the parallel ridges, which together compose the Cordillera, were
successively and slowly upthrown at widely different periods; and that
the whole range certainly once, and almost certainly twice, subsided
some thousand feet, and being then brought up by a slow movement
in mass, again, during the old tertiary formations, subsided several
hundred feet, and again was brought up to its present level by a slow
and often interrupted movement; we see how opposed is this complicated
history of changes slowly effected, to the views of those geologists
who believe that this great mountain-chain was formed in late times by
a single blow. I have endeavoured elsewhere to show,[21] that the
excessively disturbed condition of the strata in the Cordillera, so far
from indicating single periods of extreme violence, presents
insuperable difficulties, except on the admission that the masses of
once liquified rocks of the axes were repeatedly injected with
intervals sufficiently long for their successive cooling and
consolidation. Finally, if we look to the analogies drawn from the
changes now in progress in the earth’s crust, whether to the manner in
which volcanic matter is erupted, or to the manner in which the land is
historically known to have risen and sunk: or again, if we look to the
vast amount of denudation which every part of the Cordillera has
obviously suffered, the changes through which it has been brought into
its present condition, will appear neither to have been too slowly
effected, nor to have been too complicated.
[21] “Geolog. Transact.,” vol. v, p. 626.
NOTE.—As, both in France and England, translations of a passage in
Professor Ehrenberg’s Memoir, often referred to in the Fourth Chapter
of this volume, have appeared, implying that Professor Ehrenberg
believes, from the character of the infusoria, that the Pampean
formation was deposited by a sea-debacle rushing over the land, I may
state, on the authority of a letter to me, that these translations are
incorrect. The following is the passage in question:—“Durch Beachtung
der mikroscopischen Formen hat sich nun feststellen lassen, das die
Mastodonten-Lager am La Plata und die Knochen-Lager am Monte Hermoso,
who wie die der Riesen-Gürtelthiere in den Dünenhügeln bei Bahia
Blanca, beides in Patagonien, unveränderte brakische
Süsswasserbildungen sind, die einst wohl sämmtlich zum obersten
Fluthgebiethe des Meeres im tieferen Festlande
gehörten.”—_Monatsberichten der königl. Akad., etc.,_ zu Berlin vom
April 1845.
INDEX TO CORAL-REEFS.
The names in italics are all names of places, and refer exclusively to
the Appendix: in well-defined archipelagoes, or groups of islands, the
name of each separate island is not given.
Abrolhos, Brazil, coated by corals 50
_Abrolhos (Australia)_ 130
Absence of coral-reefs from certain coasts 51
_Acaba, gulf of_ 147
_Admiralty group_ 124
Africa, east coast, fringing-reef of 48
—— Madreporitic rock of 101
_Africa, east coast_ 141
Age of individual corals 57, 64
_Aiou_ 128
_Aitutaki_ 114
_Aldabra_ 139
_Alert reef_ 123
_Alexander, Grand Duke, island_ 115
Allan, Dr., on Holuthuriæ feeding on corals 21
—— on quick growth of corals at Madagascar 62
—— on reefs affected by currents 9
_Alloufatou_ 119
_Alphonse_ 139
_Amargoura (Amargura)_ 119
_Amboina_ 128
_America, west coast_ 111
_Amirantes_ 138
_Anachorites_ 125
_Anambas_ 133
Anamouka, description of 99
_Anamouka_ 119
_Anadaman islands_ 132
_Antilles_ 153
_Appoo reef_ 134
_Arabia Felix_ 143
Areas, great extent of, interspersed with low islands
—— of subsidence and of elevation 106
—— of subsidence appear to be elongated 106
—— of subsidence alternating with areas of elevation 108
_Arru group_ 128
_Arzobispo_ 127
Ascidia, depth at which found 67
_Assomption_ 139
_Astova_ 139
_Atlantic islands_ 121
Atolls, breaches in their reefs 31, 81
—— dimensions of 25
—— dimensions of groups of 71
—— not based on craters or on banks of sediment, or of ck 69, 71, 72,
73, 108
—— of irregular forms 25, 84
—— steepness of their flanks 26
—— width of their reef and islets 25
—— their lowness 70
—— lagoons 29
—— general range 94
—— with part of their reef submerged, and theory of 29, 81
_Augustine, St._ 120
Aurora island, an upraised atoll 64, 71, 104
_Aurora_ 112
Austral islands, recently elevated 99
_Austral islands_ 114
_Australia, N.W. coast_ 130
Australian barrier-reef 42, 93
_Australian barrier_ 123
_Babuyan group_ 134
_Bahama banks_ 149, 150
_Balahac_ 133
_Bally_ 131
_Baring_ 121
Barrier-reef of Australia 42, 93
—— of New Caledonia 44
Barrier-reefs, breaches through 77
—— not based on worn down margin of rock 43
—— on banks of sediment 43
—— on submarine craters 44
—— steepness of their flanks 39
—— their probable vertical thickness 43, 76
—— theory of their formation 76, 78
_Bampton shoal_ 123
_Banks islands_ 122
_Banks in the West Indies_ 147
_Bashee islands_ 134
_Bass island_ 115
_Batoa_ 119
_Beaupré reef_ 123
Beechey, Captain, obligations of the author to 26
