CHAPTER XXXIII

RETURN ON THE ERIE CANAL AND THE RIVER HUDSON TO NEW YORK--VOYAGE TO

EUROPE

The Erie Canal--Lockport--Rochester--Perinton on

the Irondequot--Clyde--Montezuma Marshes--The

River Seneca--Syracuse--Saline Tract near

Salina--Remains of the Onondago Nation--Onondago

Hill--Manlius--Canastote--Oneida--Remains of the Oneida

Nation--Verona--New London--Rome--Oriskany--Beautiful

Valley of the Mohawk River--White's Town--Utica--German

Flats--Amsterdam--Rotterdam--Schenectady--The Iron Railroad to

Albany--Hudson River--New York--Voyage to Europe.

Early in the morning of the 1st of July we left the Eagle Hotel, at

Niagara, and travelled twelve miles to Tonawanta, where we found a

packet boat, towed by three horses, on board which we embarked about

noon. The boats on the Erie Canal are much the same as those on the

Ohio Canal; but here they are fitted up only for passengers, and

take no goods on board, except their baggage; hence they are more

convenient, lighter, and more rapid than luggage boats. Our boat had

fourteen or sixteen berths, which were very commodiously arranged. The

horses drawing these boats are always on the trot, and they perform a

distance of 104 miles in twenty-four hours. Twelve hundred such boats

navigate this canal, the original cost of which was 700,000 dollars;

whereas that of the Ohio Canal was only 400,000. This great work was

commenced in 1817, and completed in eight years.

We proceeded first on the Tonawanta River as far as the village of

Pentleton, where we entered the canal. About five miles from this

place it is cut through a stratum of grauwacke, which rises from four

to fifteen feet above the water; but the depth of the ravine soon

increases, and the bridges are thrown, at a great height, over the

canal. At Lockport, an extensive place, situated on the eminence, the

canal is conducted, by means of five sluices, down a slope of at least

sixty feet.[195] The prospect from the eminence is very beautiful. The

canal descends between two hills, connected at a considerable elevation

by a bridge, under which the boats pass. On the following day {499} we

came to Rochester, on the River Genessi, which has a large aqueduct

eighty feet in length. This river is celebrated for its waterfalls.

There are many fine forests, especially of beech; some, however,

consist entirely of oaks. I observed in the canal many turtles and

water-snakes. Near the village of Perinton is Irondequot or Irondequit

Creek, with wooded banks. The forests here were filled with the finest

species of trees. Beyond Fairport the _Arbor vitæ_ grew vigorously

to the height of thirty and forty feet, as well as larches, planes,

walnuts, oaks, elms, maples, all entwined by wild vine and ivy.[196]

The peculiar smell of the _Arbor vitæ_ was powerfully wafted to us by

the wind. These forests are wild and magnificent. Dry trunks of pines

lay confusedly one over another: in the shade cattle were feeding,

whose bells produced an agreeable harmony. We could have fancied

ourselves transported to the forests of the Hartz, if the country had

been mountainous. The wheat was not yet ripe, nor the potatoes in

blossom. The land was still in part covered with the stumps of the

trees that had been cut down. All the dwellings are of wood, and the

fields are everywhere intersected by wooden fences. The dense beech

forests constantly reminded us of the scenery of Germany.

In the afternoon we came to the rising town of Clyde, which lies on

Clyde River, and towards evening to the Montezuma Marshes, which are

about three miles in extent.[197] They are formed by the overflowing of

the lakes of Cayuga and Seneca,[198] and the water in them is said to

be from four to eight feet deep. The farmers have cultivated the dry

spots in these marshes. At twilight we came to some places where the

canal crosses Seneca River; and at eight o'clock were at the mouth of

that river, over which a long wooden bridge is built for the horses

that tow the boats.

On the following day, the 3rd July, we came to the neighbourhood of

Syracuse, in Onondago County, which is traversed by Onondago Creek,

and was formerly the abode of the numerous Indian tribe of that name,

which was one of the six nations.[199] It is now cultivated; the soil

is fruitful, and thriving towns have arisen in various parts. This

tract was purchased from the Indians, and part of it settled by them.

Syracuse is a place of some importance; it is usually denominated

a village, but it certainly looks as if it were entitled to the

appellation of town. Twenty years ago there was one solitary dwelling

on this spot; now there are 500 houses, among which are some large

buildings, several churches, a large inn, a court-house, prison,

bank, and many respectable shops.[200] All the environs are strongly

impregnated with salt, and there are saline springs, from whence a

great quantity of salt is obtained. The salt water is conducted for

about {500} a mile from the springs at Salina to the vicinity of

Syracuse, where it is evaporated by the sun in shallow vessels, and the

salt crystallized. The works are to the north of Syracuse.[201]

As several roads and canals cross at this place, we had to wait for

passengers, especially for the packets from Lake Oswego, which is now

navigated by steam-boats. During this interval we viewed the traces

of the extensive fire which had taken place in the preceding spring.

Though many buildings have been rebuilt in a better style than before,

the marks of the fire are everywhere to be seen. To the southwest of

Syracuse there is an extensive valley, bounded by wooded eminences, in

which many neat villages are seen; among them one called Onondago Hill,

erected upon a verdant rising, is worthy of notice, the remnants of the

Onondago Indians being settled here. It is reckoned to be eight miles

from Syracuse to the spot where the chief town, Onondago, lay. Here

they had their council fires, and here the powerful and warlike nation

deliberated on public affairs, resolved upon war, concluded peace, &c.

Onondago Hill is said to be a neat town, and was formerly the seat of

the courts of justice, which, however, are now removed to Syracuse.

At the latter place we saw several Onondago Indians, who do not much

differ from the Senecas and Tuscaroras; their costume is exactly

similar, and the women were also wrapped in white blankets.

After some delay, our boat pursued its voyage, and I saw large tracts

of land entirely covered with the stumps of woods that had been

cleared; others with the remains of stems burnt black, which present a

singular, unattractive sight. The dry heights are covered with pine,

of which the inhabitants affirm that six different sorts are here

found--the hemlock, the spruce, the white, the yellow, the Norway, and

the pitch pine, the two latter of which grow on barren grounds.

We took on board a great number of passengers at Syracuse, so that our

boat was crowded to excess; yet the arrangements for the accommodation

of so many people of every description, and of both sexes, were

extremely judicious and well contrived.

Beyond the village of Manlius I observed thickets of _Arbor vitæ_,

especially in marshy spots, where pines flourish. After passing

Chittenango Creek we came to the village of the same name; and an hour

later to Canastote, a large village with new houses, and a couple of

churches. The few fields of wheat in the vicinity were not yet ripe. At

noon we were in the village of Oneida, which is irregularly built on

both sides of the canal.[202] Here we happened to meet with above 100

Oneida Indians, whose lands, assigned to them by the government, lie

to the south of this place. The women wore round black felt hats; the

men red woollen scarfs over their blue great coats. Their complexion

was a yellowish-brown, not dark. They were of low stature, especially

the women, as has been observed of all the remnants of the six nations,

and have retained more of the national features than the men. We were

informed that some of these people were to embark here and proceed

to Green Bay, near which they intended to settle.[203] They lived

hitherto {501} twelve or fifteen miles from this place, scattered on

their plantations, and their settlement is usually called a village,

though the dwellings are all isolated. Here stands a building, commonly

called Oneida Castle, where they discuss the affairs of their tribe,

and the Council Grove, a spot with lofty old trees, under which the

Oneidas assemble on important occasions. They now meet every year at

Oneida Castle, on the 6th of June, form a circle in Council Grove,

every family by itself, and the agents of the government pay seven

dollars to each of them, because they sold their land to the United

States. The counties of Oneida and Madison comprise the former abode

of the Oneidas, but they now live in this part of the country, having

sold a portion of their land to the United States. Of all the tribes of

the six nations, they were the only one who remained faithful to the

Americans in the early wars.[204]

From Oneida we soon came to Verona, a small village, where there is

a manufactory of window glass, to the south of Lake Oneida, to which

it was intended to make a canal from this place. At two we arrived

at the little village of New London, in a country abounding with

hemlock pines. Large quantities of timber, planks, logwood, &c.,

are sawn here, and shipped in flat-bottomed canal boats.[205] Five

miles from New London is Rome, at a small distance from the canal; it

is a considerable place, with five churches, which are seen from a

distance.[206] The country round is an extensive plain, through which

the Mohawk flows, and is bounded by forests in the horizon. The canal

then traverses the village of Oriskany, on Oriskany Creek, which was

one of the principal abodes of the Oneida nation.[207]

Passing through a rich, verdant country, adorned with pleasant

habitations and fine forests, illumined with the most cheerful

sunshine, we came, at six o'clock in the afternoon, to White's Town,

a neat and thriving place on the left bank of the canal, founded

by a person of the name of White, who, as the first settler, gave

his name to the town, and whose grandson, Mr. Henry White, was on

board our boat.[208] On the right of the canal stands the great

cotton manufactory of Mr. Marshall, of New York, which forms an

entire village;[209] two similar establishments are in the immediate

neighbourhood, and it appears that there are at least twelve cotton

manufactories on Sacquit Creek, which falls into the Mohawk. When

Mr. White settled here, this large tract of country was inhabited

by the Oneida Indians, whose chief, Skenandoah, kept up a very good

understanding with the new settlers. This was the scene of the event

already recorded by other travellers, when Mr. White entrusted them

with his eldest daughter, at that time a child two years old, because

they had conceived a particular affection for her. In the sequel, the

family were uneasy about the fate of the child, but the Indians brought

her back, loaded with presents, and were delighted at this proof of

confidence.[210]

The country about White's Town, and, in fact, the whole valley of the

Mohawk, is picturesque and beautiful, and is unquestionably the most

pleasant that I have yet seen in North America. On every side there

are neat, cheerful towns, manufactories, corn, saw, gypsum, and other

mills, in the latter of which, the gypsum, which is piled up on the

banks of the canal {502} in large grey blocks, is ground to manure the

fields. This country was formerly inhabited by the Mohawks, who, being

friends to the English, removed, and settled in Canada.[211]

At Utica,[212] a large town with regular streets and good houses, there

was a brisk traffic, and the servants of the inns crowded about the

boats to receive the passengers; but I proceeded on the voyage, and

enjoyed the fine scenery, the Mohawk meandering, between lofty trees,

through the extensive verdant valley. During the night we passed German

Flats, which was originally cultivated by Germans, whose descendants

still live here, and whose language is spoken by many settlers near

the canal.[213] We passed through Canajoharie, and on the 4th of July

still followed the valley of the Mohawk, which had much increased in

breadth. In the river, the navigation of which is now transferred to

the canal, there are beautiful islands covered with poplar, willow, and

other thickets, and a covered bridge crosses it at Amsterdam, a place

consisting of about 100 tolerably good houses, from which it is sixteen

miles to Schenectady, where, having passed Rotterdam during dinner, we

arrived at three in the afternoon.[214]

Schenectady, where the passengers quit the boats to proceed by the

railway to Albany, is a considerable place. Carriages stood ready to

convey the passengers to the railway, and we entered them without

delay. They are long and roomy, contain many passengers, and run on ten

small wheels. One horse drew each carriage for 200 paces towards an

eminence, where it was taken off, and the carriages fastened to a rope,

and drawn up by a steam-engine. On the eminence, the whole train, with

the closed carriages for the luggage of the passengers on the river,

is connected with the steam-engine, and in about an hour we arrived at

Albany, sixteen miles distant.[215]

It was early in the afternoon when we reached Albany, a large town with

26,000 inhabitants, the capital and seat of government of the state

of New York, on the bank of the fine, large River Hudson. I will not

repeat what may be found in every American hand-book for travellers,

but only observe, that it was the Day of Independence, one of the

great festivals in America, which was interesting to us, because it

was on that day (the 4th of July) two years before, that I landed on

the American coast. We heard some firing, and now and then cannon were

discharged in the streets, and sky-rockets and fireworks displayed.

Crowds of people thronged every place. An introduction from Dr.

Pitcher, with whom I had travelled on the Erie Canal, procured me the

interesting acquaintance of Dr. Edwin James, author of the account

of Major Long's "Expedition to the Rocky Mountains," who is well

known in the literary world as a botanist and geologist. I found him

a singularly amiable, unassuming person, and passed the evening very

agreeably in his family circle. He is at present engaged on the Indian

languages, especially that of the Chippeways, among which people he

resided for a long time.[216] He had the kindness to escort me about

the city, which has many handsome buildings, some broad streets, and

in the centre a large square, round which the most important public

edifices are erected. The capitol is built on a gentle eminence; it

cost 120,000 dollars, is 115 feet long, 90 feet wide, and 60 feet {503}

high, and is adorned on the east front with four Ionic columns. The

academy, which cost 92,000 dollars, and the city hall, built of white

marble, likewise stand in this square. The square itself is laid out

very tastefully, covered with greensward, and intersected with broad

walks, and is a great ornament to the town.

At eight o'clock in the morning of the 5th of July we embarked in

the Albany steamer for New York. The Hudson or North River is even

here a fine broad stream, with picturesque banks, but soon widens

considerably: my navigation of it is unquestionably the most agreeable

voyage that I made in America. The distance, which is 144 miles (by

land 160 miles), is conveniently performed in one day, though it is

often accomplished in twelve or fourteen hours. The steam navigation is

very brisk on the river, except in winter, when it is impeded by the

ice. The steamers on the Hudson are very large, and no such accidents

occur as on the Mississippi and the Ohio, because only low pressure

engines are employed.

The Albany was a large vessel, of the size of a frigate, with three

decks, of which the upper one was covered by an awning. The middle

deck was eighty paces in length; the lower space contained three very

elegantly furnished cabins--the two at the back for the ladies, and,

in front, the large cabin or dining-room, which was adorned with oil

paintings. Our proud vessel glided swiftly down the stream, and the

beautiful banks speedily vanished from our view. After proceeding

thirty miles, we reached the town of Hudson, opposite the Catskill

Mountains, a picturesque range, with fine summits, such as are seldom

seen in North America. This range is also called Catsbergs; the highest

summit is near Greene, eight or ten miles distant from the river. Along

the shore, at the foot of this range, lies the village of Catskill,

on Catskill Creek, which runs through the village, and flows into the

Hudson. Here we landed, and took in some passengers, who, in token of

their having come from those more elevated regions, brought in their

hands large bunches of the beautiful kalmia blossoms. The village

contains about 350 houses and 5000 inhabitants. I would recommend the

view of the Catskill Mountains to every landscape painter.

Lower down, the character of the banks of the river has much similarity

with that of Italian Switzerland; bright verdant plains alternate

with the loveliest woods; while numerous little vessels, especially

schooners, glide swiftly on the bosom of the river, which is double

the width of our Rhine; and many steamers (among them the colossal

Champlain, with four chimneys), towing large flat boats filled with

passengers, added greatly to the animation of the scene. After dinner

we lay-to at Newbury. Below this, rounded hills covered with wood

appear along the shore, not unlike the Rhenish. The river now runs

through a narrow, picturesque gorge, almost shut in by the verdant

hills. On the western coast lies West Point, where the military academy

of the United States is situated; below this, the country grows more

open and flat, and the river becomes very broad and majestic. We passed

the large house of correction at Singsing, on the eastern coast, and

arrived at New York before evening.

