=Skunk=, mong-äh.

=Snake=, wå-kån (_an_ French).

=Turkey= (wild), wåe-ink-chontjeh (first _e_ barely audible; _ch_

guttural; _j_ French).

=Turtle=, keth-han (_an_ French).

=Wolf= (black), schanton-sä-uä.

=Wolf= (gray), schanton-schkáh (_anton_ French).

=Wolf= (prairie), schah-monnikassi̍h.

FOOTNOTES:

[263] Written from the pronunciation of Major Dougherty, Indian

agent for this nation, who understands the language thoroughly. This

language, with only slight variations, is spoken by the Otos, Ayowäs,

and Missouris.--MAXIMILIAN.

PAHNI[264]

=All= (the whole), tsche-túh (_e_ short).

=Bad=, hå-ku-na-heh.

=Buffalo=, taraháh.

=Child=, pi̍h-rau (_rau_ together and German).

=Cold= (adj), te-pe-tseh.

=Come= (v), ueh-ta.

=Father=, attiasch (_i_ and _a_ separated).

=Gone= (gone away), ueh-tiet.

=Good=, tunaheh.

=Goods= (wares), låh-pion (_pion_ French).

=Great= (tall), ti-réh-hu.

=His=, ku-tá.

=Horse=, arúhsch.

=Kill= (v), uetekut (_ue_ separated).

=Love= (v; prize), tirǻh-pire-huh (_e_ audible).

=Maize=, lå-khé-schu.

=Man=, så̍hnisch.

=Meal= (or to eat?), tih-uáh-uah (run together).

=Mule=, kit-kehåh-keh (first _e_ short).

=My=, ku-ta-tih.

=Not= (no), kåh-kih.

=Pipe= (tobacco), lah-uisch.

=Quick=, uisch-ke-tiuh (_ke_ short).

=Sleep= (v), titkah.

=Slow=, påhith.

=Small=, kakiréhhu.

=Sun=, sok-kóh-ro (_ro_ half short).

=Trade= (n), tiråh-poh.

=What?= tire-kéhro (first _e_ distinctly pronounced but somewhat

short).

=White=, tå̍ h-kåh.

=White man=, sáhnisch-tå̍h-kåh.

=Woman= (wife), tsoppat.

=Your= (plural), ku-ta-schih.

FOOTNOTES:

[264] Written from the pronunciation of an American; I, therefore,

cannot guarantee the correctness of these words.--MAXIMILIAN.

PUNCA, Pons of the Canadians

=Arm=, adn (_d_ and _n_ barely audible).

=Arrow=, mán (French).

=Bow=, mandéh (_an_ French).

=Child=, schi̍nga-schi̍nga.

=Earth=, tån-dä.

=Eye=, ischtá.

=Fire=, pä̍hd.

=God= (creator), wåhkonda.

=Hair=, nanschiha (_an_ French; _ha_ short).

=Hand=, nombä̍ (_om_ French).

=Head=, nanschti (_an_ French).

=Man=, nů́h (_u_ between _o_ and _u_).

=Moon=, mi̍h-om-báh (_om_ French), or mih-ombáh.

=Mouth=, hi̍h.

=Pipe= (tobacco), nīnibá.

=Star=, mi̍hka.

=Sun=, mi̍h.

=Tomahawk=, manse-päschingá (_an_ French; _se_ short).

=Water=, ni̍h.

=Woman=, wáh-uh.[265]

FOOTNOTES:

[265] From the words given above it appears that the Puncas are

descended from the Omáhas; for their language is the same with

only very slight variations, a fact which they, themselves,

admit.--MAXIMILIAN.

SAUKIS, SAKIS; Sacs of the French[266]

=Arrow=, annó.

=Beautiful=, uatchitá.

=Beaver=, améhk.

=Black=, makåtä̍.

=Bow=, matä̍.

=Buffalo=, nannosó.

=Child=, nänitschonés (_es_ with emphasis).

=Devil= (evil spirit), mdji̍-mnitó (_j_ French), or

motschi-manito.

=Elk= (great deer), mäschauáh.

=Eye=, ski̍schick.

=Fire=, skotäw (_aw_ short; _w_ barely audible).

=Foot=, nasset.

=God= (good spirit), bakéhmánito.

=Green=, skepok-kuaiuah, or spe pokiä̍.

=Hair=, minesai (_ai_ together).

=Hand=, nanätsch (second _a_ between _a_ and _a_ umlaut; _ch_

soft).

=Head=, utab.

=Horse=, naketóhsh-kescháh (first _e_ and _ke_ short).

=House= (lodge), uïkiahb (_ui_ short).

=Leader= (chief), tapáne-táke (_e_ barely audible).

=Leg= (whole leg), nekáht.

=Maiden=, schaskesé (first _e_ short).

=Man=, nänni̍.

=Mirror=, woapamúhn.

=Morning=, uapåk.

=Mouth=, tätóhn.

=Night=, anaquick.

=Nose=, machkiuonn.

=One-eyed=, po-ke-kua.

=Otter=, kittä̍h.

=Pipe= (tobacco), poakan.

=Red=, máschkue-wiauáh.

=Tobacco=, saëmon (_on_ French).

=Tomahawk= (battle axe), papake-hüit (_huit_ short); the real

tomahawk is, popokiä̍.

=Turkey= (wild), pänáh (first _a_ umlaut).

=Ugly=, mianåt.

=War=, nitscheschkuá.

=Warrior=, uätåsäͦ̈ (final _a_ between _a_ umlaut and _o_ umlaut).

=Water=, nä̍pe (short; _e_ barely audible, almost like _i_).

=White= (the color), uapeschekann.

=Woman= (wife), i̍kua.

=Wood=, massahan (_h_ barely audible).

=Yellow=, u̍ssuah, or assáuah (_aua_ separated).

FOOTNOTES:

[266] Written from the pronunciation of a Sauki Indian.--MAXIMILIAN.

SNAKE INDIANS; Shoshones, in the Rocky Mountains[267]

=Arrow=, tóhietsitta (_iet_ together; _sitta_ distinctly

pronounced).

=Bow=, náhmeack.

=Earth=, a̍hsche (_ah_ long; _e_ ½).

=Far= (distant), máhnarko.

=Fire=, kohn-ne (_e_ ½).

=God=, tiwitsim-pohhacante (_e_ distinctly pronounced); i.e., the

lord of life.

=Hair= (hair of head), uchkannea (second _a_ barely audible).

=Head=, ochkanneh (_ch_ guttural).

=Horse=, punko.

=Horse= (race horse), punko-emáhhi-mia (_mi_ separated from _a_;

_a_ distinctly pronounced).

=Love= (I love), tiwitsin-kamahk.

=Love= (I love all white men), oyette-tabebo-kamangkä.[268]

=Man=, han-aht-se (_an_ French; _e_ ½ and short).

=Meal= (or to eat?), máhrichkia (_ich_ with the point of the

tongue).

=Moon=, ohtse-táhbe (_e_ ½); i.e., the night sun.

=Pity= (have pity, ayez pitié), tiwitsch-naschuntita.

=Sun=, táhbe (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Water=, ohksche (_e_ ½).

=Woman= (wife), uáh-ai-pe (_ai_ together; _e_ ½).

FOOTNOTES:

[267] Written from the pronunciation of the Spanish interpreter, Isidor

Sandoval. On the Snake Indians, or Shoshonés, see the reports of the

missionary Parker (_ibid._, p. 300), _Astoria_, p. 163, and Captain

Bonneville, p. 159, etc.--MAXIMILIAN.

_Comment by Ed._ For Sandoval, see our volume xxiii, p. 132, note 109.

[268] The Snake Indians (les Serpens) call themselves Shoshonés. They

are allies of the Flatheads, and enemies of the Blackfeet and Crows.

They dwell in the Rocky mountains and beyond, on the Columbia; they

fall into two divisions--the true Shoshonés, and the so-called Gens de

Pitié, or Radiqeurs (Root-diggers)--the Maradiços of the Spaniards.

The former keep a great number of dogs, which they do not use as

pack animals, but for food. They do not have as many horses as the

Blackfeet; but employ them for carrying burdens. They live in leather

tents. They are generally not so well formed as the Blackfeet; still

there are many tall, well developed men among them. Their tribe is said

to be very numerous, more so than the Dacotas. They carry on trade

with the Spaniards, who exchange beaver and other furs for leather

shirts and similar articles. They are not hostile to the whites. The

Root-diggers, on the other hand, are a wretched people. They do not

have leather tents; but merely set poles together which they cover with

boughs, hay, and grass. Their physiognomy is said to be distinguished

by rather flat noses. They are very poor and barbarous, go nearly

naked, live chiefly on roots, and possess no weapons. They eat ants in

quantities; scooping up a whole hill of these, they wash them, knead

them into balls, bake these between coals, pulverize them, and then

make a soup. Mr. Campbell of Fort William, who has often visited them,

gave me the following account of them. They were so barbarous and so

indifferent to their environment, that everything about him seemed new

and ridiculous to them. At that time they did not know the value of the

beaver skins, which they singed. Some of their huts, which he visited,

had remained for a long time in the same place without their ever

having looked about for a better region. He found a large number of

mountain goat skins among them; and, as they were so little acquainted

with the whites, it was possible to carry on a very profitable

trade with them. The Comanches, who call themselves Jamparicka, are

said to speak practically the same language as the Snake Indians.

They live at the sources of the Rio Colorado (Rivière rouge). They

decorate one arm of their shirts with tufts of hair, the other with

feathers.--MAXIMILIAN.

_Comment by Ed._ For Robert Campbell and Fort William, see our volume

xxiii, p. 198, notes 154, 155, respectively.

WASAJI, or Osage[269]

=American= (an), Manhi̍-tánga (_an_ French).

=Arm=, ischtó.

=Arrow=, uan (_an_ French).

=Autumn=, tandje (_an_ and _j_ French).

=Avenge= (v), gráschupä.

=Beard=, putain (_tain_ French), or indjähin (_j_ French; _in_

nasal, like _i_).

=Bird=, uaschi̍nga.

=Black=, sábä.

=Blind=, ischtá-uä̍rabaje (_j_ French; _e_ distinctly

pronounced).

=Blood=, uahpi̍h.

=Blue=, tóh.

=Bone= (bones), uah-huh.

=Bow=, minn-djä (_j_ French).

=Brave=, uanompasche (_sche_ German; distinctly pronounced).

=Brave man=, uassissigä (guttural).

=Brook=, uatschi̍ska.

=Brother= (older), uischiniäh.

=Brother= (younger), uissonga.

=Child=, schi̍nga-schinga.

=Cold= (adj), sni̍h; very cold, sni̍h-uatschä.

=Copper= (metal), mansä̍-sih.

=Dance= (v), uatschi̍.

=Day=, hambá (French).

=Deaf=, nihü̍tsche-ning-kä (_e_ ½; the whole run together).

=Devil= (evil spirit), uakán-pi̍hschä (_a_ short and ½).

=Die= (v), ts-ä̍h (_ts_ is merely a fore tone).

=Dish= (of wood), i̍ntschipä (German throughout).

=Dog=, schong-gä (German).

=Door=, tischúpä.

=Dream= (v), hombra (German throughout).

=Drink= (v), latan (French).

=Dumb=, i̍ha-baje (_j_ French; _e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Ear=, natáh: hence mule, natáh-tánga; i.e., big ears.

=Earth=, makáh, or maniga (guttural, indistinct).

=Enemy=, okitsche (_e_ ½).

=Englishman=, Sanganásch.

=Evening=, pah-set-tan (_an_ French).

=Eye=, ischtá.

=Father=, indadjä (_j_ French).

=Feather=, manschon (_on_ French).

=Fire=, pedje (_j_ French; _e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Flesh=, táh-tóhka.

=Forest=, schán.

=Frenchman=, Ischtáchä (_ch_ German, guttural).

=Friend=, korá.

=Go= (v), grih-grah (German throughout; _r_ with the point of the

tongue).

=God=, uakán-tánga (first _an_ French) or uakoͣ́nda.

=Good=, tanhä (_an_ French); it tastes good, láhgenih.

=Great= (tall), tánga (German, guttural).

=Gun=, uahóta; rifle, minh-gi̍ng-graha.

=Hair=, pah-hah.

=Hand=, nompé (_om_ French).

=Head=, páh.

=Healthy=, ansi̍ri.

=Heart=, nonn-je (_j_ French; _e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Heat=, (n), man-schtä (_an_ French; _schta_ German).

=Horse=, kawa; plural is the same.

=House= (lodge), ti̍h.

=Hunger=, nompä-anhin (_om_ French likewise _an_ and final _in._

nasal, like _i_).

=Hunt= (v), tábreh.

=I=, uïe (_e_ ½).

=Ice=, tschácha (_ch_ guttural).

=Iron=, mansä̍ (_an_ French); yellow iron.

=Kettle= (iron), tschäckä̍.

=Knife=, manhi (_an_ French).

=Lame=, ih-rá-ha.

=Lance=, uä̍h-schap-schäh (the whole run together).

=Lead= (n), mansä-man (_an_ French).

=Leader= (chief), kahigä̍.

=Leg=, schä̍ga (German throughout).

=Life=, ani̍h.

=Lightning=, uakin-ala (_in_ nasal, almost like _i_; the whole

run together).

=Man=, niká; nika-schiga, several men, people.

=Meal= (or to eat?), uanúmbra (German throughout).

=Medicine-feast=, opä̍han-uakan (_an_ French); or medicine-day,

hámba-uakan (_am_ and _an_ French).

=Medicine-lodge=, kih-uakándagä.

=Medicine-man=, uakándagä (German throughout; _g_ guttural).

=Medicine-pouch=, uahhóbä.

=Moon=, mi̍h, or mi̍h-ómba (_om_ French).

=Morning=, han-bach-tschä (_han_ French; _bach_ German guttural).

=Mother=, ni̍h-tánga.

=Mountain=, pahha.

=Mountain= (great), pahha-tánga.

=Mountain= (small), pahha-schi̍nga.

=Mourning= (n), nanschischon.

=Mouth=, i-há.

=Much= (many), hühe (_e_ ½).

=Negro=, ni̍ka-sabä.

=Night=, hán-dje (_an_ and _j_ French; _e_ short).

=Nose=, pah-schu.

=Pipe= (tobacco), naniómba.

=Powder= (gun-powder), nichotsche (_ch_ guttural; _e_ distinct).

=Quick=, uasch-kan (_kan_ French).

=Quiver=, uáh-onju (_n_ and _j_ French); this, as well as bow and

arrow, no longer occurs among them.

=Red=, schúdja (_j_ French).

=Red= (to paint red), schudja-gáhcha (_ch_ guttural).

=River=, uatschi̍ska-tánga; i.e., great brook, or river; they

call the Missouri, Nih-schodje (_j_ French; _e_ ½), i.e., the

muddy water.

=Sand=, tschansemon (French).