—— on submerged reefs 27
—— account of Matilda island 60
Belcher, Captain, on boring through coral-reef 59
_Belize reef, off_ 151
_Bellinghausen_ 113
_Bermuda islands_ 153
_Beveridge reef_ 118
_Bligh_ 122
Bolabola, view of 12
_Bombay shoal_ 136
_Bonin Bay_ 131
_Bonin group_ 127
Borings through coral-reefs 59
Borneo, W. coast, recently elevated 101
_Borneo, E. coast_ 131
—— _S.W. and W. coast_ 133
—— _N. coast_ 133
—— _western bank_ 136
_Boscawen_ 119
_Boston_ 121
_Bouka_ 124
_Bourbon_ 138
_Bourou_ 128
_Bouton_ 132
Brazil, fringing-reefs on coast of 48
Breaches through barrier-reefs 71
_Brook_ 115
_Bunker_ 115
_Bunoa_ 133
Byron 121
_Cagayanes_ 133
_Candelaria_ 124
_Cargados Carajos_ 138
_Caroline archipelago_ 125
_Caroline island_ 115
_Carteret shoal_ 128
Caryophyllia, depth at which it lives 66
_Cavilli_ 133
_Cayman island_ 152
_Celebes_ 129
_Ceram_ 128
Ceylon, recently elevated 101
_Ceylon_ 137
Chagos Great Bank, description and theory of 37, 85
Chagos group 86
_Chagos group_ 137
Chama-shells embedded in coral-rock 68
Chamisso, on corals preferring the surf 52
Changes in the state of Keeling atoll 21
—— of atolls 74
Channels leading into the lagoons of atolls 30, 82
—— —— into the Maldiva atolls 33, 35
—— through barrier-reefs 77
_Chase_ 120
_China sea_ 135
Christmas atoll 60, 97
_Christmas atoll_ 116
_Christmas island_ (Indian Ocean) 137
_Clarence_ 116
_Clipperton rock_ 111
Cocos, or Keeling atoll 15
_Cocos (or Keeling)_ 137
_Cocos island_ (Pacific) 111
Cochin China, encroachments of the sea on the coast 95
_Cochin China_ 183
_Coetivi_ 139
_Comoro group_ 139
Composition of coral-formations 88
Conglomerate coral-rock on Keeling atoll 20
—— on other atolls 28
—— coral-rock 88
Cook islands, recently elevated 98, 103
_Cook islands_ 114
Coral-blocks bored by vermiform animals 21, 88
Coral-reefs, their distribution and absence from certain areas 50
—— destroyed by loose sediment 53
Coral-rock at Keeling atoll 20
—— Mauritius 47
—— organic remains of 88
Corals dead but upright in Keeling lagoon 22
—— depths at which they live 64
—— off Keeling atoll 17
—— killed by a short exposure 16
—— living in the lagoon of Keeling atoll 20
—— quick growth of, in Keeling lagoon 21
—— merely coating the bottom of the sea 50
—— standing exposed in the Low archipelago 96
Corallian sea 94
_Corallian sea_ 123
_Cornwallis_ 121
_Cosmoledo_ 139
Couthouy, Mr., alleged proofs of recent elevation of the Low
archipelago 96
—— on coral-rock at Mangaia and Aurora islands 64
—— on external ledges round coral-islands 80
—— remarks confirmatory of the author’s theory 96
Crescent-formed reefs 84
_Cuba_ 150
Cuming, Mr., on the recent elevation of the Philippines 101
_Dangerous, or Low archipelago_ 111
_Danger islands_ 116
Depths at which reef-building corals live 63
—— at Mauritius, the Red Sea, and in the Maldiva archipelago 66
—— at which other corals and corallines can live 67
_Dhalac group_ 144
Diego Garcia, slow growth of reef 56
Dimensions of the larger groups of atolls 71
Disseverment of the Maldiva atolls, and theory of 37, 82
Distribution of coral-reefs 50
_Domingo, St._ 152
Dory, Port, recently elevated 100
_Dory, Port_ 127
_Duff islands_ 122
_Durour_ 125
_Eap_ 126
arthquakes at Keeling atoll 23
—— in groups of atolls 75
—— in Navigator archipelago 100
ast Indian archipelago, recently elevated 100
_Easter_ 111
_Echequier_ 125
hrenberg, on the banks of the Red Sea 49, 143
—— on depths at which corals live in the Red Sea 66
—— on corals preferring the surf 53
—— on the antiquity of certain corals 57
_Eimeo_ 112
levated reef of Mauritius 47
levations, recent proofs of 98
—— immense areas of 106
_Elivi_ 126
lizabeth island 59
—— recently elevated 98, 104
_Elizabeth island_ 112
_Ellice group_ 120
ncircled islands, their height 41
—— geological composition 42, 44
ua, description of 99
_Eoua_ 118
upted matter probably not associated with thick masses of coral-rock 89
Fais, recently elevated 100, 104
_Fais_ 126
_Fanning_ 116
_Farallon de Medinilla_ 127
_Farson group_ 144
_Fataka_ 122
Fiji archipelago 119
Fish, feeding on corals 21
—— killed in Keeling lagoon by heavy rain 24
Fissures across coral-islands 75
Fitzroy, Captain, on a submerged shed at Keeling atoll 23
—— on an inundation in the Low archipelago 74
_Flint_ 115
_Flores_ 130
_Florida_ 149
_Folger_ 127
_Formosa_ 135
Forster, theory of coral-formations 73
_Frederick reef_ 123
_Freewill_ 128
Friendly group recently elevated 99, 105
_Friendly archipelago_ 118
Fringing-reefs, absent where coast precipitous 5
—— breached in front of streams 54
—— described by MM. Quoy and Gaimard 98
—— not closely attached to shelving coasts 46
—— of east coast of Africa
—— of Cuba 48
—— of Mauritius 45
—— on worn down banks of rock 9
—— on banks of sediment 49
—— their appearance when elevated 7
—— their growth influenced by currents 49
—— by shallowness of sea 49
_Galapagos archipelago_ 111
_Galega_ 139
Gambier islands, section of 43
