CHAPTER XLII

THE ETHICS OF SPORTSMANSHIP

I count it as rather strange that American and English sportsmen have

hunted and shot for a century, and until 1908 formulated practically

nothing to establish and define the ethics of shooting game. Here and

there, a few unwritten principles have been evolved, and have become

fixed by common consent; but the total number of these is very few.

Perhaps this has been for the reason that every free and independent

sportsman prefers to be a law unto himself. Is it not doubly strange,

however, that even down to the present year the term "sportsmen" never

has been defined by a sportsman!

Forty years ago, a sportsman might have been defined, according to the

standards of that period, as a man who hunts wild game for pleasure.

Those were the days wherein no one foresaw the wholesale annihilation of

species, and there were no wilderness game preserves. In those days,

gentlemen shot female hoofed game, trapped bears if they felt like it,

killed ten times as much big game as they could use, and no one made any

fuss whatever about the waste or extermination of wild life.

Those were the days of ox-teams and broad-axes. To-day, we are living in

a totally different world,--a world of grinding, crunching, pulverizing

progress, a world of annihilation of the works of Nature. And what is a

sportsman to-day?

A SPORTSMAN is a man who loves Nature, and who in the enjoyment of the

outdoor life and exploration takes a reasonable toll of Nature's wild

animals, but not for commercial profit, and only so long as his hunting

does not promote the extermination of species.

In view of the disappearance of wild life all over the habitable globe,

and the steady extermination of species, the ethics of sportsmanship has

become a matter of tremendous importance. If a man can shoot the last

living Burchell zebra, or prong-horned antelope, and be a sportsman and

a gentleman, then we may just as well drop down all bars, and say no

more about the ethics of shooting game.

But the real gentlemen-sportsmen of the world are not insensible to the

duties of the hour in regard to the taking or not taking of game. The

time has come when canon laws should be laid down, of world-wide

application, and so thoroughly accepted and promulgated that their

binding force can not be ignored. Among other things, it is time for a

list of species to be published which no man claiming to be either a

gentleman or a sportsman can shoot for aught else than preservation in a

public museum. Of course, this list would be composed of the species

that are threatened with extermination. Of American animals it should

include the prong-horned antelope, Mexican mountain sheep, all the

mountain sheep and goats in the United States, the California grizzly

bear, mule deer, West Indian seal and California elephant seal and

walrus.

In Africa that list should include the eland, white rhinoceros,

blessbok, bontebok, kudu, giraffes and southern elephants, sable

antelope, rhinoceros south of the Zambesi, leucoryx antelope and

whale-headed stork. In Asia it should include the great Indian

rhinoceros and its allied species, the burrhel, the Nilgiri tahr and the

gayal. The David deer of Manchuria already is extinct in a wild state.

In Australia the interdiction should include the thylacine or Tasmanian

wolf, all the large kangaroos, the emu, lyre bird and the mallee-bird.

Think what it would mean to the species named above if all the sportsmen

of the world would unite in their defense, both actively and passively!

It would be to those species a modus vivendi worth while.

Prior to 1908, no effort (so far as we are aware) ever had been made to

promote the establishment of a comprehensive and up-to-date code of

ethics for sportsmen who shoot. A few clubs of men who are hunters of

big game had expressed in their constitutions a few brief principles for

the purpose of standardizing their own respective memberships, but that

was all. I have not taken pains to make a general canvass of sportsmen's

clubs to ascertain what rules have been laid down by any large number of

organizations.

The Boone and Crockett Club, of New York and Washington, had in its

constitution the following excellent article:

"Article X. The use of steel traps, the making of large bags, the

killing of game while swimming in water, or helpless in deep snow, and

the unnecessary killing of females or young of any species of ruminant,

shall be deemed offenses. Any member who shall commit such offenses may

be suspended, or expelled from the Club by unanimous vote of the

Executive Committee."

In 1906, this Club condemned the use of automatic shotguns in hunting as

unsportsmanlike.

The Lewis and Clark Club, of Pittsburgh, has in its constitution, as

Section 3 of Article 3, the following comprehensive principle:

"The term 'legitimate sport' means not only the observance of local

laws, but excludes all methods of taking game other than by fair

stalking or still hunting."

At the end of the constitution of this club is this declaration, and

admonition:

"_Purchase and sale of Trophies_.--As the purchase of heads and horns

establishes a market value, and encourages Indians and others to "shoot

for sale," often in violation of local laws and always to the detriment

of the protection of game for legitimate sport, the Lewis and Clark Club

condemns the purchase or the sale of the heads or horns of any game."

In 1906 the Lewis and Clark Club condemned the use of automatic

shotguns as unsportsmanlike.

The Shikar Club, of London, a club which contains all the big-game

hunters of the nobility and gentry of England,[Q] and of which His

Majesty King George is Honorary President, has declared the leading

feature of its "Objects" in the following terms:

"To maintain the standard of sportsmanship. It is not squandered bullets

and swollen bags which appeal to us. The test is rather in a love of

forest, mountains and desert; in acquired knowledge of the habits of

animals; in the strenuous pursuit of a wary and dangerous quarry; in the

instinct for a well-devised approach to a fair shooting distance; and in

the patient retrieve of a wounded animal."

[Footnote Q: This organization contains in its list of members the most

distinguished names in the modern annals of British sport and

exploration. Its honorary membership, of eight persons, contains the

names of three Americans: Theodore Roosevelt, Madison Grant and W.T.

Hornaday; and of this fact at least one person is extremely proud!]

In 1908 the Camp-Fire Club of America formally adopted, as its code of

ethics, the "Sportsman's Platform" of fifteen articles that was prepared

by the writer and placed before the sportsmen of America, Great Britain

and her colonial dependencies in that year. In the book of the Club it

regularly appears as follows:

* * * * *

CODE OF ETHICS

OF THE

CAMP-FIRE CLUB OF AMERICA

_Proposed by Wm. T. Hornaday and adopted December 10, 1908_

1. The wild animal life of to-day is not ours, to do with as we

please. The original stock is given to us _in trust_, for the

benefit both of the present and the future. We must render an

accounting of this trust to those who come after us.

2. Judging from the rate at which the wild creatures of North

America are now being destroyed, fifty years hence there will be no

large game left in the United States nor in Canada, outside of

rigidly protected game preserves. It is therefore the duty of every

good citizen to promote the protection of forests and wild life and

the creation of game preserves, while a supply of game remains.

Every man who finds pleasure in hunting or fishing should be willing

to spend both time and money in active work for the protection of

forests, fish and game.

3. The sale of game is incompatible with the perpetual preservation

of a proper stock of game; therefore it should be prohibited by laws

and by public sentiment.

4. In the settled and civilized regions of North America there is no

real _necessity_ for the consumption of wild game as human food: nor

is there any good excuse for the sale of game for food purposes. The

maintenance of hired laborers on wild game should be prohibited

everywhere, under severe penalties.

5. An Indian has no more right to kill wild game, or to subsist upon

it all the year round, than any white man in the same locality. The

Indian has no inherent or God-given ownership of the game of North

America, anymore than of its mineral resources; and he should be

governed by the same game laws as white men.

6. No man can be a good citizen and also be a slaughterer of game or

fishes beyond the narrow limits compatible with high-class

sportsmanship.

7. A game-butcher or a market-hunter is an undesirable citizen, and

should be treated as such.

8. The highest purpose which the killing of wild game and game

fishes can hereafter be made to serve is in furnishing objects to

overworked men for tramping and camping trips in the wilds; and the

value of wild game as human food should no longer be regarded as an

important factor in its pursuit.

9. If rightly conserved, wild game constitutes a valuable asset to

any country which possesses it; and it is good statesmanship to

protect it.

10. An ideal hunting trip consists of a good comrade, fine country,

and a _very few_ trophies per hunter.

11. In an ideal hunting trip, the death of the game is only an

incident; and by no means is it really necessary to a successful

outing.

12. The best hunter is the man who finds the most game, kills the

least, and leaves behind him no wounded animals.

13. The killing of an animal means the end of its most interesting

period. When the country is fine, pursuit is more interesting than

possession.

14. The killing of a female hoofed animal, save for special

preservation, is to be regarded as incompatible with the highest

sportsmanship; and it should everywhere be prohibited by stringent

laws.

15. A particularly fine photograph of a large wild animal in its

haunts is entitled to more credit than the dead trophy of a similar

animal. An animal that has been photographed never should be killed,

unless previously wounded in the chase.

This platform has been adopted as a code of ethics by the following

organizations, besides the Camp-Fire Club of America:

The Lewis and Clark Club, of Pittsburgh, John M. Phillips, President.

The North American Fish and Game Protective Association (International)

Massachusetts Fish and Game Protective Association, Boston.

Camp-Fire Club of Michigan, Detroit.

Rod and Gun Club, Sheridan County, Wyoming.

The platform has been endorsed and published by The Society for the

Preservation of the Wild Fauna of the British Empire (London), which is

an endorsement of far-reaching importance.

Major J. Stevenson-Hamilton, C.M.Z.S., Warden of the Government Game

Reserves of the Transvaal, South Africa, has adopted the platform and

given it the most effective endorsement that it has received from any

single individual. In his great work on game protection in Africa and

wild-animal lore, entitled "Animal Life in Africa" (and "very highly

commended" by the Committee on Literary Honors of the Camp-Fire Club),

he publishes the entire platform, with a depth and cordiality of

endorsement that is bound to warm the heart of every man who believes in

the principles laid down in that document. He says, "It should be

printed on the back of every license that is issued for hunting in

Africa."

I am profoundly impressed by the fact that it is high time for sportsmen

all over the world to take to heart the vital necessity of adopting high

and clearly defined codes of ethics, to suit the needs of the present

hour. The days of game abundance, and the careless treatment of wild

life have gone by, never to return.

* * * * *

CHAPTER XLIII

THE DUTY OF AMERICAN ZOOLOGISTS AND EDUCATORS TO AMERICAN WILD LIFE

The publication of this chapter will hardly be regarded as a bid for

fame, or even popularity, on the part of the author. However, the

subject can not be ignored simply because it is disagreeable.

