=Explanation of Abbreviations.=--Arab., _Arabian_; Brit., _British_;
Carthag., _Carthaginian_; Dan., _Danish_; Dut., _Dutch_; Egypt.,
_Egyptian_; Eng., _English_; Fr., _French_; Gen., _Genoese_; Ger.,
_German_; Ital., _Italian_; Norw., _Norwegian_; Port., _Portuguese_;
Rus., _Russian_; Scot., _Scotch_; Span., _Spanish_: Swed.,
_Swedish_; U. S., _United States_; Ven., _Venetian_.
B.C.1400-1250.--Egyptians make invasions of Habesh, Arabia, Phœnicia,
Syria.
B.C.1350(?).--Greeks undertake Argonautic expedition to Colchis.
B.C.1000.--Phœnicians voyage to Ophir, Gades, Britain.
B.C.750.--Greeks extend colonies in the Mediterranean and Pontus
Euxinus.
B.C.700.--Samians discover Spain (Tartessus) for the Greeks.
B.C.600.--Phœnicians circumnavigate Africa by order of Necho.
B.C.--Himilco (Carthag.) visits Atlantic coast of Europe, Sargasso Sea.
Said to have visited Britain.
B.C.500.--Anaximander (of Miletus) makes the first maps.
B.C.500.--Hecatæus (of Miletus) writes the first geography.
B.C.470.--Hanno (Carthag.) coasts west Africa as far as Cape Palmas.
B.C.330.--Pytheas of Massilia sails to Thule, North Sea, Scandinavia.
B.C.330.--Nearchus (Macedon.) sails from the Indus to Red Sea.
B.C.329-325.--Alexander the Great makes expedition to Iran, Turan and
India.
B.C.290.--Egyptians navigate the east coast of Africa.
B.C.218.--Hannibal crosses the Alps.
B.C.120 (_about_).--Eudoxus of Cyzicus attempts circumnavigation of
Africa.
B.C.61-58.--Romans, under Julius Cæsar in Gaul, Germany, and Britain.
B.C.30 (since).--Romans extend their geographical knowledge and commerce
as far as central Asia.
B.C.20--Strabo (Greek) describes Roman Empire and first mentions Thule
and Ireland.
B.C.15.--Tiberius discovers the Lake of Constance; Drusus, the Brenner
Pass.
A.D.84.--Roman general, Agricola, circumnavigates Britain.
150.--Claudius Ptolemy (Egypt.) constructs his geography and atlas.
518-21.--Hoei-sing (Chinese) visits Pamirs and Punjab.
671-95.--I-tsing (Chinese) visits Java, Sumatra and India.
861.--Norsemen discover the Faroe Islands. North Cape of Europe rounded.
865.--Naddod (Norse) discovers Iceland. Visited by Irish monks about
795.
876.--Gunnbjörn (Norse) reaches Greenland coast. Rediscovered by Erik
the Red (983).
985.--Erik the Red (Norse) colonizes Greenland.
1000(?).--Lief Erikson (son of Erik the Red) discovers Newfoundland
(Helluland), Nova Scotia (Markland), and coast of New England
(Vinland)[?].
1154.--Edrisi (Sicily), geographer to King of Sicily, produces his
geography.
1200 (_about_)--Arabian trading merchants discover Siberia.
1253.--Ruysbroek reaches Karakorum, the ancient seat of the Mongol
Empire.
1271-95.--Marco Polo (Venet.) travels in central Asia, China, India,
Persia.
1290.--Genoese reach the Canaries, Azores, etc.
1325-52.--Ibn Batuta (Arab.) travels through the whole Mohammedan world,
northern Africa, eastern Africa, southern Russia, Arabia, India and
China.
1327.--Sir John Mandeville (Eng.) travels in India.
1415-60.--Prince Henry (Port.) gives an impetus to Portuguese voyages of
discovery.
1419-20.--J. Gonzales and Martin Vaz (Port.) discover Porto Santo and
Madeira.
1442.--Nuno Tristao (Port.) reaches Cape Verde, etc.
1460(?).--Cintra and Costa (Port.) sail to coast of Guinea.
1474.--Toscanelli (Ital.) sends Columbus his map showing the western
route to Cathay (China).
1485.--Diego Cam (Port.) reaches the mouth of the Congo river.
1487.--Bartholomew Diaz (Port.) rounds Cape of Good Hope.
1492-98.--Columbus (Gen.) discovers America, West Indies, Trinidad,
Cuba, etc.
1497-98.--John Cabot (Anglo-Ven.) sails along eastern coast of America
from Labrador as far as Florida.
1498.--Vasco da Gama (Port.) finds route to India by Cape of Good Hope.
1499.--Amerigo Vespucci (Ital.) discovers Venezuela, and that America
was not “part of Asia.”
1499.--Pinzon (Span.) discovers mouth of Amazon river and Cape St.
