_USING 100 FEET OF 2-1/2-INCH ORDINARY BEST QUALITY RUBBER-LINED HOSE
BETWEEN NOZZLE AND HYDRANT, OR PUMP._
================================+=======================
Smooth Nozzle, Size | 3/4-inch.
--------------------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---
Pressure at Hydrant, lbs. | 32| 43| 54| 65| 75| 86
Pressure at Nozzle, lbs. | 30| 40| 50| 60| 70| 80
Pressure Lost in 100 feet, | | | | | |
2-1/2-inch Hose, lbs. | 2| 3| 4| 5| 5| 6
Vertical Height, feet | 48| 60| 67| 72| 76| 79
Horizontal Distance, feet | 37| 44| 50| 54| 58| 62
Gallons Discharged per Minute | 90|104|116|127|137|147
================================+=======================
Smooth Nozzle, Size | 7/8-inch.
--------------------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---
Pressure at Hydrant, lbs. | 34| 46| 57| 69| 80| 91
Pressure at Nozzle, lbs. | 30| 40| 50| 60| 70| 80
Pressure Lost in 100 feet, | | | | | |
2-1/2-inch Hose, lbs. | 4| 6 | 7| 9| 10| 11
Vertical Height, feet | 49| 62| 71| 77| 81| 85
Horizontal Distance, feet | 42| 49| 55| 61| 66| 70
Gallons Discharged per Minute |123|142|159|174|188|201
================================+=======================
Smooth Nozzle, Size | 1-inch.
--------------------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---
Pressure at Hydrant, lbs. | 37| 50| 62| 75| 87|100
Pressure at Nozzle, lbs. | 30| 40| 50| 60| 70| 80
Pressure Lost in 100 feet, | | | | | |
2-1/2-inch Hose, lbs. | 7| 10| 12| 15| 17| 20
Vertical Height, feet | 51| 64| 73| 79| 85| 89
Horizontal Distance, feet | 47| 55| 61| 67| 72| 76
Gallons Discharged per Minute |161|186|208|228|246|263
================================+===+===+===============
Smooth Nozzle, Size | 1-1/8-inch.
--------------------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---
Pressure at Hydrant, lbs. | 42| 56| 70| 84| 98|112
Pressure at Nozzle, lbs. | 30| 40| 50| 60| 70| 80
Pressure Lost in 100 feet, | | | | | |
2-1/2-inch Hose, lbs. | 12| 16| 20| 24| 18| 32
Vertical Height of Stream, feet | 52| 65| 75| 83| 88| 92
Horizontal Dist. of Stream, feet| 50| 59| 66| 72| 77| 81
Gallons Discharged per Minute |206|238|266|291|314|336
================================+=======================
Smooth Nozzle, Size | 1-1/4-inch.
--------------------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---
Pressure at Hydrant, lbs. | 49| 65| 81| 97|113|129
Pressure at Nozzle, lbs. | 30| 40| 50| 60| 70| 80
Pressure Lost in 100 feet, | | | | | |
2-1/2-inch Hose, lbs. | 9| 25| 31| 37| 43| 49
Vertical Height of Stream, feet | 53| 67| 77| 85| 91| 95
Horizontal Dist. of Stream, feet| 54| 63| 70| 76| 81| 85
Gallons Discharged per Minute |256|296|331|363|392|419
================================+=======================
Smooth Nozzle, Size | 1-3/8-inch.
--------------------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---
Pressure at Hydrant, lbs. | 58| 77| 96|116|135|154
Pressure at Nozzle, lbs. | 30| 40| 50| 60| 70| 80
Pressure Lost in 100 feet, | | | | | |
2-1/2-inch Hose, lbs. | 28| 37| 46| 56| 65| 74
Vertical Height of Stream, feet | 55| 69| 79| 87| 92| 97
Horizontal Dist. of Stream, feet| 56| 66| 73| 79| 84| 88
Gallons Discharged per Minute |315|363|406|445|480|514
--------------------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---
N.B.—Mr. JOHN R. FREEMAN, member of the New England Waterworks
Association, should have the credit of this carefully arranged
table.—See also page 125 for data relating to Nozzles.
_The Clapp & Jones piston engine_ in design has features peculiar to
itself; Fig. 416 represents one of six sizes, adapted particularly to
city service.
[Illustration: FIG. 417.]
The illustrations, Figs. 417 and 418, _show the vertical pump_ as built
for the larger engines: namely, the sizes known as Extra First, First,
Second, Third and Fourth. The complete engine corresponding to the
detailed views is shown by Fig. 416 on the preceding page.
The principal details are very clear in this engraving. The steam and
water ends, together with the crank and reciprocating mechanism, are
compactly arranged and the complete structure which comprises these
parts is rigidly self-contained. The steam cylinders and valve chest
are cast in a single piece and while this part is firmly secured to the
boiler, all steam and exhaust connections are entirely independent of
these fastenings.