Throughout sixty years, to go no further back, the people of America

have been witnessing the strange spectacle of American zoologists, as a

mass, so intent upon the academic study of our continental fauna that

they seem not to have cared a continental about the destruction of that

fauna.

During that tragic period twelve species of North American birds have

been totally exterminated, twenty-three are almost exterminated, and the

mammals have fared very badly.

If "by their works ye shall know them," then no man can say that the men

referred to have been conspicuous on the firing line in defense of

assaulted wild life. In their hearts, we know that in an academic way

the naturalists of America do care about wild-life slaughter, and the

extermination of species; and we also know that perhaps fifty American

zoologists have at times taken an active and serious interest in

protection work.

I am speaking now of the general body of museum directors and curators;

professors and teachers of zoology in our institutions of learning--a

legion in themselves; teachers of nature study in our secondary schools;

investigators and specialists in state and government service; the

taxidermists and osteologists; and the array of literary people who,

like all the foregoing, _make their bread and butter out of the

exploitation of wild life_.

Taken as a whole, the people named above constitute a grand army of at

least five thousand trained, educated, resourceful and influential

persons. They all _depend upon wild life for their livelihood_. When

they talk about living things, the public listens with respectful

attention. Their knowledge of the value of wild life would be worth

something to our cause; but thus far it never has been capitalized!

These people are hard workers; and when they mark out definite courses

and attainable goals, they know how to get results. Yet what do we see?

For sixty long years, with the exception of the work of a corporal's

guard of their number, this grand army has remained in camp, partly

neglecting and partly refusing to move upon the works of the enemy. For

sixty years, with the exception of the non-game-bird law, as a class and

a mass they have left to the sportsmen of the country the dictating of

laws for the protection of all the game birds, the mammals and the game

fishes. When we stop to consider that the game birds alone embrace _154

very important species_, the appalling extent to which the zoologist has

abdicated in favor of the sportsman becomes apparent.

It is a very great mistake, and a wrong besides, for the zoologists of

the country to abandon the game birds, mammals and fishes of North

America to the sportsmen, to do with as they please! Yet that is

practically what has been done.

The time was, thirty or forty years ago, when wild life was so abundant

that we did not need to worry about its preservation. That was the

golden era of study and investigation. That era ended definitely in

1884, with the practical extermination of the wild American bison,

partly through the shameful greed and partly through the neglect of the

American people. We are now living _in the middle of the period of

Extermination!_ The questions for every American zoologist and every

sportsman to answer now are: Shall the slaughter of species go on to a

quick end of the period? Shall we give posterity a birdless, gameless,

fishless continent, or not? Shall we have close seasons, all over the

country, for five or ten years, or for five hundred years?

If we are courageous, we will brace up and answer these questions now,

like men. If we are faint-hearted, and eager for peace at any price,

then we will sidestep the ugly situation until the destroyers have

settled it for us by the wholesale extermination of species.

If the zoologist cares to know, then I will tell him that to-day the

wild life of the world _can_ be saved by law, but _not by sentiment

alone!_ You cannot "educate" a poacher, a game-hog, a market-gunner, a

milliner or a vain and foolish woman of fashion. All these must be

curbed and controlled _by law_. Game refuges alone will not save the

wild life! _All_ species of birds, mammals and game fishes of North

America must have more thorough and far-reaching protection than they

now have.

Do not always take your cue from the sportsmen, especially regarding the

enactment of long close seasons! If you need good advice, or help about

drafting a bill, write to Dr. T.S. Palmer, Department of Agriculture,

Washington, and you will receive prompt and valuable assistance. The

Doctor is a wise man, and there is nothing about protective laws that is

unknown to him. Go to _your_ state senator and _your_ assemblyman with

the bills that you know should be enacted into law, and assure them that

those measures are necessary for the wild life, and beneficial to 98 per

cent of the people _who own the wild life_. You will be heard with

respectful attention, in any law-making body that you choose to enter.

People who cannot give time and labor must supply you with money for

your campaigns. _Ask_, and you will receive! I have proven this many

times. With care and exactness account to your subscribers for the

expenditure of all money placed in your hands, and you will receive

continuous support.

In times of great stress, print circulars and leaflets by the

ten-thousand, and get them into the hands of the People, calling for

_their_ help. Our 42,000 copies of the "Wild Life Call" (sixteen pages)

were distributed by organizations all over the state of New York, and

along with Mr. Andrew D. Meloy's letters to the members of the New York

State League, aroused such a tidal wave of public sentiment against the

sale of game that the Bayne bill was finally swept through the

Legislature with only one dissenting vote! And yet, in the beginning not

one man dared to hope that that very revolutionary measure could by any

possibility be passed in its first year in New York State, even if it

ever could be!

It was the aroused Public that did it!

This volume has been written (under great pressure) in order to put the

whole situation before the people of America, including the zoologists,

and to give them some definite information, state by state, regarding

the needs of the hour. Look at the needs of your own state, in the "Roll

Call of States," and you will find work for your hand to do. Clear your

conscience by taking hold now, to do everything that you can to stop the

carnage and preserve the remnant. Twenty-five or fifty years hence, if

we have a birdless and gameless continent, let it not be said that the

zoologists of America helped to bring it about by wicked apathy.

At this juncture, a brief survey of the attitude toward wild life of

certain American institutions of national reputation will be decidedly

pertinent. I shall mention only a few of the many that through their

character and position owe specific duties to this cause. _Noblesse

oblige_!

* * * * *

The Biological Survey of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is a

splendid center of activity and initiative in the preservation of our

wild life. The work of Dr. T.S. Palmer has already been spoken of, and

thanks to his efforts and direction, the Survey has become the

recognized special champion of preservation in America.

The U.S. Forestry Bureau is developing into a very valuable ally, and we

confidently look forward to the time when its influence in preservation

will be a hundred times more potent than it is to-day. _That will be

when every national forest is made a game preserve, and every forest

ranger is made a game warden_. Let us have both those developments, and

quickly.

In 1896 the AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY became a center of

activity in bird protection, and the headquarters of the New York State

Audubon Society. The president of the Museum (Professor Henry Fairfield

Osborn) is also the president of that organization.

In several of the New York State movements for bird conservation,

especially those bearing on the plumage law, the American Museum has

been active, and at times conspicuous. No one (so I believe) ever

appealed to the President of the Museum for help on the firing line

without receiving help of some kind. Unfortunately, however, the

preservation of wild life is not one of the declared objects of the

American Museum corporation, or one on which its officers may spend

money, as is so freely and even joyously done by the Zoological Society.

The Museum's influence has been exerted chiefly through the active

workers of the State Audubon Society, and it was as president of that

body that Professor Osborn subscribed to the fund that was so largely

instrumental in creating the New York law against the sale of game.

There is room for an important improvement in the declared objects of

the American Museum. To the cause of protection it is a distinct loss

that that great and powerful institution should be unable to spend any

money in promoting the preservation of our fauna from annihilation. An

amendment to its constitution is earnestly recommended.

The activities of the NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY began in 1896, and

they do not require comment here. They have been continuous, aggressive

and far-reaching, and they have been supported by thousands of dollars

from the Society's treasury. It is true that the funds available for

protection work have not represented a great annual sum, such as the

work demands, but the amount being expended from year to year is

steadily increasing. In serious emergencies there is _always something

available_! During the past two years, to relieve the Society of a

portion of this particular burden, the director of the Park secured

several large subscriptions from persons outside the Society, who

previously had never entered into this work.

The MILWAUKEE PUBLIC MUSEUM has entered actively and effectively into

the fight to preserve the birds of Wisconsin from annihilation by the

saloon-loafer element that three years ago determined to repeal the best

bird laws on the books, and throw the shooting privilege wide open. Mr.

Henry L. Ward, Director of the Museum, went to the firing line, and

remained there. Last year the saloon element thought that they had a

large majority of the votes in the legislature pledged to vote their

way. It looked like it; but when the decent people again rose and

demanded justice for the birds, the members of the legislature stood by

them in large majorities. The spring-shooting, bag-limit and

hunting-license laws were _not_ repealed.

THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS (Lawrence) scored heavily for the cause of

wild-life protection when in 1908 it gave to the Governor of the state

the services of a member of its faculty, Professor Lewis Lindsay Dyche,

who was wanted to fill the position of State Fish and Game Commissioner.

Professor Dyche proved to be a very live wire, and his activities have

covered the State of Kansas to its farthest corners. We love him for the

host of enemies he has made--among the poachers, game-butchers,

pseudo-"sportsmen" and lawbreakers generally. The men who thought they

had the "pull" of friendship for lawbreaking were first warned, and then

as second offenders hauled up to the bar, one and all. The more the

destroyers try to hound the Commissioner, the more popular is he with

the great, solid mass of good citizens who believe in the saving of wild

life.

THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY has at last made a beginning in the

field of protection. Last winter, while the great battle raged over the

Wharton no-sale-of-game bill, several members of the Museum staff

appeared at the hearings and otherwise worked for the success of the

measure. It was most timely aid,--and very much needed. It is to be

hoped that that auspicious beginning will be continued from year to

year. The Museum should keep at least one good fighter constantly in the

field.

THE BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY takes a very active part in

promoting the preservation of the fauna of Massachusetts, and in

resisting the attempts of the destroyers to repeal the excellent laws

now in force. Its members put forth vigorous efforts in the great

campaign of 1912.

THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES is well represented in the

field of protection by Director Franklin W. Hooper, now president of the

American Bison Society, and an earnest promoter of the perpetuation of

the bison. When, the Wind Cave National Bison Herd is fully established,

in South Dakota, as it practically _is already_, the chief credit for

that coup will be due to the unflagging energy and persistence of

Professor Hooper.

THE BUFFALO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES in 1911 entered actively and

effectively, under the leadership of Dr. Lee H. Smith, into the campaign

for the Bayne bill. Besides splendid service rendered in western New

York, Dr. Smith appeared in Albany with a strong delegation in support

of the bill.

THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA was the first institution of learning to

enter the field of wild-life protection for active, aggressive and

permanent work. W.L. Taylor and Joseph Grinnell, of the University

Museum, have taken up the fight to save the fauna of California from the

dangers that now threaten it.

At this point our enumeration of the activities of American zoological

institutions comes to an unfortunate end. There are many individuals to

be named elsewhere, in the roll of honor, but that is another story. I

am now going to set before the public the names of certain institutions

largely devoted to zoology and permeated by zoologists, which thus far

seem to have entirely ignored the needs of our fauna, and which so far

we know have contributed neither men, money nor encouragement to the

Army of the Defense.

* * * * *

PARTIAL LIST OF INSTITUTIONS OWING SERVICE TO WILD LIFE.

_The United States National Museum_ contains a large and expensive corps

of zoological curators and assistant curators, some of whom long ago

should have taken upon themselves the task of reforming the laws of the

District of Columbia, Virginia and Maryland, at their very doors! This

museum should maintain at least one man in the field of protection, and

the existence of the Biological Survey is no excuse for the Museum's

inactivity.

_The Field Museum_ of Chicago is a great institution, but it appears to

be inactive in wild-life protection, and indifferent to the fate of our

wild life. Its influence is greatly needed on the firing line,

especially in Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa and northern Minnesota. First of

all the odious sale-of-game situation in Chicago should be cleaned up!

_The Philadelphia Academy of Sciences_ has been represented on the

A.O.U. Committee on Bird Protection by Mr. Witmer Stone. The time has

come when this Academy should be represented on the firing line as a

virile, wide-awake, self-sacrificing and aggressive force. It is perhaps

the oldest zoological body in the United States! Its scientific standing

is unquestioned. Its members _must_ know of the carnage that is going on

around them, for they are not ignorant men. The Pennsylvania State Game

Commission to-day stands in urgent need of active, vigorous and

persistent assistance from the Philadelphia Academy in the fierce

campaign already in progress for additional protective laws. Will that

help be given?

_The Carnegie Institute_ of Washington (endowment $22,000,000)

unquestionably owes a great duty toward wild life, no portion of which

has yet been discharged. Academic research work is all very well, but it

does not save faunas from annihilation. In the saving of the birds and

mammals of North America a hundred million people are directly

interested, and the cause is starving for money, men and publicity.

Education is not the ONLY duty of educators!

_The Carnegie Museum_ at Pittsburgh should be provided by Pittsburgh

with sufficient funds that its Director can put a good man into the

field of protection, and maintain his activities. The State of

Pennsylvania, and the nation at large, needs such a worker at

Pittsburgh; and this statement is not open to argument!

The California Academy of Sciences; |

The Chicago Academy of Sciences; | Appear to have done nothing

The New York Academy of Sciences; | noteworthy in promoting

The National Academy of Sciences; | the preservation and increase

The Rochester Academy of Sciences; | of the wild life of America.

The Philadelphia Zoological Society; |

The National Zoological Park; |

* * * * *

A FEW OF THE INSTITUTIONS OF LEARNING WHICH SHOULD EACH DEVOTE ONE MAN

TO THIS CAUSE.

_Columbia University_, of New York, has a very large and strong corps of

zoological professors in its Department of Biology. No living organism

is too small or too worthless to be studied by high-grade men; but does

any man of Columbia ever raise his voice, actively and determinedly, for

the preservation of our fauna, or any other fauna? Columbia should give

the services of one man wholly to this cause.

There are men whose zoological ideals soar so high that they can not see

the slaughter of wild creatures that is so furiously proceeding on the

surface of this blood-stained earth. We don't want to hear about the

"behavior" of protozoans while our best song birds are being

exterminated by negroes and poor whites.

_Cornell University_ should now awaken to the new situation. All the

zoological Neros should not fiddle while Rome burns. For the sake of

consistency, Cornell should devote the services of at least one member

of its large and able faculty to the cause of wild-life protection.

Cornell was a pioneer in forestry teaching; and why should she not lead

off now in the new field?

_Yale University_, in Professor James W. Toumey, Director of the School

of Forestry, possesses a natural, ready-made protector of wild life.

From forestry to wild life is an easy step. We hopefully look forward to

the development of Professor Toumey into a militant protectionist,

fighting for the helpless creatures that _must_ be protected by man _or

perish_! If Yale is willing to set a new pace for the world's great

universities, she has the Man ready at hand.

_The University of Chicago_ should become the center of a great new

protectionist movement which should cover the whole Middle West area,

from the plains to Pittsburgh. This is the inflexible, logical necessity

of the hour. _Either protect zoology, or else for very shame give up

teaching it_!

_Every higher institution of learning in America now has a duty in this

matter_. Times have changed. Things are not as they were thirty years

ago. To allow a great and valuable wild fauna to be destroyed and wasted

is a crime, against both the present and the future. If we mean to be

good citizens we cannot shirk the duty to conserve. We are trustees of

the inheritance of future generations, and we have no right to squander

that inheritance. If we fail of our plain duty, the scorn of future

generations surely will be our portion.

* * * * *

CHAPTER XLIV

THE GREATEST NEEDS OF THE WILD-LIFE CAUSE AND THE DUTY OF THE HOUR

The fate of wild life in North America hangs to-day by three very

slender threads, the names of which you will hardly guess unaided. They

are Labor, Money and Publicity! The threads are slender because there is

so little raw material in them.

We do not need money with which to "buy votes" or "influence," but money

with which to pay workers; to publish things to arouse the American

people; to sting sportsmen into action; to hire wardens; to prosecute

game-hogs and buy refuges for wild life. If a sufficient amount of money

for these purposes cannot be procured, then as sure as the earth

continues to revolve, our wild life will pass away, forever.

This is no cause for surprise, or wonder. In this twentieth century

money is essential to every great enterprise, whether it be for virtue

or mischief. The enemies of wild life, and the people who support them,

are very powerful. The man whose pocket or whose personal privilege is

threatened by new legislation is prompted by business reasons to work

against you, and spend money in protecting his interests.

Now, it happens that the men of ordinary means who have nothing personal

at stake in the preservation of wild life save sentimental

considerations, cannot afford to leave their business more than three or

four days each year on protection affairs. Yet many times services are

demanded for many days, or even weeks together, in order to accomplish

results. Bad repeal bills must be fought until they are dead; and good

protective bills must be supported until the breath of life is breathed

into them by the executive signature.

With money in hand, good men aways can be found who will work in game

protection for about one-half what they would demand in other pursuits.

With the men _whom, you really desire_, sentiment is always a

controlling factor. It is my inflexible rule, however, in asking for

services, that men who give valuable time and strength to the cause

shall not be allowed to take their expense money from their own pockets.

Soldiers on the firing line _cannot_ provide the sinews of war that come

from the paymaster's chest!

Campaigns of publicity are matters of tremendous necessity and

importance; but their successful promotion requires hundreds, or

possibly thousands of dollars, for each state that is covered.

I believe that the wealthy men and women of America are the most liberal

givers for the benefit of humanity that can be found in all the world.

New York especially contains a great number of men who year in and year

out work hard for money--in order to give it away! The depth and breadth

of the philanthropic spirit in New York City is to me the most

surprising of all the strange impulses that sway the inhabitants of that

seething mass of mixed humanity. Every imaginable cause for the benefit

of mankind,--save one,--has received, and still is receiving, millions

of gift dollars.

Some enterprises for the transcendant education of the people are at

this moment hopelessly wallowing in the excess of wealth that has been

thrust upon them. Men are being hired at high salaries to help spend

wealth in high, higher, highest education and research. It is now

fashionable to bequeath millions to certain causes that do not need them

in the least! In education there is a mad scramble to educate every

young man to the topmost notch, often far above his probable station in

life, and into tastes and wants far beyond his powers to maintain.

In all this, however, there would be no cause for regret if the wild

life of our continent were not in such a grievous state. If we felt no

conscience burden for those who come after us, we would not care where

the millions go; but since things are as they are, it is heartbreaking

to see the cause of wild-life protection actually starving, or at the

best subsisting only on financial husks and crumbs, while less important

causes literally flounder in surplus wealth.

This regret is intensified by the knowledge that _in no other cause for

the conservation of the resources most valuable to mankind will a dollar

go so far, or bring back such good results, as in the preservation of

wild life!_ The promotion of "the Bayne bill" and the enactment of the

Bayne law is a fair example. That law is to-day on the statute books of

the State of New York because fifty men and women promptly subscribed

$5,000 to a fund formed with special reference to the expenses of the

campaign for that measure; and the uplift of that victory will be felt

for years to come, just as it already has been in Massachusetts.

At one time I was tempted to show the financial skeleton in the closet

of wild-life protection, by inserting here a statement of the funds

available to be expended by all the New York organizations during the

campaign year of 1911-1912. But I cannot do it. The showing is too

painful, too humiliating. From it our enemies would derive too much

comfort.

Even in New York State, in view of the great interests at stake, the

showing is pitiful. But what shall we say of Massachusetts,

Pennsylvania, Connecticut, New Jersey, and a dozen other states where

the situation is much worse? In the winter of 1912 a cry for help came

to us from a neighboring state, where a terrific fight was being made by

the forces of destruction against all reform measures, and in behalf of

retrogression on spring shooting. The appeal said: "The situation in our

legislature is the worst that it has been in years. Our enemies are very

strong, well organized, and they fight us at every step. We have _no

funds_, and we are expected to make bricks without straw! Is there not

_something_ that you can do to help us?"

There was!

Only one week previously, a good friend (who declines to be named) gave

us _two thousand dollars_, of real money, for just such emergencies.

Within thirty-six hours an entirely new fighting force had been

organized and equipped for service. Within one week, those

reinforcements had made a profound impression on the defenses of the

enemy, and in the end the great fight was won. Of our small campaign

fund it took away over one thousand dollars; but the victory was worth

it.

