=Albanian= (_al-bā´ni-an_).--The native and aboriginal race or people of
Albania, unlike most of the so-called European “races,” is a distinct
race physically and not merely in language. It resembles most the Celtic
race, but the type is taller: the northern Albanians, like the
Montenegrins, rival the Scotch and the Norwegians in stature.
The Albanians are today a mixed race, as is every European people. They
are brave, but turbulent in spirit--warriors rather than workers. Even
their own tribes are at enmity among themselves and tribal and family
feuds are common. It is the most backward in cultivation of all; and
therefore not surprising that the rate of illiteracy is one of the
highest in Europe.
In religion the Albanians are about equally divided among the
Mohammedan, the Catholic, and the Greek faiths.
The Albanians go under many different names. Skipetar and Arnaut are
equivalents of Albanian. All mean “highlander.” Until about the
fifteenth century they were called Illyrians, or Macedonians. From them
came the name of the ancient Roman province of Illyricum, embracing
Epirus and parts of Macedonia. All the Slavs of the Balkan Peninsula
made their settlements during the middle ages. The Albanians, or
Illyrians proper, previously occupied the entire country north to the
Danube.
=Arabian= (_a-rā´bi-än_).--One of the three great groups of the Semitic
branch of the Caucasian race. The Arabians are related to the Hebrews
and include Arabs proper and the wandering Bedouin tribes of the desert.
They have long since spread out from the country that bears their name
and settled in distant portions of Africa and Asia, as well as
penetrated into Europe. They have given their language, through the
Koran, to the vaster populations of Mohammedan faith. They are not to be
confounded with the Turks who are Mongolian, Tartar, in origin and
speech, rather than Caucasian. Neither are they closely related to the
Syrians who are Christians and Aryans, not Semites; nor even to the
Berbers and the modern Moors of north Africa, who are Hamitic rather
than Semitic in origin. Yet Syrians and Moors alike have long used the
Arabic tongue.
=Armenian= (_är-mē´ni-an_) or =Haik=.--The Aryan race, or people of
Armenia, in Asiatic Turkey. In language they are more European than are
the Magyars, the Finns, or the Basques of Europe. The nearest relatives
of the Armenic tongue are the Persian, the Hindu, and the Gypsy. In
religion the Armenians differ from all the above-named peoples excepting
the Syrians in that they are Christian. They boast a church as old as
that of Rome.
Only a fraction of the Armenians are found in their own country,
Armenia; perhaps one-eighth. Over 1,000,000 live in Russia; 400,000 in
European Turkey; 100,000 in Persia; about 15,000 in or near Hungary; and
6000 in India and Africa. About half their number still live in
different parts of the Turkish dominions. Large numbers have migrated
because of the persecutions of the Turks and Kurds directed against
them.
=Assyrians= (_a-sir´i-äns_).--The Assyrian is an ancient language
extinct for at least two thousand years. No people today can claim pure
physical descent from this stock. The arid region occupied by the early
Assyrian empire has been swept by one civilization after another. Their
ancient Hamitic speech was largely replaced by that of conquering Medes
and Persians and, later, of Mohammedan hosts. It finally disappeared
after the Babylonians and Chaldeans, who used a Semitic tongue replaced
the Assyrians in Mesopotamia. Turkish, Persian, Kurdish, and Arabian
blood has been added to the ancestral stock of the modern Assyrians.
Reclus says: “The Assyrians and Chaldeans were either exterminated or
else absorbed in the victorious races, forfeiting name, speech, and the
very consciousness of their race.”
=Babylonians= (_bab-i-lō´ni-äns_).--Babylonia has always been a land of
mixed races and tongues. The earliest of the inscriptions has revealed
that the first population was a people belonging to the Mongolian
family. The linguistic connection was afterwards confirmed by the
discovery by de Sarzec of statues of these primitive inhabitants which
present an undoubted Tartar type of features. The skull is that of the
Mongolian race with high cheek-bones, curly black hair, the eyes oblique
and bright; the type being ethnically related to the Elamites of Susiana
and the first Medean stock to which we find this early race
linguistically related.