=Scalp= (n), pahá.

=Scalp= (v; scalp an enemy), pahá-rüsá.

=Scalp-dance= (war-dance), tután-uatschi.

=Shield= (n), uágrä (short; _r_ with the point of the tongue); to

carry a shield, tschehá-uágrä.

=Sick=, itüh-häga (run together).

=Silver=, mansaskan (_an_ French); i.e., white iron.

=Small=, uah-hohstia, or uah-hohta.

=Smoke= (n), schódiä.

=Snow= (n), wáh.

=Speak= (v), i̍hha-uaska.

=Spirits= (distilled), pädjini̍h.

=Spring= (the season), päädje (_aa_ separated; _j_ French).

=Star=, uïtscháchpe (_ch_ German, guttural).

=Stingy= (greedy), uah-chrih (_ch_ with the point of the tongue).

=Stone=, in (_in_ somewhat nasal, like _i_).

=Strong=, uaschkan-gran-rä (_an_ and _gran_ French).

=Summer=, bellokellan (_an_ French).

=Sun=, uin (_u_ and _i_ separated; _in_ nasal, like _i_).

=Teeth=, hi̍h.

=Thunder= (n), gronhóta.

=Tobacco= (smoking tobacco), nanähü.

=Tomahawk= (with the pipe), manhispä-nani̍omba (_an_ French).

=Tongue=, lähja (_j_ French).

=Toothache=, hi̍h-hi̍h.

=Trail=, ohschángä (German).

=Ugly=, pih-sche (_e_ ½).

=Village=, taman (_an_ French).

=War=, tu-tan (_an_ French).

=War-club= (casse tête, tomahawk), manhispä-schi̍nga.

=Warmth=, manschtä (_an_ French).

=Wash= (v), gruschá.

=Water=, ni̍h.

=Weep= (v), hagä̍.

=White= (color), skáh.

=Widow=, ni̍hka-tombaschä (_om_ French).

=Wind= (n), tadjä (_j_ French).

=Winter=, páhletan (_e_ short; _an_ French).

=Woman= (wife), uakó (_ua_ separated).

=Wood=, tschán (_an_ French).

=Yellow=, si̍h.

=Yes=, hóh-uä.

_Articles of Dress_

=Blanket= (woolen), hahi̍n (_in_ nasal, like _i_).

=Deer's-tail= (hair ornament), táhsinnja (_j_ French).

=Leggings=, hü̍hninggä (German).

=Moccasins=, hómpä (_om_ French).

=Shirt=, o̍ch-kiüera (_ch_ guttural; _e_ ½); i.e., white man's

shirt, for they wear none, not even of leather.

_Numerals_

=One=, uïnchtschä (_uinch_ nasal; _u_ and _i_ separated; _n_

French; _ch_ guttural).

=Two=, nombá (_om_ French).

=Three=, lahbeni (_e_ ½; _ni_ short).

=Four=, toh-bá.

=Five=, sah-tá (_s_ soft; _ta_ short).

=Six=, schah-pé.

=Seven=, peh-umbá (German).

=Eight=, kih-atóba.

=Nine=, grä̍bena-tscheh-uïningkä̍ (the whole run together); i.e.,

ten less one; they also say, schangká.

=Ten=, grä̍bena (_e_ ½; _na_ short).

=Eleven=, grä̍bena-ahgenä-uächze (_uach_ nasal; _ach_ guttural;

_ze_ short).

=Twelve=, grä̍bena-agenih-nombá.

=Thirteen=, grä̍bena-lahbeni.

=Twenty=, grä̍bena-nombá; and so on.

=Hundred=, grä̍bena-hütanga.

=Thousand=, grä̍bena-itó-grabë̍na-hütanga.

* * * * *

=I eat=, uaranombra-tatsch, or uanumbra-minktsch.

=You= (thou) =eat=, uaranumbra.

=He eats=, same as I eat.

=We eat=, there is no plural form, the plural is expressed by

using "many."

=Eat= (imper singular and plural), uanumbra.

=I shall eat=, nomp-eh-anhin-uaranumbra-tatsch (_an_ and _n_

French); i.e., I am hungry and shall eat.

_Names of Other Tribes_

=Ayowas=, Páhodjä.

=Comanches=, Baschtá.

=Crows=, Kahchä̍ (_ch_ guttural).

=Dacotas=, Schauánn (_a_ and _u_ separated).

=Foxes=, given same name as Sahkis.

=Konzas=, Kansä̍ (_an_ French).

=Missouris=, Waschóra.

=Omáhas=, Omahá.

=Otos=, Wadochtáta (_och_ guttural).

=Pahnis=, Pani̍.

=Sakis=, Sáhki.

_Animals_

=Antelope=, tatóhka.

=Badger=, hogá (_ga_ German, guttural).

=Bear= (black), uassábä.

=Bear= (grizzly), mantó (_an_ French).

=Beaver=, tscháhbä.

=Buffalo= (bull), tschetoga.

=Buffalo= (calf), tschéh-schínga.

=Buffalo= (cow), tschéh.

=Cat=, mi̍hka.

=Cat= (European), ing-grong-grä̍scha (German).

=Elk= (general name), opán (_an_ French).

=Elk= (calf), opán-schinga.

=Elk= (doe), opán-mi̍nga (second word German).

=Elk= (stag), opán-tánga, or hächága (_ch_ guttural).

=Fox=, schongréscha (German).

=Fox= (prairie), schongréscha-schi̍nga.

=Hare= (white), manschtin-skah.

=Lynx= (felix rufa), mih-ká.

=Muskrat=, táh-si.

=Opossum=, sindiäschtá.

=Otter=, tochenángä (_ch_ German, guttural).

=Panther=, ingróng-ga (German throughout; run together).

=Panther-skin=, ingrónggaha.

=Rabbit= (hare), manschtin-schi̍nga (_an_ French; _in_ nasal,

like _i_).

=Skunk=, mang-gá.

=Snake=, uets-ah (_u_ and _e_ separated; the whole run together).

=Snake= (rattle snake), sin-diä̍-chala (_ch_ guttural).

=Spider=, tschä̍büka.

=Turkey= (wild), súhka.

=Wolf=, schomikásse (_e_ distinct).

_The Months_

=July and August=, tschetoga-ki̍rucha; i.e., the moon when the

buffalo is in heat.

=September, October and November=, tah-kiruchä, i.e., the time

when the deer is in heat.

=December=, tah-habrähka; i.e., moon of the thin hides.

=January and February=, mi̍hka-kiruchä; i.e., the time when the

lynx is in heat.

=March and April=, oh-uä-gachä (_ch_ guttural); i.e., the time of

the maize.

FOOTNOTES:

[269] Written from the pronunciation of Mr. Chardon, who had lived a

long time among the Osages and understood the language perfectly. They

call their people Wasaji. Formerly they were a powerful tribe, and were

always at war with the neighboring Indians, even with the Konsas who

speak the same dialect. They were originally divided into the Great

and Little Osages; but about forty years ago a part of them, known

under the name of the Chaneer's, or Clermont's band, separated from

the rest and moved to the Arkansa. On the present dwelling place of

the Osages, see Gallatin (_ibid._, p. 126). They regard themselves as

autochthonous.--MAXIMILIAN.

_Comment by Ed._ For F. A. Chardon, see our volume xxiii, p. 188, note

144. For Clermont's band and its separation from the Osage, consult our

volume v, pp. 191, 192.

INDIAN SIGN LANGUAGE[270]

This sign language has been treated in various works. Say has given

noteworthy vocabularies in Edward James's _Account of the Expedition

of Major Long to the Rocky Mountains_. The Arikkaras, Mandans,

Minnitarris, Crows, Chayennes, Snakes, and Blackfeet all understand

a system of signs, which, as we were told, are unintelligible to the

Dacotas, Assiniboins, Ojibuas, Krihs, and other nations. The following

vocabulary is taken from the first group.[271]

* * * * *

[From Colonel Garrick Mallery's "Sign Language of the Indians

of the Upper Missouri in 1832."]

Although nearly every book of travels among the Indians found between

the Alleghenies and the western slope of the Rocky Mountains, refers

to their frequent and convenient use of sign language, there are

only three useful collections of described signs of any early date,

either printed, or, so far as ascertained, in manuscript. These are as

follows:[272]

* * * * *

The one collected by Prince Maximilian von Wied-Neu-Wied, in 1832-34,

from the Cheyenne, Shoshoni, Arikara, Satsika, and the Absaroki, the

Mandans, Hidatsa, and other Northern Dakotas.[273] This list is not

published in the English edition, but appears in the German, Coblenz,

1839, and in the French, Paris, 1840. Bibliographic reference is often

made to this distinguished explorer as "Prince Maximilian," as if there

were but one possessor of that christian name among princely families.

No translation of this list into English appears to have been printed

in any shape, while the German and French editions are costly and

difficult of access, so the collection cannot readily be compared by

observers with the signs now made by the same tribes. The translation

now presented is intended to facilitate such comparison. It is based

upon the German original, but in a few cases where the language was so

curt as not to give a clear idea, was collated with the French edition

of the succeeding year, which, from some internal evidence, appears

to have been published with the assistance or supervision of the

author. Many of the descriptions are, however, so brief and indefinite

in both their German and French forms, that they necessarily remain

so in the present translation. The princely explorer, with the keen

discrimination shown in all his work, doubtless observed what has

escaped many recent reporters of aboriginal signs, that the latter

depend much more upon motion than mere position--and are generally

large and free--seldom minute. His object was to express the general

effect of the motion, rather than to describe it so as to allow of

its accurate reproduction by a reader who had never seen it. For the

latter purpose, now very desirable, a more elaborate description would

have been necessary, and even that would not in all cases have been

sufficient without pictorial illustration. In a few instances the

present writer has added explanations preceded by a dash--. Remarks

on the signs might be indefinitely extended, but the present object

is to assist present observers in making their own comparisons and

suggestions, which, it is hoped, they will contribute to the final

work on Sign Language, now in preparation by the Bureau of Ethnology

of the Smithsonian Institution, of which notice has been given in a

preliminary pamphlet lately issued.

It is worthy of note that the distinguished explorer, who was the

earliest to publish a comprehensive and scientific account of the

tribes of the upper Missouri, is the only printed authority agreeing

with the present writer in denying the existence of a universal sign

language among the several tribes, in the sense of a common code,

the report of which has generally been accepted without question.

He states that the signs described, gathered by him from the tribes

above mentioned, are unintelligible to the Dakotas (probably Sioux),

Assiniboins, Ojibwas, Krees, and other nations. He undoubtedly means,

however, that different signs prevailed among the two bodies of

Indians, so divided by himself, and that the individuals who had only

learned by rote one set of those signs, would not understand the other

set which they had never seen, unless they were accomplished in the

gesture speech as an art, and not as a mere memorized list of arbitrary

motions. It has been clearly ascertained that two Indians of different

tribes who have neither oral language nor previously adopted signs in

common, can, after a short trial, communicate through familiarity with

the principles of gesture speech, signs being mutually invented and

accepted.

* * * * *

The philosophic prince also was one of the first to correct another

common error, in attributing the use of signs to the poverty of the

aboriginal tongues.

_List of the Prince of Wied-Neu-Wied_

=1. Good=: Place the right hand horizontally in front of the

breast, and move it forward.--This gesture is more fully

described by a recent observer, as follows: "Place the right

hand horizontally in front of the breast, and touching it,

fingers and thumbs closed and extended, back of hand up,

move rather sharply to the front until the forearm is nearly

extended." It may convey the suggestion of "level," "no

difficulty," and resembles some signs for "content." Many

Indians and deaf mutes use gestures to express a pleasant

taste in the mouth, for "good" even in a moral sense. (G. S.

124; S. L. 25.)

=2. Bad=: Close the hand and open it whilst passing it

downwards.--This sign is still frequent, the idea of dropping

out the supposed contents of the hand as not worth keeping,

being obvious. (G. S. 27; S. L. 26.)

=3. See=: Pass the extended index-finger forward from the eye.

(G. S. 229.)

=4. Come=: Elevate the index-finger near the face, extend the

hand and return it with a number of gentle jerks.--In the

prevalent sign noticed now for "come," in the sense of "come

here," the index, after the forearm (not hand alone) is

extended, is crooked slightly as if hooking on to an object,

and drawn sharply toward the person. The degree of motion is,

however, proportioned to the occasion, and the successive

"gentle jerks" of the author indicate less urgency than one

sharp redrawal. (G. S. 68.)

=5. Arrive=: Clap the hands, elevating the index-finger of the

right hand.--To express arrival at a place indicated by

previous gestures, some of the upper Missouri tribes now

hold the left hand fingers extended and closed, well out in

front of the body, palm toward it, forearm horizontal, right

hand between left and body, index extended vertically, other

fingers and thumb closed, nails outward, then the right hand

is carried sharply out until it strikes the left. The same

sign is used in a direction to go to a place indicated, and

that for returning from a place is the same with reversed

position of hands. It is conjectured that the clapping of

the hands mentioned by the author as commencing the sign

refers to the accomplishment of the motion, as southern

negroes say "done come." (G. S. 70.)

=6. Go, depart=: Like _come_; but begin near the face and extend

the hand with a number of gentle jerks. (G. S. 120.)

=7. Speak=: Place the flat hand back downward before the mouth

and move it forward two or three times. (G. S. 245.)

=8. Another speaks=: Place the hand in the same position,

beginning farther from the mouth, drawing it nearer and

nearer. (G. S. 246.)

=9. Man=: Elevate the index-finger and turn the hand hither

and thither.--The "turning of the hand hither and thither"

probably signifies more than the simple idea of man, and

is used for "only one man" or "a man who is alone." The

finger represents the male organ of generation, and among

some tribes the finger is held erect or crooked downward, to

indicate mature or declining age. (G. S. 176.)

=10. Woman=: Pass the palm of the extended hand downward over the

hair on the side of the head, or downward over the cheeks.

(G. S. 287.)

=11. Child=: Push the index-finger rapidly into the air then

draw the hand back downward.--The distance of the hand from

the ground when the motion ceases, indicates the height of

the child referred to. Indians often indicate the height of

human beings by the hand placed at the proper elevation, back

downward, and that of inanimate objects or animals not human

by the hand held back upward. (G. S. 54.)

=12. Kill=: Clinch the hand and strike from above downward.--This

motion, which may be more clearly expressed as the downward

thrust of a knife held in the clinched hand, is still used by

many tribes for the general idea of "kill," and illustrates

the antiquity of the knife as a weapon. The actual employment

of arrow, gun, or club in taking life, is, however, often

specified by appropriate gesture. (G. S. 158.)

=13. Arrow, To shoot an=: Place the tips of the fingers downward

upon the thumb, then snap them forward. (G. S. 25.)

=14. Gun, Discharge of a=: Place both hands as in No. 13, extend

the left arm, contract the right before the face, then snap

the ends of the fingers forward. (G. S. 130.)