_Gambier islands_ 112
_Gardner_ 116
_Gaspar rico_ 121
Geological composition of coral-formations
_Gilbert archipelago_ 120
_Gilolo_ 129
_Glorioso_ 139
Gloucester island 74
_Glover reef_ 152
_Gomez_ 111
_Gouap_ 126
_Goulou_ 126
_Grampus_ 127
_Gran Cocal_ 120
Great Chagos Bank, description and theory of 37, 85
Grey, Captain, on sandbars 46
Grouping of the different classes of reefs 93
_Guedes_ 128
Hall, Captain B., on Loo Choo 101
Harvey islands, recently elevated 104
Height of encircled islands 41
_Hermites_ 125
_Hervey or Cook islands_ 114
_Hogoleu_ 125
Holothuriæ (Holuthuriæ) feeding on coral 21
Houden island, height of 71
_Honduras, reef off_ 151
_Horn_ 119
_Houtman Abrolhos_ 130
Huaheine; alleged proofs of its recent elevation 103
_Huaheine_ 113
_Humphrey_ 115
_Hunter_ 119
Hurricanes, effects of, on coral-islands 74
_Immaum_ 143
_Independence_ 120
India, west coast, recently elevated 101
_India_ 143
Irregular reefs in shallow seas 49
Islets of coral-rock, their formation 19
—— their destruction in the Maldiva atolls 36
_Jamaica_ 152
_Jarvis_ 115
Java, recently elevated 100
_Java_ 131
_Johnston island_ 116
_Juan de Nova_ 139
_Juan de Nova (Madagascar)_ 140
_Kalatoa_ 131
Kamtschatka, proofs of its recent elevation 105
_Karkalang_ 129
Keeling atoll, section of reef 15
_Keeling, south atoll_ 137
—— _north atoll_ 137
_Keffing_ 128
_Kemin_ 115, 116
_Kennedy_ 123
_Keppel_ 119
_Kumi_ 135
_Laccadive group_ 137
Ladrones, or Marianas, recently elevated 100
_Ladrones archipelago_ 127
Lagoon of Keeling atoll 20
Lagoons bordered by inclined ledges and walls, and theory of their
formation 32, 79
—— of small atolls filled up with sediment 32
Lagoon-channels within barrier-reefs 40
Lagoon-reefs, all submerged in some atolls, and rising to the surface
in others 55
_Lancaster reef_ 115
_Latte_ 119
_Lauglan islands_ 123
Ledges round certain lagoons 32, 79
_Lette_ 129
_Lighthouse reef_ 152
Lloyd, Mr., on corals refixing themselves 62
Loo Choo, recently elevated 101
_Loo Choo_ 135
_Louisiade_ 123
Low archipelago, alleged proofs of its recent elevation 96
_Low archipelago_ 111
Lowness of coral-islands 70
_Loyalty group_ 123
_Lucepara_ 133
Lutké, Admiral, on fissures across coral-islands 75
Luzon, recently elevated 101
_Luzon_ 134
Lyell, Mr., on channels into the lagoons of atolls 31
—— on the lowness of their leeward sides 82
—— on the antiquity of certain corals 58
—— on the apparent continuity of distinct coral-islands 89
—— on the recently elevated beds of the Red Sea 102
—— on the outline of the areas of subsidence 106
_Macassar strait_ 131
_Macclesfield bank_ 136
Madagascar, quick growth of corals at 62
—— madreporitic rock of 101
_Madagascar_ 140
_Madjiko-sima_ 135
_Madura (Java)_ 131
_Madura (India)_ 137
Mahlos Mahdoo, theory of formation 88
Malacca, recently elevated 100
_Malacca_ 133
Malcolmson, Dr., on recent elevation of W. coast of India 100
—— on recent elevation of Camaran island 102
_Malden_ 115
Maldiva atolls, and theory of their formation 33, 80, 82
—— steepness of their flanks 26
—— growth of coral at 62
_Maldiva archipelago_ 137
Mangaia island 64
—— recently elevated 99, 104
_Mangaia_ 114
_Mangs_ 127
Marianas, recently elevated 100
_Mariana archipelago_ 127
_Mariere_ 126
_Marquesas archipelago_ 113
_Marshall archipelago_ 121
_Marshall island_ 127
_Martinique_ 153
_Martires_ 126
Mary’s St. in Madagascar, harbour made in reefs 54
_Mary island_ 116
_Matia, or Aurora_ 112
Matilda atoll 60
Mauritius, fringing-reefs of 45
—— depths at which corals live there 64
—— recently elevated 101
_Mauritius_ 138
Maurua, section of 43
_Maurua_ 113
Menchikoff atoll 25,
_Mendana archipelago_ 113
_Mendana isles_ 122
_Mexico, gulf of_ 149
Millepora complanata at Keeling atoll 16
_Mindoro_ 134
_Mohilla (Mohila)_ 139
Molucca islands, recently elevated 100
_Mopeha_ 113
Moresby, Captain, on boring through coral-reefs 59
_Morty_ 129
_Mosquito coast_ 152
Musquillo atoll 84
_Mysol_ 129
Namourrek group 84
_Natunas_ 133
Navigator archipelago, elevation of 99
_Navigator archipelago_ 117
_Nederlandisch_ 120
Nelson, Lieutenant, on the consolidation of coral-rocks under water 59
—— theory of coral-formations 73
—— on the Bermuda islands 154
_New Britain_ 124
New Caledonia, steepness of its reefs 39
—— —— barrier-reef of , 79, 83, 93
_New Caledonia_ 123
_New Guinea (E. end)_ 124
_New Guinea (W. end)_ 127
_New Hanover_ 124
New Hebrides, recently elevated 100
_New Hebrides_ 121
New Ireland, recently elevated 100
_New Ireland_ 124
_New Nantucket_ 116
_Nicobar islands_ 132
_Niouha_ 119
Nulliporæ at Keeling atoll 18
—— on the reefs of atolls 28
—— on barrier-reefs 39
—— their wide distribution and abundance 68
Objections to the theory of subsidence 7
_Ocean islands_ 117, 121
_Ono_ 120
_Onouafu (Onouafou)_ 119
_Ormuz_ 143
_Oscar group_ 120
Oscillations of level 103, 108
_Ouallan, or Ualan (Oualan)_ 125
Ouluthy atoll 60
_Outong Java_ 124
_Palawan, S.W. coast 133
—— N.W. coast 134