_The Clapp boiler_ is represented in Fig. 419. Reference to the annexed
illustration makes clear the special features of this boiler, which
consist chiefly of a series of spiral water-tube coils arranged within
the fire-box. The coils are of copper and are produced by the seamless
drawn process. Each coil is connected separately to the boiler, and
the spiral form of these tubes permits freedom for expansion and
contraction without strain on the terminal joints. The connections
and the ends of the tubes are made by means of threaded nipples, jam
nuts and corrugated copper washers, and the joints thus made insure
tightness, yet admit of ready disconnection at any time.
[Illustration: FIG. 418.]
The lower ends of the coil tubes are directly joined to the hollow
fire-box walls and the upper terminals are arranged to discharge the
circulated water over the crown sheet. This upward movement of the
water within the spiral coils is caused by the application of heat
to the outer surfaces of the tubes, and the circulation thus set up
induces _a corresponding downward action in the leg of the boiler_. The
circulation, therefore, continues without interruption so long as fire
is maintained on the grate. In operating this boiler the water should
be carried a few inches above the level of the crown sheet, but owing
to the protection afforded by the constant distribution of water over
the crown sheet, the limit of safety is not reached until the water is
nearly out of the fire-box leg.
[Illustration: FIG. 419.]
An improvement in the design of this boiler is _the water-circulating
deflector_, which was devised to occupy the central space within the
coil tubes. This deflector comprises an additional sectional unit,
and its action coincides with the functions served by the coil tubes.
The prime object of this device is to break up and direct the gases of
combustion in a manner that adds to the heat-absorbing qualities of the
coil tubes. See Figs. 420, 421.
Extending from the crown sheet to the top head are the smoke flues,
which are securely expanded at both ends, and through which the gases
of combustion pass from the fire box to the stack.
[Illustration: FIG. 420.]
_The Clapp & Jones Village Engine._ By the illustrations, Figs. 422,
423, 424, etc., it will be noted that the cylinders and pumps are
disposed horizontally and are fitted in a self-contained manner between
bars, which also serve as the main frame of the engine.
The steam cylinders are 8 inches diameter; the pumps 4-3/8 inches,
and the stroke common to both is 7 inches. These sizes are properly
proportioned for effective work and the boiler power provided is ample
to drive the pumping mechanism to its rated capacity of 400 gallons per
minute.
[Illustration: FIG. 421.]
The pumps are fitted with gates permitting two lines of hose to be
worked either independently or at the same time without interference.
The machine is mounted on half-elliptic springs, front and rear, and
the weight of the boiler and pumps is distributed equally over both
axles. The front pair of wheels turn completely under the goose necks,
and the engine can therefore be turned on either hind wheel as a pivot.
The arch of the main frames under which the wheels pass in turning is
immediately forward of the boiler, and the advantage to be noted in
this connection is the reduction in the over-all length of the entire
machine. The front axle is equipped with a rope reel, and the pole is
arranged for either hand or horse draft. The wheels are fitted with
brakes, which are operated from the rear footboard. The engine weighs
about 4,400 pounds. A detail description of the pump and valve gear
follows.
[Illustration: FIG. 422.]
_The valve gear of the Clapp & Jones village engine_ is simple yet
controls the moving mechanism of the two pumps working in unison. Each
pump is driven directly by its own steam cylinder, and the steam valves
are actuated by the positive movement of the opposite piston rod.
The principle is substantially the same as practiced in the “Duplex”
pump construction, and may be readily understood by reference to the
detailed views which are given of these parts in other portions of this
work.
[Illustration: FIG. 423.]
The steam cylinders and pump are self-contained, and aside from the
distinctive difference in the reciprocating gear the design of the
steam and water ends does not differ from the vertical engines of the
Clapp & Jones type.
On these engines intended for use in cold climates _a “thaw-pipe” is
attached_, at the engineer’s side, inside the frame, and is used in
extremely cold weather to prevent the feed-pump, as well as the main
pump and connecting pipes, from freezing. It is operated by means of a
small globe valve. If it is desired to warm the main pump, the two-way
cock used in feeding the boiler should be turned as when feeding
directly from the main pump, when steam will have access both to the
main pump and the feed-pump; but care must be observed not to heat the
main pump too warm. When the two-way cock is closed, and also when
it is open as when feeding from the tank, the steam goes only to the
feed-pump.
After using it to warm the main pump, the two-way cock, should be
closed; otherwise, if the check-valve should happen to stick fast, the
water would pass out of the boiler through the main pump.
_Always keep the globe valve closed when not in use._ It will be
observed that the vacuum chamber upon the suction pipe is located
within the air chamber upon the discharge passage.
The valves of this pump are formed by heavy rubber rings which surround
the pump barrel, as shown in Fig. 423, therefore there can be no
hammering of these valves when the pump is at work.
[Illustration: FIG. 424.]
The rubber rings have slots cut into them at each side of each valve so
that each valve can open and close without stretching the rubber bands.
The steam valve is of the well-known rocker type. The plungers have no
packing excepting water.
[Illustration: FIG. 425.—See page 122.]