=15. Arrow, To hit with an=: After the fingers have been

snapped, strike the hands together and elevate the

index-finger of the right hand. (G. S. 24.)

=16. Gunshot, To hit with a=: After the fingers have been

snapped, strike the hands together as in No. 15. (G. S. 131.)

=17. God, great spirit=: Blow upon the open hand, point upward

with the extended index-finger whilst turning the closed hand

hither and thither, then sweep it above the earth and allow

it to drop. (G. S. 89.)

=18. Medicine=: Stir with the right hand into the left, and

afterwards blow into the latter.--All persons familiar with

Indians will understand that the term "medicine" foolishly

enough adopted by both the French and English to express the

aboriginal magic arts, has no therapeutic significance. Very

few even pretended remedies were administered to the natives,

and probably never by the professional shaman, who worked

by incantation, often pulverizing and mixing the substances

mystically used, to prevent their detection. The same

mixtures were employed in divination. The author particularly

mentions Mandan ceremonies, in which a white "medicine"

stone, as hard as pyrites, was produced by rubbing in the

hand snow, or the white feathers of a bird. The blowing away

of the disease, considered to be a malign power foreign to

the body, was a common part of the juggling performance. (G.

S. 179.)

=19. Gun=: Close the fingers against the thumb, elevate the hand

and open the fingers with a quick snap. (G. S. 129.)

=20. Bow=: Draw the right arm back completely, as if drawing the

bowstring, whilst the left arm is extended with clinched

hand. (G. S. 43.)

=21. Arrow=: Pass the index-finger of the right hand several

times across the left arm. (G. S. 23.)

=22. Arrowhead, Iron=: With the index-finger of the right hand,

touch the tip of the extended forefinger of the left hand

several times. (G. S. 25.)

=23. Gunflint=: With the index-finger of the right hand cut off

a piece of the extended thumb, so that the finger is laid

across the thumbnail. (G. S. 131.)

=24. Gun-screw=: Elevate the hand to indicate a gun, and twist

the fingers spirally around the thumb. (G. S. 131.)

=25. Question=: Extend the open hand perpendicularly with the

palm outward, and move it from side to side several times.

(G. S. 210.)

=26. Gunpowder=: Rub the thumb and index-finger together

repeatedly. (G. S. 131.)

=27. Coat=: Separate the thumb and index-finger of each hand and

pass them downward over the sides of the body. (G. S. 61.)

=28. Leggings=: Open the fingers as before and draw them upward

along both legs. (G. S. 166.)

=29. Moccasins, shoes=: Raise the foot and stroke it from front

to back with the index-finger of the hand on the same side.

(G. S. 232.)

=30. Breechcloth=: Pass the flat hand from between the legs

upward toward the belly. (G. S. 48.) = 31. Hat=: Pass the

parted thumb and index-finger about both sides of the head

where the hat rests upon it. (G. S. 135.)

=32. True, It is=: Lower the hand in front of the breast, then

extend the index-finger, raise and move it straight forward

before the person. (G. S. 273.)

=33. Lie=: Pass the second and third finger of the right

hand toward the left side in front of the mouth.--By the

expression "second and third" finger the author means, as

appears in other connections, the index and middle finger.

The idea of double tongued, two kinds of talk, prevails now

among all Indian tribes, though it is sometimes made by one

finger, the index, moved successively from the mouth in two

different directions. (G. S. 166.)

=34. Know=: Spread the thumb and index-finger of the right hand,

sweep toward the breast, moving them forward and outward so

that the palm turns up. (G. S. 161.)

=35. Do not know=: First place the fingers in the preceding

position, then turn the right hand upward with spread fingers

so that they point outward toward the right side. (G. S. 162.)

=36. Much=: Move both hands toward one another and slightly

upward.--This is the formation of a "heap." (G. S. 208; S.

L. 24.) = 37. Little=: Pass the nearly closed hands several

times by jerks over one another, the right hand above. (G. S.

238.)

=38. Trade=: Strike the extended index-finger of the right hand

several times upon that of the left. (G. S. 268.)

=39. Exchange=: Pass both hands with extended forefingers

across each other before the breast.--In the author's mind

"exchange" was probably intended for one transaction, in

which each of two articles took the place before occupied by

the other, and "trade" was intended for a more general and

systematic barter, indicated by the repetition of strokes, in

which the index-fingers mutually changed positions. (G. S.

105.)

=40. Horse=: Place the index and third fingers of the right hand

astraddle the index-finger of the left.--By the "third" the

author means the middle finger. He counts the thumb as the

first. (G. S. 144.)

=41. Horse, To ride a=: As before stated, but with this

difference, that the right hand extends farther and the

gesture is made quickly. (G. S. 147.)

=42. Dog=: Pass the flat hand from above downward, stopping at

the height of a dog's back. (G. S. 96; S. L. 28.)

=43. Beaver=: With the back of the open right hand, strike the

palm of the left several times. (G. S. 32.)

=44. Otter=: Draw the nose slightly upward with the first two

fingers of the right hand. (G. S. 194.)

=45. Bison, female=: Curve the two forefingers, place them on the

sides of the head, and move them several times. (G. S. 40.)

=46. Bison, male=: Place the tightly closed hands on both sides

of the head with the fingers forward. (G. S. 40.)

=47. Antelope=: Pass the open right hand outward from the small

of the back.--This, as explained by Indians examined by the

present writer, indicates the lighter coloration upon the

animal's flanks. A Ute who could speak Spanish accompanied it

with the word _blanco_, as if recognizing that it required

explanation. (G. S. 22.)

=48. Sheep, bighorn= (_Ovis montana_): Move the hands in the

direction of the horns on the side of the head by passing

them backward and forward in the form of a half-circle. (G.

S. 231.)

=49. Mule=: Hold the open hands high beside the head, and move

them from back to front several times like wings. (G. S. 186.)

=50. Elk= (_Cervus can._): Stretch the arms above and along side

of the head. (G. S. 103.)

=51. Deer=: Pass the uplifted hand to and fro several times in

front of the face. (G. S. 86; S. L. 27.)

=52. Deer, black tail=: First make the preceding gesture, then

indicate a tail. (G. S. 88; S. L. 27.)

=53. Buffalo-robe=: Pass both fists crossing in front of the

breast, as if wrapping one's self up. (G. S. 59.)

=54. Day=: Place both hands at some distance in front of the

breast, apart and back downward, elevate the index-finger and

move it forward to indicate one, twice for two days, etc.

When counting on the fingers begin at the left hand. (G. S.

77; S. L. 20.)

=55. Night=: Move both hands open and flat, that is horizontal,

the backs up and in small curves in front of the breast

and over one another.--The conception is _covering_, and

consequently obscurity. In the foregoing sign for _day_ the

author probably meant that the hands, palms up, were _moved_

apart, to denote openness. (G. S. 187.)

=56. Sun=: Form a small circle with the forefingers and hold them

toward heaven. (G. S. 256.)

=57. Moon=: Make the same sign, after having made that for night.

(G. S. 183.)

=58. River=: Open the right hand and pass it before the mouth

from above downward. (G. S. 222.)

=59. Forest=: Slightly spread and raise the ten fingers bringing

the hands together in front of the face, then separate

them.--The numerous trees and their branches are indicated.

(G. S. 112.)

=60. Mountain=: Raise the arm from the elbow without moving the

latter, the back of the clinched hand directed toward the

front. (G. S. 141.)

=61. Prairie, plain=: Lay the hands flat upon their backs and

move them straight from one another in a horizontal line. (G.

S. 198.)

=62. Village=: Place the opened thumb and forefinger of each hand

opposite to each other, as if to make a circle, but leaving

between them a small interval, afterward move them from

above downward simultaneously.--The villages of the tribes

with which the author was longest resident, particularly the

Mandans and Arikaras, were surrounded by a strong, circular

stockade, spaces or breaks in the circle being left for

entrance and exit. (G. S. 277.)

=63. Kettle=: Same sign as for _village_, but is made closer to

the earth.--Singularly enough, the configuration of a common

kettle (the utensil obtained from the whites in trade being,

of course, the one referred to) is the same as that of the

stockaded villages, the intervals left between the hands

representing in this case the interruption in the circle

made by the handles. The differentiation is effected by the

position closer to the earth. (G. S. 157.)

=64. Lodge=: The same, with the addition that the finger is

elevated to indicate the number, one. (G. S. 170.)

=65. Lodge, Entering a=: Pass the right hand in short curves

under the left, which is held a short distance forward.--The

conception is of the stooping to pass through the low

entrance, which is often covered by a common flap, and the

subsequent rising when the entrance has been accomplished.

In the same tribes now, if the intention is to speak of a

person entering the gesturer's own lodge, the right hand

is passed under the left and toward the body, near which

the left hand is held; if of a person entering the lodge of

another, the left hand is held further from the body and the

right is passed under it and outward. In both cases both

hands are slightly curved and compressed. (G. S. 172.)

=66. Robe, Red=: First indicate the wrapping about the shoulders,

then rub the right cheek to indicate the red color.--The red

refers to the paint habitually used on the cheeks, not to

the natural skin. The Indians know better than to designate

between each other their natural color as red, and have been

known to give the designation _red man_ to the visiting

Caucasian, whose blistered skin often better deserves the

epithet, which they only apply to themselves in converse with

the conquering race that insisted upon it. (G. S. 59, 66.)

=67. Robe, Green=: Indicate the wrapping about the shoulders, and

with the back of the left hand make the gesture of stroking

grass upon the earth. (G. S. 59, 66.)

=68. Robe, Blue=: Indicate the wrapping, then with two fingers of

the right hand rub the back of the left.--It is conjectured

that the veins on the back of the hand are indicated. (G. S.

59, 66.)

=69. Ax=: Cross the arms and slide the edge of the right hand

held vertically, down over the left arm. (G. S. 267.)

=70. Beads, Glass=: Stroke the fingers of the right hand over the

upper arm of the left. (G. S. 31.)

=71. Vermillion, cinnabar=: Rub the right cheek with the fingers

of the right hand.--The chief use of this pigment was to

paint the cheeks. (G. S. 67.)

=72. Knife=: Cut past the mouth with the raised right hand.--This

clearly refers to the general practice of cutting off food,

as much being crammed into the mouth as can be managed and

then separated by a stroke of a knife from the remaining

mass. This is specially the case with fat entrails, the

aboriginal delicacies. (G. S. 160.)

=73. Fire=: Hold the fingers of the right hand slightly opened

and upward, and elevate the hand several times.--This

portrays the forked tongues of the flames rising. (G. S. 109.)

=74. Water=: Same as "river."

=75. Smoke=: Snuffle the nose and raise the fingers of both hands

several times, rubbing the fingers against each other.--The

rubbing may indicate the former mode of obtaining fire by

friction, accompanied with smoke, which is further indicated

by the wrinkled nose. (G. S. 240.)

=76. Partisan=: First make the sign of the pipe, then open the

thumb and index-finger of the right hand, back of the hand

outward, move it forward and upward in a curve.--By the

title of "partisan" the author meant, as indeed was the

common expression of the Canadian voyageurs, a leader of an

occasional or volunteer war party. The sign is explained

by his account in a different connection, that to become

recognized as a leader of such a war party, the first act

among the tribes using the sign was the consecration, by

fasting succeeded by feasting, of a medicine pipe without

ornament, which the leader of the expedition afterward

bore with him as his badge of authority, and it therefore

naturally became an emblematic sign. There may be interest in

noting that the "Calendar of the Dakota Nation" (Bulletin U.

S. G. and G. Survey, vol. iii, No. 1) gives a figure (No. 43,

A. D. 1842) showing "One Feather," a Sioux chief, who raised

in that year a large war party against the Crows, which fact

is simply denoted by his holding out, demonstratively, an

unornamented pipe. (G. S. 53.)

=77. Chief=: Raise the index-finger of the right hand, holding

it straight upward, then turn it in a circle, and bring it

straight down a little toward the earth.--If this gesture

is accurately described by the author, its conception may

be "elevated in the midst of surrounding inferiors." In

view, however, of the fact that Indians now make a forward

curve instead of a horizontal circle, the former instead of

the latter may have been intended in the curt expression.

The prevailing delineation of the superior authority of the

chiefs is by superior height, one form of which is reported

as follows: Right forearm nearly vertical, index extended,

thumb and other fingers closed, nails toward cheek and about

eight inches from it. Extend right arm vertically about eight

inches; turn index as an arrow turns in the air and bring

down in front of face between the eyes until about opposite

the chin. (G. S. 51; S. L. 19.)

=78. White man, American=: Place the open index-finger and thumb

of the right hand toward the face, then pass it to the right

in front of the forehead to indicate the hat. The fist can

also be used in same way. (G. S. 283.)

=79. Negro=: First make the sign for white man, then rub the

hair on the right side of the head with the flat hand.--The

present common sign for "black" is to rub or touch the hair,

which, among Indians, is almost universally of that color.

(G. S. 186.)

=80. Fool=: Place the hand in front of the head, back outward,

then turn it round in a circle several times. (G. S. 112.)

=81. Scalp=: Grasp the hair with the left hand, and with the

right one flattened cut away over the left. (G. S. 228.)

=82. Content, satisfied=: With the raised right hand, pass with a

serpentine movement upward from the breast and face above the

head. (G. S. 119; S. L. 35.)

=83. Mine, this belongs to me=: With the fist, pass upward in

front of the breast, then push it forward with a slight jerk.

(G. S. 200.)

=84. Belongs to another=: Pass the hand quickly before the face

as if to say, "go away," then make gesture No. 83. (G. S.

202.)

=85. This does not belong to me=: First make gesture No. 83,

then wave the right hand quickly by and in front of the face

toward the right. (G. S. 203.)

=86. Perhaps I will get it=: First, No. 83, then move the right

hand right and left before the face, the thumb turned toward

the face.

=87. Brave=: Close the fists, place the left near the breast, and

move the right over the left toward the left side. (G. S. 45.)

=88. Coward=: Point forward with the index followed by the

remaining fingers, each time that is done draw back the

index.--Impossible to keep the coward to the front. (G. S.

106; S. L. 23.)

=89. Hard=: Open the hand, and strike against it several times

with the right (with the backs of the fingers). (G. S. 134.)

=90. Soft=: Make gesture No. 89, then strike on the opposite side

so as to indicate the reunion. (G. S. 242.)

=91. Hard, Excessively=: Sign No. 89, then place the left

index-finger upon the right shoulder, at the same time extend

and raise the right arm high, extending the index-finger

upwards, perpendicularly. (G. S. 135.)

=92. Repeat, (a thing) often=: Extend the left arm, also the

index-finger, and with the latter strike the arm at regular

intervals from front backward several times. (G. S. 221.)

=93. Heard, I have=: Open wide the thumb and index-finger of the

right hand, place them over the ear, and in this position

move them quickly past the chin and nose. (G. S. 139.)