—— western bank 136
_ Palmerston 114
_Palmyra_ 116
_Paracells_ 136
_Paraquas_ 136
_Patchow_ 135
_Pelew islands_ 126
Pemba island, singular form of 102
_Pemba_ 142
_Penrhyn_ 115
_Peregrino_ 115
Pernambuco, bar of sandstone at 47
Persian gulf, recently elevated 102
_Persian gulf_ 143
Pescado 115
_Pescadores_ 135
_Peyster group_ 120
_Philip_ 126
Philippine archipelago, recently elevated 101
_Philippine archipelago_ 134
_Phœnix_ 116
_Piguiram_ 126
_Pitcairn_ 112
Pitt’s bank 86
_Pitt island_ 120
_Platte_ 139
_Pleasant_ 121
Porites, chief coral on margin of Keeling atoll 16
_Postillions_ 131
Pouynipète 95
—— its probable subsidence 95
_Pouynipète_ 125
_Pratas shoal_ 135
_Proby_ 119
_Providence_ 139
_Puerto Rico_ 152
_Pulo Anna_ 126
Pumice floated to coral-islands 88
_Pylstaart_ 118
Pyrard de Laval, astonishment at the atolls in the Indian Ocean 11
Quoy and Gaimard, depths at which corals live 66
—— description of reefs applicable only to fringing-reefs 98
Range of atolls 94
_Rapa_ 115
_Rearson_ 115
Red Sea, banks of rock coated by reefs 49
—— proofs of its recent elevation 102
—— supposed subsidence of 103
_Red Sea_ 143
Reefs, irregular in shallow seas 49
—— rising to the surface in some lagoons and all submerged in others 55
—— their distribution 50
—— their absence from some coasts 51
_Revilla-gigedo_ 111
Ring-formed reefs of the Maldiva atolls, and theory of , 80
_Rodriguez_ 138
_Rosario_ 127
_Rose island_ 118
_Rotches_ 120
_Rotoumah_ 120
_Roug_ 125
_Rowley shoals_ 130
Rüppell, Dr., on the recent deposits of Red Sea 102
_Sable, ile de_ 138
_Sahia de Malha_ 137
_St. Pierre_ 139
_Sala_ 111
_Salomon (Solomon) archipelago_ 123
Samoa, or Navigator archipelago, elevation of 99
_Samoa archipelago_ 117
Sand-bars parallel to coasts 46
_Sandal-wood_ 129
Sandwich archipelago, recently elevated 98
_Sandwich archipelago_ 117
_Sanserot_ 126
_Santa-Cruz group_ 122
Savage island, recently elevated 59, 99, 104
_Savage_ 118
_Savu_ 129
_Saya, or Sahia de Malha_ 137
_Scarborough shoal_ 136
Scarus feeding on corals 21
_Schouten_ 124
_Scilly_ 113
Scoriæ floated to coral-islands 89
_Scott’s reef_ 130
Sections of islands encircled by barrier-reefs 43, 176
—— of Bolabola 76
Sediment in Keeling lagoon 21
—— in other atolls 29, 35
—— injurious to corals 53
—— transported from coral-islands far seaward 89
_Seniavine_ 125
_Serangani_ 129
_Seychelles_ 138
Ship-bottom quickly coated with coral 62
_Smyth island_ 116
Society archipelago, stationary condition of 96
—— alleged proofs of recent elevation 103
_Society archipelago_ 112
_Socotra_ 143
_Solor_ 130
Sooloo islands, recently elevated 101
_Sooloo islands_ 133
_Souvaroff_ 115
_Spanish_ 126
Sponge, depths at which found 67
_Starbuck (Slarbuck)_ 115
Stones transported in roots of trees 89
Storms, effects of, on coral-islands 74
Stutchbury, Mr., on the growth of an Agaricia 63
—— on upraised corals in Society archipelago 103
Subsidence of Keeling atoll 28
—— extreme slowness of 87, 108
—— areas of, apparently elongated 106
—— areas of immense 106
—— great amount of 108
_Suez, gulf of_ 147
_Sulphur islands_ 127
Sumatra, recently elevated 100
_Sumatra_ 132
_Sumbawa_ 130
Surf favourable to the growth of massive corals 52
_Swallow shoal_ 136
_Sydney island_ 116
Tahiti, alleged proofs of its recent elevation 103
_Tahiti_ 112
Temperature of the sea at the Galapagos archipelago 51
_Tenasserim_ 133
_Tenimber island_ 128
_Teturoa_ 113
Theories on coral-formations 69, 73
Theory of subsidence, and objections to 72, 86
Thickness, vertical, of barrier-reefs 43, 76
_Thomas, St._ 153
_Tikopia_ 122
Timor, recently elevated 100
_Timor_ 129
_Timor-laut_ 128
_Tokan-Bessees_ 131
_Tongatabou_ 118
_Tonquin_ 137
_Toubai_ 113
_Toufoa (Toofoa)_ 119
_Toupoua_ 122
Traditions of change in coral-islands 73
Tridacnæ embedded in coral-rock 63
—— left exposed in the Low archipelago 96
Tubularia, quick growth of 63
_Tumbelan_ 133
_Turneffe reef_ 152
_Turtle_ 119
_Ualan_ 125
Vanikoro, section of 43
—— its state and changes in its reefs 95
_Vanikoro_ 122
_Vine reef_ 125
_Virgin Gorda_ 153
_Viti archipelago_ 119
Volcanic islands, with living corals on their shores 51
—— matter, probably not associated with thick masses of coral-rock 88
Volcanoes, authorities for their position on the map 90
—— their presence determined by the movements in progress 104
—— absent or extinct in the areas of subsidence 105
_Waigiou_ 128
_Wallis island_ 119
_Washington_ 116
_Wells’ reef_ 123
Wellstead, Lieutenant, account of a ship coated with corals 62
West Indies, banks of sediment fringed by reefs 49
—— recently elevated 102
_West Indies_ 147
Whitsunday island, view of 12
—— changes in its state 74
Williams, Rev. J., on traditions of the natives regarding coral-islands
74
—— on antiquity of certain corals 64
_Wolchonsky_ 111
_Wostock_ 115
_Xulla islands_ 128
_York island_ 116
_Yucutan, coast of_ 151
Zones of different kinds of corals outside the same reefs 55, 60
INDEX TO VOLCANIC ISLANDS.
