{ { { {Icelandic.
{ {W. {Old {W. Dalecarlian.
{ {Branch. {Norwegian.{Jämetlandish.
{ { { {Faroic.
{ {
{ { { {Bornholm.
{NORSE. { {Danish. {Normanno-Jutish.
{ { { {Dano-Jutish.
{ {E. {
{ {Branch. { {E. Dalecarlian.
{ { {Swedish. {Gothic.
{ { { {Scanian.
{
{ {
{ { {W. Fr. Groningen.
{ { {E. Fr. Saterland.
{ { Frisic. {N. Fr. Helgoland,
{ { {Sylt, etc.
{ {
{ { {Old Saxon of the
LOW GERMAN. { { {“Heliand.”
{ { Conti- {Westphalian.
{ { nental {Hanoverian.
{ { Saxon. {Brunswick.
{ { {Pomeranian, etc.
{NIEDER- {
{DEUTSCH. { {Anglisc {Northumbrian.
{ { {(North- {Lowland Scotch.
{ { {ern). {Shetland, etc.
{ { {
{ {Anglo- { {Lincoln.
{ {Saxon {Midland. {Yorkshire.
{ {(En- { {Derby, etc.
{ {glish). {
{ { { {Cornish.
{ { {Saxon {Somerset.
{ { {(South- {Dorset.
{ { {ern). {Kent, etc.
{ {Salic Frankish (extinct).
{ {
{ { {Rhenish.
{ {Riparian {E. Frankish.
{ {Frankish.{Hessian.
{MITTEL- {
{DEUTSCH. { {Upper Saxon.
{ {Thuring- {Erzgebirge.
{ {ian. {Transylvanian.
{ { {Meissen.
{
{ { {Bernese.
HIGH GERMAN. { {Bur- Swiss. {Hazli.
{ {gundian. {Appenzell.
{ {
{ { {Neuhochdeutsch
{ { {(literary standard).
{OBER- {Alemanno-{Alsatian.
{DEUTSCH. {Suabian. {Wurtemberg.
{ { {Baden.
{ {
{ { {Tyrolese.{Styrian.
{ {Bavarian.{Austrian.{Carinthian.
{ { { {Zips, etc.
[Illustration: =GROUP OF OLD SCHOOL TURKISH GENTLEMEN OF CONSTANTINOPLE=
The modern Turk is very far from being of purely Mongolian stock. In
truth the mixed blood of practically all the peoples of southeastern
Europe and western Asia courses in his veins.]
=Turks= (_tèrks_) or =Ottomans=, the race now dominant in Turkey, lived
originally in central Asia. They belong to the Sibiric or Tartar
division of the Mongolian race, and reached Europe, probably in
straggling bands, before the Christian Era (See Mongolian). To the same
race division belong the European Finns, Lapps, Hungarians, Bulgarians,
and Basques. Physically and in culture the Turks have become
Europeanized, though to a less degree than the related Finns and
Magyars. Instead of becoming blond, as the Finns, they have approached
the brunette type of southern Europe, probably in part through their
frequent intermarriages with the Circassian and other Mohammedan peoples
of the Caucasus. In fact, today they are not so much Turkish by blood as
Arabian, Circassian, Persian, Armenian, Greek, and Slavic. They prefer
to be considered as Arabo-Persian in culture rather than as Turkish. In
religion they are almost universally Mohammedan.
The Turks are in the minority in their own country, especially in the
European part of Turkey, where the Turks, Greeks, Albanians, and “Slavs”
(Bulgarians and Servians) are to be found in nearly equal parts. The
first three named have been estimated to constitute seventy per cent of
the population. No census of Turkey has ever been taken. The following
estimates are compiled from various sources. The entire Ottoman Empire,
excluding states practically independent, has a population of about
24,000,000. Of these 10,000,000 are Turks. In European Turkey, 1,500,000
out of a population of 6,000,000 are Turks. Here they are without doubt
decreasing in numbers. In Macedonia the Turks number about 500,000 out
of a population of 2,200,000. Of the latter number, however, only about
1,300,000 are Christians. In the capital itself, Constantinople, the
Turks constitute only about one-half of the population of 1,200,000. In
Turkey in Asia, on the other hand, the Turkish race is in the majority.
The Mohammedans number perhaps 10,000,000 in a total population of
13,000,000 in Asiatic Turkey and Armenia. There are about 500,000 Turks
in Bulgaria out of a total population of 4,000,000. The Mohammedan
population of Bosnia and Herzegovina--550,000 out of a total of
1,600,000--is mainly Slavic rather than Turkish.
=COMPARATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF RACES AND PEOPLES=
Showing also the latest estimated population of the various subdivisions
throughout the world, together with a view of the numerous races
entering into the population of the United States.
+----------+---------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+
| =Race= | =Stock= | =Group= | =Peoples and | =Estimated | =Races |
| | | | Tribes= | Total |Represented|
| | | | | Population= | in the |
| | | | | | United |
| | | | | | States= |
+----------+---------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+
| |{ |{Egyptians |{Copts | 800,000 |} 500 |
| |{ |{ |{Fellaheen | 5,000,000()|} |
| |{ |{ | | | |
| |{ |{ |{Berbers | 7,500,000 | ... |
| |{ |{ |{(modern) | | |
| |{Hamitic |{Lybians |{_Etruscans_ | | |
| |{ |{ |{_Assyrians_ | | |
| |{ |{ |{(early) | | |
| |{ |{ |{_Hittites_ | | |
| |{ |{ | | | |
| |{ |{East | Somalis | 1,000,000 | ... |
| |{ |{Africans | | | |
| |{ | | | | |
| |{ |{Arabians |{Arabs |} 5,000,000 | 500 |
| |{ |{ |{Bedouins |} | |
| |{ |{ | | | |
| |{ |{Abyssini- | Ethiopians | 9,000,000 | ... |
| |{ |{ans | | | |
| |{ |{ | | | |
| |{Semitic |{ |{_Assyrians_ | | |
| |{ |{ |{(later) | | |
| |{ |{ |{_Babylonians_| | |
| |{ |{Chaldean |{Hebrews | 11,000,000 | 2,050,000 |
| |{ |{ |{Arameans | 2,000,000 | 50,000 |
| |{ |{ |{(Syrians) | | |
| |{ |{ |{_Samaritans_ | | |
| |{ | | | | |
| |{ |{ |{Hindus |225,000,000 | 10,000 |
| |{ |{Iranic, or|{_Medes_ | | |
| |{ |{Persic |{Persians | 6,500,000 | 300 |
| |{ |{ |{Gypsies | 800,000 | 4,000 |
| |{ |{ | | | |
| |{ |{Armenic | Armenians | 4,000,000 | 30,000 |
| |{ |{ | | | |
| |{ |{ |{_Britons_ |}Celtic popu-|Scotch: |
| |{ |{ |{Scotch (part)|}lation of | 660,000 |
| |{ |{ |{Irish (part) |}Europe, |Irish: |
| |{ |{Celtic |{Welsh |} 3,200,000; | 4,600,000 |
| |{ |{ |{_Gauls_ |}of the |Welsh: |
|=Caucasian|{ |{ |{_Picts_ |}world, | 250,000 |
| Race= |{ |{ |{ |} 9,200,000 | |
| (White) |{ |{ | | | |
| |{ |{ |{_Latins_ | | |
| |{ |{ |{(Romans) | | |
| |{ |{ |{Italians | 38,000,000 | 2,100,000 |
| |{ |{Italic |{(part) | | |
| |{Aryan |{ |{Roumanians | 10,000,000 | 90,000 |
| |{ |{ |{Spanish | 50,000,000 | 1,375,000 |
| |{ |{ |{Portuguese | 5,000,000 | 115,000 |
| |{ |{ |{French | 45,000,000 | 300,000 |
| |{ |{ | | | |
| |{ |{Hellenic | Greeks | 6,000,000 | 110,000 |
| |{ |{ | | | |
| |{ |{Illyric |Albanian | 1,500,000 | 3,000 |
| |{ |{ | | | |
| |{ |{ |{Scandinavian | 13,000,000 | ... |
| |{ |{ |{ Danish | 2,800,000 | 450,000 |
| |{ |{ |{ Norwegian | 3,000,000 | 1,010,000 |
| |{ |{ |{ Swedish | 5,500,000 | 1,450,000 |
| |{ |{ |{German | 85,000,000 | 8,300,000 |
| |{ |{Teutonic |{Dutch | 6,300,000 | 300,000 |
| |{ |{ |{English |126,000,000 | 2,250,000 |
| |{ |{ |{(part) | | |
| |{ |{ |{Flemish | 4,000,000 | 100,000 |
| |{ |{ |{Swiss (part) | 2,300,000 | 300,000 |
| |{ |{ |{Austrians | 10,000,000 | 2,000,000 |
| |{ |{ |{(part) | | |
| |{ |{ | | | |
| |{ |{Lettic | Lithuanians | 4,000,000 | 225,000 |
| |{ |{ | | | |
| |{ |{ |{Russians | 84,000,000 | 100,000 |
| |{ |{ |{Polish | 17,000,000 | 1,725,000 |