{504} We rejoiced to find the town in a perfectly healthy state, and

all our friends well. On the 8th of July I visited Philadelphia, which

can now be easily accomplished by means of the railway from Amboy. At

Bordentown we went on board the Philadelphia steamer, and reached that

town at five in the afternoon. Our two days' stay here was devoted to

visiting friends; and I am indebted to Professor Harlan for introducing

me to Mr. Duponceau, a learned investigator of the Indian languages, as

well as for taking me to several collections of natural history.[217]

The museum of the society of natural sciences contains many interesting

curiosities, among which I may mention Dr. Morton's collection of

skulls.[218] In the museum of Mr. Titian Peale I saw many objects which

deserve close investigation.

Early on the 11th of July we re-embarked on board the Burlington for

Bordentown; thence by railway to Amboy, and returned to New York

by the Swan steamer. Here we found an accumulation of business,

consequent upon our approaching voyage to Europe; Messrs. Gebhard and

Schuchart, however, very kindly gave us every assistance, and greatly

helped to expedite our affairs. I again spent a most pleasant day at

the country-house of Mr. Schmid, the Prussian consul, where I had

the gratification of seeing Mr. Astor, so justly esteemed in the fur

countries.[219] There was a great uproar at this time in the streets of

New York; the mob attacked the negroes, and some clergymen, who took

their part, had their windows broken and houses demolished. Towards

evening, the militia paraded the streets, and occupied different posts,

in order to check these riots. Dr. Julius gives an account of this

assault upon the negroes in New York, page 369.[220]

We engaged berths on board the packet-boat Havre, Captain Stoddart;

it belongs to the Havre Line, whose vessels are from 400 to 600

tons burden, and go every week, in winter as well as in summer. The

arrangements are particularly good, the table capital, with abundance

of fresh milk and meat every day.

As the packet was to leave on the 16th of July, our collections,

&c., were put on board on the 15th, and we bade our friends and

acquaintances farewell. At ten o'clock on the day fixed for our

departure we went, accompanied by many friends, on board the Rufus

King steamer, which received her passengers on the North River Pier,

and conveyed them in twenty minutes to the packet, which was lying in

the fine harbour near the city. The anchor was already weighed, and

the pilot on board. As soon as the baggage of the several passengers

was disposed of in the hold, the Havre spread all her sails, but the

wind being very faint, it was eleven o'clock before we were opposite

the lighthouse of Statenland, which lay on our right hand, and the

batteries of Long Island on our left. The wind soon became quite

contrary, and we were obliged to cast anchor and take in our sails:

several steam-boats passed us, and we wanted them to take us in tow,

but, to our great vexation, they refused to stop. Towards evening,

however, the wind rose a little, and we tacked slowly towards the sea.

{505} At six in the morning of the 17th of July we lay opposite Sandy

Hook, a little above the lighthouse. At half-past twelve we saw, at

a distance on the left hand, Fire Island lighthouse, which is forty

miles from Sandy Hook; and on the 18th we lost sight of the coast.

Our voyage was on the whole favourable: we did not pass over the bank

of Newfoundland, but on the 24th and 25th of July were very far to

the south of it. We afterwards had a fresh and favourable wind, and

followed the track of the Columbia, (as laid down in the charts), which

performed the voyage from Portsmouth to New York in fifteen days.

On the 30th of July we made 5° in twenty-four hours. The sight of the

numerous vessels which passed us full sail was very striking, and

greatly cheered the whole of the ship's company. We proceeded at the

rate of nine or ten knots an hour; the wind was favourable, and, though

very strong, even our topmost sails were spread, an experiment which

other nations do not often venture upon; but the Americans are very

bold seamen. On the 2nd of August we were to the north of the Azores,

which I had seen in 1817, and on the following day spoke the brig Helen

Douglas, from Hamburgh, and communicated reciprocally our longitude

and latitude. We overtook several ships, which the Havre soon left far

behind her.

Our people endeavoured to harpoon some dolphins, but the handle of the

instrument, which was admirably contrived, soon broke.[221]

At _a_ there is a joint; _b_ is a movable ring; _d_ is the sharp edge

of the instrument; _f_ the back, which is blunt. When the point _e_

is forced into the body of the animal, it penetrates so far, that the

resistance of the body moves the ring _b_; the whole head springs from

the position in which it was held by the ring; the edge _d_ continues

to act in an horizontal direction, and the point _c_ forms a barb by

which the instrument remains fixed in the animal.

On the 6th of August we overtook the Congress, a large ship bound

from New Orleans to Liverpool, which had come thus far in forty-eight

days. We soon got the start of her, and on the following day were

already in the channel, having passed Cape Lizard in the night. At

three in the afternoon land was descried from the mast-head; it was

the Island of Guernsey: we then saw Alderney, and afterwards Cape la

Hogue on the French coast, very clearly. The wind became more fresh

every moment, and, twilight setting in, we greatly desired to obtain a

pilot. At length we saw a boat contending with the waves, which, with

considerable exertion, brought us a pilot from Havre. We sailed in the

dark, passed the lighthouse at Cherbourg, and afterwards saw that of

Harfleur, our ship running seven or eight knots an hour.

Early on the morning of the 8th of August we were off Havre de Grace,

with a violent head {506} wind, and waited for the proper time to

enter, which, as in many ports in the channel, can only be done at

high water. We were the more impatient for this moment, as the wind

continued to increase, and threatened to rise to a storm. Large ships

from Martinique and Guadaloupe, under French colours, shared the same

trial of patience with ourselves. At length, after ten o'clock, the

pilot gave the signal--the sails were spread, and the Havre hastened

to enter the port. A great crowd of people was assembled on the pier,

and breakers raged at the narrow mouth of the harbour; however, we soon

felt the effect of the mole which human art has opposed to the fury of

the elements, and at half-past eleven o'clock the Havre cast anchor in

Europe.

FOOTNOTES:

[195] Pendleton, in Niagara County, was settled before the projection

of the canal by Sylvester Pendleton Clark, who built the first log

tavern here in 1821. Although a junction on the canal, and later a

station on the Erie Railway, the town has not attained much prosperity.

For Lockport, see Bullock's _Sketch_, in our volume xix, p. 151, note

21.--ED.

[196] Rochester, Perinton, and Fairport, all in Monroe County, on the

canal, were settled before the route was laid out. The first permanent

settlement at Rochester was not until 1803, although saw and grist

mills had been built some years earlier, and worked intermittently. The

name given to the village in 1811 was in honor of Nathaniel Rochester,

of Maryland, an early purchaser of lands. The village incorporation

took place in 1811.

Perinton, named for its first settler, Glover Perrin (about 1790), had

little growth until the opening of the canal; the name is now applied

to the township in which Fairport is situated. The first settler of the

latter town came in 1810; there were but nine houses there, seven of

which were log-cabins, at the opening of the canal (1822). It numbered

in 1900, 2,439.

Irondequot Creek was an early highway into Iroquois territory. It was

the rendezvous (1687) of the expedition led by Denonville, governor of

Canada, against the marauding Seneca. See Thwaites, _Lahontan's Voyages

in North America_ (Chicago, 1904), i, pp. 123-130.--ED.

[197] Clyde, in Wayne County, New York, had its first permanent

settlers in 1811. It was at first called Lauraville; later, the river

was, by a Scotch settler, named Clyde, and upon incorporation (1836)

this was applied to the settlement.

Montezuma marshes, in southwest Cayuga County, were called by the

aborigines Tiohero.--ED.

[198] This part of the country is remarkable for the number of fine

lakes, all of which have very harmonious names, taken from the old

Indian language, such as Canandaigua, Cayuga, Seneca, Onega, Ontario,

Oswego, Onondago, &c. From the immense Lake Superior, the area of

which is estimated at 30,000 square miles, to the small lakes only

a few miles in length, their forms differ entirely, and are in part

highly picturesque. These lakes and rivers have been judiciously

suffered to retain their ancient harmonious Indian names; whereas the

Americans have, in general, transferred the names of European towns and

districts to this land, where we often meet with excessively dissonant,

inappropriate names, which frequently call forth a smile, as Dr. Julius

very justly observes, Vol. I. p. 420.--MAXIMILIAN.

_Comment by Ed._ Nicolaus Heinrich Julius, author of _Nordamerikas

sittliche zustande, nach eigener Enshauungen in den jahren 1834-36_

(Leipzig, 1839).

[199] For the Onondaga, see Croghan's _Journals_, in our volume i, p.

60, note 23.--ED.

[200] The site of Syracuse had been that of an Indian village, where

Ephraim Webster, coming from New England, built a trading post in 1786.

It was included in the salt reservation established in 1797 and offered

for sale by the state in 1804. The first purchaser was Abraham Walton,

who built a mill upon the site the following year. Walton intended

to found a village, but not until the establishment of the canal did

Syracuse outgrow its embryonic stage. Meanwhile several names had been

in use; Milan was suggested in 1809; South Salina was used for three

years (1809-12); Corinth was desired, but a Corinth post-office already

existing, Syracuse was suggested, because of a certain resemblance to

the site of the famous Sicilian city. Organized as a village in 1825,

Syracuse finally became a city in 1847.--ED.

[201] The salt springs of this vicinity were noted by Jesuit

missionaries in the seventeenth century. By 1770, salt from this region

was an article of barter among Indian tribes. The first made by white

men was in 1788; primitive methods were followed, however, until in

1797 the state set apart a reservation of thirteen thousand acres,

embracing the saline springs, and the next year manufacture on a large

scale was begun. Although much of the land was afterwards sold by the

state, control of the salines was maintained by the government for a

hundred years; in 1898, however, the state finding participation in

this manufacture unprofitable, the springs became private property.--ED.

[202] Manlius was first settled in 1792, when a log-cabin inn was

opened upon its site, which was first called Liberty Square. Shortly

after 1800 the name was changed to Manlius, and the first postmaster

appointed. The town had in 1900 a population of 1,219.

Chittenango and Oneida, in Madison County, were not early settlements,

but due to the growth of canals and railroads. Oneida was incorporated

in 1848, and had (1900) a population of 6,364.

The site of Canastote (signifying "Cluster of pines") was purchased

(1810) by Reuben Perkins; the settlement was, however, due to the

canal, and was incorporated in 1835. It has attained a population of

about three thousand.--ED.

[203] The Oneida Indians, one of the "five nations" of the Iroquois

confederacy, lived east of the Onondaga, in the present Madison and

Oneida counties. In 1788 they ceded their land to New York state,

retaining a large reservation, which has been gradually disposed of

for successive annuities. About 1820 the project of their removal

to Wisconsin was broached, and two delegations representing diverse

interests among the Oneida, headed respectively by Dr. Jedidiah Morse,

and Reverend Eleazer Williams, visited the West, and entered into

arrangements with the Menominee and Winnebago tribes for territory

contiguous to Green Bay. These treaties were the subjects of much

negotiation, but the controversy was finally settled (1831) by the

United States government in favor of the New York Indians. With the

Oneida were three tribes of New England Indians--the Stockbridge,

Munsee, and Brothertown--who had previously been (in the latter part

of the eighteenth century) received among the Oneida in New York. The

migration of these various tribes began about 1823, and continued at

varying intervals until about 1846, a small remnant only remaining

in New York. In Wisconsin they located permanently; the Munsee and

Brothertown having assumed citizenship, are for the most part absorbed

in the white population of Brown, Outagamie, and Calumet counties,

chiefly the last named, although a few are mingled with the Oneida

on their reservation near Green Bay. The latter number about two

thousand, and are in a fairly prosperous condition, chiefly farmers.

On the Stockbridge reservation in Shawano County there are about five

hundred engaged in farming and lumbering. Consult _Wisconsin Historical

Collections_, ii, pp. 415-449; xv, pp. 25-209; and J. N. Davidson,

_Unnamed Wisconsin_ (Milwaukee, 1895).--ED.

[204] Oneida Castle was located south of the modern town of that name,

in Lenox Township, Madison County, on the borders of Oneida County.

At this village Reverend Samuel Kirkland established himself as a

missionary in 1766, and it was chiefly due to his influence that the

main body of the Oneida remained neutral during the Revolutionary

War. After the removal to Wisconsin a few of the tribe clung to their

original home, and about a hundred and fifty are still to be found in

this vicinity.--ED.

[205] Verona's first settlement was made in 1797 by Captain Ichabod

Hand, who kept a tavern on the road from Rome to Oneida Castle.

New London is a small hamlet in Oneida County, erected during the

progress of the canal. Its first settler came in 1824, and the

following year a post-office was erected.--ED.

[206] The site of Rome was on the Oneida portage between the Mohawk

Valley and waters flowing into Lake Ontario. As early as 1756 the

English had erected Fort Bull at the western extremity of the portage,

but this was promptly captured and destroyed by French troops. Two

years later, Fort Stanwix was erected by the British general of that

name; the cost was $60,000, and the fort was heavily garrisoned until

the close of the French and Indian War. In 1768 the famous treaty with

the Iroquois, making a great land cession to the English colonies took

place at this outpost. At the outbreak of the Revolution the name of

the fort was changed to Schuyler, and the next year (1777) it was

besieged by Major Barry St. Leger with a force of Indian allies; the

post was finally relieved by General Benedict Arnold. The first settler

near the fort was a German, Johann Reuff (or Roof). He fled at the time

of the siege, and the place was without inhabitants until 1785-87, when

New England colonists began to arrive. The site of Rome was purchased

by a New York merchant named Lynch who laid out a town (1796) and

called it Lynchburg; this was later changed for the classic cognomen,

and the village of Rome incorporated in 1819.--ED.

[207] Oriskany (Indian dialect, signifying "nettles") was the site of

the battle of August 6, 1777, when General Nicholas Herkimer, of the

American army, repulsed the invading British forces under Major St.

Leger. The village was settled in 1802 by Colonel Garrett Lansing, a

Revolutionary soldier, and a post-office opened about 1821.--ED.

[208] Hugh White of Middletown, Connecticut, was one of the four

purchasers of a confiscated Tory patent known as Sadequahada, he being

the first settler west of German Flats, on the Mohawk. Coming out to

his purchase in 1784, with his entire family of sons and sons-in-law,

he settled what was for a time known as Whitestown, whither a number of

Connecticut relatives and friends followed in succeeding years. Judge

White was a man of ability and much physical strength. He attained

considerable influence with the Oneida, who adopted him into their

tribe. Dying in 1812, he left many descendants. Originally known as

Whitestown, the village surrendered that title to the township, and

was incorporated (1811) as Whitehall Landing, a name changed two

years later to Whitesborough. The Oneida Historical Society in 1884

celebrated the centennial of the founding of this place by erecting a

granite shaft upon the village green. Whitesborough at one time bid

fair to rival Rome and Utica, but has now a population of only two

thousand.--ED.

[209] The village of New York Mills, the site of the first cotton

factory in the state, was founded in 1808 by Walcott and Company. In

1825 a partnership was formed with Benjamin Marshall, of New York City,

who retired in 1847. The mills are still owned and managed by the

Walcott family.--ED.

[210] Skenandoah (Skenando) died in 1816, reputed to be a hundred and

ten years old. He favored the Americans in the Revolutionary War, and

was long known as the white man's friend, an eloquent advocate for

peace, and a Christian of strong character. His grave is at Clinton,

Oneida County, near that of his friend, the missionary Samuel Kirkland.