Abel, M., on calcareous casts at the Cape of Good Hope 261
Abingdon island 234
Abrolhos islands, incrustation on 188
Aeriform explosions at Ascension 191
_Albatross_, driven from St. Helena 225
Albemarle island 234
Albite, at the Galapagos archipelago 234
Amygdaloidal cells, half filled 184
Amygdaloids, calcareous origin of 176
Ascension, arborescent incrustation on rocks of 188
—— absence of dikes, freedom from volcanic action, and state of
lava-streams 226
Ascidia, extinction of 258
Atlantic Ocean, new volcanic focus in 226
Augite, fused 239
Australia 251
Azores 182, 248
Bahia in Brazil, dikes at 247
Bailly, M., on the mountains of Mauritius 185
Bald Head 260
Banks’ Cove 234, 236
Barn, The, St. Helena 216
Basalt, specific gravity of 245
Basaltic coast-mountains at Mauritiu 185
—— at St. Helena 218
—— at St. Jago 178
Beaumont, M. Elie de, on circular subsidences in lava 233
—— on dikes indicating elevation 228
—— on inclination of lava-streams 227
—— on laminated dikes 212
Bermuda, calcareous rocks of 260, 262
Beudant, M., on bombs 191
—— on jasper 197
—— on laminated trachyte 211
—— on obsidian of Hungary 207
—— on silex in trachyte 270, 197
Bole 257
Bombs, volcanic 189
Bory St. Vincent, on bombs 190
Boulders, absence in Australia and Cape of Good Hope 265
Brattle island 238
Brewster, Sir D., on a calcareo-animal substance 201
—— on decomposed glass 252
Brown, Mr. R., on extinct plants from Van Diemen’s land 257
—— on sphærulitic bodies in silicified wood 207
Buch, Von, on cavernous lava 233
—— on central volcanoes 249
—— on crystals sinking in obsidian 243
—— on laminated lava 209
—— on obsidian streams 208
—— on olivine in basalt 234
—— on superficial calcareous beds in the Canary islands 224
Calcareous deposit at St. Jago affected by heat 169, 171
—— fibrous matter, entangled in streaks in scoriæ 174
—— freestone at Ascension 198
—— incrustations at Ascension 199
—— sandstone at St. Helena 222
—— superficial beds at King George’s sound 260
Cape of Good Hope 263
Carbonic acid, expulsion of, by heat 171, 176
Carmichael, Capt., on glassy coatings to dikes 216
Casts, calcareous, of branches 261
Chalcedonic nodules 257
Chalcedony in basalt and in silicified wood 196
Chatham island 231, 235, 241, 248, 259
Chlorophæite 257
Clarke, Rev. W., on the Cape of Good Hope 258, 263
Clay-slate, its decomposition and junction with granite at the Cape of
Good Hope 264
Cleavage of clay-slate in Australia 252
Cleavage, cross, in sandstone 253
Coast denudation at St. Helena 226
Columnar basalt 173
“Comptes Rendus,” account of volcanic phenomena in the Atlantic 226
Concepcion, earthquake of 228, 249
Concretions in aqueous and igneous rocks compared 206
—— in tuff 197
—— of obsidian 206, 208
Conglomerate, recent, at St. Jago 181
Coquimbo, curious rock of 261
Corals, fossil, from Van Diemen’s Land 256
Crater, segment of, at the Galapagos 238
—— great central one at St. Helena 219
—— internal ledges round, and parapet on 220
Craters, basaltic, at Ascension 189
—— form of, affected by the trade wind 189
—— of elevation 227
—— of tuff at Terceira 182
—— of tuff at the Galapagos archipelago 230, 231, 235, 237
—— their breached state 240
—— small basaltic at St. Jago 177
—— —— at the Galapagos archipelago 232
Crystallisation favoured by space 211
Dartigues, M., on sphærulites 207
Daubeny, Dr., on a basin-formed island 237
—— on fragments in trachyte 193
D’Aubuisson on hills of phonolite 222
—— on the composition of obsidian 206
—— on the lamination of clay-slate 210
De la Beche, Sir H., on magnesia in erupted lime 174
—— on specific gravity of limestones 198
Denudation of coast at St. Helena 226
Diana’s Peak, St. Helena 220
Dieffenbach, Dr., on the Chatham Islands 259
Dikes, truncated, on central crateriform ridge of St. Helena 219
—— at St. Helena; number of; coated by a glossy layer; uniform
thickness of 216
—— great parallel ones at St. Helena 222
—— not observed at Ascension 226
—— of tuff 231
—— of trap in the plutonic series 247
—— remnants of, extending far into the sea round St. Helena 226
Dislocations at Ascension 192
—— at St. Helena 217, 221
Distribution of volcanic islands 248
Dolomieu, on decomposed trachyte 182
—— on laminated lava 210, 211
—— on obsidian 208
Drée, M., on crystals sinking in lava 243
Dufrenoy, M., on the composition of the surface of certain
lava-streams 209, 243
—— on the inclination of tuff-strata 236
Eggs of birds embedded at St. Helena 224
—— of turtle at Ascension 198
Ejected fragments at Ascension 192
—— at the Galapagos archipelago 239