With money enough,--a reasonable sum,--the birds of North America, and

some of the small-mammal species also, can be saved. The big game that

is hunted and killed outside the game preserves, and outside of such

places as New Brunswick and the Adirondacks, can _not_ be saved--until

_each species_ is given perpetual protection. Colorado is saving a small

remnant of her mountain sheep, but Montana and Wyoming are wasting

theirs, because they allow killing, and the killers are ten times too

numerous for the sheep. They imagine that by permitting only the killing

of rams they are saving the species; but that is an absolute fallacy,

and soon it will have a fatal ending.

With an endowment fund of $2,000,000 (only double the price of the two

old Velasquez paintings purchased recently by a gentleman of New York!)

a very good remnant of the wild life of North America could be saved.

But who will give the fund, or even a quarter of it?

Thus far, the largest sums ever given in America for the cause of

wild-life protection, so far as I know personally, have been the

following:

Albert Wilcox, to the National Association of Audubon Societies, $322,000

Mary Butcher Fund, to the National Association of Audubon

Societies 12,000

Mrs. Russell Sage, for the purchase of Marsh Island 150,000

American Game Protective and Propagation Association, from

the manufacturers of firearms and ammunition, annually 25,000

Charles Willis Ward and E.A. McIlhenny, purchase of game

preserve presented to Louisiana 39,000

Mrs. Russell Sage, miscellaneous gifts to the National Audubon

Society 20,000

The American Bison Society for the Montana National Herd 10,526

New York Zoological Society, total about 20,000

John E. Thayer, purchase of game preserve 5,000

Caroline Phelps Stokes Bird Fund, N.Y. Zoological Society 5,000

Boone and Crockett Fund for Preservation 5,000

A Friend in Rochester 2,500

Henry C. Frick 1,500

Samuel Thorne 1,250

Of all the above, the only endowment funds yielding an annual income are

those of the National Association of Audubon Societies and the Caroline

Phelps Stokes fund of $5,000 in the treasury of the Zoological Society.

A fund of $25,000 per year for five years has been guaranteed by the

makers of shot-guns, rifles and ammunition, to the American Game

Protective and Propagation Association. This is like a limited

endowment.

In the civilized world there are citizens of many kinds; but all of them

can be placed in two groups: (1) those with a sense of duty toward

mankind, and who will do their duty as good citizens; and (2) those who

from the cradle to the grave meanly and sordidly study their own selfish

interests, who never do aught save in expectation of a quick return

benefit, and who recognize no such thing as duty toward mankind at

large.

Men and women of the first class are honored in life, mourned when dead,

and gratefully remembered by posterity. They leave the world better than

they found it, and their lives have been successful.

Men and women of the second class are merely so many pieces of animated

furniture; and when they pass out the world cares no more than when old

chairs are thrown upon the scrap-heap.

There are many men so selfish, so ignorant and mean of soul that even

out of well-filled purses they would not give ten dollars to save the

whole bird fauna of North America from annihilation. To all persons of

that brand, it is useless to appeal. As soon as you find one, waste no

time upon him. Get out of his neighborhood as quickly as you can, and

look for help among real MEN.

The wild life of the world cannot be saved by a few persons, even though

they work their hearts out in the effort. The cause needs two million

more helpers; and they must be sought in Group No. 1. They are living,

somewhere; but the great trouble is to find them, _before it is too

late_.

There are times and causes in which the good citizen has no option but

to render service. The most important of such causes are: the relief of

suffering humanity, the conservation of the resources of nature, and the

prevention of vandalism. If the American Nation had refused aid to

stricken San Francisco, the callous hard-heartedness of it would have

shocked the world. If the German army of 1871 had destroyed the art

treasures and the libraries of Paris, it would have set the German

nation back ten centuries, into the ranks of the lowest barbarians.

And yet, in America, and in the regions now being scourged by the

feather trade, a wonderful FAUNA is being destroyed! It took _millions

of years_ to develop that marvelous array of wild life; and when gone

_it never can be replaced_! Yet the Army of Destruction is sweeping it

away as joyously as a hired laborer cuts down a field of corn.

That wild life _can_ be saved! If done, it must be done by the men and

women of Group No. 1. The means by which it can be saved are: _Money,

labor_ and _publicity. Every man of_ ordinary means and intelligence can

contribute either money or labor. The men on the firing line must not be

expected to furnish their own food and ammunition. The Workers MUST be

provided with the money that active campaign work imperatively demands!

Those who cannot conveniently or successfully labor should give money

to this cause; but at the same time, every good citizen should keep in

touch with his lawmaking representatives, and in times of need ask for

votes for whatever new laws are necessary.

With money enough to arouse the American people in certain ways, the

wild life of North America (north of Mexico) can be saved. _Money_ can

secure labor and publicity, and the People will do the rest. For this

campaign work I want, _and must have_, a permanent fund of $10,000 per

annum,--cash always ready for every emergency in field work. I greatly

need, _and must have, immediately_, an endowment Wild-Life Fund of at

least $100,000, and eventually $250,000. I can no longer "pass the hat"

each year. This is needed in addition to the several thousands of

dollars annually being expended by the Zoological Society in this work.

The Society is already doing its utmost in wild-life protection, just as

it is in several other fields of activity.

Outside of New York many wealthy men will say, "Let New York do it!"

That often is the way when national campaigning is to be done. In

_national_ wild-life protection work, New York is to-day bearing about

nine-tenths of the burden. It is my belief that in 1912 outside of New

York City less than $10,000 was raised and expended in wild-life

protection save by state and national appropriations. We know that in

the year mentioned New York expended $221,000 in this cause, all from

private sources.

In a very short time I shall call for the $100,000 that I now must have

as an endowment fund for nation-wide work, to be placed at 5-1/2 per

cent interest for the $5,500 annual income that it will yield. How much

of this will come from outside the State of New York? Some of it, I am

sure, will come from Massachusetts and Pennsylvania; but will any of it

come from Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago, St. Louis and San Francisco?

* * * * *

THE DUTY OF THE HOUR

I have now said my say in behalf of wild life. Surely the path of duty

toward the remnant of wild life is plain enough. Will those who read

this book pass along my message that the hour for a revolution has

struck? Will the millions of men commanded by General Apathy now arouse,

before it is too late to act?

Will the true sportsmen rise up, and do their duty, bravely and

unselfishly?

Will the people with wealth to give away do their duty toward wild life

and humanity, fairly and generously?

Will the zoologists awake, leave their tables in their stone palaces of

peace, and come out to the firing-line?

Will the lawmakers heed the handwriting on the wall, and make laws that

represent the full discharge of their duty toward wild life and

humanity?

Will the editors beat the alarm-gong, early and late, in season and out

of season, until the people awake?

On the answers to these questions hang the fate of the wild creatures of

the world,--their preservation or their extermination.

* * * * *

INDEX

Abundance of wild life.

Accuracy, value of, in campaigning.

Acklen, J.H.

Actinomycosis.

Adams, Cyrus C., on the lion.

Adirondack State Park.

Adjutant.

Africa,

big game of

game preserves in

rinderpest in

"soon to be shot out".

African big game disappearing.

African game that needs exemption.

Agriculture, Department of.

Aigrette.

Akeley, C.E.

Alabama,

deer killed in

laws of.

Alabama Game Commissioner.

Alaska,

brown bears of

new laws needed in

game of

Sitka National Monument in.

Alaska--Yukon region.

_Albatross_, steamer, seals taken by.

Albatrosses, Laysan.

Alberta,

at fault on antelope-shooting

laws of parks of.

Alden, M.P., Percy.

Algonquin National Park.

Aliens,

game wardens killed by

prohibited from owning firearms

slaughter of song-birds by.

Altai Mountains of western China.

American Bison Society.

American Game Protective and Propagation Association.

"American Natural History" on hawks and owls.

American, North, Fish and Game Protective Association.

American private game preserves.

Amsterdam.

Animallai Hills to-day and in 1877.

"Animal Life in Africa," on status of settlers.

Animals,

predatory

caught by cats

wild, may become nuisances.

Antelope,

prong-horned

attempts to transplant

in Alberta

in Montana

in Nevada

in Texas

in Wyoming

lumpy jaw in

physical weakness of

present status of

preserve in Montana

wrong to kill.

Anthony bill for migratory birds.

Antelopes, African, for the South.

Aphis devouring potato-tops.

Apple crop, losses on.

Aquarium, West Indian seals in.

Areas inhabited by big game.

Argali, Siberian.

Arizona

new laws needed in

national monuments in.

Arizona elk exterminated.

Arkansas

new laws needed in.

Army of Defense.

Army of Destruction.

Army worm.

Arnold, Craig D.

Ashe, T.J.

Asia, future of big game of.

Asiatic game that should be close-seasoned.

Askins, Charles, article in _Recreation_ by.

Association in Pennsylvania fighting Game Commission.

Association, Wool-Growers, fighting antelope preserve.

Astley, Hubert D.

Atkinson, George.

_Atlanta Journal_.

Audubon Societies, National Association of.

Auk, Great.

Austrians in Minnesota.

Australia,

animal pests in

game preserves in.

Automatic and pump shot-guns

campaign against, won in New Jersey

denounced by organizations

use of, prohibited by law.

Automobile, use of, in hunting forbidden.

Automobiles detrimental to wild life.

Avare, Game Warden Henry

Avery, Carlos

Avery Island, La., robin slaughter at

_Avicultural Magazine_

Avocet

+ + + + +

Bag insects

Bag limit,

in Africa;

a delusion,

Alberta,

British Columbia,

Manitoba,

Saskatchewan

Baird, Spencer F.

Baker, Frank

Bancroft, W.F.

Barber, Charles

Barren grounds of the Arctic regions

Baynard, Oscar E.

Bayne law

against sale of game in New York

bill,

breeding game under,

genesis of

Beal, F.E.L.