=94. Listen=: Place the open thumb and index-finger over the

right ear and move them hither and thither. (G. S. 137.)

=95. Run=: Lay both hands flat, palm downward, and pass the right

rapidly high and far over the left, so that the body is

somewhat raised. (G. S. 225.)

=96. Slow=: Extend the left arm, curving the forefinger and

holding it still. The right arm does the same but is drawn

back with several short and circular movements. (G. S. 237.)

=97. Fat=: Raise the left arm with fist closed back outward,

grasp the arm with the right hand, and rub downward thereon.

(G. S. 106.)

=98. Lean=: Hold the flattened hands toward one another before

the breast, separate them, moving all the fingers several

times inward and outward toward and from the breast. (G. S.

199.)

=99. Sick=: Hold the hands as just stated, toward one another,

bring them, held stiff, in front of the breast, and move them

forward and backward from and to the same. (G. S. 233.)

=100. Dead=: Hold the left hand flat over the face, back outward,

and pass with the similarly held right hand below the former,

gently striking or touching it. (G. S. 83.)

FOOTNOTES:

[270] In the original German edition, the first paragraph and its

accompanying note (270) form the only introduction to Maximilian's

account of the Indian sign language. As this account had already

been Englished by an expert in this field, the late Colonel Garrick

Mallery, I have adopted the latter's version, found in his "Sign

Language of the Indians of the Upper Missouri in 1832," in _American

Antiquarian_, ii (Chicago, 1879-80), pp. 218-228. Mallery's version was

also incorporated in his "Collection of Gesture-Signs and Signals of

the North American Indians with some Comparisons" (Washington: Bureau

of Ethnology, 1880). A few of the descriptions are also referred to

in his "Introduction to the Study of Sign Language among the North

American Indians, as illustrating the Gesture Speech of Mankind,"

published in the same year by the Bureau of Ethnology. The opinion of

Maximilian's work entertained by so eminent an authority as Colonel

Mallery is of course interesting and valuable, and it has seemed

proper to reprint here the pertinent part of his introduction to the

_American Antiquarian_ article. This introduction will also be found

in substance in his "Gesture-Signs" and "Sign Language," cited above.

Reference to the pages in the "Gesture-Signs" (G. S.) and in the "Sign

Language" (S. L.), where each description is given, are here indicated

in parentheses.--TRANS.

[271] Dr. Mitchell (Warden, _American Antiquities_, p. 179) has a

very incorrect conception of the Indians, if he believes that they

ordinarily communicate by means of signs. The signs are used only when

a person does not wish to be heard, or when he is addressing people of

other nations. According to Dunbar (_ibid._, p. 176) this sign language

agrees with the Chinese letters; but I do not understand what is meant

by this statement.--MAXIMILIAN.

_Comment by Ed._ For Warden, see our volume xxii, p. 149, note 63.

Samuel L. Mitchell (1764-1831) was known as the "Nestor of American

Science." His learning was encyclopædic; he belonged to many scientific

societies both in America and Europe. For Sir William Dunbar, see our

volume iv, p. 325, note 209.

[272] The first two lists mentioned by Mallery are: that of William

Dunbar, American Philosophical Society, _Transactions_, vi; and the

one, probably by T. Say, in James's _Long's Expedition_, in our volume

xvii, pp. 289-308.--ED.

[273] Mallery (G. S. 11) says that from the time and attention which

Maximilian gave to the Mandans and Hidatsa, it may be safe to conclude

that all these signs were actually obtained from them.--ED.

II. ON THE ORIGIN OF THE OTOS, JOWAYS, AND MISSOURIS: A TRADITION

COMMUNICATED BY AN OLD CHIEF TO MAJOR BEAN, THE INDIAN AGENT

Some time in the year (it was before the arrival of the Whites in

America) a large band of Indians, who call themselves Fish-eaters

(_Hoton-ga_), who inhabit the lakes, being discontented, concluded

that they would migrate to the southwest in pursuit of the buffalo,

and accordingly did so. At Lake Puant they divided, and that part

which remained, still continued their original name in Indian, but

from some cause or other the Whites called them Winnebagos. The rest,

more enterprising, still continued on the journey, until they reached

the Mississippi and the mouth of the Joway River, where they encamped

on the sand-beach and again divided, one band concluding not to go

farther, and those who still wished to go on called this band, which

still remained encamped on the sand-beach, Pa-ho-dje, or Dust-noses;

but the Whites, who first discovered them on the Joway River, called

them Joways (_Ayowäs_). The rest of them continued on their direction,

and struck the Missouri at the mouth of the Grand River. Having only

two principal chiefs left, they here gave themselves the name of

Neu-ta-che, which means "those that arrive at the mouth," but were

called by the Whites the Missouris. One of their chiefs had an only

son, the other chief had a beautiful daughter, and, having both a

gentle blood, thought no harm to absent themselves for a night or two

together, which raised the anger of the unfortunate girl's father to

such a pitch, that he marshalled his band and prepared for battle.

They however settled it so far as not to come to blows, but the father

of the unfortunate son separated from the others, and continued

still farther up the Missouri, whereupon they called themselves

Wagh-toch-tat-ta, and by what means I know not they have got the

name Otos. The Fish-eaters, or the Winnebagos as we call them, still

continued east of the Mississippi in the State of Illinois. The Joways,

having ceded to the United States all their title to the lands they

first settled, have moved West of the State of Missouri, between the

waters of the Missouri and the Little Platte. The Missouris, having

been unfortunate at war with the Osages, here again separated, and a

part of them live now with the Joways, and a part with the Otos. The

Otos continued still up the Missouri until they arrived at the Big

Platte, which empties into the Missouri, when they crossed and lived

some time a little above its mouth, but of late years have resided

about 80 miles (by water) from the Missouri, on the Platte River.

III. SALE OF LAND BY THE INDIANS--EXTRACT FROM THE PUBLISHED CONTRACT

This Document is headed--Andrew Jackson, President of the United States

of America, to all and singular to whom these presents shall come,

greeting; &c. &c. Then come thirteen articles, of which the following

is the preamble:

Articles of a treaty made and concluded by William Clarke,

Superintendent of Indian Affaires, and Willoughby Morgan, Colonel of

the United States 1st Regt. Infantry, commissioners on behalf of the

United States, on the one part; and the undersigned deputations of

the confederated tribes of the Sacs and Foxes; the Medawah-Kanton,

Wahpacoota, Wahpeton, and Sissetong bands or tribes of Sioux; the

Omahas, Joways, Otos, and Missouris, on the other part.

The said tribes being anxious to remove all causes which may hereafter

create any unfriendly feeling between them, and being also anxious

to provide other sources for supplying their wants besides those of

hunting, which they are sensible must soon entirely fail them, agree

with the United States on the following articles:

Article I. The said tribes cede and relinquish to the United States for

ever all their right and title to the lands lying within the following

boundaries, to wit: Beginning at the upper fork of the Demoine River,

and passing the sources of the Little Sioux and Floyd's Rivers, to the

fork of the first creek which falls into the Big Sioux, or Calumet,

on the east side; thence down said creek, and Calumet River, to the

Missouri River: thence down said Missouri River to the Missouri State

line above the Kansas; thence along said line to the northwest corner

of the said state; thence to the highlands between the water falling

into the Missouri and Desmoines, passing to said highlands along the

dividing ridge between the forks of the Grand River; thence along

said highlands or ridge separating the waters of the Missouri from

those of the Desmoines, to a point opposite the source of Boyer River,

and thence in a direct line to the upper fork of the Desmoines, the

place of beginning. But it is understood that the lands ceded and

relinquished by this treaty are to be resigned and allotted under the

direction of the President of the United States to the tribes now

living thereon, or to such other tribes as the President may locate

thereon for hunting, and other purposes, &c. &c.

The other Articles follow. Here are the names of some of the Indian

chiefs who signed the contract:--

SACS

_Mash-que-tai-paw_ (Red-head).

_Sheco-Caiawko_ (Tortoise-shell).

_Kee-o-cuck_ (The Vigilant Fox).

_Pai-o-tahit_ (Heartless).

_Os-hays-Kee_ (Ridge).

_She-she-quaninee_ (The Little Gourd), &c.

FOXES

_Wapataw_ (The Prince).

_Taweemin_ (Gooseberry).

_Pasha-sakay_.

_Keewausettee_ (Who climbs everywhere).

_Appenioce_ (The Great Child).

_Kaw-kaw-kee_ (The Crow), &c.

SIOUX

_Wabishaw_ (The Red Leaf).

_Tchataqua mani_ (The Little Crow).

_Waumunde-tunkar_ (The Great Calumet Eagle).

_Taco-coqui-pishnee_ (Dauntless).

_Wah-coo-ta_ (The Bowman).

OMAHAS

_Opan-tanga_ (The Great Elk).

_Chonques-kaw_ (The White Horse).

_Tessan_ (The White Crow).

JOWAYS

_Wassan-nie_ (The Medicine Club).

_Mauhooskan_ (The White Cloud).

_Tah-roh-ha_ (Many Stags).

OTOS

_I-atan or Shaumanie-lassan_ (Prairie-Wolf).

_Mehah-hun-jee_ (Second Daughter).

_Kansaw-tanga_ (The Great Kansa), &c.

IV. TREATY OF TRADE AND PEACE BETWEEN THE AMERICAN FUR COMPANY AND THE

BLACKFEET

We send greeting to all mankind! Be it known unto all nations, that the

most ancient, most illustrious, and most numerous tribes of the red

skins, lords of the soil from the banks of the great waters unto the

tops of the mountains, upon which the heavens rest, have entered into

solemn league and covenant to make, preserve, and cherish a firm and

lasting peace, that so long as the water runs, or grass grows, they may

hail each other as brethren and smoke the calumet in friendship and

security.

On the vigil of the feast of St. Andrew, in the year eighteen hundred

and thirty-one, the powerful and distinguished nation of Blackfeet,

Piëgan, and Blood Indians, by their ambassadors, appeared at Fort

Union, near the spot where the Yellow Stone River unites its current

with the Missouri, and in the council-chamber of the Governor Kenneth

M'Kenzie met the principal chief of all the Assiniboin nation, the Man

that holds the Knife, attended by his chiefs of council, le Brechu,

le Borgne, the Sparrow, the Bear's Arm, la Terre qui Tremble, and

l'Enfant de Medicine, when, conforming to all ancient customs and

ceremonies, and observing the due mystical signs enjoined by the grand

medicine-lodges, a treaty of peace and friendship was entered into

between the said high contracting parties, and is testified by their

hands and seals hereunto annexed, hereafter and for ever to live as

brethren of one large united happy family; and may the Great Spirit,

who watcheth over us all, approve our conduct and teach us to love one

another.

Done, executed, ratified and confirmed at Fort Union on the day and

year first within written, in the presence of Jas. Archdale Hamilton.

H. CHARDON.

THE MAN THAT HOLDS THE KNIFE.

THE YOUNG GAUCHER.

LE BRECHU, OR LE FILS DU GROS FRANÇAIS.

THE BEAR'S ARM, OR THE MAN THAT LIVES ALONE.

LE BORGNE.

THE SPARROW.

LA TERRE QUI TREMBLE.

L'ENFANT DE MEDICINE.

K. M'KENZIE, on behalf of the Piëgans and Blackfeet.

V. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT FORT UNION AND FORT CLARK, ON THE

UPPER MISSOURI

[Condensed by Asa Currier Tilton]

These observations consist of those which were made by Prince

Maximilian at Fort Clark in 1833-34, and of extracts from the records

kept at Fort Union for the two years preceding, by Mr. Mc Kenzie. The

observations were systematized by Prof. Mädler, then at Dorpat, but

formerly at Berlin. His conclusions and comments are printed in his own

words.

A table is given of the observations at Fort Union in 1832-33. It shows

the monthly average and the daily variation of temperature. The daily

and annual variations are found to be greater than in Europe, even in

the interior of Russia; and are those of a typical continental climate.

Some variations are manifestly unusual. The period of observation in

so variable a climate is too short to reduce the figures to a formula;

but a table of the differences is given, and some of the most marked

variations and apparent exceptions are discussed.

The observations of the principal winds are given in another table.

Here, also, the period of observation is too short for definite

results; but more correspondence is found with Europe than in the case

of temperature. As in Europe, the north and the south winds are rarest,

the former especially.

Still another table shows the influence of the winds on temperature.

This is valuable in spite of the short period covered. The south wind

is found to be the warmest; and the northwest wind, followed by the

northeast, the coldest. There is too little north wind to conclude that

it is regularly as warm as the data indicate.

The southwest wind keeps its place throughout the year, the northwest

wind only in the autumn and winter; in the spring and summer, the

northeast wind takes its place as the coldest. For all the seasons, the

east wind corresponds most nearly to the average temperature.

The observations at Fort Clark are given in similar tables. From

November to the latter part of January the cold increased; the first

part of February was decidedly warmer. The winter was very cold not

alone in the Missouri valley but in the Atlantic states as well; it

was, however, one of the mildest on record in Europe.

The table on the winds indicates none which corresponds to the average

temperature. The northwest and west winds vary from it but little,

however. The mildest wind seems to be the southwest; while the greatest

cold seems to coincide with the northeast wind.

Another table gives the cloudy and clear days, and indicates their

relation to temperature. From November to the beginning of March the

clear mornings are the colder; in the latter part of March there is no

difference. In December, January, and February the clear middays are

the colder; for the rest of the time, the cloudy or neutral days are

coldest. In January, the neutral days are the warmest.

VI. BIRD CALENDAR FOR THE REGION OF THE MANDAN VILLAGES, IN THE WINTER

OF 1833-34[274]

=October=

=Beginning.= _Residents_: Cathartes septentrionalis;[275]

Aquila leucocephala; Falco sparverius; strix virginiana,

asio; Corvus corax, americanus audub.; Pica hudsonica;

Lanius septentrionalis; Alcedo alcyon; Quiscalus versicolor;

Parus atricapillus; Sturnella ludoviciana; Picus villosus,

pubescens; Tetrao phasianellus; Tringa; Totanus; Anas boschas

fera, crecca, discors; Fulica americana.[276]

=Middle.= _Residents_: Same as above. Some of the following

begin to migrate: Cathartes; Falcones; Corvus amer.; Alcedo;

Quiscalus; Sturnella; Fringilla erythrophthalma; Fulica;

Tringa; Totanus (even earlier); Pelecanus trachyrynchos

lath.;[277] grus, and recurvirostra.

_Migrants_: Quiscalus vers.; Sturnella; Anser hyperboreus,

canadensis; all species of Mergus and Anas, among them Anas

sponsa;[278] likewise Pelecanus.

_Birds of passage_: Turdus migrat.; Grus, both species;

Pelecanus.

=End.= _Residents_: Tetrao phasian.; Corvus corax; Pica huds.;

Picus pubesc., villosus; Parus atricap.; Aquila leucoc.;

Alcedo alcyon (now migrating).