| |{ |{ |{Czech: | | |
| |{ |{ |{ Bohemian | 4,000,000 |} 550,000 |
| |{ |{Slavonic |{ Moravian | 2,000,000 |} |
| |{ |{ |{Serbs, Croa- | 10,000,000 | 125,000 |
| |{ |{ |{tians (Servia, Montenegro, Bosnia, |
| |{ |{ |{Croatia, Slavonia, Dalmatia, Herzego- |
| |{ |{ |{vina) |
| |{ |{ | | | |
| |{ |{Caucasic |{Georgians | 1,200,000 | ... |
| |{ |{ |{Circassians | 500,000 | ... |
| | | | | | |
| |{ |{ |{Finns | 6,000,000 | 200,000 |
| |{ |{ |{Lapps | 30,000 | ... |
| |{ |{Finnic |{Magyar | 8,500,000 | 700,000 |
| |{ |{ |{(Hungarian) | | |
| |{ |{ |{Bulgarian | 5,000,000 | 25,000 |
| |{ |{ | | | |
| |{ |{ |{Turks | 10,000,000 | 125,000 |
| |{Sibiric |{Tartaric |{Cossacks | 4,000,000 | ... |
| |{ |{ |{Kalmucks | 200,000 | 500 |
| |{ |{ | | | |
| |{ |{Iberian | Basques (in | 800,000 | ... |
| |{ |{ | Spain) | | |
| |{ |{ | | | |
| |{ |{Japanese |{Japanese | 48,000,000 | 75,000 |
| |{ |{ |{Korean | 10,000,000 | ... |
| |{ |{ | | | |
|=Mongolian|{ | |{Chinese |305,000,000 | 75,000 |
| Race= |{Sinitic | Chinese |{Indo-Chinese | 35,000,000 | ... |
| (Yellow |{ | |{ Siamese | 1,600,000 | ... |
|and Brown)|{ | |{ Burmese | 10,000,000 | ... |
| |{ | | | | |
| |{ |{ |{New Zealand | 45,000 | ... |
| |{ |{ |{(Maoris) | | |
| |{ |{ |{Philippines | 7,600,000 | 7,600,000 |
| |{ |{Polynesian|{(part) | | |
| |{ |{ |{Hawaiians | 40,000 | 40,000 |
| |{ |{ |{(part) | | |
| |{ |{ |{Samoans | 40,000 |} 500 |
| |{Malay |{ |{Javanese | 25,000,000 |} |
| |{ |{ | | | |
| |{ |{ |{Dravidians | 65,000,000 |} |
| |{ |{ |{Madagascar | 2,000,000 |} |
| |{ |{East |{(part) | |} 10,000 |
| |{ |{Indian |{Sumatra | 3,000,000 |} |
| |{ |{ |{(part) | |} |
| |{ |{ |{Borneo (part)| 1,500,000 |} |
+----------+---------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+
| |{Tribes and peoples whose real homes|{(1) | |
| =Negro |{are (1) Central and Southern |{180,000,000 | ... |
| Race= |{Africa; (2) Malay Peninsula, Anda- |{(2) | |
| (Black) |{mans, parts of the Eastern Archi- |{ 5,000,000 | ... |
| |{pelago and Philippines, New Guinea,|{(3) | |
| |{Australia; (3)America |{ 25,000,000 | 9,850,000 |
+----------+------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+
|=American |{Tribes comprising: (1) North Ameri-|(1) 500,000 | 270,000 |
| or |{can Indians; (2) South American In-|(2)6,000,000 | ... |
| Indians= |{dians; (3) Central American Indi- |(3)7,500,000 | ... |
| (Red) |{ans; (4) Patagonians; (5) Eskimo |(4) 190,000 | ... |
| | |(5) 40,000 | ... |
+----------+------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+
N.B.--Races in _italic_ are either now non-existent or have merged with
later peoples thus forming mixed races.
[Illustration: =NAPOLEON AT THE BURNING OF MOSCOW IN 1812=
The disastrous Russian campaign of Napoleon in 1812, which resulted in
the destruction of the city of Moscow by its own inhabitants to prevent
it from falling into the hands of the French, was the virtual turning
point in European history. From that time Napoleon’s star declined, and
Europe was reconstituted a few years later practically as it is today.]