Bear,

black, in South Carolina

grizzly, ethics of hunting the,

almost gone from United States,

California grizzly

Bears,

Alaskan brown;

alleged damages by,

grizzly, bag limit demanded on,

in Yellowstone Park, estimated,

killed by Forestry Bureau,

of Yellowstone Park

Beard, Daniel C.,

cartoon by

on bird destruction

Beaver in New Brunswick

Bedford, Duke of, David's deer saved by,

Beebe, C. William;

chapter written by

Bell, Rudolph

Bell, W.B.

Berlin feather trade

Beyer, G.E.

Big Horn Game Preserve

Biological Survey;

on duck disease,

work of,

on wood-duck

Biology, Elementary, by Peabody and Hunt

Bird, Charles S.

Bird boxes distributed by J.M. Phillips

Bird Day in various states

Bird Refuges, National, full list of

Birds,

becoming extinct in North America;

feeding in winter,

killed by cats,

by dogs,

by foxes,

by mongoose,

by negroes,

by telephone wires,

by wild animals,

destruction of, in Far East,

extinct,

food habits of certain,

extinct in North America,

in distress,

killed in New York City,

list of, that devour codling moth,

threatened with extermination

Bird skins purchased in London

Bishop, Dr. Louis B.

Bison, American,

now living;

last of Colorado, killed,

Yellowstone Park,

wild, in Yellowstone Park,

value of

Bison herd, Wichita National

Bison ranges created

Bison ranges, National:

in United States,

in Canada

Bison Society, American

proposes National herd

Beaman, D.C.

Blackbird, Crow

Blackbirds,

destroy cotton-boll weevil

killed as "game"

Black-Snake, Pilot

Blair, Dr. W. Reid

Blaubok, extinct

Blauvelt, George A.

Blesbok in Cape Colony

Blinding decoy birds

Blooming Grove Park

Bluebirds killed by cold weather

Blue Mountain Forest Association

Bontebok in Cape Colony

Bob-White, food habits of

Boone and Crockett Club

Boston Society of Natural History

Bowdish, B.S.

Boxes for birds distributed

Boy Scouts of America, appeal to

Bradley, Guy M., killed by a plume-hunter

Brazil, birds' plumage from

Breeding,

ducks in captivity

game and fur in captivity

Breeding wild animals need seclusion

Brett, Lieut.-Col. L.M., animal census from

Brewster, William

Brimley, H.H. and C.S.

Bringing back

birds and game

vanishing species

British Columbia

game conditions in,

game preserves in

British East Africa, remarkable bag "limit" in

Bronx River, ducks killed by pollution of

Brooklyn Institute

Brooks, Earle A.

Brown, William Harvey, at Salisbury

Brown, William P.

Bryan, W.A.

Buckland, James

Buckskin Mountain

Buffalo Academy of Sciences

Buffalo in Cape Colony

Buffalo, American,

now living,

_see_ Bison.

Buffalo Park, Alberta

Bunting, Snow,

killed for food.

Burnham, John B.

portrait.

Burtch, Verdi.

Bustard being exterminated.

Butcher bird.

Butler, A.L.

Butler, Amos W.

+ + + + +

California,

grizzlies

new laws needed in

Academy of Sciences

National monuments of

State Game Preserve

University of.

Call, San Francisco.

Calliste, Superb.

Camp-Fire Club of America

code of ethics of.

Camp-Fire Club of Detroit.

Campion, C.

Camp laborers as game destroyers.

Canada

game laws and preserves in.

Cape Province, South Africa, big game in.

Carbonell, E.T.

Caribou

in Nova Scotia

in general, status of

killed for their tongues

Osborn

slaughtered and wasted, in Quebec.

Caribou disease.

Carleton, L.T.

Carnegie Institute of Washington.

Carrick, Penn., bird day at.

Cartridges, estimated annual production of.

Cat and its victim.

Cats, birds destroyed by.

Caterpillars eaten by shore-birds.

Caton, John Dean.

Cause, choice of a.

Cedar Bird, eaten as "game".

Cereals, losses on, from insects.

Corbin bison herd.

Chambers, Fred. W.

Chamois, slaughter of protected, in Switzerland.

Chapman, Arthur.

Charles, Salem D.

Cheney, Henry W.

Chicago Academy of Sciences.

Chicago

as a plague-spot for sale of game

devours Norway ptarmigan

University of

Chimpanzee.

China

barren of wild life

raked and scraped for ducks.

Chinch-bug.

Chinese now buyers of game.

Christian, L.T.

Cigarette beetle.

Cincinnati Zoological Gardens.

Clark, J.C.

Clark, W.A.

Claxton, Dr. P.P., on Tennessee robin slaughter.

Clergy, Italian, duty of.

Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co.

Close season law in New York.

Close season,

at discretion

long, needed.

Clubs opposed to automatic guns.

Coccidiosus, intestinal, in ducks.

Cock of the Rock.

Codling moth, birds that devour the.

Cold storage of game in New York.

Cold storage warehouses and steamers in China.

Collier's Weekly.

Colonist, Victoria.

Colorado

new laws needed in

game-breeding laws of

national monuments of

Comity between states, lack of.

Commission, New York Conservation.

Commissions, State Game.

Comparative Zoology, Museum of.

Condor, California.

Conference of Powers on African wild life.

Congo Free State.

Congress

acts of, for wild life

creates National Bison Range

creates National monuments

saves the starving elk.

Connaught National Park.

Connecticut

new laws needed in

protects wood-duck.

Conrad bison herd.

Conrad, Charles H.

Corbin, Austin

deer sold by.

Cormorant, Pallas.

Corn and hogs, and wild life protection.

Corn, losses on.

Corn-root worm.

Cornell University.

Cotton-boll weevil.

Cotton,

loss on

rise in price of, affects birds.

Cougars destroyed in British Columbia.

Country Life in America.

Cox, J.D.

Coyotes;

destroyed,

destroyed in British Columbia

Crandall, L.S., on breeding mallard duck,

Cranes in Alberta

Crane, Whooping

Crater Lake National Park

Crayfishes eaten by shore-birds

Credit for work done

Cree Indians

Crow, ducklings destroyed by

Crow, F.L., robins slaughtered by

Cruelty

of "aigrette" hunters

of albatross killers

Cuppy, W.B., deer raised by

Curculio

Curlew,

Eskimo

long-billed

Currituck County wild-fowl slaughter

Currituck Sound, N.C.

Cuthbert Rookery

Cut-worm

+ + + + +

Dakota, South, National monuments of

Dallas, Tex., disgraced by robin slaughter

Dalton and Young

Damages by deer in Vermont

David's deer

Davis, C.B., narrative of elk slaughter

Davis, Capt. M.B.

Deadfall traps in Burma

Deer,

accept protection

as a food supply,

cash value of,

caught in Hudson River,

damages to crops by,

danger from,

in New York City,

killed in Louisiana,

killed in Vermont since 1897,

pamphlet on raising,

possibilities in,

present status of,

slaughter in Montana,

value of,

black-tailed,

European red,

fallow,

Indian sambar,

red, of Europe,

white-tailed, breeding,

future of,

in Iowa,

killed in various states,

portrait of,

weights of, in Vermont

Defects in the protection of western big game

Defenders of wild life

Delaware

new laws needed in

Denmead, Talbott

Destroyers of wild life

Destruction, Army of

Detroit, Camp-Fire Club of

Dike, A.C., on cats

Dill, Homer R.

Dimock, Julian A.

Diseases, destruction of wild life by

District of Columbia, new laws needed in

Ditmars, Raymond L.

Dix, Governor John A.

Dodo

Dogs as destroyers of birds

Doves

killed and eaten as "game,"

killed 1909-10 in Louisiana

Dowitcher

Downham, C.F.

Downtrodden hunters and anglers

Duck disease

Duck,

Labrador

mallard, breeding of, in captivity

Duck breeder, ducks killed by

Duck Mountain Game Preserve

Duck-shooting preserves

Ducks,

accept protection

in distress from severe winter,

killed 1909-10 in Louisiana

Dutcher fund, Mary

Dutcher law against bird millinery

Dutcher, William;

denounces automatic guns

Duties of the hour

Duty

of nations, states and lawmakers

of zoologists

Dyche, Lewis Lindsay

+ + + + +

Eagle, golden,

destroys sheep and goats

in British Columbia

Eagles being exterminated

Ear-worm

Eastgate, Alfred

Eaton, Howard

Edgell, George S.

Egret,

American

colonies in Florida,

preserve of E.A. McIlhenny,

snowy

Egrets,

being exterminated

slaughter of, in Venezuela,

young, starving on nest,

Eland in Cape Colony

Elephant, Congo Pygmy

Elephant Seals taken by C.H. Townsend

Elk,

Arizona, now extinct

calves killed by pumas,

distribution of living,

easily bred in captivity,

fed in Jackson Hole,

of Yellowstone Park and Jackson Hole,

progressive extermination of,

saved by Congress in 1911,

Seton's map of former and existing ranges,

slaughter on Buffalo Flats, Mont.

supply of elk wasted

Elk Island Park

Elk River Game Preserve, B.C.

Elm beetles

Elrod, Morton J.

Emeu

Engel, C.M., on the lion

Epicure and quail

Espeut, W.B.

Estes Park

Ethics of sportsmanship

Eaton's "Birds of New York,"

Evans, Game Commissioner Kelly

Ewbank, E.L.

Exempt species, lists of proposed

Extermination,

African animals in line for

birds threatened with,

defined,

of big game,

of birds for women's hats,

of birds of paradise,

of species, by states,

Extinct species of North American birds

+ + + + +

Falcon, perigrine

Fallow deer; introduced in Lambay

Farmers, supineness of

Farming, fox

Feather sales in London

Federal migratory bird law needed

Felton, W.R.

"Fence" for sale of stolen game, in Washington

Ferry, John F.

Fever tick eaten by plovers

Field, George W.

Field, The American

Field and Stream

Figgis & Co.

Fines, schedule of suitable

Finley, W.L.

Firearms,

owned by natives in India

unfair

Fisher, Walter K.

Flamingo, American

Fleming, James W.