Roque.
1500.--G. Cortereal (Port.) reaches entrance of Hudson Strait, called by
him Strait of Anian.
1500.--Alvarez Cabral (Port.) coasts Brazil (named by him Ilha da Vera
Cruz, being southern part of Bahia State).
1502.--Columbus (Gen.) reaches central America on his fourth voyage.
1512.--Ponce de Leon (Span.) reaches Florida.
1513.--Portuguese reach the Moluccas.
1513.--Balboa (Span.) crosses Isthmus of Panama and discovers Pacific
Ocean.
1516.--Solis (Span.) reaches La Plata.
1517.--Sebastian Cabot (Eng.) discovers Hudson Strait.
1519-21.--Cortez (Span.).--conquers Mexico.
1519-21.--Magellan (Span.) first to circumnavigate the globe. Passes
through the Strait of Magellan, crosses the Pacific, and discovers the
Philippines.
1534.--Pizarro (Span.) completes the conquest of Peru.
1535.--Diego d’Almagro (Span.) conquers Chili.
1535-42.--Jacques Cartier (Fr.) finds Gulf of St. Lawrence. Ascends
river to Hochelaga (Montreal).
1539.--Francesco de Ulloa (Span.) explores Gulf of California.
1540 (about).--French continent of Australia seen by French sailors.
1541.--Pizarro and Orellana (Span.) discover Amazon river.
1542.--Antonio de Mota first reaches Japan.
1542.--Ruy Lopez de Villalobos (Span.) discovers Pelew Islands, and
takes possession of Philippine Islands for Spain.
1542.--Pinto (Port.)--visits Japan,
1553.--Sir H. Willoughby (Eng.) reaches Nova Zembla.
1576.--Frobisher (Eng.) coasts Labrador and Baffin Land.
1577-80.--Sir F. Drake (Eng.) made second circumnavigation of the globe,
and first saw Cape Horn. Explored western coast of North America nearly
as far as Vancouver Archipelago.
1587.--J. Davis (Eng.) finds Davis Strait.
1596.--Barentz and Heemskerk (Dut.) discover Spitzbergen, Bear Islands,
etc.
1598.--Mendaña (Span.) discovers Marquesas Islands.
1606.--Quiros (Span.) reaches Tahiti (Sagittaria), and other South Sea
Islands.
1606.--Torres (Span.) discovers Torres Strait. Dutch reach Australia.
1608.--Champlain (Fr.) discovers Lake Ontario.
1610.--H. Hudson (Eng.) reaches Hudson Bay and makes discoveries in
North America.
1614-17.--Spillbergen (Dut.) circumnavigated the globe.
1616.--W. Baffin (Eng.) enters Baffin Bay.
1616.--La Maire and Schouten (Dut.) round Cape Horn.
1616.--Dirk Hartog (Dut.) sails up west coast of Australia.
1618.--G. Thompson (Eng.) sails up Gambia.
1642.--Abel Tasman (Dut.) discovers Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania) and New
Zealand.
1643.--Vries (Dut.) explores eastern coast of Japan, Saghalien, and
Kurile Island.
1645.--Deshnev (Cossack) rounds east cape of Asia from the Kolyma to the
Anadyr.
1660.--French discover the lake region of the St. Lawrence.
1673.--Marquette and Joliet (Fr.) explore the Mississippi from the
north.
1725-43.--Russians explore the coasts of Siberia.
1728 and 1741.--Bering (Dan.) and Tishirikov (Rus.) explore Bering
Strait and the northwestern coast of America.
1768-79.--Capt. Cook (Eng.) voyages round the world. Surveys the Society
Islands, Sandwich Islands, eastern coast of Australia, Cook Strait in
New Zealand, Antarctic Ocean, northwestern coast of America, etc.
1770.--James Bruce (Scot.) discovers sources of the Blue Nile.
1770.--Liakhov (Rus.) discovers New Siberian Islands.
1785-88.--La Perouse (Fr.) explores north of Japan, Saghalien, etc.
1789.--A. Mackenzie (Scot.) explore the Mackenzie river.
1792.--Vancouver (Eng.) visits Vancouver Island, discovered by Perez,
1774. Exploration of the northwestern coast of America.
1795-1806.--Mungo Park (Scot.) journeys to and explores the Niger
districts.
1799-1804.--Alex, von Humboldt (Ger.) makes explorations in South
America and writes “Cosmos.”
1801-1804.--Flinders (Eng.) explores southern coasts of Australia.
1803-6.--Krusenstern (Rus.) surveys in Sea of Japan and Sea of Okhotsk,
Saghalien, etc.
1804-6.--Lewis and Clark make extensive explorations in northwestern
United States from the Mississippi to the Columbia river.
1805-9.--Salt (Eng.) makes visit to Abyssinia.
1807-8.--Klaproth (Ger.) makes exploration of the Caucasus.