These people were not aboriginal to the plains of Chaldea, but came, as
their traditions indicate, from the mountains to the northeast, and
brought with them the already fairly advanced elements of civilization
which they planted in Chaldea. At a very early period in the history of
Babylonia the Semites appear as an element in the population, their type
being clearly indicated in the sculptures connecting them with the
Hebrew and northern Arabs, while the same relationship is linguistically
established. From time to time, by war or commerce, other elements were
introduced into the population, until almost every nation finds its
representative in the “mixed crowd of nations” inhabiting the plains of
Chaldea.
The Semites, having once obtained a footing in Babylonia, soon
assimilated themselves to the more advanced culture of their
Sumero-Accadian masters. They borrowed the cuneiform mode of writing,
the religion, mythology, and much of the science of that inventive
people, and so rapidly increased in numbers and power, that as early as
about 3800 B. C. we find a dynasty of Semitic kings under Sargon of
Accad and his son Naram-Sin, ruling in northern Babylonia.
=THE WANDERING ARAB LOVES THE DESERT SANDS=
[Illustration: Warlike by nature, here we see him scouting the silent
wastes with his ever faithful companion in peace or war--restless as the
shifting sands.]
[Illustration: The desert oasis is his place of assembly for recreation
or trade. In the above picture we have a view of a desert market held
far remote from any city but at the junction of several caravan
routes.]
=Basques= (_bȧskz_).--A race inhabiting the Basque provinces and other
parts of Spain in the neighborhood of the Pyrenees, and part of the
adjacent territory in France. They were formerly Iberian as to language,
the sole non-Aryan language of western Europe. But few now live in the
old province of southwestern France, Gascony, formerly called
“Vasconia,” after them; about 500,000 still remain in northwestern
Spain. They are a fragment, perhaps the only distinct remnant, of the
pre-Aryan race of Europe. Recent researches connect them, not with the
Mongolian Finns as formerly, but with the Hamitic (Caucasian) Berbers of
northern Africa. They are not now easily distinguished in physical
appearance from their Spanish or French neighbors, although many still
speak the strange Basque tongue. The latter is not inflected, like most
European (Aryan) languages, but agglutinative, like the typical
languages of northern Asia.
=Berbers= (_bér´bérz_).--A race of people constituting, with the
Cushites, the Hamitic family, which is found scattered over North Africa
and the Sahara, from the Red Sea to the Atlantic. The complexion of the
Berbers varies from white to dark brown; their features remind one of
the Egyptian type; their stature is medium. They have occupied their
present habitat since the dawn of history. Never have their indomitable
tribes become entirely subject to a foreign master, or lost their racial
and linguistic characteristics, in spite of Punic, Roman, Germanic,
Arabic, and Saracen conquests. In the mountains they are agricultural;
in the Sahara, nomadic. For centuries they have been the middlemen
between the Mediterranean coast and the Negro states of the Sudan. In
religion the Berbers are nominally Mohammedan. A few tribes have adopted
the Arabic, and so have a few Arabs adopted Berber dialects. The Berber
languages are often called Libyan. They number at least 7,000,000 in
Morocco and Algeria and 500,000 in Tunis and Tripoli.
=Bulgarians= (_bul-gā´ri-anz_).--The people of Bulgaria are supposed to
be Finnic (Mongolian) in origin, are also the most numerous people in
European Turkey. The Bulgarians and their neighbors on the north, the
Roumanians, are among the rare races that are physically of one stock
and linguistically of another. Both possess adopted languages. While the
Bulgarians appear to be Asiatics by origin who have adopted a Slavic
speech, the Roumanians are Slavs who have adopted a Latin language.
While the Bulgarians adopted the language of the Slavs, whom they
conquered and organized politically, they were themselves swallowed up
in the Slavic population. They lost not only their ancient language but
their physical type. While they are the most truly Asiatic in origin of
all the Slavs, they are Europeanized in appearance and character. In
some respects their life is more civilized and settled than that of some
of the Slavs farther west, as in Montenegro and Dalmatia. They are not
only less warriors in spirit than these, but are more settled as
agriculturists. Yet they seem to feel that they do not belong to the
civilization of Europe, properly speaking, for they say of one who
visits the countries farther west that he “goes to Europe.”
There would appear to be little doubt that the Bulgars came through
southern Russia to their present home in the time of the early
migrations of the middle ages. Some records locate them in the second
century on the river Volga, from which they appear to have taken their
name. In fact, a country called “Greater Bulgaria” was known there as
late as the tenth century. If the common supposition be correct, the
Bulgarians are most nearly related in origin to the Magyars of Hungary
and the Finns of northern Russia. After these they are nearest of kin to
the Turks, who have long lived among them as rulers. But Turks and Finns
alike are but branches of the great Ural-Altaic family, which had its
origin in northern Asia, probably in Mongolia.