Elevation of St. Helena 225
—— the Galapagos archipelago 241
—— Van Diemen’s Land, Cape of Good Hope, New Zealand, Australia, and
Chatham island 258
—— of volcanic islands 250
Ellis, Rev. W., on ledges within the great crater at Hawaii 220
—— on marine remains at Otaheite 184
Eruption, fissures of 224, 249, 250
Extinction of land-shells at St. Helena 224
Faraday, Mr., on the expulsion of carbonic acid gas 171
Feldspar, fusibility of 246
—— in radiating crystals 263
—— Labrador, ejected 193
Feldspathic lavas 179
—— at St. Helena 219
—— rock, alternating with obsidian 202
—— lamination, and origin of 209
Fernando Noronha 181, 210
Ferruginous superficial beds 259
Fibrous calcareous matter at St. Jago 174
Fissures of eruption 242, 249, 250
Fitton, Dr., on calcareous breccia 262
Flagstaff Hill, St. Helena 216
Fleurian de Bellevue on sphærulites 207
Fluidity of lavas 234, 235
Forbes, Professor, on the structure of glaciers 212
Fragments ejected at Ascension 192
—— at the Galapagos archipelago 239
Freshwater Bay 238, 243
Fuerteventura (Feurteventura), calcareous beds of 224
Galapagos archipelago 229
—— parapets round craters 220
Gay Lussac, on the expulsion of carbonic acid gas 171
Glaciers, their structure 212
Glossiness of texture, origin of 206
Gneiss, derived from clay-slate 264
—— with a great embedded fragment 252
Gneiss-granite, form of hills of 259
Good Hope, Cape of 263
Gorges, narrow, at St. Helena 225
Granite, junction with clay-slate, at the Cape of Good Hope 263
Granitic ejected fragments 192, 239
Gravity, specific, of lavas 243-8
Gypsum, at Ascension 201
—— in volcanic strata at St. Helena 215
—— on surface of the ground at ditto 223
Hall, Sir J., on the expulsion of carbonic acid gas 171
Heat, action of, on calcareous matter 170
Hennah, Mr., on ashes at Ascension 189
Henslow, Prof., on chalcedony 197
Hoffmann, on decomposed trachyte 182
Holland, Dr., on Iceland 228
Horner, Mr., on a calcareo-animal substance 201
—— on fusibility of feldspar 246
Hubbard, Dr., on dikes 247
Humboldt on ejected fragments 193
—— on obsidian formations 207, 209
—— on parapets round craters 220
—— on sphærulites 210
Hutton on amygdaloids 176
Hyalite in decomposed trachyte 182
Iceland, stratification of the circumferential hills 228
Islands, volcanic, distribution of 248
—— their elevation 250
Incrustation, on St. Paul’s rocks 187
Incrustations, calcareous, at Ascension 199
Jago, St. 167
James island 234, 237, 242
Jasper, origin of 196
Jonnès, M. Moreau de, on craters affected by wind 189
Juan Fernandez 250
Keilhau, M., on granite 264
Kicker Rock 232
King George’s sound 259
Labrador feldspar, ejected 193
Lakes at bases of volcanoes 229
Lamination of volcanic rocks 209
Land-shells, extinct, at St. Helena 224
Lanzarote, calcareous beds of 223
Lava, adhesion to sides of a gorge 177
—— feldspathic 179
—— with cells semi-amygdaloidal 184
Lavas, specific gravity of 243, 247
Lava-streams blending together at St. Jago 177
—— composition of surface of 208
—— differences in the state of their surfaces 244
—— extreme thinness of 238
—— heaved up into hillocks at the Galapagos archipelago 233
—— their fluidity 234, 235
—— with irregular hummocks at Ascension 189
Lead, separation from silver 244
Lesson, M., on craters at Ascension 189
Leucite 234
Lime, sulphate of, at Ascension 200
Lonsdale, Mr., on fossil-corals from Van Diemen’s land 256
Lot, St. Helena 221
Lyell, Mr., on craters of elevation 227
—— on embedded turtles’ eggs 198
—— on glossy coating to dikes 216
Macaulay, Dr., on calcareous casts at Madeira 262
MacCulloch, Dr., on an amygdaloid 184
—— on chlorophæite 287
—— on laminated pitchstone 209
Mackenzie, Sir G., on cavernous lava-streams 233
—— on glossy coatings to dikes 216
—— on obsidian streams 208
—— on stratification in Iceland 228
Madeira, calcareous casts at 262
_Magazine, Nautical,_—account of volcanic phenomena in the Atlantic
226
Marekanite 206
Mauritius, crater of elevation of 184, 227
Mica, in rounded nodules 168
—— origin in metamorphic slate 264
—— radiating form of 263
Miller, Prof., on ejected Labrador feldspar 193
—— on quartz crystals in obsidian beds 202
Mitchell, Sir T., on bombs 191
—— on the Australian valleys 254
Mud streams at the Galapagos archipelago 236
Narborough island 234
Nelson, Lieut., on the Bermuda islands 260, 262
New Caledonia 248
New Red sandstone, cross cleavage of 253
New South Wales 251
New Zealand 259
Nulliporæ (fossil), resembling concretions 169
Obsidian, absent at the Galapagos archipelago 241
—— bombs of 191