The incident in relation to White's granddaughter (not daughter) is

well authenticated. See D. E. Wager, _History of Oneida County_, New

York (Boston, 1896), p. 618.--ED.

[211] At the close of the American Revolution a grant of 300,000 acres

upon Grand River, Ontario, was secured from the British government,

and the entire tribe of Mohawk removed thither, accompanied by

British sympathizers from the other Iroquois tribes. The reservation

is now reduced to about 60,000 acres. Mohawk also live at St. Regis,

Caughnawaga, and Bay of Quinte, Quebec. A descendant of Joseph Brant,

the great Mohawk chief, recently stated that there were still 30,000

Iroquois in Canadian boundaries. See F. W. Halsey, _Old New York

Frontier_ (New York, 1901), p. 320.--ED.

[212] At Utica, originally a ford on Mohawk River, a small fort was

erected during the French and Indian War, named Fort Schuyler, but it

was abandoned before the Revolution. The first two houses were built

upon the site in 1786; the early prospect for growth was not bright,

and the increase was slow. The village was incorporated in 1798, when

the new name was selected by lot. The city charter was received in

1832.--ED.

[213] German Flats was the original seat of the Palatines who emigrated

to New York in large numbers in 1710, and began to settle as early

as 1712 on land patented to them by the Mohawk. The settlement was

for many years the outpost of the Mohawk Valley, and thus was sadly

harassed in Indian wars. In November, 1757, French and Indians led

by Belestre fell upon the village, carried away captive many of its

inhabitants, and burned the entire settlement. A similar fate befell

the place in 1778, when the Mohawk chief Brant advanced against this

valley, and continued attacks were maintained by his people until

the close of the war. The Germans were loyal to the American cause,

and under General Nicholas Herkimer formed the bulk of the army that

won the day at Oriskany. About 1784 there was a large influx of new

settlers of American stock. The chief town of the settlement is now

known as Herkimer, with a population of about six thousand.--ED.

[214] Canajoharie, in Montgomery County, was the site of a Mohawk

village where Joseph Brant had his early home. In 1750 Philip Van

Alstine built the first house upon the site, and ten years later

erected thereon a mill. The early settlers were chiefly Germans, and

the place suffered severely during the Revolutionary War, being raided

successively in 1780 and 1781. By 1790 the settlement had taken on new

life, and by 1829 was incorporated as a town.

Near Rotterdam, an early Dutch settlement, is located the oldest house

of that region now extant, thought to have been built in 1680, and

known as the Jan Mabie house.

Schenectady (also called Corlaer in early days) was laid out in 1662 by

Arent Van Curler and fourteen associates. As a frontier settlement in

King William's War, it suffered an attack and massacre by French and

Indians (1690). In 1705, Queen's Fort was built therein, and it was

garrisoned until the Revolution. The first town charter was obtained in

1763, and the city incorporated in 1798.--ED.

[215] The Mohawk and Albany Railway was projected by George W.

Featherstonehaugh, an Englishman of some eminence, who had married an

American and settled near Albany. A friend of George Stephenson of

England, Featherstonehaugh conceived the idea, as early as 1825, of

uniting Albany and Schenectady by a railway. The next year a company

was incorporated, whose president was Stephen Van Rensselaer. Delay

was incident upon construction, and the line was not opened until

August, 1831, when the locomotive "Detroit Clinton" drew a train of

carriages from Albany to Schenectady. The Mohawk and Albany Railway

was the progenitor of the present New York Central and Hudson River

Railway. See G. S. Roberts, _Old Schenectady_ (Schenectady, 1904), pp.

143-152.--ED.

[216] For a biographical account of Dr. Edwin James, see our volume

xiv, preface, pp. 13-25.--ED.

[217] For sketches of these scientists, see our volume xxii, p. 29,

note 3, and p. 64, note 27.--ED.

[218] Samuel George Morton (1799-1851) was educated in medicine at the

Universities of Pennsylvania and Edinburgh. In 1823, he settled in

practice in Philadelphia, and interested himself in the development of

natural science, being a member for many years and finally president

(1850) of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. To this

institution he bequeathed his collection of skulls, which he began in

1830, and which is the largest museum of comparative craniology in

the United States, containing over fifteen hundred specimens, nearly

two-thirds of which are human. For the origin of Peale's Museum, see

our volume ix, p. 55, note 22. Titian Peale is noted in our volume xiv,

p. 40, note 1.--ED.

[219] For brief notice of John Jacob Astor, see Franchère's

_Narrative_, in our volume vi, p. 186, note 8.--ED.

[220] For Dr. Julius, see _ante_, p. 179, note 198. The riots of July

9-11, 1834, were occasioned by popular opposition to the abolition

movement. The American Anti-Slavery Society held a meeting in New York

on the fourth of July; immediately excitement arose, and the leaders

were threatened. On the night of the ninth, the attempt to hold a

meeting of the society resulted in an attack on the Chatham Street

chapel--the place of meeting--and the house of Lewis Tappan, one of

its prominent members. See _Niles' Register_, xlvi, pp. 332, 346,

357-360.--ED.

[221] See p. 169, for illustration of harpoon for dolphins.--ED.

APPENDIX

I. VOCABULARIES OF SOME OF THE TRIBES OF NORTHWESTERN

AMERICA, WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE SIGN LANGUAGE.

Translated and adapted from the German edition

(Coblentz, 1839), by _Asa Currier Tilton_.

II. TRADITION OF THE ORIGIN OF THE OTO, JOWA, AND MISSOURI.

From the London edition, 1843.

III. EXTRACT FROM AN INDIAN LAND CONTRACT. From the London

edition.

IV. TREATY OF PEACE BETWEEN THE AMERICAN FUR COMPANY AND

THE BLACKFEET. From the London edition.

V. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT FORTS UNION AND CLARKE.

Summarized from the German edition, by _Asa Currier

Tilton_.

VI. BIRD CALENDAR FOR THE REGION OF THE MANDAN VILLAGE,

WINTER OF 1833-34. Translated and adapted from the

German edition, by _Asa Currier Tilton_.

VII. CATALOGUS PLANTARUM IN MONTE POCONO. From the London

edition.

VIII. SYSTEMATIC VIEW OF PLANTS FROM THE MISSOURI. From the

London edition.

IX. CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OBSERVED IN THE MONTHS OF NOVEMBER,

DECEMBER, JANUARY, AND FEBRUARY, AT THE MOUTH OF THE

WABASH. Translated and adapted from the German edition,

by _Asa Currier Tilton_.

I. VOCABULARIES OF SOME OF THE TRIBES OF NORTHWESTERN AMERICA, WITH AN

ACCOUNT OF THE INDIAN SIGN LANGUAGE

INTRODUCTION

Much has been written by scholars in recent times on the Asiatic

extraction of the American peoples; and the attempt has been made,

particularly in the United States, to prove such a relationship. This

exceedingly interesting subject opens to the investigator a boundless

field; but one whose paths are dark and difficult to make clear. Many

good reasons can be given for an Asiatic descent of the Americans;

on the other hand, objections can be made which cannot easily be set

aside. In either case strikingly similar traits have been found in the

peoples of the two continents, as may be seen from Delafield's new

work, where everything that can be said on the subject has been brought

together.[222]

As the traveller stands in front of the long lines of the old Indian

burial mound near St. Louis, he can easily believe that he has

before him one of the south Russian kurgans. Moreover, surprising

correspondences are found from a comparison of the works of art, as

well as the intellectual and moral characteristics, of the peoples of

Mexico and Peru with those of India and Egypt. But we search in vain

for Mongols in North America. When one has seen the Hindoos, Kalmucks,

Bashkirs, and Chinese, he will find that the features and complexion

of the type of man now inhabiting North America are very different from

those of the Asiatic peoples; and will feel justified in regarding the

Americans as a distinct race.

The most firmly-grounded objections to the theory of the Asiatic

extraction of the Americans seems to lie in the difference in the color

of the skin and in the slight relationship of the languages; for the

few words related to American, which have so far been sought out with

great difficulty in the Asiatic languages, do not appear to have much

weight.

D'Orbigny[223] assumes that there are different races among the peoples

of America. But even if it is necessary, for the sake of clearness, to

make various subdivisions in such an extended and varied population,

on the basis of distinguishing characteristics, nevertheless such a

division is difficult and arbitrary. If representatives of all these

peoples could be brought together, a classification would present fewer

difficulties; but great distances often separate related tribes, and

memory rarely suffices for making these exact comparisons. I cannot

render a decision on D'Orbigny's supposition that in the American

branch of humanity the North Americans form a different race from the

South Americans, since I have become acquainted with only a small

number of the South American nations.

One claim, which seems to me to have decided probability, is that

the ancient Mexicans migrated from the more northern parts of the

continent of America. There are many indications of this. The

hieroglyphic painting of the migration of the people, which later

rose to a higher culture in Mexico, which was discovered by Boturini

and brought out by Delafield, is, from this standpoint, a highly

interesting document.[224] The drawings of the present North American

Indians still show many similarities to those of old Mexican pictures,

although it must be said that they are much rougher, cruder, and

more childish.[225] Therein, also, foot prints are represented when

it is desired to show a continued movement of the figures; and other

correspondences have already been pointed out. In various places in

the account of my travels, I have sought to call attention to them and

to the conjectured southward migration of the Americans. The skulls,

however, which have been taken from the old burial grounds on the

Wabash, do not show that flattening of the heads that is portrayed on

Delafield's first plate; but their crowns are rounded just as nature

formed them.

All conjectures over the origin and relationship of these peoples must

await the more trustworthy conclusions which it will be justifiable

to draw from the relationship of their languages; only through more

exact knowledge of them can we hope to make progress in this broad

and obscure field. Several of the North American dialects are already

fairly well known to philologists; for a majority of the rest there

are, at least, vocabularies which allow a superficial classification

according to relationship. Distinguished American philologists,

Duponceau, Pickering,[226] Edwin James, Gallatin, and several others

have accumulated much material, but there has been no comprehensive

work on the subject. This lack has in part been filled by Mr. Albert

Gallatin, whose learned work is in the hands of the publishers.[227]

Since at the present time the attention of travellers is being directed

more and more to this highly interesting subject, these materials

are likely to be largely increased in the near future, and to give

American scholars the chance of constantly perfecting their work. Some

authors, among them McKenney, in his _History of the Indian Tribes of

North America_,[228] do not seem to attach much value to vocabularies

collected by travellers. To be sure, these often are handled in a

thoughtless and superficial manner; but it must be remembered that in

the interior of North America excellent interpreters of the Indian

languages may now be found, and that the Indians themselves often

fluently speak several languages. Through these agencies interesting

contributions to our knowledge of the dialects referred to may always

be expected.

In an examination of the tribes of America, the multiplicity of their

languages is very striking. These languages are often confined to

quite small tribes; their origin is quite correctly explained by Mr.

Gallatin.[229] From the interesting work of this scholar it appears,

however, that a certain similarity of character belongs to this

multitude of tongues--a circumstance that testifies to their common

origin as well as to the antiquity of the American population.[230]

All this material thus gains value in the eyes of the philologist;

and in this connection it is with pleasure to be noticed, that with

the extension of these investigations the interest in them in America

constantly brings forward diligent co-operators.

Such work would be far easier and much more useful if all the

vocabularies were compiled and copied on the same principles. Most

of those in existence have been written down by Englishmen, or

Anglo-Americans; and as a rule they, like the French, cannot, as

Gallatin admits, correctly reproduce the Indian gutturals;[231] yet

it is characteristic of all these languages that they abound in

gutturals. Another defect in the usual vocabularies, lies in the

omission of accents; for these, also, are peculiarly characteristic

of the American languages. One of the dialects which I investigated

is so difficult to write, that even after the greatest effort I could

reproduce but a few words--I refer to that of the Grosventres of the

prairies, sometimes called by the English Fall Indians.[232] For

this tongue, even the fur trade company had not been able to find an

interpreter; and was compelled to carry on all business with those

Indians in the Blackfoot language. Most of the other languages of

the Missouri Valley can more easily be reproduced by the Germans and

Dutch than by other nations; because, as has already been explained,

their own speech abounds in gutturals and regularly has hard endings.

Consequently the English vocabularies for these tribes are always

more or less defective. Pickering felt this very decidedly, and has

consequently proposed for his countrymen a notation of tones which is

analogous to the German, and which, if it comes into use, will produce

most beneficial results. Pickering's scheme requires that the vowels be

pronounced in America as follows:

_a_ as in the word _father_,

_e_ as in _there_,

_i_ as in _machine_,

_o_ as in _note_,

_u_ as in _rule_,

_y_ as in _you_ (or as _ee_ in English).

In short, he adopts the German system, completely. In place of the

German _æ_ and _œ_, or _ä_ and _ö_, he proposes to write in English

_aᵉ_ and _oᵉ_; in place of _c_ to use _k_, a change that will avoid

many misunderstandings; and when the pronunciation is hard, to use

_z_, etc. If this system had been used earlier, a smaller number

of errors would have crept into the works on this subject, and

into the translations from one language to another. For instance,

my vocabularies of the Brazilian peoples have in places been very

incorrectly reproduced by French translators.

Another defect in the usual English system, for such vocabularies,

arises from the division of all words into syllables, a method

which Duponceau very rightly censured; for in this way the correct

pronunciation of the words is generally lost. When the word with its

accents has been written as a whole, the division into syllables is the

next task, in order thus to reach conclusions regarding its inflection

and derivation--something quite indispensable for the philologist. A

word divided in the English style into its component parts, could be

correctly pronounced neither by a German nor by a Frenchman; besides,

every language has its own intonation, not common to others. I have,

therefore, held it to be the surest way of making the Indian words

intelligible to all my readers, to call to my aid the pronunciation of

several nations. For instance, _on_ and _an_, in the Indian languages

are spoken, sometimes as in German, sometimes as in French; in such

cases I have noted in a parenthesis the system according to which the

word or syllable is to be pronounced. Other notes of this character

have seemed necessary, and these require the following explanations:--

(1) Sharp _c_ is designated as in French by _ç_.

(2) Guttur. denotes guttural, _i.e._, the German or Dutch

pronunciation.

(3) _aº_ or _oª_ denotes full _a_ or _o_, somewhat like _aw_

in English. Here I might have written _o͡a_; but by using _aº_

and _oª_, I also indicate that the sound of the lower letter

predominates.

(4) d. d. N. (durch die Nase) denotes through the nose: _i.e._,

a nasal sound.

(5) When the sign ½ follows a letter, it means that it is to

be only half pronounced, somewhat as the first _e_ in the

German word _gegangen_, or the second _e_ in the English word

_achievement_.

(6) I have tried to indicate the length of a syllable by adding

an _h_, a plan which I preferred to the ordinary signs ∽ or ⏝,

since these might easily be confused in printing.

(7) A _g_ is often heard at the end of the syllables _on_ and

_an_; consequently I have written them _ong_ and _ang_. This is

the German system, as I have indicated by the word "German."

It is assumed that the philologist will be familiar, at least

in general, with German as well as with French and English

pronunciation.