=Carthaginians.=--See Phœnicians.
[Illustration: This group of present day Bulgarian college girls shows
that a striking transformation has been wrought by European influences
upon a people of Mongolian origin centuries ago.]
=Celts=, or =Kelts= (_kelts_).--The peoples which speak languages akin
to those of Wales, Ireland, the Highlands of Scotland, and Britanny, and
constitute a branch or principal division of the Indo-European
families. Formerly these peoples occupied, partly or wholly, France,
Spain, northern Italy, the western parts of Germany, and the British
Islands. Of the remaining Celtic languages and peoples there are two
chief divisions, viz., the GAELIC, comprising the Highlanders of
Scotland, the Irish, and the Manx, and the CYMRIC, comprising the Welsh
and Bretons.
Irish, because of its more extensive literature and greater antiquity,
is considered to be the chief branch of the Gaelic group. Modern Erse or
Scotch is thought to be a more recent dialect of Irish. Manx is the
dialect spoken by a small number of persons in the Isle of Man. Welsh is
the best preserved of the Cymric group. It has a literature nearly if
not quite as rich as that of Irish, and is spoken by a larger population
than any other Celtic language found in the British Isles. Low Breton,
or Armorican, is the speech found in Lower Brittany, in France. It is
spoken by nearly two-thirds as many persons as are all other Celtic
dialects combined.
This “Celtic” race seems to have had its main center of dissemination in
the highlands of the Alps of midwestern Europe. While all
Celtic-speaking peoples are mixed races, those of the British Isles are
distinctly long-headed and tall, in fact, are among the tallest of all
Europe. It is almost impossible to give the population of the Celtic
race--that is, of those whose ancestral language was Celtic--since most
of its members now speak English or French only.
=Chaldean.=--See Babylonian.
=Chinese= (_chī-nēs´_ or _-nēz´_).--The race or people inhabiting China
proper. Linguistically, one of the Sinitic groups of the Mongolian or
Asiatic race. The name Chinese is also applied, erroneously from an
ethnical standpoint, to all the natives of the Chinese Empire, including
China proper; that is, to the entire Sibiric group. These are, on the
northeast the Manchus, on the north the Mongols, on the west the tribes
of Turkestan and of Thibet. The name does not properly apply to the
other Sinitic peoples--the Cochin-Chinese and the Annamese of the French
colonies and the Burmese of the British colonies, all of whom border on
China on the south and southwest. The people of Manchuria and of
Mongolia are not so nearly related linguistically to the Chinese as they
are to the Japanese. All these “Sibiric” peoples have agglutinative
languages, while the Chinese is monosyllabic, being more nearly related
to the languages stretching from Thibet southeast to the Malay
Peninsula.
The Chinese physical type is well known--yellowish in color, with
slanting eyes, high cheek bones, black hair, and a flat face. The eye is
more properly described as having the “Mongolic fold” at the inner
angle. This mark is found to some extent in all Mongolian peoples, in
the Japanese, and now and then in individuals of the European branches
of this race in Russia and Austria-Hungary.
=Egyptian= (_ē-jipt´ē-ăn_).--The ancient race or people of Egypt, best
represented to-day by the Copts or Fellahs, although those are generally
of mixed stock. In a political sense, any native of Egypt.
The origin of the Egyptians is still a matter of dispute. It is quite
probable that they were Hamitic and belonged to the Berber type. They
have no real negroid trace about them, though probably there is a strain
from intermarrying; thus it is likely that they may have been a
fair-skinned indigenous race, mixed also with people of Asiatic origin,
and a certain amount of negro blood. The earliest types, as pictured by
themselves on monuments, show men of fine build with no trace of the
negroid type; the males are painted red-brown and the females a light
yellowish tint.
The fellah (Arabic for ploughman) forms the bulk of the peasantry. They
are chiefly Mohammedan in faith, though the Copts, also natives of
Egypt, have kept their Christian belief.
[Illustration: The Egyptian features are as unchangeable as the pyramids
themselves. On the right is the sculptured likeness of Queen Tiy of four
thousand years ago; on the left of an Egyptian girl of the present day.]