_Migrants_: Quiscalus, solitary; Anser canad.; Ansas boschas,

crecca, discors; Cygnus; Mergus; Fringilla linaria, including

unfamiliar species.

=November=

=Beginning.= _Residents_: Strix virgin., asio; Corvus corax; Pica

huds.; Tetrao phasian.; Lanius septentr.

_Migrants_: Aquila leucoc.; Anas; Mergus; Cygnus; Anser.

=Middle.= _Residents_: Same as in beginning of month.

_Migrants_: Fring. linaria; Emberiza nivalis; Bombycilla

garrula.

=End.= _Residents_: As above.

_Migrants_: As in the middle of the month.

=December=

=Beginning.= _Residents_: As above.

_Migrants_: As in end of November; Bombycilla garrula.

=Middle.= Same as in beginning of month.

=End.= Same as in middle of month.

=January=

Same as in December; finches and buntings no longer occur.

=February=

=Beginning.= Same as in January; no finches or snow buntings.

=Middle.= _Residents_: Fring. linaria; Ember. nivalis in small

finches and snow buntings often very numerous.

=March=

=Beginning.= Same as in February.

=Middle.= _Residents_: Same as in the winter.

_Migrants_: Ember. nivalis; Fring. linaria.

_Birds of passage_: Anas boschas. The first ducks were seen on

the thirteenth of March; they were flying up the Missouri. On

the fourteenth the first prairie hen (Tetrao phasian.) called.

On the fifteenth a small flock of gray finches (Fring. canad.?)

appeared; and on the sixteenth the first swan. Ducks now appear

daily.

FOOTNOTES:

[274] Each month is divided into three parts of ten and eleven

days each with the exception of February, where the divisions are

shorter.--MAXIMILIAN.

_Comment by Ed._ For bibliographies of earlier as well as later

works on American ornithology, see Elliott Coues, "List of Faunal

Publications relating to North American Ornithology," being the

Bibliographical Appendix to his _Birds of the Colorado Valley_

(United States Geological Survey of the Territories, _Misc. Pub._ No.

11, 1878); also his "Second Instalment of American Ornithological

Bibliography," U. S. Geog. and Geographical Survey _Bulletin_, v, No. 2

(1879).

[275] I describe this vulture under the term _septentrionalis_,

because I now regard it as a distinct species. I am indebted to Privy

Councillor Lichtenstein of Berlin for the opportunity of examining

several specimens of _Urubus_ from different parts of South America

and from Mexico; and I am now convinced that they, together with the

Brazilian, form a species which is distinct from the North American.

The male of the southern red-headed _Urubu_ (_C. aura_) is smaller,

more uniformly dark, with stronger metallic gloss, and with less

brightly-rounded wing feathers than the northern. In the Brazilian

bird the iris is bright red, and in the mature bird the head is sky

blue and orange. In the North American bird the head is of a dirty

violet red, occasionally violet, the base of the bill lac red the iris

grayish brown with a lighter band around the pupil, and a narrow bright

red band on the outer edge. The immature birds of both species have

a dirty violet head, etc. I hope to deal more thoroughly with this

subject in another place. I will remark in passing that the statement

of Schomburgk (see _Annals of Natural History_) in a natural history of

the king vulture (_Vultur papa l._), "that the other vultures will not

eat until the king vulture has satisfied himself," is most certainly a

fable.--MAXIMILIAN.

_Comment by Ed._ For Lichtenstein, see _post_, note 276. The Schomburgk

referred to is probably Sir Robert Hermann Schomburgk, the famous

explorer, and the author of works on Guiana and the Barbadoes. A

publication was started at Edinburgh in 1837 under the title, _Magazine

of Zoology and Botany_; in 1839 the name was changed to _Annals of

Natural History_, and the place of publication to London; later, the

title became _Annals and Magazine of Natural History_.

[276] _Fulica americana_ is different from _atra_. This is shown

more clearly in Wilson's description than in that of Audubon. The

latter's description of the bill of the American bird does not agree

with my observation; I have always found it uniformly colored, as

Wilson describes it. I found no birds of the genus _Fulica_ in Brazil;

consequently D'Orbigny (see De la Sagra, _Hist. Nat. de l'Isle de Cuba,

ornith._, p. 273) is in error when he says that _Fulica atra_ was seen

by me in Brazil. In North America I frequently found a similar bird, as

has been said; but I cannot regard it as identical with the European.

Regarding the _Fulica_ observed by D'Orbigny in South America I can

give no opinion, as I saw none myself.--MAXIMILIAN.

_Comment by Ed._ The references are to: Alexander Wilson, _American

Ornithology_ (Philadelphia, 1801-14, 9 vols.); John James Audubon,

_Ornithological Biography_ (Edinburgh, 1831-39, 5 vols.), forming the

text to his _Birds of America_ (London, 1827-38, 4 vols.); and to

_Histoire physique, politique et naturelle de l'Isle de Cuba; par M.

Ramon de la Sagra ... Ornithologie par Alcide d'Orbigny_ (Paris, 1839,

1 vol. and atlas). Alcide Dessalines d'Orbigny was a French naturalist

who spent several years in South America, collecting natural history

specimens. An account of his journey is given in his _Voyages dans

l'Amerique meridionale_ (Paris, 1834-47, 9 vols.); he also published

other works.

[277] On the pelican of the Mississippi and Missouri, which I have

often mentioned under the term _Brachydactylus_, it is to be noted

that Lichtenstein has rejected this word and chosen in its place

for this species Latham's name, _Trachyrynchos_, and that I have

followed the change. On this subject, see Lichtenstein, _Beitrag zur

ornithologischen Fauna von Californien_.--MAXIMILIAN.

_Comment by Ed._ Martin Heinrich Karl Lichtenstein was a famous German

naturalist. The work referred to by Maximilian was published in

_Abhandlungen der Koeniglichen Akademie_ (Berlin, 1838-39).

[278] In De la Sagra's atlas, plate xxx, there is a very good picture

of this exceedingly beautiful species of duck; it is, however, to be

criticised as not giving to the bill and eye the natural color, which

is far more beautiful. Bodmer has painted them very accurately from

life; and I hope to use this picture in another place.--MAXIMILIAN.

VII. CATALOGUS PLANTARUM IN MONTE POKONO (NORTH HAMPT., PENNSYLVANIÆ)

OBSERVATARUM A. L. D. SCHWEINITZ

Callitriche _linearis_ (non ead. cum autumnali).

Caulinia Canadensis, Mx non fragilis nec flexilis.

Gratiola anagalloidea, Mx non Virginica.

Utricularia macrorhiza, Le Conte.

" gibba.

" cornuta.

" purpurea.

Lycopus pumilus (species vix bona).

Monarda Kalmiana.

Circæa alpina.

Lemna gibba.

" polyrrhiza.

Salix tristis.

" petiolaris.

" rosmarinifolia.

" ? indeterminata.

" ? indet.

Iris versicolor (non Virginica).

Dulichium Canadense (species non bona).

Eriophorum vaginatum.

" Virginicum.

" polystachium.

Polygonum racemosum.

Milium pungens.

Calamagrostis agrostoides.

Trichodium caninum.

" laxiflorum.

" montanum.

Panicum verrucosum.

Aira monticola, L. v. S.

Poa Canadensis.

Galium Claytoni.

Houstonia serpyllifolia.

" tenella.

Cornus circinata.

" alternifolia.

" rubiginosa, L. v. S.

" Canadensis.

Myrica, Gale.

Ilex Canadensis.

" opæa.

Potamogeton distans, L. v. S.

Hydrophyllum Canadense (rare).

Dodecatheon Meadia.

Azalea viscosa.

" arborescens.

" hispida.

" bicolor.

" nitida.

Apocynum hypericifolium.

Campanula acuminata.

Lonicera parviflora.

Viola cordata non villosa, Ell.

" clandestina.

" rotundifolia.

Ribes trifidum.

" prostratum.

" gracile.

" resinosum.

" oxyacanthoides.

Asclepias phytolaccoides.

" viridiflora.

" nivea?

Gentiana pneumonanthe.

" linearis.

" crinita.

Heuchera pubescens.

Panax quinquefolium.

Cicuta bulbifera.

Viburnum pyrifolium.

" squamatum vix var. nudi.

" lantanoides.

Sambucus pubens.

Parnassia Caroliniana.

Azalea racemosa.

Allium triflorum.

Pontederia angustifolia.

Convallaria borealis.

" umbellata.

" biflora.

" latifolia.

Juncus conglomeratus.

Leontice thalictroides.

Prinos lævigatus.

Helonias erythrosperma.

Trillium erythrocarpum.

" erectum.

" pendulum.

" cernuum.

Veratrum viride.

Menispermum Virginicum.

Æsculus Pavia (very rare).

Oxycoccos macrocarpus.

" hispidulus, Gualth.

Vaccinium amœnum.

" pallidum.

" tenellum (non Pennsylv.)

" resinosum.

Acer Pennsylvanicum (strict.)

" montanum.

Œnothera pusilla.

" fruticosa.

" ambigua.

Epilobium spicatum.

" squamatum.

Populus trepida.

Polygonum cilinode.

Gaultheria procumbens.

Epigæa repens.

Andromeda caliculata.

" racemosa.

Rhododendron maximum.

Kalmia latifolia.

" angustifolia.

Rhexia Virginica.

Ledum palustre.

Chletra alnifolia.

Pyrola uniflora.

" secunda.

Rhodora Canadensis.

Tiarella cordifolia.

Silene Pennsylvanica.

Oxalis acetosella.

Prunus Canadensis.

" Pennsylvanica.

Spiræa tomentosa.

Aronia glabra.

Sorbus Americana.

Dalibarda repens.

" fragarioides.

Rubus strigosus.

" hispidus.

" inermis.

Potentilla hirsuta.

Saracenia purpurea.

Clematis viorna.

Ranunculus Pennsylvanicus.

" Belvisii, Sprengel.

Coptis trifolia.

Caltha flagellifolia.

Gerardia heterophylla.

" monticola, L. v. S.

Chelone lanceolata, Mich.

Linnæa borealis.

Geranium Carolinianum.

" robertianum.

" pusillum.

Taxus Canadensis.

Corydalis glauca.

" formosa.

" fungosa.

" cucullaria.

Polygala sanguinea.

" cruciata.

Lupinus perennis.

Astragalus Carolinianus.

Hypericum Canadense.

" Bartoni.

Eupatorium linearifolium.

" teucrifolium.

" verbenæfolium.

" falcatum?

" scabridum, Ell.

Liatris montana, L. v. S.

Gnaphalium obtusifolium (margaritaceum).

Erigeron purpureum.

Aster conyzoides.

" radula.

" acuminatus.

" concinnus.

" rigidus.

" thyrsiflorus.

Solidago odora.

" petiolaris.

" hispida.

" rigida.

" stricta.

" squarrosa.

" pulchella, L. v. S.

Rudbeckia digitata.

" fulgida.

Prenanthes serpentaria.

Habenaria spectabilis.

" ciliaris.

" blephariglottis.

" orbiculata.

" rotundifolia.

" grandiflora, Bigelano.

Pogonia verticillata.

Spiranthes gracilis, Bigel.

Cypripedium parviflorum.

Cypripedium spectabile.

Calla palustris.

Eriocaulon pellucidum.

Sparganium natans.

Carex disperma.

" pedunculata.

" loliacea.

" Gebhardi.

" Darlingtonii, L. v. S.

" nigromarginata, L. v. S.

" polystachia.

" xantherophyta.

" oligostachya, L. v. S.

" tarda, L. v. S.

" halsigona.

" sylvatica.

" umbellata.

Urtica procera.

Alnus glauca.

Myriophyllum ambiguum.

Betula populifera.

Pinus balsamea.

" nigra.

" inops.

" microcarpa.

Lycopodium clavatum.

" integrifolium.

Lygodium palmatum.

VIII. SYSTEMATIC VIEW OF THE PLANTS BROUGHT BACK FROM MY TOUR ON THE

MISSOURI, DRAWN UP BY PRESIDENT NEES VON ESSENBECK, AT BRESLAU

RANUNCULACEÆ

_Clematis cordata_, Pursh. ♂--_Ranunculus_ pusillus, P.--_R._ repens,

L. var. laciniis foliorum acuminatis, petiolis pedunculisque hirsutis,

major et minor.

_Anemone Pensylvanica_, L.--_Aquilegia Canadensis_, L.--_Delphinium

azureum_, Mich.--_Thalictrum anemonoides_, De C.

_Hydrastis Canadensis_, L. (The very bitter root-stock of this plant

contains a beautiful yellow dye, and is used in America as a medicine).

CRUCIFERÆ

_Sisymbryum brachycarcum_, Richards. An S. canescentis, Nutt. var.

glabriuscula? Confer S. Sophia, Pursh.

_Nasturtium sylvestre_, De C. (The American plant has larger leaves

than the German).--_Stannleya pinnatifida_, Nutt.

_Vesicaria Ludoviciana_, De C. (Alyssum Ludovicianum, Nutt.; Myagrum

argenteum, Pursh.)

_Erysimum asperum_, De C. (Er. lanceolatum, Pursh.; Cheiranthus asper,

Nutt.)

_Alyssum dentatum_, Nutt. Flores Nuttalio et Candollio huc usque erant

ignoti.--_Dentaria laciniata_, Mich.

FUMARIACEÆ

_Diclytra cucullaria_, De C.--_Corydalis aurea_, Willd.--_C. flavula_,

Raf.

PAPAVERACEÆ

_Sanguinaria Canadensis_, L. (A celebrated medicine plant.)

CAPPARIDEÆ

_Peritoma serrulatum_, De C. (Cleome serrulata, Pursh.)

VIOLARIACEÆ

_Viola Canadensis_, Pursh--_V. pubescens_, Nutt.--_V. sagittata_,

Ait.--_V. villosa_, Ell.--_V. cucullata_, Ell.

POLYGALEÆ

_Polygala alba_, Nutt. Torrey in Ann. Lyc. Novebor II. p. 168. The root

is quite the same as that of the officinal Radix senegæ.

LINEÆ

_Linum rigidum_, Pursh? Agrees indeed, in many particulars, but the

petals are not narrow (angustissima), but obovate, longer than the

calyx; the lower leaves of the stalk are opposite, very small, and

linear-spatulate, 1-1½ lines long. The sepals are beautifully ciliated,

with glandular teeth.

_Linum_ (_Adenoblepharum_) _annuum_, foliolis calycinis

ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis trinervibus glanduloso-ciliatis, petalis

obovatis, foliis rigide erectis linearibus, inferioribus brevissimis

obtusis suboppositis.

_Linum Lewisii_, Pursh. Vix idem ac L. sibiricum, De C. Flores sunt

minores.

MALVACEÆ

_Cristaria coccinea_, Pursh. (Sida? coccinea, De C.; Malva coccinea,

Nutt.) Seems to form a distinct genus, but I found no perfect fruit to

determine the character.