Flies eaten by quail

Florida

deer killed in,

new laws needed in

Flycatchers

destroy boll weevil

Foes of wild life

Food for winter birds

Food habits of certain birds

Food supply of deer, possible

Forbes, Professor

Forbush, E.H.

on heath hen,

quotation from,

on the Sunday gun,

on upland plover,

portrait of

Forest and Stream

Forestry Bureau, United States

on predatory animals

Forests,

losses on

National, should be game preserves,

of the Far East,

preservation of National,

Fox, black or "silver"

Fox pest in Australia

Fox skins sold in London

Foxes as bird destroyers

Fruit, losses on

France,

bird plumage trade in

song birds sold for food in,

Frazer River Game Preserve

Frick, Henry C.

Fullerton, Samuel

Fund, wild life endowment

Funk Island

Fur-bearing mammals killed in Louisiana

Fur News Magazine

Furs, degradation of fashions in

Fur Seal

Furs sold in London

+ + + + +

Game,

and agriculture

as a state asset,

belongs to the People,

big, of North America,

bill, how to draw a,

birds, as a mass,

in Yellowstone Park,

in Glacier Park,

killed in Louisiana,

law, how to make a new,

market value of,

dead game in New York,

of Africa, absurd bag limit on,

preserves, map of national,

slaughter with automatic guns

"Game Birds, Wild Fowl and Shore Birds,"

Game-hog;

not easily educated

Game preserve, _see_ Preserve.

"Garceros,"

Gardiner, Montana;

antelope attacked in,

Gaspesian F.F. and G. Preserve

Geay, F.

Geer vs. Connecticut, decision in Supreme Court

Geese,

killed 1909-10 in Louisiana

slaughter of, by automatic guns

Gemsbok in Cape Colony

Georgia;

deer killed in,

new laws needed in

Gerard, W.W.

Gerhardt, Fred.

German Carp

Gibb, Walter S.

Glacier Park, Alberta;

game in,

Glenn County Club, record slaughter at.

Globe, New York.

Globe-Democrat, St. Louis.

Goat, White Mountain, present status of.

Goats,

in Glacier Park

killed for food

mountain, killed by eagles.

Goding, Edward N.

Godwit

Hudsonian.

Goeldi, E.A.

Goodnight, Charles.

Gorilla.

Goshawk.

Grand Canyon Game Preserve.

Grant, General, National Park.

Grant, Madison

portrait of

game laws proposed by.

Grasshoppers eaten

by quail

by shore-birds.

Gray, J.C., protector of ducks.

Grinnell, G.B.

Grinnell, Joseph, on California condor.

Grisol, Mayeul.

Grizzly, California,

almost extinct

punishing an impudent

silver-tip, in British Columbia.

Grosbeak.

Grouse becoming extinct in

California

Idaho

Montana

North Dakota

Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming.

Grouse, Canada.

Grouse, pinnated, diminishing in

Manitoba

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Missouri

North Dakota

Oklahoma

increasing in Manitoba

shot in Kansas.

Grouse, Prairie Sharp-Tailed.

Grouse, Ruffed, illegally shipped.

Grouse, Sage

in California

Idaho

becoming extinct in Montana.

Guadaloupe Island, elephant seals on.

Guanaco in Patagonia.

Guerrillas of destruction.

Guessaz, O.L.

Gulls,

slaughtered on Laysan Island

and terns saved by Audubon Societies.

Gunners,

two, of Kansas City

who kill to the limit

will not give up shooting "rights".

Guns, automatic or machine

bill to prohibit use of

increase in deadliness of

four machine

statistics of

swivel and punt, suppressed.

Gurkha soldiers destroying game.

Gypsy Moth

cost of fighting.

+ + + + +

Hagenbeck, Carl

agent for.

Hale & Sons.

Halifax, Curator of Museum at.

Hankow, cold storage plant in.

Harrison, George L., experience of.

Hartebeest in Cape Colony.

Hathaway, Harry S.

Hawaiian Islands Reservation (Laysan).

Hawk,

Cooper's

sharp-shinned

pigeon

duck

red-shouldered

red-tailed.

Hawk law of Pennsylvania.

Hawks,

being exterminated

general status of.

Hay, loss on.

Heath hen,

present status of.

Henshaw, Henry W., pamphlet by.

Herald, New York.

Heron,

colonies under protection

plumage sold in London.

Hessian fly.

Hippopotami for the South.

Himalayan birds being exterminated.

Hodge, C.F.

Hog-and-corn area of extermination.

Holman. Ralph.

Hooper, Franklin W.

Hopkins, A.D.

Hornaday, W.T.,

bison census

code of ethics written by.

Horse, bicolored wild.

Hough, Emerson, gloomy views of.

Howard, P.M.

Howard, James.

Huffman, L.A.

Hume, A.O.

Hummingbirds,

being exterminated

skins sold in London.

Humphrey, J.J.

Humphrey, William E.

Hungarian partridge.

Hungarians, song birds killed by.

Hunt, Arthur E., text book by.

Hunter, W.D.

Hunting licenses in all states.

Hurd, Lyman E.

+ + + + +

Ibis being exterminated.

Ibis, Scarlet.

Idaho

grizzlies

new laws needed in

slaughter of starving elk in

state game preserve.

Illinois

new laws needed in.

Impeyan pheasant not bred in captivity.

In-and-in breeding in wild animals.

Independent, New York.

Index-Appeal, Pittsburgh

India, sasin antelope in

Indiana;

new laws needed in

Indianapolis assists in exterminating bird-of-paradise

Indians,

and game of Alaska

as game exterminators

rights of, in game

unjustifiable license given to

Insect ravages in New South Wales.

Insectivorous birds killed for food in Minnesota.

Insects,

eaten by quail

eaten by shore-birds

losses by

In the Open magazine.

Introduced pests;

English sparrow;

fox in Australia;

gypsy moth;

mongoose;

pheasants;

rabbits in Australia and New Zealand.

Iowa;

new laws needed in;

deer in.

Iroquois Theatre fire, lesson of the.

Italian peninsula a migration route.

Italian population,

in Minnesota;

must be educated.

Italians,

slaughter of song birds by;

song birds caught alive by;

song birds sold as food by;

vulture, eaten by.

+ + + + +

Jabiru.

Jackson Hole, starving elk of.

Jacobs, Captain of the _Thetis_.

Jacobs, J. Warren.

Japanese poachers on Laysan Island.

Jasper Park.

Jones, C.J. ("Buffalo");

captures nine pumas.

Jordan, Arthur.

Journal, Minneapolis.

Judd, Sylvester.

+ + + + +

Kadiak Island, bear slaughter proposed on.

Kaegebehn, Ferdinand.

Kaibab Plateau, catalo herd on.

Kalbfus, Joseph;

portrait.

Kamchatka.

Kangaroo skins.

Kansas;

new laws needed in;

University of.

Kansas City gunners.

Kashmir, game protection in.

Keller, II. W.

Kelly, A.F.

Kennard, Frederic H.

Kentucky;

new laws needed in;

robbed of game for Pittsburgh.

Keuka Lake, ducks in distress on.

Kildeer Plover;

portrait of.

Killing men by "mistake".

Kingfisher, Belted.

Kite, White-Tailed.

Klamath Lakes of Oregon.

Kleinschmidt, Frank E.

Kudu in Cape Colny.

+ + + + +

Laborers as game-killers.

Labrador.

Lacey, John P.

Laglaize, Leon.

Lampson & Co., C.M.

Lark, meadow, eaten as game.

Laurentides Park.

Law,

making close seasons by petition;

of Nature, an inexorable;

prohibiting firearms to aliens;

proposed for animal nuisances;

proposed for Sunday gun.

Lawmakers, work with.

Lawrence, S.C.

Laws,

absolutely necessary to wild life;

how to secure new;

new, needed.

Lawyer, George A.

Laysan Island, bird tragedy on.

League of American Sportsmen.

Leek, S.N.;

elk photographs by.

Lemon, Frank E.

Le Souef, W.H.D.

Lewis and Clark Club.

Lewis & Peet.

Licenses, hunting, in all states.

"Life Histories of Northern Animals".

Lincoln, Robert Page.

Lion, map of disappearance of the.

Lobbying a duty.

Locusts eaten by shore-birds.

Lodge, Senator Henry Cabot.

London Chamber of Commerce.

London feather trade.

Lord, William R.

Loring, J. Alden, wild birds tamed by.

Louisiana;

deer killed in;

game in;

new laws needed in;

state game preserve;

state wild-fowl refuge.

Lumpy-jaw in antelope and sheep.

Lydekker, Richard, on rabbits.

Lynxes destroyed.

Lyre bird being exterminated.

+ + + + +

MacDougal, Dr. D.T.

McAtee, W.L.,

on enemies of codling moth;

on "Our Vanishing Shore-Birds"

McBride, scout, counts game in Yellowstone Park

McIlhenny, Edward A.;

on egret preserve,

on Louisiana birds,

robin slaughter mentioned by,

testimony from, on shed plumes

McLean, Marshall, on codification of New York game laws

McLean, Senator George P.;

bill for migratory birds

Macaw, Gosse's;

Guadeloupe

Mackay, G.H.

Mail and Express, New York

Maine;

deer killed in,

new laws needed in,

protects wood-duck

Malayana, wild life in

Mammals, wholly or nearly extinct

Manitoba;

game reserves of

Map,

of game preserves in Africa,

of National game preserves,

of states prohibiting sale of game,

of wilderness area of North America,

used in campaign for Bayne law

Market-gunners

Marlatt, C.L., on losses by insects

Marlin Fire-Arms Co.

Marsh Island,

a market-gunner on;

map of

Martin, A.P.

Martin, Purple;

shot for food,

disappearing

Maryland;

deer killed in,

new laws needed in

Mashonaland

Massachusetts;

deer killed in,

excellent laws of

Fish and Game Protective Association,

Game Commission,

protects wood-duck,

State Board of Agriculture,

Megantic Club,

Meloy, Andrew D.

Merkel, Hermann W.

Mershon, W.B.

Mesa Verde National Park,

Mexico;

elephant seals of,

Sierre Madre of

Meyer, A.H.