The fellah is a hard-working and industrious person, of big build, with
a fine, oval face, smooth black hair (the head is usually shaved), and
well formed features. The women are often of great beauty, both in form
and figure, though they lose their youth early. The Copts are racially
the purest descendants of the ancient Egyptians. The coloring of the
fellah varies from a fair yellowish shade in Lower Egypt to a deeper
tone in Middle Egypt, and in Upper Egypt the majority are a deep bronze.
The Arab portion of the population are of two classes: the Arabic
speaking tribes who come from the deserts, and the Hamitic tribes who
speak a language of their own. The Nubians are chiefly mixed with Arab
blood. The foreigners are mainly Greeks, Turks, Italians, British,
French, Syrians, Levantines, and Persians.
=Etrurians= (_ē-tru´ri-anz_), or =Etruscans= (_ē-trus´-kanz_).--The
ancient inhabitants of Etruria, the modern Tuscany. The Etrurians are
the most mysterious people of antiquity. According to ancient tradition,
they came from Lydia in prehistoric times, and colonized Latium. Certain
details of their costumes and customs appear to be identical with those
of Lydia, and the legend is probably based upon fact.
The Etruscans were proverbially a religious people. Their tombs bear
witness to a belief in a future life, and a dread of the malignant power
of their deities.
=Greeks.=--The ancient Greeks belonged to Aryan or Indo-European race.
They entered Greece from the North, and as they moved south in separate
tribes, the foremost tribes were impelled forward by the pressure of
those behind. Even when the whole of the peninsula had been for some
time filled and fully occupied, a fresh wave of immigrants swept over
the whole country, disturbing everything. Such a wave was the “Return of
the Heraclidæ,” or the Dorian Invasion. The result was to drive
emigrants on to and over the isles of Greece, and to plant Greek cities
and Greek culture on the coasts of Asia Minor. At later times Sicily,
the Black Sea, Libya, etc., were dotted with Greek colonies, the ancient
Greeks were pre-eminent in philosophy and science, leaders in the
civilization of their own day, and laid the foundations of modern
civilization.
The modern Greek race or people is that which has descended, with
considerable foreign admixture, from the ancient Greeks. While the stock
has changed much, physically and otherwise, the modern language is more
nearly like the ancient Greek than Italian, for instance, is like the
ancient Latin.
The Greek race of today is intensely proud of its language and its
history, and naturally wishes to be considered as genuinely Hellenic.
The official title of the country is now the “Kingdom of Hellas,” and
any citizen, however mixed in race, styles himself a Hellene. The people
are wide-awake on political questions, are avid readers of newspapers,
and, like the Greek of older times, eager to learn some new thing.
Generally speaking, in customs, superstitions, and folklore, the modern
race is a continuation of the ancient.
It may not be commonly known that the greater part of the Greeks live
outside of Greece, probably twice as numerous as those in Greece. Ripley
says that they form a third of the total population of the Balkan
States. On the other hand, von Hellwald says that of the population of
Greece itself only about 1,300,000 are truly Greek in race.
=Gypsies= (_jip´sēz_).--A peculiar wandering race which appeared in
eastern Europe in the fourteenth century and is now found in every
country of Europe, as well as in parts of Asia, Africa, and America. The
Gypsies are distinguishable from the peoples among whom they rove by
their bodily appearance and by their language. Their forms are generally
light, lithe, and agile; skin of a tawny color; eyes large, black and
brilliant; hair long, coal black, and often ringleted; mouth well
shaped; and teeth very white. Ethnologists generally concur in regarding
the Gypsies as descendants of some obscure Hindu tribe. They pursue
various nomadic occupations, being tinkers, basket-makers,
fortune-tellers, dealers in horses, etc.; are often expert musicians;
and are credited with thievish propensities. They appear to be destitute
of any system of religion, but traces of various forms of paganism are
found in their language and customs.
The Gypsy calls himself “Rom,” whence comes Romany as a name for the
language. Special names are applied to Gypsies in the different
countries where they are found. Some of these relate to the supposed
origin of this singular people, as Gypsy or Egyptian in the British
Isles, Bohémien in France, Gitano (Egyptian) in Spain, and Tatare in
Scandinavia. In some countries they are known, by a term of contempt, as
Heiden (heathen) in Holland, Harami (robbers) in Egypt, and Tinklers in
Scotland, but in most parts of Europe a local form of the word Zingani
is used to designate them, as Zigeuner in Germany, Cygany in Hungary,
and Zingari in Spain.