RHAMNEÆ

_Rhamnus alnifolius_, var. foliis minoribus.

ACERINÆ

_Acer saccharinum, L._

AMPELIDEÆ

_Vitis cordifolia_, Michx. and (probably) Vitis riparea, Michx.

OXALIDEÆ

_Oxalis violacea_, L. Styli hirti.

TEREBINTHACEÆ

_Rhus Toxicodendron_, L.--_R. aromatica_, L.--_Zanthoxylum fraxineum_,

W.

LEGUMINOSEÆ

_Sophora_ (_Pseudosophora_, De C.) _sericea_, Nutt. Torr. in Ann. Lyc.

Novebor, p. 174, n. 65. Our specimen is entirely covered with white

appressed hairs, which cover also the upper side of the leaves; the

flowers are white; the calyx is gibbous below, and quinquefid; the

upper teeth are broader and rather shorter. Of the 10 stamina every

2-3 are united at the bottom by the thick filaments; the two upper

ones are more slender, and quite free. The ovary is covered with silky

hairs; the claw of the standard is very stiff; the keel runs into a

narrow point, as in Oxytropis.

_Thermopsis rhombifolia_, De C. (Thermea rhombifolia, Nutt.; Cytisus

rhombifolius, Pursh.)

_Petalostemum violaceum_, Mich., var. foliis plerisque ternatis.

_Petalostemum virgatum_, nob. P. spicis cylindricis compactis,

bracteis scariosis obovatis cuspidulatis calyce paulo brevioribus,

calycibus glabris sulcatis dentibus ciliatis, foliolis subtrijugis

lanceolato-oblongis glabris, caule ramoso virgato ramis monostachyis.

Intermediate, between the two divisions of this genus, the proper

Petalantheræ and Kuhnisteræ. The perfectly spiked inflorescence

connects it with the former; the nature of the bracteæ and the ciliæ of

the shorter teeth join it to the latter. From the two white flowering

Petalostemones P. candidum and macrostachyum, it is sufficiently

distinguished by the two short bracteæ, quite hidden under the flowers;

it cannot be more closely connected with Petalostemum corymbosum,

because of the spiked inflorescence.

_Psoralea incana_, Nutt. (Ps. argophylla, Pursh.) Folia in nostra

quinata, summa ternata.

_Psoralea tenuiflora_, Pursh? Foliola ternata, oblongo-lanceolata,

mucronata. Legumen ovatum, in rostrum attenuatum,

glandulosoexasperatum, calyce longius. Flores cœrulei. An nov. sp.?

Quite the form of an amorpha, but the flowers appear like those of

glycyrrhiza; unfortunately it cannot be accurately examined.

_Amorpha nana_, Nutt. De C. (A. microphylla, Pursh.) Calyx glaber

dentibus ciliatis.--_Oxytropis Lamberti_, Pursh.

_Astragalus Missurensis_, Nutt. An cum A. Hypoglotti

conjungendus?--_Astragalus racemosus_, Pursh. Var. foliolis foliorum

inferiorum ovalibus.

_Astragalus gracilis_, Nutt. Torr. l. c. p. 179. This is indisputably

the Dalea parviflora, Pursh, but whether really his Astragalus

tenellus, I doubt.--_Astragalus Carolinianus_, L.

_Lathyrus polymorphus_, Nutt. De C. Torr. in Ann. Lyc. Novebor. II. p.

180, n. 99. (Lathyrus decaphyllus et Vicia stipulacea, Pursh.)--_Vicia

Americana_, L.

_Vicia Americana β angustifolia_; foliolis oblongo-linearibus

mucronatis pubescentibus. An distincta species?

FRAXINEÆ

_Fraxinus platycarpa_.

ROSACEÆ

_Rubus trivialis_, Michx. Diagnosi adde: caule primario glabro angulato

aculeis sparsis rectis aut sursum falcatis (!), foliis supra pilosis

subtus molliter pubescentibus, ramulis petiolis pedunculisque villosis

et aculeis retrorsum curvatis armatis, corymbis in ramulis terminalibus

simplicibus, sepalis ovatis brevicuspidatis. Rubus trivialis perperam

ab aliis ad R. hispidum Linn. refertur. An Rubus argutus Link. Enum.

hujus cenostri synonymon? (Dewberries incol.) _Potentilla supina,

L._--_Fragaria elatior_, Ehrh.

_Rosa_. A species of the division of the Cinnamomeæ, Ser., or Linkianæ,

Trattin; allied to the Rosa Woodsii and Rosa Americana; it may also be

compared with Rosa obovata, Raf.; but it is very probably a good new

species, which may be so characterized:

_Rosa Maximiliani_, N. ab. E. tubo ovarii subgloboso (ante anthesin

ovato), pedunculis petiolisque inermibus et glabris, foliis solitariis,

aculeis stipularibus subfalcatis, stipulis subovatis planis

denticulatis a foliolis inferioribus distantibus, laciniis calycinis

ternis margine setis exiguis appendiculatis, foliolis glabris ovalibus

obtusis basi cuneiformibus integerrimis a medio dense incurvo-serratis.

The flowers are large, red, with emarginate petals; the sepals are

shorter than the petals, a little broader at the apex, and downy

above; the ripe fruit is conical and crowned; the peduncles are red

and slender; the leaflets bi-or trijugated, small, bluish-green below,

quite smooth, without prickles, the lowest pair smaller; the stalk

is red, and seems to have been furrowed when alive; the prickles are

nearly opposite each other.

_Rosa_ (_Cinnamomea_) _obovata_ Rafinesque? Differt specimen

nostrum: floribus sub-corymbosis nec solitariis, et fructibus vix

subgloboso-depressis, sed potius subglobosis. Var. floribus albis.

Authors have indeed this species under R. cinnamomea, but this is

certainly wrong.

_Rosa Carolina_? cum fructibus absque flore.--_Amelanchier sanguinea_,

De C. (Pyrus sanguinea, Pursh.)

_Cratægus coccinea_, Lin.--_Prunus serotina_, Ehrh.--_Cerasus pygmœa_,

De C.?

LOASEÆ

_Bartonia ornata_, Pursh.

PORTULACACEÆ

_Claytonia Virginiana, Ait._

ONAGRACEÆ

_Callilophis Nuttallii_, Spach. in Ann. des sc. natur. 1835, Sept.

p. 3. (Œnothera serrulata, Nutt. Hook exot. Fl. t. 140). In nostro

specimine flores vix dimidium pollicem lati sunt.

_Anogra pinnatifida_, Spach. (Œnothera pinnatifida, Nutt. Oen.

albicaulis, Pursh., nec Fraser.)

_Pachylophis Nuttallii_, Spach. (Œnothera scapigera et Œ. cæspitosa.

Pursh. Suppl. Œnothera cæspitosa, Sims. Spreng.)

_Œnothera pubescens_, Willd. Probably a variety of Œno biennis--_Gaura

coccinea_, Pursh. Gauridii est generis Spach. Fructus (immaturus) fere

cylindricus, dense pubescens. Ovula 2-4, pendula, nuda.

_Gaura coccinea β integrifolia._ Torr. in Ann. Lyc. Novebor. II. p.

200, n. 145. Distincta species. Genus inter Gauridium Spach. et Gauram

medium, illi proximum, sed differens stigmate discoideo 4-dentato.

Ovula 4 in ovario uniloculari.

HALORAGEÆ

_Ceratophyllum submersum_, Pursh. An eadem ac species Europæa?

RIBESIACEÆ

_Chrysobotrya intermedia_, Spach. Ann. des Sc. natur. Juillet, 1835, p.

4, t. 1, B.

_Chrysobotrya revoluta_, Sp.? folia majora, magis villosa. An

fructus ovalis? Secundum cl. Nuttall. omnes Chrysobotryæ species pro

varietatibus Rib. aurei habendæ sunt.

_Ribes Cynosbati_, Michx.--_R. floridum_, L'Her.

UMBELLIFERÆ

_Ziziæ species?_ The fruit is not sufficiently formed to be quite sure

of the genus.

_Chærophyllum procumbens_, V. Boscii, De C.--_Pastinacca fœniculacea_,

Spr. (Ferula fœniculacea, Nutt.)

_Cymopterus glomeratus_, De C. (Thapsia, Nutt.)--_Osmorhiza

longistylis_, De C. (Urospermum, Nutt.)

ARALIACEÆ

_Aralia nudicaulis_, L. The root is said to be used as Radix

sassaparillæ.

LORANTHACEÆ

_Viscum flavescens_, Pursh. De C. ♀. In nostro specimine folia ovalia,

basi cuneata, distincte trinervia. An hujus loci V. verticillatum, Nutt?

CORNACEÆ

_Cornus sericea_, var. asperifolia, Michx.

SAMBUCACEÆ

_Viburnum Lentago_, L.

RUBIACEÆ

_Galium dasycarpum_, N. ab E. G. caule erecto ramoso ad ungulos aspero,

geniculis hirtis, foliis quaternis lanceolatis obtusis trinervibus

utrinque hispido-scabris, pedunculis axillaribus folio multo

longioribus trichotomis in paniculam terminalem dispositis, bracteis

ovalibus, fructu setis rectis densissime tecto.

In sylvis ad castellum Union aliisque in locis sylvaticis, 5

Julii.--Ser. Princ. Wied.

Differt a Galio septentrionali R. et Sch. seu Galio boreali,

Pursh. caulis angulis asperis, foliis præsertim subtus et supra

circa margines, setulis exiguis hispidis, fructu (immaturo saltem)

densissimis setis rectis, neque apice uncinatis, candicante. Folia

margine revoluta.

CAPRIFOLIACEÆ

_Symphoria glomerata_, Pursh. (Symphoricarpus vulgaris, De C. Michx.)

SYNANTHEREÆ

_Cirsium lanceolatum_, Scop.

_Liatris Punctata_, Hook. Fl. Bor.--Amer. I. p. 306, t. 105, De C.

Prodr. V. p. 129, n. 5. Var. caule glabro. Huius loci esse videtur

_Liatris resinosa_, De C. in horto Genevensi culta, semine a cl.

Pourtalès ex Arcansas allato, nec. vero Nuttall.

_Kuhnia Maximiliani_, Sinning. (Sectio Strigia, De C.) caule herbaceo,

foliis ovato-lanceolatis, inferioribus a medio grosse et inæqualiter

serratis superioribus subintegerrimis sessilibusque, corymbo terminali

composito ♃.

Kuhnia suaveolens, Fres. in En. Sem. horti Francofurtensis anno 1838.

Habitat in sylvis, frutetis et in collibus ad Missouri fluvium

superiorem prope Fort Clark.

Differt evidenter a Kuhnia eupatorioide: foliis saltem superioribus

plerisque, haud petiolatis sed basi parum angustiori sessilibus,

inferioribus ovato-oblongis uno alterove dente absque ordine præditis,

superioribus ovato lanceolatis lanceolatisve integerrimis, utrinque,

præsertim subtus, glandulis micantibus inspersa, corymbo plurifloro

magis patula, involucri foliolis inferioribus valde decrescentibus

anguste linearibus laxe patulis. Corollæ albæ. Involucri foliola

superiora oblongo lanceolata, nervoso striata. Antheræ inclusæ pallidæ,

in plerisque syngenesicæ sed solito facilius separabiles multis etiara

in tubum hinc fissum aut in binas partes divisum concretæ. Styli rami

crassi, obtusi, papuloso-asperi. Pappus plumosus albus basi flavescens.

Variat foliis caulinis modo magis modo minus serratis, quandoque et

subintegerrimis.

_Senecio ceratophyllus_, N. ab E.

S. foliis oblongis, inferioribus lyrato-pinnatipartitis superioribus

pinnatipartitis petiolatis cauleque lanuginosis, laciniis acuminatis

extrorsum inciso-dentatis, dentibus angustis, petiolis auriculatis

amplexicaulibus, floribus umbellatis, pedunculis elongatis nudis.

On the upper Missouri, June 13.

Nearly related to Senecio balsamitæ, but sufficiently different,

as I was convinced by specimens which I received through Mr. Gray,

from New York. The plant of the Missouri is much larger, 1½-2 feet

high, entirely covered with loose downy hair. The lowest leaves are

not entire, but lyrate and pinnatified below to the mid-rib, with a

terminal lobe. The laciniæ and the terminal lobe have long, narrow,

pointed teeth; the middle leaves are of the same shape; the ultimate

lobe is, however, narrower, and shows the transition to the upper,

entirely pinnatified leaves. The laciniæ of these upper leaves are

nearly lanceolate, and have, above and below, two or three teeth,

but at the middle only one or no tooth. The petiole is long, and the

auricles distant from the lower laciniæ. In Senecio balsamitæ the

cauline leaves are sessile; these too, have here, only blunt teeth;

the receptacles are twice as large as in Senecio balsamitæ, and the

scales of the involucrum are very pointed. In Senecio balsamitæ, on the

contrary, they are much less pointed, and may often be designated as

obtuse.

_Artemisia Douglassiana_, Bess. Abr. n. 39. Hook. Fl. Am. bor. p. 323.

De C. Prodr. VI. p. 115, n. 118.

_Erigeron sulcatus_, N. ab. E. hirtus, caule sulcato corymboso-ramoso

ramis foliosis unifloris, foliis lanceolato-linearibus integerrimis

sessilibus, periclinii squamis hirsutissimis, ligulis angustis

numerosissimis periclinio duplo longioribus (albis.) (Am. 8, Juni ♃.)

Differt ab Erigeronte pumilo, Nutt. caule fastigiatim ramoso stricto

sulcato. An huius var. Pappus biserialis, seriei exterioris pilis

brevibus.

_Erigeron asperus_, Var. caule unifloro. (Erigeron) asperum, Nutt. Gen.

am. II. p. 147. De C. Prodr. VI. p. 286, n. 16.

_Stenactis annua, var. obtusifolia._--_Aster Novi Belgii, var. β

squarrosus_, N. ab E.--_Aster bellidiflorus, var. β_, N. ab E.

_Aster hirsuticaulis_, Lindl. in De C. Prodr. V. p. 242, n. 107. foliis

conformibus lanceolato-linearibus integerrimis pericliniique foliolis

ciliatis et setaceo-mucronatis pilosulis, caule pubescente recurvo a

basi ramoso, ramis simplicibus patentibus, calathiis in apice ramorum

confertis subspicatis (3-8), periclinii foliolis oblongo-linearibus

laxiusculis apice herbaceis subrecurvis. (Aster setiger, N. ab E. in

sched.)

Locus ante Asterem diffusum.

Species mucrone foliorum et squamarum periclinii setiformi (seu

potius seta has partes terminante) et floribus magnitudine Bellidis

in apicibus ramorum approximatis brevissime pedicellatis, spicas

cylindricas in aliis autem veluti capitula exhibentibus, distincta.