(8) As the French acute accent seemed to me entirely adequate

for indicating the correct intonation of the Indian words, I

have chosen it to show on what letter or syllable the emphasis

is to be placed. Occasionally, owing to haste or lack of time,

it may have been forgotten or omitted.

(9) In the case of the letter _j_, I have not followed Mr.

Pickering's scheme, for everyone knows how it is pronounced in

French and in German. When it has the former value--as very

often in the American languages--I have noted "French:" _i.e._,

pronounce as in French. In no other way, it seems to me, can

the soft French _j_ be clearly indicated.

(10) The German guttural sound _ch_, as in the syllables _ach_,

_och_, or _uch_, is, as Gallatin observes, difficult for

Englishmen and Frenchmen;[233] but it occurs everywhere in the

American languages, and the reader must learn it if he wishes

to pronounce such words correctly.

(11) The _r_ is never pronounced by these peoples as a

guttural, but always with the point of the tongue against

the roof of the mouth; _d_ and _r_, as well as _r_, _l_,

and _n_,[234] are quite often interchanged, or indistinctly

pronounced.

(12) On the syllable _in_, I have often noted that _n_ is to

be pronounced as in French: _i.e._, the syllable _in_ does not

sound like _ain_ in French, but merely the _n_ is pronounced as

in French; the whole sound is, therefore, almost _i_ nasal, and

only a little at the end sinks to _n_.

It is the duty of every traveller in distant, little-known lands to

make contributions, according to his ability, to the knowledge of

their languages; hence I have brought together in the following

pages my own notes, however insignificant and incomplete they may

be, under the difficulties which stand in the way of such work.

The ignorance of the interpreters, their lack of sympathy with any

kind of scientific investigation, the frequent unwillingness of the

Indians to assist, superstitious and unintelligible ideas, and lack

of time and leisure--these usually combine to make such examinations

difficult. When, here and there, I detected some deviations from Mr.

Gallatin's vocabularies, it was my duty to record them in order to aid

investigation and come nearer the truth. The fault-finding spirit would

certainly never prompt me to this, since we are concerned here, not

with the use of the material, but with the former method of collecting

it.

I have written these vocabularies, in part from the pronunciation of

the Indians themselves; in part, from that of interpreters, who are

usually half-breeds, and therefore thoroughly acquainted with the

Indian as well as with the French or English languages--they have,

at least, lived for a long time with those nations; finally, in part

from the pronunciation and with the kind assistance of the Indian

agent, Major Dougherty,[235] who speaks several of these languages

fluently. From some tribes, owing to lack of time or interpreters,

I have obtained but few words; from others, more; the most complete

vocabularies are in the Mandan and Minnitarri languages, because I

passed the winter among them. While I was living with the Mandans I

undertook something of a grammatical study of their language; but

unfortunately its continuation and completion were interrupted by

illness.

Since but a moment was sometimes at my disposal for collecting a

few words, I chose a list of twenty of those that frequently occur,

and asked for them first, in order to make a comparison and draw

conclusions regarding the relationship of the tribes. These words were

as follows:

sun

moon

star

god

fire

water

earth

man

woman

child

head

arm

hand

hair

eye

mouth

bow

arrow

tobacco pipe

tomahawk

In each of the vocabularies I have noted the source from which it was

obtained. The order in which the tribes are arranged is not according

to linguistic relationship, but alphabetical for the sake of easier

reference.

From an examination of the following examples of the languages of

twenty-three peoples it appears, as is observed by the Rev. Dr. Reck,

a philologist,[236] that the Sauki, Musquake, Kickapuh, Ojibua, and

Krih tribes belong together--a circumstance that has long been known.

The speech of the Wasaji [Osage], Konsa, Oto, Omaha, Punca, Dacota,

Assiniboin, and Mandan tribes appear to be only dialects of the Dacota

(Sioux) linguistic group, of which the last, which I can give most

completely, has been but little known. The ten remaining tribes seem to

be more foreign to one another--only between the Blackfoot and Snake

(Shoshone) dialects, do we find word relationships. There are likewise

many similarities between the Mandan and Minnitarri languages; but

these, as I was repeatedly assured, arose only after the two peoples

had lived near each other, as I have already related elsewhere in the

account of my travels. The name of the deity is "manito" among the

Musquake [Fox], Sauki, Kickapuh, Ojibua, and Krih tribes, all of which

belong to the Algonkin, or Algic linguistic group; among the seven

tribes of the Dacota group, it is "wakonda," or "wakanda," which has

the same or a similar meaning in half of the tribes mentioned. The word

for water is very similar among most of these people, and the name of

the tobacco pipe is the same or similar in half of the dialects.

First and last, various corrections have been made in these lists;

yet they remain incomplete, and further observation will add many

new corrections. I must, therefore, as always, request consideration

from learned critics. Finally, I must note that if in the body of

my narrative some words are not written as in the vocabularies, the

spelling of the latter is to be preferred.[237]

FOOTNOTES:

[222] S. Delafield, _Inquiry into the origin of the antiquities of

America_. Cincinnati, 1836.--MAXIMILIAN.

_Comment by Ed._ The author is John Delafield, Jr., and the work bears

the imprint of New York, London, and Paris, 1839. A few copies are also

marked Cincinnati, 1839.

[223] For d'Orbigny, see our volume xxiii, p. 300, note 273.--ED.

[224] Chevalier Lorenzo Boturini Beneduci was an Italian scholar who

came to Mexico in 1736 on a mission for a descendant of Montezuma.

Becoming interested in Mexican antiquities, Boturini spent eight years

in making a valuable collection of aboriginal manuscripts; but having

incurred the suspicion of the government, he was imprisoned and his

collection confiscated (1745). On his return voyage to Spain, whither

he was sent for trial, the galley was captured by the English, and

the last vestiges of his antiquities disappeared. In Spain he sought

redress, which was granted him, but this of course did not restore his

collection. While in Spain he published _Idea de una nueva historia

general de la America septentrionale_ (Madrid, 1746), in which appears

a catalogue of this collection. A portion was recovered, and is now in

the museum in the City of Mexico. The manuscript seen by Delafield was

the property of William Bullock (for whom see our volume xix, preface),

who was also a specialist in Mexican antiquities.--ED.

[225] Consult Plate 55, in the accompanying atlas, our volume xxv; also

the authorities quoted in note 53, p. 184, of Brackenridge's _Journal_,

in our volume vi.--ED.

[226] For Duponceau, see our volume xxii, p. 29, note 3.

John, eldest son of Timothy Pickering, the Massachusetts statesman, was

born at Salem in 1777; being graduated from Harvard (1796), he began

the study of law at Philadelphia, where his father was in residence as

a member of the federal cabinet. The following year, however, John went

to Portugal as legation secretary, being transferred to the embassy

at London, where he remained until 1801. Returning to Salem, he again

devoted himself to the legal profession, also to linguistic studies

which he had diligently pursued abroad, making contributions to Greek

philology, and publishing a lexicon of that language. He was offered

chairs of both Hebrew and Greek at Harvard, but declined, preferring

to live in Boston, whither he removed in 1829. His interest in North

American linguistics was awakened (1819) by Duponceau's work, and the

following year he published an "Essay on a Uniform Orthography for the

Indian Languages of North America," in the American Academy of Arts

and Sciences _Transactions_, iv. He also edited, with copious notes,

John Eliot's _Indian Grammar_, Jonathan Edwards's _Observations on the

Mohegan Language_, and Father Sebastian Rasle's _Dictionary of the

Abnaki Tongue_; and prepared the article on North American languages

for the _Encyclopædia Americana_. Pickering was a member of many

learned societies, at one time being president of the American Academy

of Arts and Sciences, and was granted the degree of LL. D. by both

Bowdoin (1822) and Harvard (1835). His death occurred at Boston in

1846.--ED.

[227] See _Archaeologia Americana_, vol. 2. Cambridge, 1836. In this

volume is Mr. Gallatin's _Synopsis of the Indian tribes within the

United States east of the Rocky mountains_.--MAXIMILIAN.

[228] See our volume xxii, p. 29, note 3.--ED.

[229] Mr. Gallatin (p. 151) expresses himself on this subject as

follows:--"on the other hand, the great extent of ground necessary

to sustain game sufficient for the subsistence of a very moderate

population, compels them (the Indians) to separate and to form a number

of small independent communities. It may easily be perceived that the

perpetual state of warfare, in which neighboring tribes are engaged,

had its origin in the same cause which has produced the great diversity

of American languages or dialects. We may also understand how the

affections of the Indian became so exclusively concentrated in his own

tribe, the intensity of that natural feeling, how it degenerated into

deadly hatred of hostile nations, and the excesses of more than savage

ferocity, in which he indulged under the influence of his unrestrained

vindictive passions."--MAXIMILIAN.

[230] Gallatin, _Ibid._, p. 142.--MAXIMILIAN.

[231] _Ibid._, p. 4.--MAXIMILIAN.

[232] See on these Indians, Franchère's _Narrative_, in our volume vi,

p. 371, note 183.--ED.

[233] Gallatin, _Ibid._, p. 4.--MAXIMILIAN.

[234] _Ibid._, p. 45.--MAXIMILIAN.

[235] For Dougherty, see our volume xiv, p. 126, note 92.--ED.

[236] Johann Friedrich von Recke, born at Mitau, in Livonia, in 1764,

early turned his attention to historical and linguistic pursuits.

Educated under a brother of Emanuel Kant, he studied at Göttingen

with Professor Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, who later gave an impetus

to Maximilian's investigations. About 1785 Recke retired to Mitau

where for over forty years he was state archivist, with leisure to

pursue his special investigations. As a philologist his fame rests on

his _Allgemeinen Schriftsteller und gelehrten Lexikons der provinzen

Livland, Esthland, und Kurland_ (Mitau, 1827-32). It would appear

that Maximilian consulted Dr. Recke upon the analogies of his Indian

vocabularies.--ED.

[237] In transcribing the Indian words of these vocabularies, the word

divisions and diacritical marks of the German edition have been copied

exactly as they stand, save when the division of a word at the end of

a line has necessitated an additional hyphen. Most of the diacritical

marks are explained by the author in his introduction. The vertical

accent seems to be used to indicate secondary, or less emphatic stress;

the horizontal superior ° appears, likewise, to be used to show that

the sound is less prominent than when the usual superior ° is used.

Exact translation of the German words has been very difficult in

some cases, owing to the entire absence of context. The parentheses

following the English contain alternative or explanatory words. Some

of these are given by Maximilian himself, some lie in the form of the

German word, and some are supplied by the translator.--TRANSLATOR.

ARIKKARAS (Rikkaras; French, Ris)[238]

=American= (an), Nehsikuss (Long Knife, the name which the

Americans have among all Indian nations).

=Arm=, ui̍hnu (_uih_ very long; _nu_ very short and low).

=Arrow=, ni̍h-schu (_nih_ with strong accent; _sch_ very short

and falling in tone).

=Autumn=, niskútsch.

=Beans= (the fruit), a̍ttika-hunáhn.

=Beard=, hakaráhnuch (_uch_ guttural).

=Bird=, nix.

=Black=, tecati̍h.

=Blind=, tschirikarúch (_uch_ guttural).

=Blood=, páhtu (_u_ barely audible).

=Blue=, tischidanáhuisch.

=Bone=, dje̍h-schu (_schu_ short and low; _je_ French).

=Bow=, náhtsch (_sch_ hissed softly at the end; German

throughout).

=Bow-lance=, na̍hts-saha̍hn.

=Brave=, ui̍hta-nakóh.

=Brave= (n), ui̍hta-ti.

=Bridle= (horse), hah-karachkóhku (_ach_ guttural; _koh_ with

strong emphasis).

=Brook=, taháhneni-kaki̍rihu.

=Brother=, ináhn (_i_ barely audible).

=Chief= (leader), däscháhn.

=Child=, pi̍hrau (German throughout; _r_ with the point of the

tongue).

=Cold=, tipsi̍h.

=Come here=, schi-schá (both short); or, schi-schá-pisch, come

here quickly.

=Dance= (v), tiráhnaui̍sch-uischu (very short; run together).

=Day=, tiuëne-sáhkaritsch (second _e_ ½; the last word low and

short).

=Deaf=, kaketschiesch (first _e_ ½; otherwise German throughout).

=Devil= (evil spirit), sziri̍tsch (same word as for wolf).

=Die= (v), necksáhn.

=Door=, hihuattóhnin (_nin_ short and low; _hih_ together).

=Dream= (v), itcháhn (_it_ barely audible; _ch_ guttural).

=Drink=, metetschi̍hka.

=Dumb=, wakárru (_u_ barely audible).

=Ear=, atkaha̍hn (_at_ barely audible).

=Earth=, honáhnin (_n_ barely audible; _nah_ very long; German

pronunciation throughout).

=Enemy=, páh-tu (like word for blood).

=Englishman=, Sáhnisch-takapsia (_a_ low and short; _i_ and _a_

separated).

=Evening=, hinách (_ach_ guttural).

=Eye=, tschiri̍hko (_ko_ short and low).

=Father=, hiáchti (_ti_ low and short; _ach_ guttural).

=Feather=, hi̍h-tu (_u_ barely audible; the whole run together).

=Fire=, ha-ni̍h-tu (_ha_ short; _tu_ barely audible; the whole

run together).

=Fish=, tschiuátsch (_t_ indistinct; _ua_ like _wa_).

=Flesh=, sászsch.

=Fog=, uettetara̍nsa (_e_ full value).

=Forehead=, nikakinn.

=Forest=, waráhkt (_t_ barely audible; _r_ with the point of the

tongue).

=Frenchman=, Sáhnisch-táhka.

=Friend=, sih-nánn (German, run together).

=Go= (v), tiuáhwanuck.

=God=, pachkátsch (_ach_ German guttural).

=Good=, tunahä.

=Great=, teüitschähs.

=Green=, same word as for blue.

=Gun=, tnáhku (_t_ and _u_ barely audible), or nahku.

=Hair=, u̍hchu (_ch_ guttural; _uh_ guttural sound; final _u_

very short).

=Hand=, éschu (_u_ barely audible).

=Head=, pá-chu (_ch_ guttural; the whole run together).

=Heart=, ui̍ssu (_u_ indistinct).

=Heat=, tah-weri̍stu (_u_ short; the whole run together).

=Horns= (of stag), warikaráhn.

=House= (hut), akáhn.

=Hunger=, tiriuatä̍.

=Hunt= (v), tiráhuisch-kaë̍hsch (_a_ and _e_ separated; _e_ and

_h_ together).

=I=, náh-tu (_tu_ short; run together).

=Ice=, nachéhtu (_ch_ guttural; _u_ short and low).

=Island=, auáhk (_a_ and _u_ separated).

=Jar= (pot), kószsch.

=Knife=, nisi̍tsch.

=Laugh= (v), täwa̍chko (_ko_ short and low).

=Lead= (ball), nischtiúidu.

=Leg=, káhchu (_u_ barely audible).

=Life=, ti̍hko (_ko_ short and low).

=Lightning=, hunachtschipsch.

=Maize=, nä̍hschü (_schu_ very low and short).

=Man=, ui̍t-h (_h_ prolonged as an aspiration).

=Meal= (to eat?), teuah (_e_ and _u_ separated).

