whom Charlemagne con-|

| | |firms in possession |

| | |of Pipin’s donation. |

| | | |

| | |787. The seventh |

| | |general council at |

| | |Nice, in which the |

| | |doctrine of the |

| | |Iconoclasts was |

| | |condemned. |

| | | |

| | |795. Pope LEO III. |

| | |Image-worship con- |

| | |demned by Synod of |

| | |Frankfort. |

| | +---------------------+

| =800= |800. Charlemagne or Charles the Great crowned Emperor by Pope Leo|

| |III. The Holy Roman Empire founded. It included all France, |

| |Germany, Spain to the Ebro, Italy to Benevento, several isles of |

| |the Mediterranean, and the greater portion of Pannonia. |

| | |

| |806. Charlemagne divides the empire between his three sons, two |

| |of whom die, 810, 811. |

| | |

| |808. =Descent of the Normans or Northmen upon France.= Many |

| |bishoprics founded--Great increase of monastic institutions. |

| | |

| |813. National assembly at Aix. Louis co-ruler. Charlemagne dies |

| |there 814. |

| | |

| |814-840. Louis, the Pious, crowned emperor at Rheims, 816, by |

| |Pope Stephen IV. |

| | |

| |817. Louis divides the empire between his three sons, and, 823, a|

| |fourth, Lothaire, is associated in the empire. |

| | |

| |820. Second invasion of the Normans. |

| =825= | |

| |830. Rebellion of Louis’s three sons, and succession of quarrels |

| |between them till Louis’s death--Field of lies at Alsace, 833-- |

| |Louis is deposed, but soon restored. |

| | |

| |841. Battle of Frontenai between Lothaire, Charles and Louis; |

| |Louis is defeated. |

| | |

| |843. PARTITION OF THE CARLOVINGIAN EMPIRE AT VERDUN, _when |

| |properly begins the history of France, Germany and Italy as |

| |separate states_. |

| | |

| |The Treaty of Verdun was originally merely a family contract, |

| |made without regard to national differences. In Louis’ kingdom, |

| |however, the German element was in the majority; in that of |

| |Charles the Romance element prevailed. Thus there developed, in |

| |the course of the following centuries, from the East Frankish |

| |element the German, from the West Frankish the French nationali- |

| |ty. The East Franks called their language, in contrast to the |

| |Latin used by the educated clergy, the deutsche, i. e. the lan- |

| |guage of the people, and gradually those who spoke Deutsche came |

| |to be called Deutsche, or German. |

| +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

| +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

| | | | |

| | | | |

| |_The power of the monarchs declines, and the nobles become inde- |

| |pendent. The empire by the almost universal system of division |

| |and subdivision, is broken up into an immense number of feudal |

| |states._ |

+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

| | | | |

| =625= | |Arabia. | |

| | | | |

| | | |son_. |

| | | | |

| |632-1492. SARACEN OR MOHAMMEDAN WARS. |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | |and | |