Radius brevis, albus.--Caulis 1-2 ped. altus, dense cano-hirtus. Folio

in caule et ramis conferta, patentia, caulina 1½-2 poll. longa, 1½ lin.

lata, ramea 1½ pollices longa et vix lineam lata, omnia setulis ciliata

et parce pilosula, seta terminata. Rami ab infimo caule incipientes,

2½ poll. longi, apicem versus ita decrescentes, ut apex caulis racemum

compositum densum angustumque exhibeat.

_Aster multiflorus var. β ciliatus_, N. ab E. (Gen. et sp. Ast.)

_Aster rubricaulis var. β elatior_, N. ab E. G. et Sp. A. Near Fort Mc

Kenzie, in the prairies of the upper Missouri, 12th Sept., 1833.

_Chrysopsis gossypina_, De C. (Inula gossypina, Pursh.) Integumentum

omnino ut in _Inula villosa_, Nutt. (Chrysopsi villosa, De C.), sed

folia obtusa quandoque cum parvo mucronulo. Pappus pallide sulphureus,

exteriori serie brevissima alba.

SIDERANTHUS, Fraser. (Amelli sp., _Pursh._ Starkea? _Nutt._ Aplopappi

sp. _De C._)

Calathium multiflorum, radiatum, radio uniseriali femineo, flosculis

bidentulis; floribus disci 5--dentatis hermaphroditis, stigmatum cono

sterili longo scabro. Clinanthii alveolæ lacero-paleaceæ. Periclinium

pluriseriale, imbricatum, foliolis linearibus, setaceo-mucronatis

nervo infra apicem tumente herbaceo. Achænia cuneiformi-angusta,

erostria, sericeo hirta. Pappus pilosus, denticulato scaber,

pluriserialis, radiolis exterioribus brevioribus. Fruticulus foliis

alternis pinnatisectis, laciniis spinuloso-setigeris.

This genus is next to Aplopappus, Cass., from which it is

distinguished, besides the habit, by the unequal pappus, and by the

scales of the involucrum below the mucro, which are herbaceous, and

marked with glandular swellings. From this last character we might

be inclined to connect it with Clomenocoma, Cass.; but this genus is

sufficiently distinguished by the truncated bearded branches of the

style. Our genus is more nearly allied to Sommerfeltia, Less., and

almost the only difference is in the fertile florets of the disk, which

in the other are barren.

_Sideranthus spinulosus_, Fras. ex Steud. (Aplopappus? spinulosus, De

C., Prodr. V., p. 347, n. 8. Starkea? pinnata, Nutt. Gen. II. p. 169.

Amellus? spinulosus, Pursh. Fl. Am. septentr. II. p. 564. Torrey in

Ann. Lyc. Novebor. II. p. 213, n. 223.) On the 12th of September, near

Fort Mc Kenzie. Flower large, yellow.

_Solidago lateriflora_, var. caule simplici (Solidago fragrans, Willd.)

_Achillea tomentosa_, L. The North American plant differs from our

European, in having a slender tall stem, shorter in florescence, and,

as it seems, a pale yellow ray of the compound flower; it is perhaps a

distinct species.

_Brachyris Eutamiæ_, Nutt., De C. Prodr. V., p. 313, n. 3. (Solidago

Sarothræ, Pursh.) Radius disci altitudine; pappus radii (imperfecti)

brevior. Periclinia glutinosa.

_Grindelia squarrosa_, R. Br. (Donia squarrosa, Pursh.,

Nutt.)--_Galardia bicolor v. aristata_, Nutt.

_Helianthus petiolaris_, Nutt. in Diar. Acad. sc. nat. Philad. a. 1821.

Act. p. 115. De C. Prodr. V. p. 586, n. 6. _Var. humilis_ (circiter

semi-bipedalis), foliis, longe petiolatis ovatis acuminatis basi

cuneatis obtuse serratis triplinerviis asperis hispidisque, pedunculo

terminali solitario elongato gracili hirsuto, periclinio a folio

oblongo acuto bracteato.

_Obeliscaria columnaris_, De C. Prodr. V., p. 559, n. 2. (Rudbeckia

columnaris, Pursh., Fraser).

_Iva, anthyifolia_, Nutt.? Periclinium pentaphyllum, foliolis ovatis

ciliatis. Flosculi feminei, 2-3, squama tenui truncata suffulti;

flosculus minimus, tubulosus, truncatus; ovarium ovale, compressum,

pubescens, pappo tubuloso coronatum. Flosculi ♂ plurimi, cylindrici,

decem-sulcati, glandulosi, subpedicellati, pistilli nullo vestigio.

Antheræ inclusæ, filamentis brevissimis. An proprii generis?--_Iva

axillaris_, Pursh. Probably a new species of Lactuca or Prenanthes; but

the specimen is imperfect.

_Jamesia_, N. ab E. (Prenanthis species dubiæ Torr. in Ann. Lyc.

Noveborac. II., p. 210.)

Achænium erostre, pentagonum, sessile. Pappus uniserialis, plumosus.

Clinanthium nudum, scrobiculatum. Priclinium pauciflorum, cylindricum,

foliolis 5-6, majoribus subæqualibus, 3-4 minoribus inæqualibus ad

basin veluti canaliculatis. Flosculi rosei 5-6.

Proximum genus Podospermo, sed differt achæniis haud stipitatis. A

Scorzoneris differt habitu. Herbæ ramosæ, foliis angustis integris aut

pinnatifidis, ramis uni-plurifloris.

_Jamesia pauciflora_, nob. (Prenanthes? pauciflora, Torrey,

l. c.) Caule valde ramoso, foliis glabris lineari-lanceolatis

sinuato-pinnatifidis, laciniis angustis integerrimis, ramis elongatis

unifloris. Achænia glabra, pallida, longitudine pappi, obtuse

pentagona, lateribus linea media notatis transversim subtorosis. Area

baseos callo annulari ambitus achenii cincta.

_Sonchus Ludovicianus_, Nutt. (Lactuca, De C.)? Folia lanceolata,

runcinata, rarissime autem denticulata.

_Troximon marginatum_, Nutt.

APOCYNEÆ

_Apocynum hypericifolium_, Pursh.

_Asclepias speciosa_, Torr. James in Ann. Lyc. Noveborac. II., p. 218,

n. 260.

ERICACEÆ

_Arbutus Uva ursi_, L.

HYDROPHYLLEÆ

_Ellisia Nyctelea_, L.

POLEMONIACEÆ

_Phlox pilosa_, L.

CONVOLVULACEÆ

_Calystegia Maximilianea_, N. ab E. volubilis, glabra, foliis

hastato-sagittatis obtusis submucronatis, pedunculis teretibus folium

subæquantibus, bracteis ovali-oblongis obtusis ciliolatis calyce

longioribus; calycis laciniis breviacutatis.

Species calystegiæ sepium similis, sed notis indicatis abunde diversa.

Folia minora sunt, flores ejusdem fere magnitudinis (albi?) Calyx

longitudine quartæ partis corollæ. Tota planta glabra, solis bracteis

lanuginoso-ciliatis. Folia inferiora, ambitu ovato apice obtusissima;

superiora magis triangularia, obtusiuscula cum mucronulo.

BORRAGINEÆ

_Echinospermum Lappula_, Lehm.

_Echinospermum strictum_, N. ab E. E. caule stricto superne stricte

ramoso foliisque lanceolatis callosis et patenti-pilosis, corollæ tubo

calyce breviori, glochidibus nucum brevibus marginalibus serie simplici

dispositis. ʘ (Rochelia nov. sp., Nutt. Mscp. Torr. in Ann. Lyc.

Noveborac. II., p. 226, n. 300?).

This species may be easily distinguished by the characters indicated,

from E. lappula and patulum, Lehm.

_Myosotis glomerata_, Nutt. (Cynoglossum glomeratum, Pursh. Suppl.)

Intermediate between Anchusa and Myosotis.

_Lithospermum denticulatum_, Lehm. (Pulmonaria Sibirica, Pursh. nec.

Lin.) Stylus in nostris inclusus nec exsertus, reliqua congruunt.

Limbus longitudine est tubi, qui Lithospermo pulchro est brevior.

_Batschia longiflora_, Pers.--_B. canescens_, Michx. (Anchuso

Virginica, Lin.)

Both plants contain in the bark of their roots the same red dye as the

officinal roots of the Alcanna tinctoria.

_Pulmonaria Virginica_, L.

RHINANTHACEÆ

_Pentstemon grandiflorum_, Nutt. (P. Bradburnii, Pursh.) Stamen sterile

fert antheram parvam bilobam.

_Pentstemon cristatum_, Nutt. (P. erianthera, Pursh.)

_Pentstemon viscidulum_, N. ab. E. herbaceus, subtillissime

subsquamuloso-pubescens, foliis lanceolatis amplexicaulibus

inferioribus denticulatis, pedunculis fasciculatis, folia superiora

superantibus, calycibus acuminatis corollisque glanduloso-pubescentibus

fauce imberbi, filamento sterili ab apice ad medium aureo-barbato.

This plant is near to Pentstemon erianthera, but differs from that, and

from the other species with which I am acquainted, by the glutinous

pubescence of the flowers. These are wide, infundibuliform, and seem

to have been of a dark red colour. My specimen is about a span high.

This species has, perhaps, been already described among species of

Pentstemon recently made known; I have not, however, been able to find

any corresponding with it where I looked for it.

_Pentstemon lævigatum_, Nutt.

_Euchroma grandiflora_, Nutt. Torr. Ann. Lyc. Noveborac. II. p. 230.

(Castilleja sessiliflora, Pursh.)

SCROPHULARINÆ

_Scrophularia lanceolata_, Pursh. A broad-leaved form, with elliptical

leaves, but to be known by their acuminated base, and by the deep

unequal serratures, though almost too nearly allied to Scrophularia

Marylandica.

LABIATÆ

_Monarda mollis_, Willd.

_Mentha arvensis, var. α sativa_, Beth. M. sativa, Lin. Specimen

nostrum omnino ad hanc speciem pertinet minimeque ad Mentham

Canadensem, Lin. Pili caulis breves sunt et reversi, folia vere ovalia

et ovali-oblonga, utrinque glabriuscula nec basi neque apice multum

attenuata, licet acuta. This species is new in the American Flora.

_Stachys palustris var._ Caule prælongo simplicissimo, foliis

brevioribus latiusculis. I find no mention of Stachys palustris in the

American botanists.

VERBENACEÆ

_Verbena Aubletia_, L.?--_V. bracteosa_, Michx.

PRIMULACEÆ

_Lysimachia ciliata_, L.

PLANTAGINEÆ

_Plantago cordata_, Lam. (Pl. Kentuckensis, Michx.)--_P. pusilla_, Nutt.

OSYRIDEÆ

_Comandra umbellata_, Nutt. (Thesium umbellatum, Willd.) It differs

from Santalum only by the parts of the flowers being quinary, whereas

they are in fours or quaternary in Thesium; but the glandular scales

between the stamina are the same. The ovules are erect.

LAURINÆ

_Laurus Benzoin_, L.--_L. Diospyros_, L. (Sassafras Diospyros, N. v.

E.)

ELÆAGNEÆ

_Shepherdia argentea_, Nutt.

CHENOPODIACEÆ

_Kochia dioica_, Nutt. Flores ♂ glomerati; glomeruli pedunculati,

axillares, in apice caulis nudi. Bractea infra glomerulum una,

angusta. Perianthium parvum, pedicellatum, campanulatum, quinquefidum,

membranaceum, laciniis ad basin extus lobulo herbaceo appendiculatis.

Stamina quinque, rudimento exiguo pistilli inserta; filamenta

filiformia; antheræ infra medium adfixæ, oblongæ, bilocellatæ,

dehiscendo quadricornes. Femina ignota.--Planta annua, humilis, glabra.

Caulis compressus, dichotomus. Folia alterna, lanceolata, obtusa,

sessilia, succulenta, punctata, glauca, subpapillosa, glabra.

Variat: Simplicissima, 1-3 poll. longa, capitulo solitario terminali.

An Cyclolepidi Generi Moqu. Tandon, aut Villemetiæ adscribenda?

POLYGONEÆ

_Polygonum coccineum β terrestre_, Michx. (Polygoni amphibii β

terrestris Var. Meissn.)

_Rumex verticillatus_, Willd.--R. venosus, Pursh.

_Eriogonum sericeum_, Pursh. (Eriog. flavum, Fraser.)

Eriogonum _multiceps_, N. ab E. albo-tomentosum, caule suffruticoso

multicipiti, pedunculo terminali simplici, involucris (florum

fasciculis) capitatis, capitulo subinvolucrato, calycis laciniis ovatis

ciliatis, foliis radicalibus (surculorum inferis) lanceolatis utrinque

albo-tomentosis.

Distinctissima species. Differt ab Eriogono sericeo, Pursh. seu Eriog.

flavo, Fras.: caule ad basin multifido, ramis dense foliosis, pedunculo

2-3 poll. longo tomentoso nudo terminatis, foliis angustioribus

involucris sessilibus calycinis laciniis ovatis, ab Eriog. pauciflora:

floribus multo minoribus intra involucrum pedicellatis nec sessilibus.

An error in verbis Purshii, ut loco "floribus" legendum sit

"involucris" aut "fasciculis?"

EUPHORBIACEÆ

_Euphorbia maculata_, L.--_E. marginata_, Pursh. (nec Kunth.)

URTICEÆ

SARCOBATUS. Flores amentacei. Amentum androgynum, superne

masculum. Squamæ masculæ peltatæ, orbiculares, repando-lobatæ,

contiguo-imbricatæ, e centro pedicellatæ, tetrandræ. Antheræ oblongæ,

subtetragonæ, sessiles, bilocellatæ rima laterali dehiscentes. Squamæ

feminæ subcordatæ, supra basin adfixæ. Pistillum singulum; ovarium axi

amenti adpressum, ovatum, depressum, inferne strigoso-sericeum, vertice

glabrum (an inferne cum calyce, seu urceolo, concretum?); stigmata duo,

sessilia, divergentia, subulata, papilloso-scabra. Fructus ignotus.

_Sarcobatus Maximiliani_, (Pulpy Thorn, Lewis and Clarke Iter.)

Frutex pedalis et altior, ramosissimus, ramis plerisque geminis

confertis subtriquetris glabris pallidis, epidermide vetusta rimosa.

Cicatrices foliorum tumentes, unde rami tuberculati et vetustiores

quidem hinc inde quasi annulatim diffracti. Folia ½-¾, poll., longa,

¾, lin. lata, trigono-semicylindrica, linearia, obtusa, sessilia,

integerrima, carnosa, glauca glabra, siccando caduca, nervo medio

(in siccis) supra et infra prominulo. Amenta in ramulis terminalia,

sessilia, ½ poll, circiter longa, lutescentia, a basi ad medium

feminea, superne mascula. Axis inter flosculos femineos dense

tomentosus, subtrigonus et a casu squamarum infra pistillum singulum

cicatrice lunata præditus, inter flores masculos glaber, tuberculatus,

tuberculis quaternatim digestis sedem antherarum quaternarum, singulæ

squamæ stipitem singentium, prodentibus. Limbus squamæ masculæ

(membranaceæ omnino peltatatæ et indusium Aspidii cujusdam longius

pedicellati referentis) repando 5-6 lobus. Squamæ femineæ diverg. ⅜

positæ sunt.