=Medicine=, tiua̍hruchi (_i_ and _u_ separated; _ti_ short; _ah_

with strong accent; _uch_ guttural).

=Medicine drum=, akadéhwuchnahch (_ch_ guttural; _wuch_ and

_ahch_ very indistinct).

=Medicine pipe=, napàhruchti (_uch_ guttural).

=Moon=, pa̍.

=Morning=, hina̍chtit.

=Mother=, scha̍chti (German; _i_ indistinct).

=Mountain=, wáo-tiri̍huh.

=Mouth=, hah-ka̍u (_kau_ together, with the accent).

=Much=, tiráhnehun (_e_ full value; _un_ like _oun_ in French).

=Negro=, sa̍hnisch-kahtitt.

=Night=, uettekattih-si̍ha (_e_ full value; final _a_ short and

low).

=Nose=, sini̍ht.

=One-eyed=, tschirikak-cho (_ch_ like a guttural breath).

=Partizan= (leader of a war party), däschtschi̍ta (German

throughout).

=People= (folk), sa̍hnisch.

=Pipe= (tobacco), nauschkatsch (German throughout).

=Pouch= (for ammunition), ischtachkóhku (_ach_ guttural).

=Powder= (gun-powder), it-ka̍hn (_it_ barely audible; otherwise

German).

=Pumpkin= (the fruit), neka̍hse (first _e_ full value; final _e_

½).

=Quick=, pi̍sch.

=Quiver=, uachtáss (_ach_ low; _uach_ very low, in the throat).

=Rain=, uettasuhe (_e_ ½).

=Rattle= (sysyquoy, or gourd-rattle), atschihikúchtsch (_uch_

guttural).

=Red= (color), tippaha̍ht (_t_ barely audible).

=Red= (to paint red), tippaha̍hnu (_u_ barely audible).

=Revenge= (v), uëuittetut-kaui̍ht (_aui_ separated; likewise

_ue_).

=River=, sahá-nin (German throughout).

=Saddle=, anari̍tschi-tauï (the whole low; _ta_ together; _a_,

_u_, and _i_ separated).

=Scalp=, uittirah-hunnu (_nu_ very short and barely audible; _u_

and _it_ separated).

=Sick=, tenáhchehu (_ch_ guttural; _e_ full value).

=Small= (short), kakirihuh.

=Smoke=, tira̍h-uchschka̍ (_uch_ very short guttural; _schka_

very strong emphasis).

=Snow=, huna̍ho (_o_ short and low).

=Speak=, tihuáhwachtéhku (_u_ short and low; _ach_ guttural).

=Spirits= (distilled), séh-sannach (_ach_ guttural as in German).

=Star=, sakka̍h.

=Stingy=, tähui̍ss-ch (_ch_ guttural prolonged).

=Stirrup=, achkatatáu (_ach_ merely a guttural sound, nearly

_ch_).

=Stone=, kanéh-tsch (_tsch_ merely hissed at end).

=Strong=, tetárach-tschisch (last word loud with emphasis; _ach_

guttural).

=Sun=, schakúhn (German).

=Sunflower= (helianthus), stschüpünáh-núhchu (_ch_ guttural).

=Sweet=, uettáh.

=Teeth=, a̍hna (_a_ barely audible, thus nearly _ahn_).

=Thunder=, uaruchte-teuachnáho (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Tobacco=, nahuischkáhn (_nah_ together; _uisch_ like _wisch_,

merely a hiss).

=Tobacco-pouch=, nanochkóhku (_och_ guttural; _koh_ rather

indistinct).

=Tomahawk= (with the pipe), katarátsch-nauschkatsch (German

throughout).

=Tomahawk= (without the pipe), katarátsch.

=Tongue=, háhtu (_u_ barely audible).

=Toothache=, tikuchkaráhnu (_uch_ guttural; _nu_ short and low).

=Trail=, hatúhn.

=Ugly=, kakúchne (_ch_ rather indistinct; _e_ ½).

=Village=, etúhn.

=War=, na̍minakohn, i.e., to fight.

=War-club= (with the iron head), akachtáhka (_ach_ guttural).

=Wash=, tani̍h-karúhku (final _u_ short and low).

=Water=, stóh-cho (_st_ with the point of the tongue; _ch_

guttural).

=Weep= (v), titschi̍ck.

=White= (the color), tetschéh-schauatá (together).

=White-man=, sáhnisch-thaka.

=Wind=, tihútt.

=Winter=, hunáhka (_a_ merely a guttural aspirate).

=Wood=, náh-ku (_u_ low and short; run together).

=Wood= (piece of), natsch (German throughout; same word as for

bow, but pronounced shorter).

=Yellow=, tirachkatáh (_ach_ German guttural).

=Yes=, haa (nasal).

_Names of Animals_

=Antelope= (general term), nanonatsch; the buck, arikatoch (_och_

guttural); doe, achkahuahtaesch.

=Bat=, wa̍hch.

=Bear= (black), mató.

=Bear= (grizzly), kúhnuch (_uch_ guttural).

=Beaver=, tschi̍ttuch (_uch_ guttural).

=Bighorn=, arikússu; usually arikúss.

=Buffalo= (bull), hoh-kúss; the cow, watahésch.

=Deer= (black-tailed), tahkati̍tt.

=Deer= (common), nochnuna̍hts (_noch_ barely audible).

=Dog=, chahtsch (_ch_ guttural, German throughout).

=Duck=, kúh-ha (_ha_ merely a breathing).

=Eagle= (bald-headed), ari̍chta (_ich_ German, with the point of

the tongue).

=Eagle= (war), dä̍htach-ka̍ss (_ach_ guttural).

=Elk= (general term), ua̍; the stag, ua̍-nukúss; the doe,

uaua̍taesch.

=Fox= (gray), tschiwakóh-kussohtara̍huisch (_rah_ together; _u_

and _i_ separated).

=Fox= (prairie), tschiua̍hk (_ua_ separated, accent on _uahk_,

abruptly ended).

=Fox= (red), tschiwakúh-kuss.

=Horse=, chawa̍hruchtä (_ch_ and _uch_ guttural).

=Moose=, wah-sucha̍rut (_ch_ guttural).

=Mule=, chawaka̍du (_du_ barely audible; _ch_ guttural).

=Otter=, tschita̍hpat, or tschittahpatte (_e_ ½).

=Skunk=, nimbi̍tt.

=Swan=, scha̍htu (_tu_ very short).

=Turtle=, tschi̍u-ha̍hn (_i_ and _u_ separated: _i_ accented;

_hah_ very strong emphasis; the whole run together).

=Wolf= (gray), sziri̍tsch-tehunéhnoch (_e_ full value).

=Wolf= (prairie), pachka̍tsch (_ach_ guttural; same word as for

god).

=Wolf= (white), sziri̍tsch-sta̍hka.

_Articles of Dress and Implements_

=Breechcloth=, mischa̍ch-kaë̍htu (_ach_ guttural; _ka_ and _eh_

separated; _tu_ short).

=Buffalo-robe=, sahóhtsch (German throughout).

=Hair-ornament= (the crow), nachkúch-katóch (_ch_ guttural).

=Head-dress= (the long hood of feathers), pachta̍hruka-wüe (_ach_

guttural; _wu_ and _e_ separated; _e_ ½).

=Leggings=, gógutsch (_go_ guttural; _o_ full; German throughout).

=Moccasins=, chútsch (_ch_ guttural).

=Necklace= (of bear's claws), kunúch-chwü̍tu (_ch_ guttural).

=Powder-horn=, pah-ri̍h-ku (_ku_ short).

=Sledge=, ta̍ruch-ta̍hsch (_uch_ guttural).

=Whip=, pi̍nnuch (_uch_ a strongly hissed, low guttural sound).

=Wolf-tail= (ornament for heel), ha̍chtit-kutawö̍ (_hach_ merely

a guttural sound like _ch_).

_Numerals_

=One=, a̍chku (_u_ barely audible; _ku_ merely a guttural

aspirate).

=Two=, pi̍ttcho (_o_ barely audible; _cho_ merely a guttural

aspirate).

=Three=, ta̍h-uitt (_uitt_ very short and low; _tt_ barely

audible).

=Four=, tschetéhsch (_e_ full value).

=Five=, si̍-huch (_huch_ low and short; an aspirate).

=Six=, tscha̍hpis (_pis_ short and low).

=Seven=, taui-scha̍hpis-uahn (the last two words run together;

_a_ and _u_ separated).

=Eight=, tauischa̍hpis (_a_ and _u_ separated).

=Nine=, nochenéh-uahn (_ch_ guttural; first _e_ ½).

=Ten=, nochén (_ch_ guttural).

=Eleven=, pitkóche-nëuahn (first _e_ ½; _ne_ and _u_ separated;

_ch_ guttural).

=Twelve=, pitchóchin (_ch_ guttural; _in_ German).

=Twenty=, uïta̍.

=Thirty=, sauï (_a_ and _u_ separated).

=Forty=, pitkonane-nonchen (_on_ French; _chen_ as above).

=Fifty=, here they begin again with ten and count to one hundred

by tens; fifty is thus five times ten.

=Hundred=, schucktahn; i.e., all the tens.

_Names of Rivers_

=Bighorn=, Arikúss-okaháhn.

=Cannonball=, Natschi̍o-háu (_i_ accented; _i_ and _o_ separated;

_hau_ pronounced together as in German).

=Grand=, Sáchkau-waháhn (_ach_ guttural; _au_ together as in

German, but barely audible).

=Heart=, Tostschi̍ta.

=Knife=, Ésitsch-kaháhn.

=Little Bighorn=, Ariksúh (really Arikússu)-kaháh-schiripáss.

=Little Missouri= (upper), Okaháh-tschiripáss.

=Missouri=, Swarúchti (_uch_ guttural); or Hokaháh-ninn (_nin_

German), i.e., Medicine-water.

=Muddy= (upper), Hohrutschítt (_r_ with the point of the tongue;

German throughout).

=Musselshell=, Skápedoch-saháhn (_och_ guttural; _e_ ½).

=Powder=, Kanáchtu-suhukaháhn (_ach_ guttural; German throughout).

=Rivière à Moreau=, Kadi̍h-kahi̍tt.

=Rivière au castor=, Zitech-saháhn (_zi_ German; _ech_ guttural;

_e_ nearly the same as ü, and barely audible).

=Rivière au rempart=, Laráh-páhwi.

=Rocky Mountains=, Wagátti-stáhga (_ga_ German; _sta_ with point

of the tongue).

=Square Butte creek= (Butte-carrée) Tschi̍h-issu (emphasis on the

first word; the second word low; German throughout).

=Teton=, Sih-sawi̍h-tii; i.e., the stagnant water.

=Tongue=, Hatúhu-kaháhn (German, run together).

=White= (lower), Hokahach-kúss (_ach_ guttural).

=White-earth=, Horúss-tuhusscháhn (German throughout; _ch_

guttural).

=Yellowstone=, Wáh-hukaháhn.

_Names of Neighboring Tribes_

=Arrapahos=, Schahä̍.

=Assiniboins=, Pa̍hoak-sa̍.

=Blackfeet=, Chochkátit (_ch_ guttural; last _t_ barely audible).

=Crows=, Tuch-káh-ka (_uch_ guttural; _ka_ low and short).

=Dacotas=, Schaónn.

=Minnitarris=, Uïtatt-saháhn.

=Pahnis=, Tschi̍hrim (_ri_ very short).

FOOTNOTES:

[238] Written from the pronunciation of the Arikkara Indians

themselves. The words are pronounced exactly as in German; _ch_ has

almost always a guttural sound; _r_ is spoken with the point of

the tongue. Mr. Gallatin remarks (_ibid._, p. 129) that up to this

time there has been no vocabulary of this tribe; it is, therefore,

gratifying to me to be able to fill this gap, at least to some

extent.--MAXIMILIAN.

ASSINIBOIN[239]

=American= (an), Mi̍na-haske (_e_ ½; run together); i.e., Long

Knife.

=Arm=, nistó.

=Arrow=, uahi̍ntepä (_pa_ short; _e_ ½).

=Bird=, sittekanne (_e_ only ½ in both cases).

=Black=, sáhpa.

=Blind=, chóncha (_ch_ guttural; _on_ French).

=Blood=, uä̍.

=Blue=, schunktóh (_o_ full).

=Bone=, hóh.

=Bow=, nta̍sipa (_n_ barely audible).

=Brave= (adj), uïuktschasch (German).

=Brook=, kachä̍ (_ch_ guttural).

=Brother=, mitschi̍nna.

=Child=, hokschinn.

=Cold= (adj), osni̍h.

=Dance= (v), uatschi̍we.

=Day=, ampa (_am_ French).

=Deaf=, nóge-wanintsche (_ge_ guttural; second word low).

=Devil= (evil spirit), uakan-schi̍dja (_an_ and _dj_ French and

soft).

=Die= (v), ti̍nktä (_t_ separated from _i_, and barely indicated).

=Door=, tióhpa.

=Dream= (v), ui̍-hamana (_hamana_ short and low).

=Drink= (v), me̍nat-ki̍nte (first _e_ ½; _te_ short and low).

=Dumb=, non-chäk-kpah (_on_ French; _ch_ guttural).

=Ear=, nóhge (_g_ guttural).

=Earth=, manká.

=Enemy=, toͣge (_o_ between _a_ and _o_; _e_ ½).

=Englishman=, Uasiáh-maschidju (_j_ French; second word low and

without emphasis).

=Evening=, chtaiétu (_ch_ guttural).

=Eye=, nischta̍.

=Father=, atä̍.

=Feather=, hen (_n_ French; the whole nasal).

=Fire=, pähte (_e_ barely audible).

=Fish=, hogan (_an_ French; _g_ guttural).

=Flesh=, tanó (_o_ short).

=Forest=, tschon-tanke (_on_ French; _tanke_ German; _e_ ½).

=Frenchman=, Uaschi̍dju (_j_ French and soft; final _u_ short).

=Friend=, koná (_a_ short).

=Go= (v), honktáu (_au_ pronounced together).

=God= (the creator), uakán-tang-e (_an_ French; _e_ ½; the whole

pronounced together; _tange_ lower than the first word).

=Good=, uaschtä̍ (_ta_ cut short with emphasis).

=Great= (tall), hanska (_an_ French).

=Green=, tóh (_o_ full).

=Gun=, tschótange (German throughout; _e_ ½).

=Hair=, pahá.

=Hand=, nampä̍.

=Head=, páh.

=Healthy=, tä̍hdja (_dj_ French; _a_ short).

=Heart=, tschantä̍.

=Heat=, oni̍nitta.

=Horns=, tahä̍; the name of the animal is added, e.g.,

tatánka-tahä̍, buffalo horns.

=House= (of the white-man), uaschi̍-dutti (_dutti_ without

emphasis).

=Hunger=, oah-tink-täch (_ach_ guttural; the whole pronounced

together).

=Hunt= (v), eiámeia (_ia_ together; the whole short).

=I=, meiä̍ (_ia_ together).

=Ice=, tscháh.

=Island=, uï̍ta (_ta_ short).

=Jar= (pot), wóhan-pe-ä (_an_ French; the whole pronounced

together).

=Knife=, mi̍hna (_na_ short).

=Laugh= (v), ncháh (_ch_ guttural).