Mice and rats destroyed by owls,

Michigan;

deer killed in,

good laws of

Migratory birds, federal protection demanded for

Miles, George W., Indiana Game Commissioner

Miller, Frank M., on wood-duck

Miller, H.N.

Milliners' Association, American

Millinery, bird extermination for

Miners as game destroyers in Wyoming

Minnesota;

deer killed in,

National Game Preserve in

new laws needed in

Mississippi;

deer killed in,

new laws needed in

Missouri;

new laws needed in

Mitchell, Consul Mason, and the takin

Mitchell, W.I.

Monachus tropicalis almost extinct

Monal pheasant skins

Money, need for

Mongoose pest in various islands

Montana;

grizzlies of,

National Bison Range,

National monuments of,

new laws needed in,

state game preserves

Monuments, National, full list of

Moody, C.S.

Moore, John D.

Moose,

in Alaska;

increasing in New Brunswick,

in Glacier Park,

in the United States,

season in Wyoming

Mosquitoes eaten by quail

Moth,

codling;

gypsy

Mt. Olympus National Monument

Mulberry, Russian, as food-tree for birds

Murder of wild animals

Museum,

American;

Carnegie

Field,

Milwaukee Public,

of Comparative Zoology,

United States National

Musk-Ox, previous slaughter of

+ + + + +

Napier, Ernest;

arouses New Jersey against machine guns,

portrait

Nash, C.W.

National Academy of Sciences

National measures for wild-life protection

National Museum, United States

National organizations of New York City

National Zoological Park

Natives, rights of, in game

Nebraska;

protection for extinct game in,

Needs of wild-life cause, greatest.

Negroes, song-bird slaughter by, in the South.

Nelson, E.W.

Nepal, destruction of pheasants in.

Nets used in taking pigeons.

Nevada;

new laws needed in.

New Brunswick;

game laws of.

Newfoundland.

New Hampshire;

deer killed in;

new laws needed in.

New Jersey;

deer killed in;

few new laws needed in;

game commissioner.

New Mexico;

good game laws in;

National monuments of.

New South Wales, birds destroyed in.

New York;

Academy of Sciences;

Conservation Commission;

deer killed in;

excellent laws of;

nuisance law of;

protects wood-duck;

state game preserve of.

New York City

formerly a "fence";

wild deer in.

News, Buffalo.

Newspapers, value of, in campaigns.

New Zealand

game preserves;

red deer in.

Niagara Falls, swans swept over.

Nice, Margaret M.

Nicol, G.H.

Nighthawk

as insect-destroyer;

shot for food.

Niobrara Bison Range.

Nooe, Bennet.

Norboe, R.M.

Norris, Governor Edward P.

North, Paul.

North American, Philadelphia.

North Carolina;

deer killed in;

hopeless condition of;

private preserves in.

North Dakota;

new laws needed in.

Norton, Arthur H.

Nova Scotia;

game laws of.

Nuisances, wild animals may become.

+ + + + +

Observer, Utica.

Ohio;

hopeless condition.

Oklahoma;

bison in;

new laws needed in;

new code of game laws needed.

Oldys, Henry,

on sale of game;

on value of game.

Olympus, Mount.

Ontario;

game preserves of.

Opposition,

to game protection

in Pennsylvania;

in Montana;

to legislation, how to meet.

Oregon;

grizzlies of.

Oriole;

destroy cotton-boll weevil.

Orlady, Judge, decision of.

Ornithologist,

case of the;

Italian, kills song birds for food.

Osborn, Prof. Henry Fairfield.

Otter, sea.

Outdoor Life magazine.

Outdoor World magazine.

Outing magazine.

Owl,

barn;

great horned;

long-eared;

screech.

Owls,

general status of;

horned, in British Columbia.

+ + + + +

Pacific bird refuges.

Page wire fence.

Palmer, Theodore S.;

circular on National Reserves;

deer statistics from;

game laws proposed by;

Olympus National Monument;

on antelope;

on laws.

Paradise, birds of,

being exterminated;

greater bird of.

Parakeet,

Carolina;

purple Guadeloupe.

Parasitic infection of ducks.

Parents, duty of.

Park,

Crater Lake;

General Grant;

Laurentides;

Mt. Rainier;

Platt;

Sequoia;

Sully Hills;

Yosemite.

Parliament, British.

Parrot, Yellow-Winged Green.

Patagonia, guanaco in.

Peabody, James W., text book by.

Pearson, T. Gilbert;

portrait.

Pelican Island bird sanctuary.

Pellett, F.C.

Penalties, schedule of.

Pennock, C.J.

Pennsylvania;

aliens may not own firearms;

decision on automatic guns;

deer killed in;

game wardens killed;

new laws needed by;

state game preserves.

Penrose, Dr. C.B.

Pests, introduced species that have become.

Petrel, Black-Capped.

Phalaropes

Pheasants,

being exterminated;

blood,

English, value of in market,

impeyan,

introduced species of,

not bud-eaters,

shipped from China to England,

shipped at Hankow, China

Philadelphia Academy of Sciences

Phillips, John M.;

educational campaign in schools by,

on goats killed for food,

Pennsylvania Game Commissioner,

portrait

Photographing live game, code of ethics on

Pickhardt, Carl, on caribou slaughter

Pierce, Ray V.,

private game preserve of;

sambar deer acclimatized by

Pigeon,

Band-Tailed;

Passenger,

Victoria crowned

Pinchot, Gifford

Pinnated Grouse disappearing, in

Kansas;

Nebraska,

Montana,

Minnesota,

Pioneer, value of game to the

Pittsboro, disgrace of, by robin slaughter

Pittsburgh, City

ornithologist of;

illegal sale of game in

Plague-spots for sale of game

Plant-lice in wheat

Platform, Sportsman's

Platt National Park

Plover,

black-bellied;

golden,

upland

Plume-hunters

Post, New York Evening

Posting farm lands advised

Potato-bug bird

Pot-hunter defined

Poultry destroyed by hawks and owls

Predatory wild animals

Preserve, every National forest should be a game

Preserve,

Alberta;

Angoniland,

Athi Plains,

British Columbia,

Budonga Forest,

Duck Mountain,

Elephant Marsh,

Freycinet's Peninsula,

Grand Canyon,

Hargeis,

Jubaland,

Kangaroo Island,

Little Barrier Island,

Luangwa,

Manitoba,

Mirso,

Nweru Marsh,

Ontario,

Pennsylvania State,

Riding Mountain,

Rustenburg,

Sabi-Pongola,

Snow Creek,

Spruce Woods,

Superior National Game,

Swaziland,

Teton,

Toro,

Turtle Mountain,

Wichita,

Wilson's Promontory

Preserved game, murdering,

Preserves,

private game;

private and public interests in

Press,

duty of Italian;

New York,

value of, in campaigns,

Prichard, W.H.H., on guanaco

Prospectors, license given to

Protection,

accepted by

antelopes;

bears,

mule deer,

song-birds,

chipmunks,

of shore-birds

"Protected" game, sale of, forbidden

Protective Association, Wild Life

Prince Consort of England

Prince Edward Island;

breeding foxes on

Prince, German Crown

Ptarmigan, Norway, eaten in Chicago

Publicity

in campaign work;

value of

Puma as a game-destroyer

Pumas destroyed in British Columbia

Pump guns;

campaign against, won in New Jersey

+ + + + +

Quagga, extinct

Quail;

food habits of,

portrait of,

protection recognized by,

failures in restocking with,

California Valley, very scarce,

Egyptian,

feeding,

introduced,

killed in 1909-10 in Louisiana,

killed by cats

Quebec

Quetico Forest Reserve

+ + + + +

Rabbit plague

Rabbits;

killed in Louisiana,

introduced on Laysan Island

Rangoon, pheasant plumage seized in

Ranier National Park

Rainey, Paul J.

Rats and mice destroyed by owls

Reasons against sale of game

Recreation Magazine

Refuges, National bird

Red deer,

introduced in New Zealand;

of Europe

Reed, Elizabeth A.

Remington Arms Co.

Renshaw, Graham

Republican, Springfield

Resident game-butchers

Rhea being exterminated

Rhinoceros,

great Indian;

white

Rhodesian fauna

Rhode Island;

new laws needed in

Rhytina, extinction of

Rice, Jr., James H.

Riding Mountain Game Preserve

Rifles in hands of boys

Rinderpest in Africa

Roberts. Mrs. Mary G., of Tasmania

Robin slaughter,

in Pittsboro, N.C.

by Italians

by negroes

in eight southern states

in Texas

in Tennessee

in Louisiana.

Robins,

food of

killed by cats.

Robinson, Arthur, on automatic guns.

Roccolo, Italian, for catching birds.

Rochester Academy of Sciences.

Rocky Mountain Park.

Rod and Gun in Canada.

Rod and Gun Club of Sheridan, Wyoming.

Rogers, Josiah.

Roosevelt, Kermit.

Roosevelt, Theodore.

Rose, John J.

Rothschild, Walter.

Rubber culture and wild life.

Ruffed Grouse.

Rush, Frank.

+ + + + +

Sage Grouse in California.

Sage, Mrs. Russell, gifts by, to cause of bird protection.

Sale of game,

plague spots for

proposed for California

suppress, the.

Salt Lake, mortality in ducks on.

Sambar deer.

Sanctuaries, demand for forest reserve.

Sanctuaries in India.

Sandhill Crane nearly extinct in Alberta.

Sandpipers

killed for food

Bartramian

pectoral

red-breasted.

Sandwichmen employed in London.

Sanford, L.C.

Saskatchewan.

Sauter, Frederick.

Scab in Mountain Sheep.

"Scatter" rifle for ducks.

Schlemmer, Max.

Sconce, Harvev J.

Scott, Thomas H.

Sea-lion accepts protection.

Seal,

California Elephant

West Indian, in New York Aquarium.

Sea otter.

Seaman, Frank, phoebe birds of.

Sentiment in preservation of game.

Sequoia Park.

Seton, Ernest T.

map of elk by.

Sharp-shinned hawk.