Intermarriage with other peoples is becoming more frequent. Through loss
of language, the assumption of a sedentary life, and intermarriage,
Gypsies are decreasing in numbers and seem everywhere doomed to
extinction by absorption.
Of the total population of Gypsies in the world, three-fourths are in
Europe. There are 200,000 in Roumania, 100,000 each in Hungary and the
Balkan Peninsula, 50,000 each in Spain, Russia and Servia, and 50,000 in
Germany and Italy combined. The number in the British Isles is variously
estimated at from 5,000 to 20,000. There are thought to be 100,000 in
Asia and 25,000 in Africa. Only a few thousand are found in the
Americas.
=Hebrews= (_hē´bruz_), =Jewish= or =Israelite=.--The race or people that
originally spoke the Hebrew language. They were primarily of Semitic
origin, and according to tradition, descended from Heber, the
great-grandson of Shem, in the line of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. They
are scattered throughout Europe, especially in Russia, yet preserve
their own individuality to a marked degree. Linguistically, the nearest
relatives of the ancient Hebrew are the Syriac, Assyrian, and Arabic
languages. While the Hebrew is not so nearly a dead language as the
related Syrian, Aramaic, or the ancient Assyrian, its use in most Jewish
communities is confined mainly to religious exercises. The Jews have
adopted the languages of the peoples with whom they have long been
associated. More speak Yiddish, called in Europe “Judeo-German,” than
any other language, since the largest modern population of Jews borders
on eastern Germany and has been longest under German influence.
Physically the Hebrew is a mixed race. In every country, however, they
are found to approach in type the people among whom they have long
resided. The two chief divisions of the Jewish people are the northern
type, and the Spanish or southern type. The latter are now found mainly
in the countries southeast of Austria. They consider themselves to be of
purer race than the northern Jews and in some countries refuse to
intermarry or worship with the latter. Their features are more truly
Semitic.
The social solidarity of the Jews is chiefly a product of religion and
tradition. Taking all factors into account, and especially their type of
civilization, the Jews of today are more truly European than Asiatic or
Semitic.
The Jews are endowed with the most varied qualities, as shown by the
whole course of their checkered history. Originally pure nomads, the
Israelites became excellent husbandmen after the settlement in Canaan,
and since then they have given proof of the highest capacity for poetry,
letters, erudition of all kinds, philosophy, finance, music, and
diplomacy. The reputation of the medieval Arabs as restorers of learning
is largely due to their wise tolerance of the enlightened Jewish
communities in their midst.
[Illustration: This remarkable Cliff Palace of Chapin’s Mesa, Colorado,
is believed to have been constructed either by the Pueblo Indians or
their immediate predecessors. Originally it was a city in itself, being
prepared for siege, drought, and famine, besides the necessities of
every-day life.]
In late years the persecutions, especially in Russia and Roumania, have
caused a fresh exodus, and flourishing agricultural settlements have
been founded in Argentina and Palestine.
Jewish immigrants usually, however, settle in the cities. New York City,
for example, has the largest Jewish population of any city in the world,
now estimated by some at about 1,000,000, or nearly one-fourth of the
total population. About 50,000 more are added annually. Among large
cities, Warsaw and Odessa have a still larger ratio of Jewish
population, namely, one-third. In London, on the contrary, only
one-fiftieth of the population is Hebrew. The Jewish population of the
entire United States is less than 2,000,000.
=Hindus= (_hin´duz_), or =Hindoos=.--The native race in India descended
from the Aryan conquerors. Their purest representatives belong to the
two great historic castes of Brahmans and Rajputs. Many of the non-Aryan
inhabitants of India have been largely Hinduized. More loosely the name
includes also the non-Aryan inhabitants of India.
It is not generally realized how great a number of races and tribes
there are in India, many of them extremely low in civilization and
approaching the Negro in physical characteristics. Such are some of the
Dravidas and Mundas, who occupy all of southern India. In greatest
contrast with these are the Aryan Hindus of the north, more closely
related in language, if not in physical appearance, to the northern
Europeans than are the Turks, Magyars, and various peoples of eastern
Russia.