1819.--Long (U.S.) makes exploration of Rocky Mountains.
1819.--Wm. Smith (Eng.) explores South Orkney Islands and South
Shetlands. Visited by Weddell in 1822.
1823.--Wrangel (Rus.) discovers Wrangel Land.
1823.--Denham and Clapperton (Eng.) discover Lake Chad.
1825-26.--A. G. Laing (Scot.) reached Timbuktu from Tripoli, Africa.
1827-8.--René Caillie (Fr.) made journey from Kakandy to Timbuktu and
Morocco, Africa.
1830-32.--Biscoe (Eng.) discovers Enderby Land and Graham Land.
1831.--Sir J. C. Ross (Eng.) finds magnetic North Pole.
1832.--Laird and Oldfield (Scot.) explore the Niger and Benué rivers.
1835.--Sir F. Schomburgk (Ger.) makes explorations in Guiana, South
America.
1837.--Wood (Eng.) discovers sources of the Oxus.
1840.--Trümmer discovers remains of ancient Nineveh.
1841.--Sir James C. Ross (Eng.) discovers Victoria Land, with volcanoes
Erebus and Terror.
1841-73.--D. Livingstone (Scot.) spends thirty years’ travel in central
South Africa.
1845.--Sir John Franklin (Eng.) sails on his last voyage never to
return.
1848.--Rebmann and Krapf (Ger.) discover Mt. Kilima-njaro. Sighted Mt.
Kenia.
1849-55.--Richardson and Barth (Eng.-Ger.) explore western Sudan and
Sahara.
1850.--Sir R. M’Clure (Irish) discovers Northwest Passage.
1852-4, 1861.--Sir C. R. Markham (Eng.) makes explorations in Peru.
1856-59.--Du Chaillu (Fr.) explores basin of Ogowé river, west Africa.
1858.--Sir R. Burton (Scot.) discovers Lake Tanganyika.
1858.--Speke and Grant (Brit.) discover Victoria Nyanza.
1860.--Sir S. Baker (Eng.) explores Upper Nile. Discovers Albert Nyanza,
1864.
1867-72.--Richthofen (Ger.) makes extensive explorations in China.
1869.--G. Nachtigal (Ger.) makes explorations in Lake Chad region and
central Sudan, Africa.
1870-1886.--Prejevalsky (Rus.) journeys in Mongolia, Tibet, etc.
1872.--Payer and Weyprecht (Austrian) explore Franz Josef Land.
1872-76.--“Challenger” Expedition (Brit.) explores the depths of the
oceans.
1874-75.--Lieut. Cameron (Eng.) crosses equatorial Africa.
1876-90.--H. M. Stanley (Eng.) explores Congo Basin; Mt. Ruwenzori;
Forests on the Aruwimi, etc. Africa.
1878-79.--Nordenskjold (Swed.) finds northeast passage.
1878-89.--Thomson (Scot.) journeys through Masai Land, British South
Africa, Sokoto, Morocco, etc.
1878-85.--Major Serpa Pinto (Port.) twice crosses Africa.
1878-92.--Emin Pasha (Ger.) travels and surveys in Equatorial Africa.
1879.--Moustier and Zweifel (Swiss) find sources of the Niger.
1881-85.--Greely (U. S.) discovers Grinnell Land and northwestern coast
of Greenland.
1885.--Wiesmann (Ger.) journeys across Africa from west coast, Congo
Basin.
1886.--Peary (U. S.) explores North Greenland.
1887.--Capt. Younghusband (Eng.) travels from Pekin to Kashmir.
1893-96.--Nansen (Norw.) reached his “Farthest North” in lat. 86° 13′
6′′ N.
1897.--Jackson (Scot.) makes surveys and explorations in Franz Josef
Land.
1893-97.--Sven Hedin (Swed.) makes explorations in north central Asia.
1895-96.--Pr. Henri d’Orléans travels in Tonkin and China.
1897.--Andrée (Swed.) attempts to cross over the North Pole in a
balloon, with fatal results.
1898-99.--De Gerlache (Belgian) attempts to reach the South Pole with
the “Belgica,” first ship to winter within Antarctic circle.
1899.--Major Gibbons makes explorations in Congo and Zambezi headwaters.
1900.--Borchgrevink (Brit. Ex.) reached lat. 78° 50′ S. via Victoria
Land.
1900.--Duke of Abruzzi (Ital.) reached lat. 86° 33′ N. via Franz Josef
Land.
1900-02.--Sven Hedin (Swed.) made important journey in central Asia.
1908.--F. A. Cook (U. S.) claims to have reached the North Pole, April
21.
1909.--R. E. Peary (U. S.) reached the North Pole, April 6.
1911.--Roald Amundsen (Norw.) reached the South Pole, December 14.
1912.--Capt. Scott (Eng.) reached the South Pole, but perished before
returning.