=Lead= (ball), mandassú (_an_ French).

=Leg=, hussänn.

=Life= (n), uintschone (German throughout; _e_ ½).

=Lightning=, uaki̍än-tua̍mpi (_n_ and _am_ French; _pi_ short).

=Man=, uïtschá (_ui_ separated).

=Meal= (to eat?), wótinkä (_o_ full; _ta_ short and low).

=Moon=, hayétu-hiáye (_e_ ½).

=Morning=, háhkena (_kena_ even and rather low).

=Mother=, iná (_a_ short).

=Mountain=, chä̍ (guttural).

=Mouth=, ih.

=Much=, o̍hta (_oh_ full).

=Negro=, hatsáhpa.

=Night=, kpása.

=Nose=, póhge (_o_ full; _g_ guttural; _e_ ½).

=One-eyed=, schtakeba (_e_ ½).

=Pipe= (tobacco), tschanú-hupa (_hupa_ low).

=Powder= (gun-powder), tschachni̍.

=Quick=, kontschüe (_on_ French; _schue_ short and rapid).

=Red=, scháh.

=Revenge= (v), aóin-tsï̍a (_in_ German; _i_ and _a_ separated).

=River=, sih-uatpáh-tanga (_tanga_ low; the whole pronounced

rapidly together).

=Sick=, uaiasa.

=Small= (short?), tschihk-at.

=Smoke= (n), schóhta.

=Snow=, uáh.

=Speak= (v), i-á.

=Spirits= (distilled; i.e., literally fire-water), meni̍h-pä̍ht

(run together).

=Star=, uitschachpe (_ch_ guttural; _e_ ½).

=Stingy=, uate̍china (_ch_ guttural; _china_ short).

=Stone=, i̍ng-a (run together and nasal).

=Strong=, menih-han (_an_ French).

=Sun=, hanuï (_an_ French; _u_ and _i_ separated).

=Teeth=, hi̍h.

=Thunder=, uaki̍an (_i_ and _a_ separated; _n_ French).

=Tobacco=, tschandi̍.

=Tomahawk=, tschanúpa-tschachpä (_ach_ guttural).

=Tongue=, tschä-ji̍ (_ji_ short and French).

=Trail=, tskankú.

=Ugly=, schi̍djä (_j_ French; _e_ short).

=Village= (camp), uïntschóti (_ti_ short).

=War=, ketschi̍sawe (_awe_ short and low).

=Warmth=, tschäki̍.

=Wash= (v), jujaje (_jaje_ French; _e_ ½).

=Water=, meni̍h (_e_ ½).

=Weep= (v), tschä̍a (_tscha_ together).

=White= (the color), ska̍la (_sk_ with the point of the tongue).

=Widow=, uïtaschnau (nasal; _nau_ pronounced together).

=Wind=, katä̍.

=Winter=, uaniä̍to.

=Woman=, huï̍na (_hui_ nasal; _na_ short).

=Wood=, tschán (_an_ French).

=Yellow=, si̍h (soft).

=Yes=, hán (French).

_Numerals_

=One=, ua̍ntscha (_an_ French).

=Two=, nompa (_om_ French).

=Three=, ja̍mene (_ne_ short).

=Four=, tópa (_o_ full).

=Five=, sa̍hpta.

=Six=, schahkpe (_e_ ½).

=Seven=, schagoë.

=Eight=, schaknóga (_a_ short).

=Nine=, namptschúnak (_n_ French).

=Ten=, uïktschemane (final _e_ ½).

=Eleven=, akéhuaji (_ji_ French; short).

=Twelve=, akéh-nómpa (_om_ French).

=Twenty=, tschimna-nómpa.

=Twenty-one=, tschimna-nómpa akéh-uaji: and so on in the same way.

=Hundred=, opan-uache (_an_ French; _e_ full value; _opan_ with

emphasis and loud; the whole indistinct and rapid).

* * * * *

=I eat=, woáht-atsch (_woa_ almost like _uoa_).

=You eat=, uaiáta.

=He eats=, juht-atsch.

=We eat=, wóh-untáhpi (_untahpi_ without emphasis).

=You eat=, uitáta-hetsch (together).

=They eat=, wóht-atsch (together).

=I shall eat=, héianko-toh-uauat-atsch (the whole pronounced

together).

=I would eat=, jenk-uaua-tschinkte.

=I have eaten=, uauáht-atsch.

=Eating=, uanóh-uóhmantucke (_e_ ½).

=Eat= (imperative) uóhtam (_o_ full).

_Names of Animals_

=Antelope=, tatógana.

=Bear= (black), ui̍nketschenna (_ke_ barely audible; _na_

likewise).

=Bear= (grizzly), mató.

=Beaver=, tsápe (_e_ ½).

=Bighorn=, hä̍hktschischka.

=Buffalo=, tatánga.

=Dog=, schónka (_on_ French).

=Elk=, choiá (_ch_ guttural).

=Fox= (gray), tohk-hanne (_e_ short).

=Fox= (red), schonga-schanne (_e_ ½).

=Horse=, schón-atanga (_schon_ with emphasis; _n_ French;

_atanga_ low).

=Mountain goat= (white), schunkä̍-ukänne (_e_ ½).

=Otter=, peta̍n (_an_ French; _e_ short and ½).

=Skunk=, manka̍h.

=Wolf=, schunk-tógitsche (_e_ ½).

FOOTNOTES:

[239] Written from the pronunciation of the half-breed interpreter,

Halcro.--MAXIMILIAN.

BLACKFOOT[240]

=American= (an), Omakstoä; i.e., Long Knife.

=Arm=, ot-tiss.

=Arrow=, a̍pse (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Bird=, pehkseü (final _u_ barely audible).

=Black=, sicksinámm.

=Blind=, náh-pesti (_e_ ½; _pesti_ short).

=Blood=, ahah-pane (_pane_ short; _e_ ½).

=Bone=, ochkinn (_och_ guttural).

=Bow=, spikenn-áhmai (_mai_ German and together; _sp_ with the

point of the tongue).

=Boy= (small boy), sa-kú-man-pö (_an_ French; _o_ distinctly

pronounced); usually pronounced sachkó-ma-pö (_ach_ guttural).

=Brave= (a trusty man), iehkitappeh (_ie_ German).

=Brook=, asséh-tachtay (_tach_ guttural and very short).

=Brother= (elder), nehs.

=Brother= (younger), niskánn.

=Chief= (n), nachkóhzis (_ach_ guttural; _zis_ low); or ninau

(_au_ together, and German).

=Child=, póh-ka.

=Dance= (n), paskáhn.

=Day=, kristikui (_kui_ together).

=Deaf=, sanastóke (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Die= (v), ä̍nih (accent on _a_); i.e., he is dead.

=Door=, kitsi̍mm.

=Dream= (v), papokahn.

=Drink= (v), simih.

=Drink= (imperative), simii̍tt.

=Dumb=, katä̍h-puie; i.e., one who does not speak.

=Ear=, ochtóhkiss (_och_ guttural).

=Earth=, ksáchkum (_ach_ guttural; the whole German).

=Eat this=, auáttoht (_au_ together).

=Enemy=, kachtumm.

=Englishman=, Suiápä.

=Evening= (towards evening), attakui (_ui_ together).

=Eye=, o-abs-pih (_oabs_ together; German).

=Father=, ninnah.

=Feather=, mami̍nn.

=Fire=, sti̍h (_st_ with the point of the tongue).

=Fish=, mami̍h.

=Flesh=, ehksakuy (German; _uy_ together).

=Forehead=, oh-niss.

=Forest=, atsoahskoi (_koi_ German and together).

=Frenchman=, Náhpi-kuäcks.

=Friend=, this word is wanting; my kinsman, nézichkáoah (_zich_

guttural; _kaoah_ short).

=Girl= (small girl), ah-ké-kuann (German).

=Go=, ätapoh; i.e., he has gone; the infinitive is wanting.

=Go= (imperative), estapóht (_e_ barely audible).

=God=, their god is the sun.

=Good=, achséh (_ach_ guttural).

=Great= (tall, used of men), espitáh.

=Green=, kómonä.

=Gun=, náhmay (German).

=Hair=, same word as for head.

=Hand=, o̍h-ke-ti̍ss (_i_ almost like _u_ umlaut).

=Head=, oh-tu-kuáhn (_kua_ together).

=Healthy=, katäkiuaht; i.e., he has no sickness.

=Heart=, uskitsi-pachpé (second _i_ barely audible; _ach_

guttural).

=Heat= (it is hot), kristotisséh (_tis_ very short).

=Horn=, ohtsihkinnah; the name of the animal is always added.

=House= (their lodges), moiéhs.

=Hunger=, nitóh-nontsi (_on_ French).

=Hunt= (v), sáhme (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=I=, nistó.

=Ice=, sahkukotoh.

=Kettle= (iron), äski̍.

=Knife=, stoa̍nn (_st_ with the point of the tongue).

=Laugh= (v), ajimih (_ji_ German).

=Lead= (musket ball), uaksopánn (_uak_ together).

=Leg=, ohchkatt (_ohch_ guttural).

=Live= (he still lives), sa̍keh-tapéh; i.e., he is still in the

world.

=Man=, nahpe (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Meal= (to eat?), oyé-ü (final _u_ barely audible).

=Moon=, kokui-éta-úawakah (_ui_ pronounced together).

=Morning=, skonna̍h-tonni̍h.

=Mother=, nikrist.

=Mountain=, messtäck.

=Mouth=, ma-å-ih (pronounced together).

=Much=, akajimm (German).

=Negro=, siksahpä-kuä̍nn; i.e., a black Frenchman.

=Night=, kohkui (_ui_ together).

=Nose=, ohkrississ.

=Old= (an old man), náhpe, or nahpi (final _e_ or _i_ short).

=One-eyed=, apa̍u (_au_ together as in German).

=People= (two young people in love), neta̍kka.

=Pipe= (tobacco), akuï-nima̍hn (German).

=Powder= (gun-powder), satsóhpats (German).

=Quick= (go quickly; hasten), kipanétsit.

=Red=, ahsa̍hn.

=Revenge= (I have taken revenge), nitäht-skitáh.

=River=, omachkéh-táchtay (German throughout; _ach_ guttural);

i.e., a large river.

=Sick=, pastimmä̍hsi, or aiochtokúh (_och_ guttural).

=Small=, enakutsi (_kutsi_ very short, almost _tsi_).

=Smoke= (n), sahtsi̍h.

=Snow=, kóhn.

=Speak= (v), äpuiéh (_ieh_ pronounced together).

=Spirits= (distilled), sti̍och-keh (_och_ guttural; _st_ with the

point of the tongue).

=Star=, kakatóhs (German throughout).

=Stingy=, sickimisi̍h.

=Stone= (rock, or cliff), o̍hkotock.

=Strong=, miskapéh; i.e., a strong man; miss, a strong horse.

=Sun=, nantóhs (_an_ French; otherwise German).

=Sweet=, the word does not occur; they say, good to eat, achséh

(_ach_ guttural).

=Teeth=, ochpéhkinn (_och_ guttural).

=Thunder=, kristikúmm.

=Tobacco=, pistáchkan (_ach_ together).

=Tomahawk=, kaksáhkin (German).

=Tongue=, matsinnih.

=Track= (trail), ochsokui (_och_ guttural; _ui_ together); a word

is added to tell whether of men or a certain animal.

=Trail=, ochsokui (_och_ guttural; _ui_ together).

=Ugly= (not good), pachkápe (_ach_ guttural; _e_ full value).

=War= (to go out to war), sohóh.

=Wash= (v), siskiochsatis (German; _och_ guttural).

=Water=, ochkéh (_och_ German guttural).

=Weep=, auáhsann.

=Widow=, this word is wanting; they say in general, a woman who

has no husband, náhmakeü (final _u_ barely audible).

=Wind=, suppúy (_sup_ almost like _sep_; the whole German).

=Winter=, this word is wanting; they say, the cold, stuyä̍h

(German; _st_ with the point of the tongue).

=Woman=, ah-ké.

=Wood=, mehsti̍ss.

=Yellow=, otachkui (_ach_ guttural; _ui_ together).

=Yes=, a̍h.

_Numerals_

=One=, séh.

=Two=, náhtoka.

=Three=, nohóka.

=Four=, nehsohúi (_ui_ together).

=Five=, nehsitó.

=Six=, nau (_u_ and _a_ separated; _u_ indistinct).

=Seven=, äkitsikkům.

=Eight=, nahnisuji̍m (German throughout).

=Nine=, pehksúh.

=Ten=, kehpúh.

=Twenty=, náhtsipo.

=Thirty=, nehépu (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Forty=, nehsi̍ppu.

=Fifty=, nehsitsi̍ppu.

=Sixty=, nä̍hpu.

=Seventy=, äkitsikki̍ppu.

=Eighty=, nahnisi̍ppu.

=Ninety=, pähksi̍ppu.

=Hundred=, käpippu.

=Thousand=, kipipi̍ppi.

_Names of Animals_

=Antelope=, auokáhs (_au_ short and together).

=Bear= (black), si̍ku-kiä̍yu (German throughout).

=Bear= (grizzly), a̍poch-kiäyu (_och_ guttural).

=Beaver=, kéhstake (_e_ pronounced distinctly).

=Bighorn=, ä̍mach-ki̍kinägs; plural, ä̍mach-ki̍kinä; from ämach,

meaning large horns.

=Buffalo= (bull), stomi̍ck.

=Dog=, emitá.

=Elk=, purnokä̍hstomick.

=Horse=, purnakö̍mitä (_mita_ short).

=Moose=, sikitisuh.

=Mountain goat= (white), apumachkikiná (_mach_ German guttural).

=Otter=, emonä̍hs.

=Skunk=, a̍hpikaieh (_ah_ accented; _pi_ short).

=Wolf= (common gray), sikkapéhs.

=Wolf= (prairie), sehnipa̍h.[241]

FOOTNOTES:

[240] Written from the pronunciation of the interpreter Berger, and

several Blackfoot Indians.--MAXIMILIAN.

_Comment by Ed._ For Berger, see our volume xxiii, p. 23, note 11.

[241] The words from the Blackfoot language given by Gallatin (_ibid._,

p. 373), are for the most part, incorrectly written. We find, for

instance, that in the word _pistachkan_ the copyist avoided the

guttural sound and wrote _pistarkan_. I must also remark here that

Townsend in his _Narrative of a Journey across the Rocky Mountains to

the Columbia River_, speaks in very exaggerated terms of the Blackfoot

Indians. This is due to the fact that his information came from

trappers and fur hunters who usually have the greatest respect for

those Indians who are their bitterest enemies. On the other hand, what

Townsend says of the injustice of the fur hunters towards these Indians

is thoroughly justified.--MAXIMILIAN.

_Comment by Ed._ Townsend's Narrative is published in our volume xxi.

CHAYENNE (Shyenne of the Anglo-Americans)[242]

=Arrow=, mah-hóss.

=Axe=, jóh-ie-wúch (German throughout; _uch_ guttural).

=Bad=, iháwa-süwa (very short).

=Bow=, máh-tachk (run together; _ch_ guttural).

=Bullet=, wihóh-imáh-husch (the last three syllables are run

together).

=Cherries=, máhmenuss.