—— composition and origin of 207, 208
—— crystals of feldspar sink in 243
—— its irruption from lofty craters 246
—— passage of beds into 202
—— specific gravity of 243, 246
—— streams of 208
Olivine decomposed at St. Jago 178
—— at Van Diemen’s land 257
—— in the lavas at the Galapagos archipelago 234
Oolitic structure of recent calcareous beds at St. Helena 223
Otaheite 183
Oysters, extinction of 258
Panza islands, laminated trachyte of 209
Pattinson, Mr., on the separation of lead and silver 244
Paul’s, St., rocks of 187
Pearlstone 206
Peperino 232
Péron, M., on calcareous rocks of Australia 262, 263
Phonolite, hills of 179, 181, 221
—— laminated 210
—— with more fusible hornblende 246
Pitchstone 204
—— dikes of 209
Plants, extinct 257
Plutonic rocks, separation of constituent parts of, by gravity 246
Porto Praya 167
Prevost, M. C., on rarity of great dislocations in volcanic islands
217
Prosperous hill, St. Helena 218
Pumice, absent at the Galapagos archipelago 241
—— laminated 209, 210, 211
Puy de Dome, trachyte of 193
Quail island, St. Jago 168, 170, 173
Quartz, crystals of, in beds alternating with obsidian 202
—— crystallised in sandstone 252
—— fusibility of 246
—— rock, mottled from metamorphic action with earthy matter 170
Red hill 173
Resin-like altered scoriæ 171
Rio de Janeiro, gneiss of 252
Robert, M., on strata of Iceland 228
Rogers, Professor, on curved lines of elevation 249
Salses, compared with tuff craters 240
Salt deposited by the sea 200
—— in volcanic strata 201, 215
—— lakes of, in craters 240
Sandstone of Brazil 265
—— of the Cape of Good Hope 265
—— platforms of, in New South Wales 252, 265
Schorl, radiating 263
Scrope, Mr. P., on laminated trachyte 209, 210, 212
—— on obsidian 208
—— on separation of trachyte and basalt 244
—— on silex in trachyte 176
—— on sphærulites 210
Seale, Mr., geognosy of St. Helena 215
—— on dikes 226
—— on embedded birds’ bones 225
Seale, on extinct shells of St. Helena 224
Sedgwick, Professor, on concretions 206
Septaria, in concretions in tuff 198
Serpulæ on upraised rocks 185
Seychelles 248
Shells, colour of, affected by light 201
—— from Van Diemen’s land 256
—— land, extinct, at St. Helena 224
—— particles of, drifted by the wind at St. Helena 223
Shelly matter deposited by the waves 200
Siau, M., on ripples 254
Signal Post Hill 168, 175, 176
Silica, deposited by steam 182
—— large proportion of, in obsidian 206, 208
—— specific gravity of 246
Siliceous sinter 196
Smith, Dr. A., on junction of granite and clay-slate 264
Spallanzani on decomposed trachyte 182
Specific gravity of recent calcareous rocks and of limestone 198
—— of lavas 245
Sphærulites in glass and in silicified wood 207
—— in obsidian 204, 210
Sowerby, Mr. G. B., on fossil-shells from Van Diemen’s land 256
—— from St. Jago 169
—— land-shells from St. Helena 224
St. Helena 214
—— crater of elevation of 227
St. Jago, crater of elevation of 227
—— effects of calcareous matter on lava 231
St. Paul’s rocks 187, 248
Stokes, Mr., collections of sphærulites and of obsidians 207, 212
Stony-top, Little 218, 222
—— Great 218
Stratification of sandstone in New South Wales 253, 255
Streams of obsidian 208
Stutchbury, Mr., on marine remains at Otaheite 184
Subsided space at Ascension 192
Tahiti 183
Talus, stratified, within tuff craters 236
Terceira 182
Tertiary deposit of St. Jago 169
Trachyte, absent at the Galapagos archipelago 241
—— at Ascension 193
—— at Terceira 182
—— decomposition of, by steam 182
—— its lamination 200, 210
—— its separation from basalt 244
—— softened at Ascension 194
—— specific gravity of 245
—— with singular veins 195
Trap-dikes in the plutonic series 247
—— at King George’s sound 259
Travertin at Van Diemen’s land 257
Tropic-bird, now rare, at St. Helena 225
Tuff, craters of 231, 235, 236
—— their breached state 240
—— peculiar kind of 231
Turner, Mr., on the separation of molten metals 244
Tyerman and Bennett on marine remains at Huaheine 184
Valleys, gorge-like, at St. Helena 225
—— in New South Wales 254
—— in St. Jago 180
Van Diemen’s land 256
Veins in trachyte 195
—— of jasper 195
Vincent, Bory St., on bombs 190
Volcanic bombs 189
—— island in process of formation in the Atlantic 226
—— islands, their distribution 248
Wacke, its passage into lava 183, 257
Wackes, argillaceous 168, 178
Webster, Dr., on a basin-formed island 237
—— on gypsum at Ascension 201
White, Martin, on soundings 254
Wind, effects of, on the form of craters
INDEX TO SOUTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY.