In regione Mississippi fluvii superiori tractus latos investit hic

frutex.

This shrub has some similarity with Ceratiola ericoides, and may have

been overlooked on that account. As we are still unacquainted with

the fruit, the place of the genus in the natural system cannot be

positively assigned, and it is possible that it may be connected with

the Euphorbiaceæ of the tribe Hippomaneæ.

ARTOCARPEÆ

_Morus rubra_, W.

SALICINÆ

_Salix longifolia._ Torrey in Ann. Lyc. Noveborac. II., p. 248. (An

Mühlenb.?) Var. sericans, foliis junioribus undique, adultioribus

subtus lanuginoso-sericeis canescentibus. Flores amenti masculi

inferiores triandri. Squamæ acutiusculæ. Capsulæ pedicellatæ. Fol. 1½-3

poll. longa, 1½-2 lin. lata, magis minusve denticulata quandoque fere

integerrima. An distincta spec.? ♂

_Salix Houstoniana_, Pursh? With rose willow. (An S. longifoliæ var.?)

_Salix...._ Probably a new species.

_Salix...._ Probably the form of the male plant of Salix lucida, Willd.

♂ Tetrandrous; the stamina are very hairy at the bottom. Branches,

yellow-green.

_Salix lucida_, Willd. ♀ Agrees with the above-mentioned male plant,

and belongs to the same species.

_Populus angulata_, Willd.

AMENTACEÆ

_Quercus imbricaria_, Michx. Rather this, probably, than the cinerea,

for it seems not to be evergreen.

_Quercus alba_, W.--_Q. castanea_, Mühl. (Fructus edules).--_Q.

obtusiloba_, Michx.--_Q. coccinea_, Michx.

_Carpinus Americana_, L.

CONIFERÆ

_Pinus flexilis_, James in Ann. Lyc. Noveborac. II. p. 249, n. 428.

_Juniperus barbadensis_, Lin. This species probably coincides with J.

Sabina of our gardens. J. Hermanni, too, probably belongs to this place.

_Juniperus communis_, L.

_Juniperus repens_, Nutt. (J. prostrata horti nostri colore intense

viridi nec glauco et odore multo debiliori recidit. Fr. N. ab

E).--_Juniperus Virginiana_, L.

JUNCEÆ

_Juncus setaceus_, Rostk.

SMILACINÆ

_Smilax_: caule inermi angulato, foliis cordato-ovatis acutis

septemnerviis, pedunculo communi umbellæ (♂) petiolum subæquante.

An _Smilacis herbacei_ varietas? Differt solummodo brevitate pedunculi,

Fr. N. ab E.

_Smilacina racemosa_, Desf.

_Uvularia grandiflora_, Sm. } on the Lower

} Missouri.

_Trillium recurvatum_, Beck. }

LILIACEÆ

_Allium reticulatum_, Fraser. (All. angulosum, Pursh. Probably also

Allium striatum, Torr. in Ann. Lyc. Noveborac. II. p. 251, n. 441, but

not Don.)

_Erythronium albidum_, Nutt.

BROMELIACEÆ

_Tillandsia usneoides_, Lin.

COMMELINEÆ

_Tradescantia Virginica_, Lin.

IRIDEÆ

_Sisyrinchium anceps_, Lam.

CYPERACEÆ

_Scirpus Duvalii_, Hoppe. Scirpus acutus, Mühlenb. Involucri folium

erectum in hoc convexum nec carinatum. Squamæ spiculæ emarginatæ,

mucronatæ, ciliatæ. Stylus bifidus. Maculæ culmi fungi parasitici

primordia sunt.

_Scirpus robustus_ var. spiculis glomerato-capitatis.

_Carex Mühlenbergii_, Schkuhr.--_C. longirostris_, Torrey.--_C.

pellita_, Mühlenb. Var. β (Schkuhr. t. Nun. f. 150).--_C. acuta_, Lin.

_Uncinia filifolia._ (Carex filifolia, Nuttall.) Rare. Torrey and

Schweinitz did not see it with ripe fruit.

GRAMINEÆ

_Diagraphis arundinacea_, P. de B.

_Hierochloa fragrans_, Kunth. In nostro specimine glumæ flosculos

adæquant; flosculi masculi circa apicem pubescentes.

_Stipa capillata_, Lin.

_Sesleria dactyloides_, Nutt. Deserves to form a distinct species,

which belongs to the Chlorideæ, and from the habit should be placed

next to Chondrosium. Two peduncles mostly come out of the upper sheath;

some leaves are biennial. The unilateral spikes are hardly half an inch

long, oval, and often tinged with violet on the back. The lower valve

of the calyx turned to the rhachis is more than twice as small as the

upper. I always found only two flowers; the upper one stalked; both

similarly formed, with triple-nerved lower valve, which terminates in a

short point; the upper valve is ciliated. The scales are smooth, nearly

quadrate, obtusely crenated. Three stamina with yellow anthers. In

many flowers the pistil is entirely wanting, and the plant is perhaps

diœcious.

Our Sesleria may be compared, though only remotely, with S. disticha.

_Chondrosium oligostachyum_, N. ab E. spica solitaria binisve

rectiusculis, spiculis subtrifloris, flosculis binis superioribus

stipitatis sterilibus, inferiori sessili villoso, supremo cucullato

mutico univalvi, secundo parvo bivalvi setis tribus ad basin stipato,

culmo geniculato simpliciæ lævi, foliis linearibus, ore vaginarum

puberulo.

Atheropogon oligostachyus, Nutt. Gen. et Spec. I. p. 78; Torr. in. Ann.

Lyc. Noveborac. II. p. 254, n. 476.

_Eutriana oligostachya_, Kunth. En. I. p. 282, n. 12.

Cum Chondrosiis magis quam cum Eutrianis congruit, neque spicæ omnino

rectæ. Rhachis dorso convexa. Spicæ circiter pollicares, vel singula

adjecto mucronulo, vel duæ et tum una terminalis. Spiculæ arcte

imbricatæ. Glumæ lanceolatæ, glabræ aut pilosulæ, uninerves, inferior

duplo minor. Flosculi fertilis valvula inferior lanceolata ex utroque

latere medio setam promit valvula paulo breviorem, non ex ipso margine

provenientem sed ex nervo laterali; infra apicem bidentem valvulæ seta

brevis et rigida. Pedicellus flosculorum sterilium infra flosculos

barba annulari cinctus. Flosculus horum inferior parvus, ovalis,

obtusus, muticus, glaber, setis ad basin una laterali et una utriusque

lateris rectis æqualibus linea paulo longioribus divergentibus. Tertii

flosculi valvula sursum cucullata, truncata, mutica.--Culmus 1½-1

ped. longus, teres, glaber ad genicula infractus. Vaginæ internodiis

breviores. Ligula brevissima, denticulata. Folia 2-1 poll. longa, lin.

1 lata, linearia, acuminata, subtus convexa, supra concava, lævia,

glauca, glabra, circa basin subtilissime puberula.

_Spartina patens_, Mühlenb. spicis (4-8) alternatim secundis

brevibus adpressis, rhachi hispidula, glumis dorso setoso-hirsutis,

superiori flosculum æquante brevi-mucronata, inferiori duplo minore

setaceo-acuminata foliis culmo brevioribus patentibus in apicem fere

filiformem attenuatis culmoque glabris.

Spartina patens, Mühlenb. Descr. n. 6, p. 55; Schult. Mant.

Syst. Veg. II. p. 150, n. 6, a. Kunth. En. 1, p. 279, n.

12.--Dactylis patens, Act. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, p. 160; R. et Sch.

S. Veg. II., p. 632, n. 19.--Trachynotia patens, Poir. Enc.

meth. Suppl. II. p. 443.

Species distinctissima foliis arcu patentibus 5-7 poll, longis, ad

basin 2 lin. latis, in apicem filiformem attenuatis subconvolutis,

inferioribus disticho-approximatis, superioribus distantibus.--Culmus

1-1½ pedes altus, in nostris tortus. Spicæ partiales subpollicares;

arcte contiguæ. Spiculæ haud pedicellatæ sed callo brevi insertæ,

oblongæ, 3 lin. longæ. Gluma superior altero latere ad carinam

trinervis, ex apice obtuso brevissime mucronulata, secundum carinam

setis patulis mollibus densis ciliata; inferior subbinervis, apice

attenuata, carina laxius ciliata, plus duplo brevior. Valvulæ obtusæ,

inferior paulo brevior, carina infra apicem ciliata. Antheræ violaceæ.

_Brizopyrum spicatum._

(Uniola stricta, Torr. in Ann. Lyc. Noveborac. Sept. 1824, p.

155).--Br. siculum, β Americanum LK.--Uniola spicata, Lin. Festuca

distichophylla, Pursh.

_Arundinaria macrosperma_, Michx.

_Agropyrum repens_, P. de B. Var. ε Leersianum R. et Sch. Spiculis

inferioribus geminis.--Specimina nostra singularia, alta, glauca. Folia

radicalia angustissima, filiformia. Spiculæ 6-8 floræ, pubescentes,

glaucæ. Glumarum aristæ 1-2 lin., valvularum lin. 4-5 longæ, patentes.

Gluma inferior 3--superior 5-nervis.

_Elymus striatus_, Willd.--_Hordeum jubatum_, Ait.

FILICES

_Adiantum pedatum_, Willd.

EQUISETACEÆ

_Equisetum arvense_, L.--_E. hyemale_, L.

RHIZOSPERMÆ

_Azolla Caroliniana_, Willd.

MUSCI FRONDOSI

_Mnium (Bryum) ciliare_, Greville in Annals of the Lyc. of New York.

1825, IX. p. 273, t. 23. Our specimens are distinguished by the leaves

being generally entire to the middle, in which they approximate to

those of Mn. cuspidatum; but they are much narrower, cuneiform below,

like those of Mn. affine. I always saw the Setæ single, much bent, and

tortuous.

_Dicranum purpurascens_, Hedw. (Ceratodon purpureus γ purpurascens,

Brid.) Most probably; but the fruit is not quite formed.

_Neckera viticulosa._ In some particulars approximates to Neckera

minor; but the leaves are always inclined. A beautiful yellow.

_Cryphæa inundata_: caule pendulo laxe pinnatim-ramoso ramulis apice

incurvis, foliis distantibus oblongo-lanceolatis carinatis nervo crasso

excurrente, inferioribus arete complicatis obliquis, capsulis ovalibus

heteromallis subsessilibus perichætio longissimo immersis, dentibus

peristomii interioris longis persistentibus coloratis apice incurvis.

In ramis fruticum inundatis ad flumina Wabash, Fox and Black Rivers.

Decembre cum fructu maturo.

Differs from Chryphæa heteromalla, not only by the long, slender stems,

and the thick projecting nerve of the leaves, but most especially by

the stiff red ciliæ of the inner peristome, which almost exceed the

exterior ones in length, and are incurved inwards at the point. The

lower cauline leaves are so broken that the two halves touch with their

upper surface, and the leaf acquires almost an ensiform appearance. The

leaves of the involucrum are quite nerveless. The capsule is yellow. I

did not see the operculum and the hood.

LICHENES

_Usnea hirta_, Ach.--_Parmelia tiliacea_, Ach.

FUNGI

_Polyporus velutinus_, Fr., pileo supra sordide albo

subfuligineo.--_Exidia auricula Judæ_, Fr. Syst. Myc.

Our specimen is distinguished by its size and remarkably pale colour.

IX. CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OBSERVED IN THE MONTHS OF NOVEMBER, DECEMBER,

JANUARY, AND FEBRUARY AT THE MOUTH OF THE WABASH

Winter Residents:

1. Cathartes Aura septentr.

2. Aquila leucocephala.

3. "

4. " Haliaëtus amer.

5. Falco borealis.

6. " uliginosus Bon.

7. " Sparverius.

8. Strix asio.

9. " nebulosa.

10. Corvus americanus Aud.

11. Garrulus cristatus.

12. Psittacus carolinensis.

13. Picus pileatus.

14. " auratus.

15. " carolinus.

16. " varius.

17. " villosus.

18. " pubescens.

19. " erythrocephalus.

20. Sitta carolinensis.

21. Certhia familiaris amer.

22. Alcedo Alcyon.

23. Sturnella ludoviciana Bon.

24. Fringilla cardinalis.

25. " hyemalis.

26. Fringilla canadensis.

27. " pennsylvanica.

28. " melodia.

29. " tristis.

30. Parus bicolor.

31. " atricapillus.

32. Muscicapa coronata.

33. Sialia Wilsoni Sw.

34. Regulus cristatus.

35. Troglod. ludovicianus.

36. " hyemalis.

37. Columba carolinensis.

38. Meleagris Gallopavo.

39. Tetrao umbellus.

40. " Cupido.

41. Perdix virginiana.

42. Ardea herodias.

43. Anser canadensis.

44. " bernicla.

45. Anas Boschas fera.

46. " clangula amer.

47. Mergus Merganser.

48. " serrator.

49. " cucullatus.

50. Falco?

In November the following still occurred:

1. Quiscalus ferrugineus (a few). 2. Fulica americana (migrating). 3.

Grus canadensis. 4. Podiceps carolin. (migrating). 5. Anas sponsa

(in large numbers). 6. Anas crecca, querquedula, discors, and other

species. 7. Fringilla erythrophthalma.

In December a few of the following:

Fringilla erythrophthalma.

In the second half of January:

Columba migratoria. (This was due to the mildness of the winter.)

In February, returned:

_Beginning_:

1. Anas sponsa. 2. Anas rufitorques. 3. Anas crecca. 4. Anas acuta. 5.

Icterus phöniceus.

_Middle and end_:

6. Falcones. 7. Fringilla erythrophthalma. 8. Scolopax. 9. Turdus

migratorius. 10. Grus canadensis (flight of cranes). 11. Quiscalus

versic. 12. Quiscalus ferrugineus.

In the first part of March the following appeared in the region around

Harmony:

1. Anser albifrons. 2. Anser canadensis. 3. Quisc. ferrugineus. 4.

Quisc. versicolor. 5. Icterus phoeniceus. 6. Larus? (fourth of March

seen on the Wabash). 7. Grus canadensis (on the fifth of March Anser

canadensis also appeared). 8. Fringilla purpurea (on the tenth of

March). 9. Scolopax. 10. Fringa? 11. Hirundo? (on the fourteenth of

March the first flight of swallows occurred).

* * * * * *

Transcriber's note:

Simple spelling, grammar, and typographical errors were

silently corrected.

Anachronistic and non-standard spellings retained as printed.