=Chief= (leader), wi̍h-hu (_hu_ short; _u_ between _o_ umlaut and

_u_).

=Child=, kaichkúnn (_ich_ guttural).

=Day=, wawóhn.

=Far= (distant), háh-iss.

=Father=, ni̍ho-ä̍h.

=Fire=, hoi̍sta.

=Fire= (to kindle a fire), dä̍cho-ihä̍s (_ch_ guttural).

=God=, okúhme (_e_ ½).

=Good=, ipáua (_a_ and _u_ separated; final _e_ very short).

=Great= (of bodies), hiáh-est (_hi_ together; _ah_ together;

_est_ distinctly pronounced).

=Gun=, mah-ah-tán (run together; _ma_ short).

=Head=, mi̍hk (_k_ with a peculiar breathing).

=Kettle= (of metal), máï-taï-tó.

=Knife=, wó-tach-ke (_ach_ guttural; _ke_ very short).

=Left-handed person=, náhbuchs (_uch_ guttural; _s_ audible).

=Little=, o̍ch-kumm (_och_ guttural).

=Man=, itán.

=Man= (old), waháhkis (_kis_ low).

=Man= (young), cassuáhä.

=Mother=, nachkuä̍ (_ach_ guttural).

=Much=, iháhstuch (_uch_ guttural).

=Near=, kách-kiss (German; _ach_ guttural).

=On that side= (of the river), o̍hhä-hohúmm.

=On this side= (of the river), o̍hhä-hastó.

=One-eyed= (a one-eyed man), o̍kinn.

=Pipe= (tobacco), hióchko (_och_ guttural; _ko_ almost like _ke_,

_e_ ½).

=Poor= (to be poor), staminóhha (_st_ with the point of the

tongue; _ha_ very short; the whole run together).

=Powder= (gun-powder), páï.

=River=, o̍h-hä (pronounced as if _oh-o-a_).

=Rocky Mountains=, Húh-hunáu (_nau_ together).

=Small= (of bodies), i̍kokesta (all syllables equal).

=Sun=, ischä̍.

=Water=, má-pe (_ma_ nasal; _pe_ short; _e_ full value; the two

syllables run together).

=Weep= (v), i̍h-acháh (_ih_ with emphasis; _ch_ guttural).

=Wife=, hi-i̍h-u (run together).

=Woman= (old), machta-máh-hä (_ach_ guttural; the whole run

together).

* * * * *

=Comrade, I am going to sleep=, húa-manna-aus (German throughout;

_u_ and _a_ separated; accent on _u_; _aus_ together).

=Comrade, let us smoke=, húa-hi̍hputt.

=Comrade, take care of the kettle=, hóa-niomů̈st-nomostetúnn.

=Give to me=, ni̍sta (_ta_ short).

=I have finished=, ihi̍hs (with strong emphasis; abruptly ended).

_Names of Animals_

=Antelope=, wóh-ka (run together; _ka_ lower).

=Bear= (grizzly), náchku (_ach_ guttural).

=Buffalo= (bull), hottúe (_u_ and _e_ separated).

=Buffalo= (calf), wohksá (_sa_ short).

=Buffalo= (cow), issiwóhn.

=Dog=, chotónn (_ch_ guttural).

=Elk=, mo-úi (_ui_ together).

=Hedge-hog=, ichtú-messi̍mm (_ich_ German with the point of the

tongue; _e_ ½).

=Horse=, woindohámm (_oi_ separated).

=Mule=, akéhm.

=Wolf=, hoh-ni̍ (_ni_ short).

_Names of Indian Tribes_

=Arikkaras=, O̱̤̠̍hnunnu (short).

=Awatichay= (village) [Minnitarri], Amatsichá.

=Crows=, Hóh-otann.

=Dacotas=, O̱̤̠̍hohma.

=Mandans=, Wi̍hwatann.

=Minnitarris=, Honúhn.

=Minnitarris= (the small village) [Ahwahnaway], Hahpeiu (_e_ full

value; _peiu_ short and separated into two syllables).

=Pahnis=, Hóh-ni-tánn.

=Ruhptare= [Mandan village], Wóh-ah (run together).

FOOTNOTES:

[242] Written from the pronunciation of a Mandan Indian. The Chayennes

call their nation Istayú (German pronunciation). Gallatin says

(_ibid._, p. 124) that they formerly lived on the Red River near Lake

Winipik [Winnipeg]. They were driven out by the Sioux, according to

Mc Kenzie, and now live at the sources of Chayenne River, a branch of

the Missouri. What Gallatin states regarding the signatures of the

treaty in the Dacóta language is something which repeatedly occurs,

since there are frequently no interpreters for little-known nations,

and recourse must be had to the translation of other Indians. I shall

instance a similar case in connection with the Mandan language, where

the signatures of a treaty were translated into the Minnitarri language

by Charbonneau.--MAXIMILIAN.

CROW (Corbeau)[243]

=Arm=, a̍hdä.

=Arrow=, annúhtä.

=Bow=, mannáchi-iahsä (the last word even and lowered in tone).

=Child=, wah-káh-tä (run together).

=Eye=, ischtä̍.

=Fire=, biddä̍ (short).

=God= (the ruler of life), búattä (_u_ and _a_ separated; _ta_

short).

=Hair=, ichsi̍e (_ich_ German with the point of the tongue; _si_

and _e_ separated; _e_ ½ and short; _i_ with strong accent).

=Hand=, ischsä̍.

=Head=, a̍nschua (_an_ French; _sch_ and _u_ separated; _a_

short).[244]

=Man=, matsä̍.

=Moon=, minitásia (_sia_ short and low; _i_ and _a_ a little

separated).

=Mouth=, i̍h-a (_a_ very short and ½; pronounced together).

=Pipe= (tobacco), i̍impsä (accent on the first _i_; separated

from the second _i_).

=Star=, ichkä̍.

=Sun=, achá-se (run together; _se_ distinctly pronounced but

short).

=Tomahawk=, mani̍htsip-ihpse (_an_ French; _e_ distinctly

pronounced).

=Water=, minä̍.

=White-man=, máeste-schi̍hrä; literally yellow-eye.

=Woman= (wife), mi̍a (_mi_ run together; _a_ separated; the whole

short).

FOOTNOTES:

[243] Written from the pronunciation of a Crow Indian. They pronounce

the words in the manner of the Minnitarri; _ch_ is guttural, _r_ is

spoken with the point of the tongue unless there is an exception noted.

According to Donald Mc Kenzie who lived among the Crows (Gallatin,

_ibid._, p. 125), they number some three hundred lodges and three

thousand souls. This seems to me to be a correct estimate.--MAXIMILIAN.

_Comment by Ed._ Gallatin doubtless intends Kenneth (not Donald)

Mc Kenzie, for whom see our volume xxi, p. 45, note 25.

[244] According to Captain Bonneville, it is called _popo_ in the Crow

language; this does not agree with my experience.--MAXIMILIAN.

_Comment by Ed._ This refers to Washington Irving, _Rocky Mountains; or

Scenes, Incidents and Adventures in the Far West_ (Philadelphia, 1837).

DACOTA (Sioux) of the band of the Yanktonans[245]

=American=, Mi̍na-haska (_haska_ nasal); i.e., Long Knife.

=Arm=, istó.

=Arrow=, uahi̍tpe (_ua_ nasal).

=Beard=, putä-hin (_n_ French; _hin_ nasal).

=Bird=, sitká (_s_ soft).

=Black=, sáhpa.

=Blind=, ischtá-chon-gä (_ch_ guttural; _on_ French; _g_ in the

roof of the mouth; _chonga_ nasal and without emphasis).

=Blood=, uä̍h.

=Blue= (also green), tóh.

=Bone=, huh-huh.

=Bow=, itáh-sipa (_itah_ with emphasis; _si_ very short; _pa_

without emphasis).

=Brave= (adj), uadi̍take (_uadi_ with emphasis; _e_ ½ or a little

more; _take_ lower and without emphasis).

=Brook=, uathpanne (_e_ short).

=Brother=, tschi̍-ä (emphasis on the first syllable).

=Child=, okschiókapa.

=Cold=, sni̍h.

=Dance= (v), uatschi̍.

=Day=, hanposka (_an_ French).

=Deaf=, nóchät-pá.

=Die= (dead), táh.

=Door=, thiópa (_i_ and _o_ somewhat separated).

=Dumb= (v), ihéschni (_ni_ short).

=Dream= (v), uihamana (_ui_ together; _hamana_ short and rapid).

=Drink= (v), uatkan (_an_ French).

=Ear=, nónchä (_on_ French; emphasis on _non_; _ch_ guttural; low

and short).

=Earth=, manká (_an_ French).

=Enemy=, tohk-ha.

=Englishman=, Sakedaschi (_e_ short; _i_ barely audible).

=Evening=, chta-ié-tu (_chta_ guttural; _ie_ together; _tu_

short).

=Eye=, ischtá; one-eyed, pschtat-pä̍.

=Father=, atä̍; i.e., my father.

=Feather=, uï̍-iak-ha (_ha_ guttural; _iakha_ low and short).

=Fight= (n), ketschehsap (first _e_ short).

=Fire=, pä̍hta.

=Fish=, rochan (very guttural; _an_ French).

=Flesh=, tadó.

=Fog=, pó (_o_ full).

=Forest=, tchán (_an_ French).

=Frenchman=, Uaschi̍djo (_jo_ French and very short).

=Friend= (comrade), koͣdá (great friend); or ketschi̍uah (friend).

=Go= (v), máhni (_ni_ short).

=God= (the creator), uakán-tanka (_an_ French nasal); i.e., great

spirit.[246]

=Good=, uaschtä̍ (_ua_ almost like _wa_; run together).

=Great=, hánska (_an_ French).

=Green=, tóh (_o_ rather full).

=Gun=, mansak-han (_an_ French; the whole run together).

=Hair=, pihi̍.

=Hand=, napä.

=Head=, páh.

=Healthy=, uaschtä̍; or uaiá-saschni (last word short and low);

i.e., not sick.

=Heart=, tschåtä̍.

=Heat=, didi̍tach (_ach_ German guttural).

=Horns= (antlers; and horns of all animals in general), hä; the

name of the animal is added.

=House= (lodge), tihpi.

=Hunger=, wóta-wacheda (all syllables of second word even).

=Hunt= (v), uïheni (_e_ short; the whole indistinct, short,

nasal, and run together).

=I=, miä̍.

=Ice=, tschága (_g_ in the roof of the mouth).

=Island=, uï̍hta (_u_ and _i_ separated; _ta_ short).

=Jar= (pot), tschä̍ga (_g_ guttural; _ga_ short).

=Knife=, mi̍hna (_na_ short).

=Laugh= (v), icháh (_ch_ guttural).

=Lead= (metal), mansassuh (_an_ French).

=Leg=, húh.

=Lightning=, uakán-hädi̍(_an_ French; _hadi_ short).

=Live= (life?), uanickt.

=Lodge or tent= (of leather), wakä̍a.

=Man=, uïtscha.[247]

=Meal=(to eat?), wóhta (_ta_ short).

=Moccasin=, hánpa (French).

=Moon=, hahépi-uïh (first word rather nasal).

=Morning=, hi̍h-hanna (emphasis on _hih_; _hanna_ low and short).

=Mother=, inan (_an_ French).

=Mountain=, chä (_ch_ guttural).

=Mouth=, ih.

=Much=, ö̍hta (_o_ full; _ta_ short).

=Negro=, uaschi̍tschu-sáhpa (run together).

=Night=, hanhöp (_an_ French).

=Nose=, póhchä (_ch_ guttural; _a_ short).

=Pipe= (tobacco), schandúh-hupa (_hupa_ short and low, without

emphasis).

=Powder=, tschachedi̍ (_ch_ guttural).

=Quick=, kohán (_an_ French).

=Red=, duhta.

=Revenge= (v), itoh-kidjuh (emphasis on first word; _j_ French;

second word lower).

=River=, uathpá; the Missouri, Uathpá-mnischoschá; i.e., the

river with muddy water.

=Sick=, uaiasa (short).

=Small=, tihstina.

=Smoke= (n), schóhta (_o_ full; _ta_ short).

=Snow=, uáh.

=Speak= (v), jáh (_i_ and _a_ separated).

=Spirits= (distilled), meni̍h-uakán (_an_ French); i.e. divine,

or medicine water.

=Star=, tscháchpi (_ach_ guttural).

=Stingy=, ocha̍n-schitscha (_ochan_ with emphasis; second word

without emphasis; the whole short and run together).

=Stone=, ihia (emphasis on _i_; nasal).

=Strong=, waschahke (_e_ ½; _ke_ short).

=Sun=, uï̍h.

=Sweet=, skúia (_sk_ with the point of the tongue).

=Teeth=, i̍h.

=Thunder=, uaki̍n-a (_n_ French, nasal; _a_ short).

=Tobacco=, tschandi̍h (_an_ French).

=Tomahawk=, onspä̍-tschanupa (final word without emphasis and

lower).

=Toothache=, ih-asan (_asan_ French).

=Trader=, wópäton-uïtschásta (_o_ full; _on_ French; last word

short).

=Trail=, tschankuh.

=Ugly=, schi̍dja (_ja_ French).

=Village=, otón-a (_on_ French; _a_ short; the whole nasal).

=War=, suiá (_s_ soft).

=Warmth=, päti̍schka.

=Wash= (v), waiújaja (_jaja_ French, without emphasis, and low;

_iu_ German).

=Water=, meni̍h.

=Weep= (v), tschä̍a (final _a_ short).

=White=, skáh.

=Widow=, juá-sitscha (_j_ and _u_ separated).

=Wind=, tatä̍h.

=Winter=, uani̍ete (_u_ and _a_ separated; _e_ very short in both

cases).

=Woman=, uïïa (_ui_ nasal).

=Wood=, tschan (_an_ French).

=Yellow=, si̍h (softly pronounced).

=Yes=, ha̍n (French nasal).

_Numerals_

=One=, wántscha (_an_ French).

=Two=, nómpa (_om_ French).

=Three=, jámen (_men_ German and low).

=Four=, tópa (_o_ full).

=Five=, sáhptan (_s_ very soft; _an_ French).

=Six=, scháhkpe (_pe_ short; _e_ ½).

=Seven=, schakoï (_o_ and _i_ separated).

=Eight=, schákedoch (German).

=Nine=, nahptschi̍-uanká (_uan_ nasal; _n_ French; last word

without emphasis, nasal, and low; the whole run together and

short).

=Ten=, uïktschémna (_u_ and _i_ separated; _na_ short).

=Twenty=, numm.

=Twenty-one=, uïktschemna-nom-sommuaji (the whole run together

and short; _ji_ French).

=Thirty=, jamen.

=Forty=, toop; or toom.

=Fifty=, sáhpta.

=Sixty=, scháhkpe.

=Seventy=, schakoï.

=Eighty=, schakedoch.

=Ninety=, nahptschiuanká.

=Hundred=, opánuachä (_an_ French; _u_ and _a_ separated; _ch_

guttural; the whole run together and short; _uacha_ nasal).

=Thousand=, iktó-panuachä (_an_ French; the whole run together

and short).

* * * * *

=I eat=, uauáhta (_u_ and _a_ separated).

=You eat=, uayáta (German).