| =650= | | | |

| | |653. Rhodes--complete+---------------------+

| | |destruction of the celebrated colossus. |

| | | |

| | |661-680. Moawiah makes Damascus his |

| |668-685. Constantine |capital, forms a navy; invades Sicily; |

| |IV. (Pogonatus.) |besieges Constantinople. |

| | | |

| |668-675. First siege | |

| |of Constantinople by | |

| |the Arabs--the Greek | |

| |fire saves the city. | |

| =675= | | |

| |680. Kingdom of the | |

| |Bulgarians founded | |

| |between the Danube | |

| |and the Balkan, lasts| |

| |till 1018, when it is| |

| |again a Greek pro- | |

| |vince. | |

| | | |

| |685. Justinian II. | |

| |breaks the truce with|696. Armenia subdued, and |

| |the Saracens, is de- | |

| |feated, and compelled|697-725. The provinces between the Black |

| |to relinquish |and Caspian Sea. |

| |Armenia. | |

| | |698. Carthage razed, and the north coast of|

| | |Africa completely subjugated. |

| =700= | | |

| | |711. Battle of Xeres destroyed the kingdom |

| | |of the Visigoths in Spain. |

| |718-741. Leo III., | |

| |the Isaurian. | |

| =725= | | |

| |726. Edict forbidding| |

| |image worship. | |

| | |732. Saracens defeated by Charles Martel at|

| | |Tours. |

| | | |

| =750= | |750. Savage civil wars among Saracens. |

| | |=Caliphate of Bagdad under the Abbasides= |

| | |(750-1258). |

| | | |

| | |755. Saracen Empire divided. Abderrahman, |

| | |escaped to Spain, and founded there the |

| | | |

| |756. The exarchate of|756. Caliphate of Cordova. |

| |Ravenna lost. | |

| | | |

| | |762. Bagdad becomes the seat of Caliphs the|

| | |center of commerce, and rises to great |

| | |opulence and splendor. |

| =775= | | |

| | |786. Haroun-al-Raschid, Caliph at Bagdad. |

| |787. Irene restores |The Empire broke into a number of separate |

| |the worship of |States at his death. |

| |images. | |

| | |_Arab art flourishing, and Arab civiliza- |

| |797-802. Irene reigns|tion at its zenith._ |

| |alone, after killing | |

| |her own son. | |

| =800= | | |

| |801. Negotiations | |

| |with Charlemagne | |

| |respecting a marriage| |

| |with him and a union | |

| |of the two empires. | |

| | | |

| |802. Irene is deposed| |

| |by Nicephorus, and | |

| |banished to Lesbos-- | |

| |died 803. | |

| | | |

| |802-811. Nicephorus. | |

| | | |

| |803-806. The Saracens defeat the Greeks, ravage Asia Minor, |

| |capture Cyprus, and compel Nicephorus to pay a tribute. |

| | | |

| |811. Nicephorus is | |

| |defeated and killed | |

| |by Crunnus, King of | |

| |the Bulgarians. | |

| | | |

| |813-820. Leo, the |813-833. Mamun. The reign of this prince |

| |Armenian. |may be regarded as the Augustan period of |

| | |Arabian literature. |

| |820-829. Michael II.,| |

| |the Stammerer. |Immediately after the reigns of Haroun-al- |

| | |Raschid and Mamun the power of the caliphs |

| |823. Crete lost to |began to decline. |

| =825= |the Arabs, and Sicily| |

| |to the African |827. Saracens landed in Sicily and gradual-|

| |Aglabites. |ly conquered it. |

| | | |

| |829-842. Theophilus. | |

| | |833. El Motassem, Caliph. _Struggle with |

| |837. Wars with the |Byzantine Empire continued throughout the |

| |Saracens. |century. Mohammedan rule firmly established|

| | |in Egypt._ |

| | | |

| | |840. Arabs sailed up the Tiber to Rome. |

| |842. Empress Theodora|Sacked St. Peter’s and St. Paul’s. |

| |restores image wor- | |

| |ship. | Though the political |

| | | |

| | | power of the |

| | | |

| | | Bagdad Caliphate |

| | | |

| | | continued to |

| | | |

| | | decline, during |

| | | |

| | | the whole of the ninth |

| | | |

| | | century the eastern |

| | | |

| |The empire, hard | capital continued |

| |pressed by Arabs, | |

| |Bulgarians, and | to be the |

| |Magyars. The Emperors| |

| |Nicephorus Phocas and| chief center of learning, |

| |John Zimisces, whom | |

| |Theophano, widow of | literature and culture |

| |Romanus II. (died | |

| |962), placed on the | in |

| |throne, partially re-| |

| |conquered the pro- | striking contrast |

| |vinces which the | |

| |Arabs and Bulgarians | with the |

| |had torn from the | |

| |empire. | west. |

+-------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+

=NOTE: The comparative outline of the History of Nations is

continued by Table IX.=

=EXTINCT NATIONS OF THE PAST=

[Illustration: =EGYPT’S STORY SCULPTURED IN ETERNAL ROCKS=

=THE SPHINX AND PYRAMIDS AT GIZEH=

This most mysterious of all Egyptian sculptures stands near the Second

Pyramid. The body of the Sphinx is one hundred and fifty feet long, its

paws are fifty feet and its height is seventy feet (See page 351).]

[Illustration: This wonderful temple at Abu-Simbel in Nubia is the most

northerly of a group of three, but is separated from the others by a

deep ravine. It was dedicated to the goddess Hathor, and built by

Rameses the Great in the side of a deep cliff. The portrait statues are

thirty-three feet in height and represent Aahmes and his queen

Nefertari.]

[Illustration: =ISRAEL IN EGYPT=--From a Painting by Sir Edward J.

Poynter

This picture portrays the hardships of the enslaved peoples in Pharaoh’s

time. Not only the Israelites but the Egyptians as well were forced into

service to build the great Pyramids to immortalize Egypt’s rulers.]

The Circle of Knowledge: A Classified, Simplified, Visualized Book of Answers · 第 498 / 1638 题