Hindi and Hindustani are the most widely spread modern languages or
group of dialects of India. Hindustani is generally understood to be the
polite speech of all India, and especially of Hindustan. Hindi, in the
wider sense of the term, is spoken by 97,000,000 of people, mainly of
northern India. The darker non-Aryans and Mongolians alone of India
nearly equal the population of the United States. There are one hundred
and forty-seven peoples or tribes speaking different languages.
=Indians= (_in´di-anz_).--The aboriginal inhabitants of North America
were so named on the supposition that the lands discovered by the early
navigators were parts of India. This erroneous name has continued in use
ever since, notwithstanding attempts at its correction. The Indians were
not nomadic until after the arrival of Europeans, who drove many tribes
from their established seats to those occupied by other tribes. From the
same Europeans they procured the horse and firearms, both of which were
necessary to a nomadic life under the existing conditions.
Explorers and early settlers gave fanciful names to many of the groups
of Indians which they encountered. Efforts to reproduce native tribal
names (unpronounceable in foreign tongues) in the traveler’s own
language, resulted in many different names for the same tribes. Several
thousand names for Indian tribes or groups are found in the English and
European writings of the last three hundred years.
Recent ethnological study tends to recognize possibly two marked types
of North American Indians, (1) those facing the Pacific and the Asiatic
Continent with its broad-headed Mongolic races; and (2) those found
chiefly on the Eastern Slope, looking toward Africa and Europe. They
incline to the view, also, that the race is not traceable to a “_single_
origin, but that immigrants came by many routes from many regions.”
While a similarity in the new environment tended to bring the fragments
of the old populations into similarity of physical type, likenesses in
language, are accepted as the sound basis for classification of Indian
tribes and groups.
Major J. W. Powell, in 1891, recognized “fifty-eight linguistic
families,” and mapped the geographic distribution of these great stocks
over the continent. The Pacific coast has a multiplicity of small
linguistic families; while the more populous central and eastern parts
have comparatively fewer linguistic stocks. Dr. McGee, in 1896 estimated
the number of Indian tribes belonging to various linguistic families at
782--the largest number of these, tribes of little importance,
numerically or historically. Some of the principal linguistic families
are:
1. THE ALGONQUIAN (including thirty-six tribes) originally distributed
along the Atlantic Coast from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia as far south
as North Carolina, and throughout the middle portion of the continent
from Tennessee, northward throughout the main part of Canada. Among them
were the tribes found in New England and Virginia by the earliest
settlers from Europe,--the Abnaki, Delawares, Narragansetts, Pequots,
Powhatans, Mohegans, Ottawas, Illinois, Objibwa (Chippewa), Cheyennes,
Siksika and Arapaoes, with the now largely civilized and dispersed
Potawatomi.
2. THE ATHABASCAN (fifty-three tribes) chiefly found now in Northwestern
Canada, but including also the large Southwestern tribe of about 30,000
Navahoes, in Arizona and New Mexico; the Apaches and the Mescaleros,
with a few small tribal groups on the coast of central and northern
California.
3. THE IROQUOIAN (thirteen tribes) among which were the famous “Five
Nations” of New York, including the Cayugas, Oneidas, Senecas,
Onondagas, Tuscaroras, Mohawks, the numerous Cherokees, and the Hurons,
nearly annihilated in 1650 by the Iroquois.
=TWO INSTRUCTIVE VIEWS OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN=
[Illustration: The former free and open life of the plains is now
supplemented with the refinements and even luxuries of modern American
life. Rich in lands, and protected by the guardianship of the American
government, the future of the Indian is unusually safe-guarded.]
[Illustration: The Indian farmer is under the instruction of upward of
five hundred skilled specialists who demonstrate the art of profitable
farming. His lands equal in area all New England and New York, and their
value is placed at six hundred million dollars.]
4. THE SIOUAN (sixty-eight tribes) including the great Dakota (Sioux)
tribes, with their numerous sub-divisions; the Omahas, Poncas, Osages,
the Winnebagos, Iowas, Crows; and the Catawbas in Carolina, who perhaps
mark the original eastern habitat from which Siouan tribes moved
northwest.
5. THE SHOSHONEAN (twelve tribes) including the Comanches, Utes, Hopis,
and Shoshone.
6. THE MUSKHOGEAN (nine tribes) including the Creeks, Choctaws,
Chickasaws, and Seminoles.
7. THE ESKIMAUAN family (seventy tribes) scattered through Greenland and
the Arctic Coast and islands of Central and North America and Alaska.