=He eats=, uóhtä (_u_ and _o_ like _w_; _o_ full; _ta_ short).

=We eat=, o̍ntape (in pronouncing _tape_ the voice falls; _pe_

distinctly pronounced).

=They eat=, uóhtapä (_o_ full).

=I shall eat=, uauáhtäkta (_u_ and _a_ separated; _takta_ low and

without emphasis).

=I have eaten=, uauáhta.

=I had eaten=, hähan-uauáhta (_an_ French).

=I would eat=, hähan-uauáhta-net-schetscha (last word short and

rapid).

=Eat= (imperative), uóhta-io (together; _o_ full).

=Eating=, uóh-tä-sa (_sa_ short).

_Names of Animals_

=Antelope=, tatóhka; or tatókana (_na_ rather inaudible).

=Bear=, (black), uachánk-sitscha (emphasis on _chank_; _sitscha_

low).

=Bear= (grizzly), mantó (_an_ French).

=Beaver=, tscháhpa (_pa_ short).

=Bighorn=, kihská.

=Buffalo= (bull), tatánka; cow, ptäh; calf, ptäh-sidja (_j_

French); the general word is that for cow.

=Dog=, schónka (_on_ French).

=Elk=, upán (_pan_ nasal; _an_ French); this is the general word.

=Elk= (stag), acháhka (_ch_ guttural).

=Horse=, schónka-uakán (_on_ and _an_ French): erratum says read

i̍hia.

=Otter=, ptán (_an_ French).

=Skunk=, mankáh (_an_ French, very short, and barely audible;

_kah_ loud and with emphasis).

=Turkey= (wild), sisitscha-kanka (_s_ soft; _kan_ in the throat).

=Wolf=, schuk-tóketscha-tanka.

=Wolf= (prairie), mi̍htschak-si̍h.

FOOTNOTES:

[245] Gallatin writes "Dahcota;" but I think that it is more correct

to write Dacóta. He divides the Sioux into a northern and a southern

group; and includes in the latter division eight tribes, the Quappas,

or Arkansas at the mouth of the Arkansa river, the Osages, the Kansas,

the Ayowäs (Jowas), the Missouris, Otos, Omáhas, and Puncas, since

they speak dialects of the Dacóta language (Gallatin, _ibid._, p.

127).--MAXIMILIAN.

[246] Not _wakatunka_, as Vail says. This name is composed of two

words; and, therefore, is not to be written as one. The first word,

_uakan_, less correctly _wakan_, is the expression for god, divine,

supernatural; the second, _tanka_, not _tunka_, means great. Vail and

others also very often write _uakan_, incorrectly _wah-kon_. The Dacóta

words which I give here are written from the pronunciation of the

half-breed interpreter, Ortubize.--MAXIMILIAN.

_Comment by Ed._ This reference is to Eugene A. Vail, _Notice sur les

Indiens de l'Amerique du Nord_ (Paris, 1840).

[247] Mr. Gallatin (_ibid._, p. 195) thinks that the word _uitschá_

is an abbreviation of _uitschasta_. I cannot decide the question

with certainty. The singular number, man, was always given to me

as _uitscha_; _uitschasta_ seems to me to be the plural, or a

general term, as for instance, in the word _uitschasta-iuta_, man

eater.--MAXIMILIAN.

DACOTA of the Teton Tribe

=Antelope=, tatóhkana.

=Bear= (black), wåchánk-sitscha (the first word with emphasis).

=Bear= (grizzly), matóh.

=Comb=, ipáhks.

=Day= (the day breaks), àm-pa-inam-pä (_am_ French; _pa_ short).

=Elk=, upán (_an_ French and rather long); the stag, hächáhka.

=Fish-hook=, hoï̍tzua (_o_ and _i_ separated).

=Fish-line=, hachóhta (_ch_ guttural).

=Hoop= (of wood), sankodeska.

=Hoop= (game of), sankodeska-kutépi.

=Moccasins=, hán-pa (_an_ French).

=Morning= (early), a̍m-pa (_am_ French).

=Prairie dog=, pispi̍sa.

=Rattle= (sysyquoy, gourd rattle), tascháhka.

=Shield=, oahát-sanka (first word with emphasis; last word low

and without emphasis).

=Water=, meni̍h.[248]

FOOTNOTES:

[248] The variations in the different tribes of the Dacótas seem to be

very insignificant.--MAXIMILIAN.

FALL INDIANS, or Grosventres of the Prairies[249]

=Antelope=, hottewianinay (_ay_ German).

=Arm=, nah-köth (the syllables separated).

=Arrow=, nennitch (_ch_ with the point of the tongue and not

guttural).

=Bear= (black), uatániss.

=Bear= (grizzly), uosse (_uo_ like _wo_; _e_ very short).

=Beaver=, hábass (_a_ almost like _a_ umlaut, but ½ and short).

=Bighorn=, hottéh.

=Black=, wå-atåh-nits (_wa_ short; _atah-nits_ a little lisped).

=Blood=, mah-ahtz.

=Bow=, nemáth (_e_ ½).

=Buffalo= (bull), enáhkiä (_e_ barely audible; _kia_ like _kie_,

short and ½).

=Buffalo= (cow), bü̍h.

=Child=, tä̍yalle (all syllables cut rather short and separated;

_e_ ½).

=Day=, e̍hse (_eh_ long; _se_ very short).

=Deer= (black-tailed), bü̍he-i (_e_ ½; _i_ short).

=Deer= (common), låsikge (_ge_ German; _e_ ½).

=Dog=, hótewi.

=Ear=, nenottónnü (_ton_ with emphasis; _e_ ½).

=Earth=, meth-auuch (_au_ together; _auuch_ very short).

=Elk=, uósseh.

=Eye=, ne-séh-seh (_ne_ short and ½; accent on the first _seh_).

=Fire=, esittah (_e_ very short).

=Foot=, nesse-estan (_se_ short and ½; _tan_ French and distinct).

=God=, mehåa (_e_ short; the two _a_'s separated).

=Hair=, näwi-táss (_tass_ with emphasis).

=Hand=, nah-kettinach (rather indistinct).

=Head=, nöth-ah (indistinct; _ah_ separated).

=Heart=, nö̍ttah.

=Hot=, be-ke-néh-se (_be_ rather longer; _ke_ short; _neh_ very

long; _se_ short).

=Ice=, wå-awuh.

=Leg=, na-áhtz (_na_ short and ½; _ahtz_ long).

=Man=, neni̍tta (_e_ and _a_ short).

=Moon=, kahå-hássa (together).

=Mountain goat= (white), otteh-nozi̍bi (_zibi_ short).

=Mouth=, nö̍t-ti (_ti_ rather lower).

=Night=, taiké-ee (_ee_ separated and distinctly pronounced).

=Nose=, nä-es (_es_ ½ and low).

=Pipe= (tobacco), eht-tsá.

=Rain=, a-sá-nitz (lisped).

=Snow=, i̍h-i (_ih_ very long; _i_ short).

=Star=, a̍to (_o_ almost like _o_ umlaut).

=Sun=, ehsi̍ss.

=Tomahawk=, aha-loss.

=Water=, netse (_e_ very short).

=Wolf=, kïati̍ssa (indistinct).

=Woman=, e̍sta (_es_ lisped).

FOOTNOTES:

[249] Written from their pronunciation. They call their tribe,

Ä̍hni-ninn. Gallatin (_ibid._, p. 125) speaks of them in connection

with the Minnitarris. He calls them the Rapid, Fall, or Paunch

Indians; and remarks quite correctly, that from the latest information

their language is wholly different from those of the Minnitarris and

Blackfeet (_ibid._, p. 132).--MAXIMILIAN.

FLATHEADS of the Rocky Mountains[250]

=Arrow=, tah-pu-minn.

=Bear=, semachann (_ch_ guttural).

=Beaver=, skaló.

=Bow=, soh-nónn; same word as for gun.

=Buffalo=, zotúnn (soft low, and indistinct; _o_ full).

=Child=, skochkússa (_ch_ guttural; _sa_ low and indistinct).

=Deer=, zinechkóhch (_ch_ guttural; the whole indistinct and low).

=Dog=, nachketsä (_e_ short).

=Ear=, tchäh-sä̍uonn.

=Earth=, sopúth.

=Elk=, chton-skutsiss (_ch_ guttural; the whole indistinct and

low).

=Eye=, ehsuetst.

=Fire=, stehchke (_st_ with the point of the tongue; _ch_

guttural; final _e_ ½).

=Foot=, tah-essi̍nn (_e_ ½).

=God=, inuméhcho (_i_ like _e_; _ch_ guttural).

=Head=, estáchk (_es_ soft; _ch_ guttural).

=Man=, taiskáltomo (little emphasis and low).

=Moon=, ehs-pach-kann (low and in the roof of the mouth).

=Mouth=, onuchuaye (_ch_ guttural; final _e_ ½).

=Pipe= (tobacco), simä̍h-noch (_simah_ short; _noch_ guttural;

little emphasis).

=Star=, skoch-koiomm (low and run together; _och_ guttural).

=Sun=, ehs-pach-kann (low and in the roof of the mouth).

=Tomahawk=, soh-nónn.

=Water=, saotuch (low; _ch_ guttural).

=Woman=, semääm (_e_ ½; _a_ and _a_ separated).

FOOTNOTES:

[250] Written from the pronunciation of the Blackfoot chief,

Ninoch-Kiä̍iu. The Flatheads live in the Rocky mountains; and according

to the missionary, Parker, number only eight hundred souls. They are

said to speak the same language as the Ponderas [Pend d'Oreille] and

Spokein [Spokan] Indians. The custom of flattening the head by pressure

is not found among them, at least at present (Townsend, _op. cit._, p.

175); but this is done by several tribes on the Columbia as is stated

also in _Astoria_. All travellers who have visited this people bear

witness to their upright and noble conduct, as well as to their piety.

Like the Nez-Percés, of whom the same is said, they have borrowed a

number of Christian usages and beliefs, among them the conscientious

observance of Sunday (see _Adventures of Captain Bonneville_, p. 248;

and Ross Cox). They are reputed to be brave warriors; of this I was

assured by the Blackfoot Indians themselves, who are often at war with

them and are their bitterest enemies, and who also showed me many

trophies taken from them.--MAXIMILIAN.

_Comment by Ed._ Samuel Parker, _Journal of an Exploring Tour beyond

the Rocky Mountains_ (Ithaca, N. Y., 1838). See also our volume xxi,

p. 335, note 112; Washington Irving, _Astoria_ (Philadelphia, 1836);

Ross Cox, _Adventures upon the Columbia River_ (London, 1831); and our

volume vi, p. 276, note 84.

KICKAPU[251]

=Arm=, nenächkonn (_ach_ guttural).

=Arrow=, pequikihi.

=Belly=, näjäck (_j_ French).

=Bow=, måstahá (_a_ between _a_ umlaut and _o_ umlaut; _ha_ often

barely audible).

=Breast= (the whole) ne-kå̍-kä (_ka_ short).

=Ear=, nettouakaian (_ua_ nasal; _kaian_ likewise).

=Eye=, neskescheck.

=Foot=, nekåtan (_n_ distinctly pronounced).

=Hair=, ninessónn.

=Hand=, nenä̍chkonn (_ach_ in the roof of the mouth).

=Head=, nehch (German).

=Knife=, peskoatéska (_ka_ without emphasis).

=Knife= (long), måtatä̍.

=Leg=, nemóttata (_a_ somewhat as if with umlaut).

=Leggings=, nekóchkuahan (_och_ German guttural).

=Mouth=, netohn.

=Nail= (on the hand), näskóssähk.

=Nose=, näkiuónn.

=Pipe= (tobacco), póakan (emphasis on _poa_).

=Skunk=, schekakw (_w_ barely audible).

=Sun=, kischess.

=Teeth=, nepitonn.

=Thunder=, kä̍hschko (_kahsch_ slightly drawled).

=Tobacco=, nessåman (_an_ French).

=Tomahawk=, popokiä̍.

=Tongue=, ninónni.

=Water=, neppé (final _e_ somewhat like _a_ umlaut).

_Numerals_

=One=, näkút.

=Two=, ni̍hsw (_w_ barely audible).

=Three=, nássue (_sue_ like _we_).

=Four=, niäua (nasal).

=Five=, nianan (nasal).

=Six=, noiká.

=Seven=, nohiká (nasal; _ka_ short).

=Eight=, nessua-siká (_ka_ short).

=Nine=, schohaká (_schoha_ indistinct; _ka_ short).

=Ten=, metaa-tue (_e_ short).

FOOTNOTES:

[251] Written from the pronunciation of a Ki̍ckapu. These Indians

speak the same language as the Saukis and Foxes. According to Gallatin

(_ibid._, p. 62), they do not now number over five hundred souls. They

all live at present west of the Mississippi.--MAXIMILIAN.

KONSA[252]

=Arrow=, måh.

=Bear= (black), uåssóbä.

=Child=, schi̍nga-schi̍nga.

=Earth=, móhnika (_n_ nearly like _h_).

=Eye=, ischtá.

=Fire=, pähdjé (_j_ French).

=God=, wahkoͣ̍ndagä.

=Hair=, på-hi̍.

=Hand=, nom-pö̍ (_om_ French).

=Head=, påh.

=Island=, rumätschi̍.

=Man=, niká.

=Mountain=, påhü̍.

=Mouth=, hüh.

=Pipe= (tobacco), nåh-hi-ba.

=River=, wâti̍schka (_t_ often like _h_).

=Sun=, pih.

=Tomahawk=, må-sospä-jingá (_j_ French).

=Water=, nih.

=Woman= (wife), wåh-ko.

FOOTNOTES:

[252] The Konsas, or Kansas Indians have always lived on the river

of that name (Gallatin, _ibid._, p. 127). For the past thirty years

they have lived at peace with the Osages; and the two tribes have

intermarried. They still number fifteen hundred souls, and possess a

tract of three thousand acres. They speak the Osage dialect, which

belongs to the Dacota linguistic group.--MAXIMILIAN.

KRIH, or Knistenau[253]

=American= (an), Ketsemohkoman (_e_ short and ½; otherwise

German).

=Arm=, ospetonn.

=Arrow=, atúss.

=Autumn=, taquáhkinn.

=Bird=, piesiss (_i_ and _e_ separated; _e_ full value).

=Black= (the color), kaskitä̍hsu (_su_ short).

=Blind=, nanon-ski̍ssiko (_on_ French).

=Blood=, mich-kó (_mich_ short, like _mi_).

=Blue=, kaskitähuakinn.

=Bone=, oskánn; plural is oskanná.

=Bow=, adsabi̍ (_adsa_ soft).

=Brave= (adj), sohketäheu (_e_ ½; _eu_ short; _u_ barely audible).

=Brook=, sihpi-siss.

=Brother= (elder), niståhs.

=Brother= (younger), nissim.

=Child=, auáhsis (_sis_ short and low).

=Cold= (adj), kesinnau (_e_ ½; _au_ German and together).

=Dance= (v), neméhetu (second _e_ ½; _tu_ short).

=Day=, uapánn.

=Deaf=, kakehpi-teu (_pi_ like _pich_, guttural; _e_ and _u_

separated).

=Devil= (evil spirit), matsimann-tuh (short and run together).