Shea plumage bill.

Sheep,

big-horn

next species to become extinct

killed by pumas

in Colorado

present status of

in Lower California

in Glacier Park

domestic

curse of cattle and game

opposition from owners of.

Sheep-herders of Wyoming.

Sheep, black, lumpy-jaw in.

Sheep owners exterminating Thylacine.

Shields, G.O.

protects birds of New York City.

Shield's Magazine.

Shikar Club of London.

Shiras, 3rd, George.

Shikaree, new status of native.

Shooting game in preserves.

Shore birds,

becoming extinct, in

Montana

Kansas

Massachusetts

Michigan

New York

North Dakota

South Carolina

Texas

Wisconsin

general status of

killed in Louisiana

disappearing.

Shore, W.B., on elk shipments.

Shrike.

Skunk as bird destroyer.

Slaughter-grounds for wild fowl.

Slaughter,

of wild fowl in North Carolina

of non-game birds in North Carolina

in Tennessee

of deer in Montana

in Louisiana

of geese in California

of band-tailed pigeons

of protected chamois

of song birds in New York City

of starving elk.

Sloanaker, J.L., on pinnated grouse.

Smith, Charles L.

Smith, Lee II.

Smyth, C. II.

Snakes as bird destroyers.

Snares for pheasants.

Snipe, Jack, portrait of.

Snow Creek

antelope preserve

game preserve.

Society,

Audubon, National, _see_ Audubon,

Royal, for the Protection of Wild Birds

N.Y. Zoological, _see_ Zoological Society.

South America.

South Carolina

deer killed in

almost hopeless condition of

private preserves in.

South Dakota

few laws needed by.

Sparrow pest.

Sparrows consume weed-seeds.

Spoonbill, Roseate.

Sportsman,

case of a

character of true

definition of a.

Sportsman's Platform.

Sportsman's Review.

Sports Afield.

Sprague, John P.

Spruce Woods Game Preserve.

Squirrel,

fox, extinct in New York;

gray, in danger,

red, as bird destroyer

Squirrels killed in Louisiana

Standard-Union, Brooklyn

Stanford, Harry P.;

on deer slaughter

Staley, Walter C.

Star, Washington

States, a roll-call of the

State game preserves;

New York,

Pennsylvania

Stratton, James W.

Stebbing, E.P.

Stephan, S.A., agent for Carl Hagenbeck,

Stevens Arms Co.

Stevenson-Hamilton, Maj. J., of the Transvaal;

status of the settlers,

on Sportsman's Platform

Stilt

Stokes fund, Caroline Phelps

Stone, Witmer

St. Vincent Island game preserve

Sully Hills National Park

Sunday gun

Sunken Lands of Arkansas

Sun, New York

Superior National Game Preserve

Supreme Court decision

Swan, Trumpeter

Swans swept over Niagara Falls

Swallows, as insect destroyers

Switzerland, chamois slaughter in

+ + + + +

Tagging game for sale

Taming wild birds and mammals

Taylor, W.P.

Taylor, W.J.

Teachers, duty of

Teaching wild life protection to the young

Telegraph wires, birds killed by

Tener, Governor, at Carrick, Pa.

Tennessee;

a reformation needed in,

Game Commissioner of

Tern, Common

Terns and Gulls saved by Audubon people

Terns becoming extinct

in Delaware;

in North Carolina

Teton Game Preserve

Texas;

insects destroyed by birds,

laws needed in

Text-books;

duty of writers of

Thayer John E.

Thome, Samuel

Thylacine of Australia disappearing

Tibet

Tilcomb, John W.

Timber in National forests not to be cut

Times, New York

Tinkham, H.W.

Tobacco pest

Tomalin, Richard W.

Tortoises

Toucan, toco, being exterminated

Toumay, James W.

Towne, S.G.

Townsend, C.V.R.

Townsend, Charles C., on protected ducks

Townsend, C.H., elephant seals taken by,

Tragopans

Trapper uses game for bait, in Wyoming

Trappers as game destroyers

Trapping grizzly bears strongly opposed

Traps on Burma-Chinese border

Treaty, international, for protecting migratory birds

Triangle Islands, seals on

Tribune, New York

Trogon being exterminated

Trophies, purchase and sale of

Trout caught near Spokane

Trouvelot, Leopold, introducer of gypsy moth

Truck crops

Tuna Club, angling ethics of

Turkey vulture

incident on Long Island;

eaten by Italians

Turkey, Wild, in

South Carolina;

Texas,

Missouri

Turner, J.P.

Turtle Mountain Game Preserve

+ + + + +

Union and Advertiser

Union Fire-Arms Co.

United States Government, recent work in game protection by

Upp, Thomas M.

"Useful Birds and Their Protection,"

Utah;

new laws needed in,

national monuments of

+ + + + +

Vancouver Island, elk on

Vanishing species not always recoverable

Van Kennan, E.A.

Venezuela,

a plume-hunter in

wild birds' plumage from

"Vermin" destructive to birds

Vermont;

deer killed in,

deer killed in Vermont since 1897,

few new laws needed in,

management of deer in,

protects wood-duck

re-stocking, with deer

Viquesnev, J.A.

Virginia;

deer killed in,

many new laws needed in

Vreelarid, Frederick K.

+ + + + +

Wagner, George E.

Wallace, Dillon

estimates 3,500 sheep in Colorado

Wallace, John H., Jr.

on Florida laws

Wapiti;

in Alt. Olympus National Monument,

(_see also_, Elk)

Ward, Charles Willis;

donor of bird preserve

Ward, Henry L.

seals discovered by

Warden service based on merit system

Wardens, game;

killed on duty,

number of salaried

Ward-McIlhenny Wild Fowl Preserve

Waterton Lakes Park

Washington

grizzlies in,

a new code of laws needed in

Wayne, Arthur T.

Weasel

Webber, F.T., on Colorado quail

Webster, F.M.

Webster, Frederic S.

Weed seeds eaten by quail

Weeks, J.W., bird bill of

Weevil, cotton-boll

Western Districts Game and Trout Protective Association

Western Field

West Virginia;

deer killed in,

good conditions in,

protects wood-duck

Wharton, William P.

bison,

census by

Wheat, losses on

Whipple, James S.

Whitney, Caspar

Whooping Crane extinct;

in Manitoba,

Wichita National Bison Herd

Wichita National Game Preserve

Wilcox, Albert;

bequest from

Wild fowl;

slaughter grounds,

refuge, Louisiana State

Wildebeest in Cape Colony,

Wild Life Call

"Wild Life in Australia"

Wild Life Protective Association

Wilderness area of North America;

game will disappear from

Willet

Williams, A. Bryan, British Columbia game warden

Wilson, Mrs. Minnie Moore

Wilson, Alexander, on the passenger pigeon

Wilson, Erasmus,

on quail feeding;

on Carrick's bird day

Wilson, Governor Woodrow, signs bill against machine guns

Wilson, James, Secretary of Agriculture

Winchester Arms Co.

Wind Cave Bison Range

Wisconsin;

deer killed in,

new laws needed in

Woburn Park, David's deer at

Wolves destroyed;

in British Columbia

Wombat in list of fur-bearers

Women promote bird slaughter

Wood, George E.

Wood, Lieut.-Col. William

Woodcock

Wood-Duck

eaten in seventeen States,

disappearing in Louisiana,

nesting in Zoological Park

Woodpecker,

Downy

golden-winged,

hairy

Woodpeckers, food of

Wooley-Dod, Arthur G.

Wool-Growers' Association

opposes game preserves

World, New York

Worthington, C.C.

Wrens destroy boll weevil

Wyoming

efforts by, to feed starving elk,

elk case,

deer,

grizzlies,

laws needed,

succor of elk in,

National Monuments in,

State Game Preserve in

+ + + + +

Yale University

Yalakom Game Preserve, British Columbia

Yellowstone Park,

animals in;

bison herd of,

elk in,

protected animals of,

Yoho Park

Yosemite National Park

Yukon Territory, sale of game in

+ + + + +

Zebra,

Burchell's, extinct

in Cape Colony

Zoological Park, New York

ducks killed in,

thylacine in,

wood-duck, quail and rabbits in,

woodpeckers decreasing in

Zoological Society, New York

gift of bison herd from,

on "extermination,"

protects birds of New York City

Zoologists, duty of American

BOOKS BY W.T. HORNADAY

CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 153-157 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK

=THE AMERICAN NATURAL HISTORY=

Illustrated by 220 original drawings by Beard, Rungius and

Sawyer, and 100 photographs by Sanborn, Keller and Underwood, and

with numerous maps and diagrams. Treats of the most important

mammals, birds, reptiles and fishes of North America. More than

400 pages, double column, 5-1/2 x 8 inches. $3.50, net.

=CAMP-FIRES IN THE CANADIAN ROCKIES=

Illustrated photographically by John M. Phillips. Adventures and

observations in the home of the White Goat, Grizzly Bear and

Mountain Sheep. Awarded gold medal by Camp-Fire Club of America.

8vo., pp. 353. Net, $3.00.

=CAMP-FIRES ON DESERT AND LAVA=

Illustrated by MacDougal, Phillips, and the author. Explorations

and adventures in the wonderland of the Sonoran Desert: Tucson,

Arizona to the Pinacate Mountains. 8vo., pp. 366. Net, $3.00.

=TWO YEARS IN THE JUNGLE=

The adventures and explorations of a hunter-naturalist in India,

Ceylon, the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. (Eighth edition).

Illustrated. 8vo., pp. 512. Net, $2.50.

=TAXIDERMY AND ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTING=

A complete handbook for the amateur taxidermist, collector,

osteologist, sportsman and traveller. (Seventh edition).

Illustrated. 8vo., pp. 364. Net, $2.50.

=OUR VANISHING WILD LIFE: Its Extermination and Preservation=

A book of warning and appeal, for use in defense of wild life.

Illustrated. 8vo., pp. 428. Net, $1.50.

End of Project Gutenberg's Our Vanishing Wild Life, by William T. Hornaday