Abich, on a new variety of feldspar 446
Abrolhos islands 415
Absence of recent formations on the S. American coasts 409
Aguerros on elevation of Imperial 305
Albite, constituent mineral in andesite 446
—— in rocks of Tierra del Fuego 427
—— in porphyries 444
—— crystals of, with orthite 447
Alison, Mr., on elevation of Valparaiso 307, 310
Alumina, sulphate of 439
Ammonites from Concepcion 400, 405
Amolanas, Las 493
Amygdaloid, curious varieties of 444
Amygdaloids of the Uspallata range 471
—— of Copiapo 498
Andesite of Chile 446
—— in the valley of Maypu 449, 450
—— of the Cumbre pass 460, 466
—— of the Uspallata range 475
—— of Los Hornos 480
—— of Copiapo 488, 491
Anhydrite, concretions of 450, 463
Araucaria, silicified wood of 394, 474
Arica, elevation of 323
Arqueros, mines of 481
Ascension, gypsum deposited on 328
—— laminated volcanic rocks of 439, 440
Augite in fragments, in gneiss 414
—— with albite, in lava 347
Austin, Mr. R. A. C., on bent cleavage lamina 434
Austin, Captain, on sea-bottom 302
Australia, foliated rocks of 438
_Azara labiata_, beds of, at San Pedro 277, 352
_Baculites vagina_ 400
Bahia Blanca, elevation of 280
—— formations near 355
—— character of living shells of 408
Bahia (Brazil), elevation near 280
—— crystalline rocks of 414
Ballard, M., on the precipitation of sulphate of soda 349
Banda Oriental, tertiary formations of 365
—— crystalline rocks of 418
Barnacles above sea-level 311
—— adhering to upraised shells 306
Basalt of S. Cruz 389
—— streams of, in the Portillo range 456
—— in the Uspallata range 472
Basin chains of Chile 333
Beagle Channel 427, 430
Beaumont, Elie de, on inclination of lava-streams 390, 457
—— on viscid quartz-rocks 475
Beech-tree, leaves of fossil 391
Beechey, Captain, on sea-bottom 299
Belcher, Lieutenant, on elevated shells from Concepcion 306
Bella Vista, plain of 325
Benza, Dr., on decomposed granite 417
Bettington, Mr., on quadrupeds transported by rivers 374
Blake, Mr., on the decay of elevated shells near Iquique 322
—— on nitrate of soda 346
Bole 444
Bollaert, Mr., on mines of Iquique 503
Bones, silicified 402
—— fossil, fresh condition of 366
Bottom of sea off Patagonia 292, 298
Bougainville, on elevation of the Falkland islands 290
Boulder formation of S. Cruz 285, 295
—— of Falkland islands 290
—— anterior to certain extinct quadrupeds 371
—— of Tierra del Fuego 391
Boulders in the Cordillera 339, 341
—— transported by earthquake-waves 344
—— in fine-grained tertiary deposits 401
Brande, Mr., on a mineral spring 461
Bravais, M., on elevation of Scandinavia 320
Brazil, elevation of 279
—— crystalline rocks of 414, 418
Broderip, Mr., on elevated shells from Concepcion 306
Brown, Mr. R., on silicified wood of Uspallata range 474
Brown, on silicified wood 495
Bucalema, elevated shells near 307
Buch, Von, on cleavage 438
—— on cretaceous fossils of the Cordillera 453, 465
—— on the sulphureous volcanoes of Java 509
Buenos Ayres 352
Burchell, Mr., on elevated shells of Brazil 279
Byron, on elevated shells 303
Cachapual, boulders in valley of 339, 341
Caldcleugh, Mr., on elevation of Coquimbo 314
—— on rocks of the Portillo range 456
Callao, elevation near 323
—— old town of 327
Cape of Good Hope, metamorphic rocks of 439
_Carcharias megalodon_ 402
Carpenter, Dr., on microscopic organisms 352
Castro (Chiloe), beds near 394
Cauquenes Baths, boulders near 339, 341
—— pebbles in porphyry near 443
—— volcanic formation near 447
—— stratification near 449
Caves above sea-level 303, 307, 322
_Cervus pumilus,_ fossil-horns of 304
Chevalier, M., on elevation near Lima 323
Chile, structure of country between the Cordillera and the Pacific 333
—— tertiary formations of 337
—— crystalline rocks in 435
—— central, geology of 441
—— northern, geology of 479
Chiloe, gravel on coast 294
—— elevation of 303
—— tertiary formation of 337, 405
—— crystalline rocks of 433
Chlorite-schist, near M. Video 419
Chonos archipelago, tertiary formations of 393
—— crystalline rocks of 430
Chupat, Rio, scoriæ transported by 280
Claro, Rio, fossiliferous beds of 485
Clay-shale of Los Hornos 480
Clay-slate, formation of, Tierra del Fuego 424
—— of Concepcion 433
—— feldspathic, of Chile 442, 444, 448
—— —— of the Uspallata range 468, 470
—— black siliceous, band of, in porphyritic formations of Chile 445
Claystone porphyry, formation of, in Chile 442
—— origin of 445
—— eruptive sources of 444
Cleavage, definition of 414
—— at Bahia 415
—— Rio de Janeiro 415
—— Maldonado 418
—— Monte Video 420
—— S. Guitru-gueyu 421
—— Falkland I. 424
—— Tierra del Fuego 428
—— Chonos I. 434
—— Chiloe 435
—— Concepcion 434
—— Chile 435
—— discussion on 436
Cleavage-laminæ superficially bent 434
Cliffs, formation of 301
Climate, late changes in 345
—— of Chile during tertiary period 408
Coal of Concepcion 399
—— S. Lorenzo 504
Coast-denudation of St. Helena 301
Cobija, elevation of 322
Colombia, cretaceous formation of 504
Colonia del Sacramiento, elevation of 278
—— Pampean formation near 355
Colorado, Rio, gravel of 295
—— sand-dunes of 281, 294
—— Pampean formation near 355
Combarbala 479, 481
Concepcion, elevation of 305
—— deposits of 399, 405
—— crystalline rocks of 433
Conchalee, gravel-terraces of 311
Concretions of gypsum, at Iquique 345
—— in sandstone at S. Cruz 387
—— in tufaceous tuff of Chiloe 387
—— in gneiss 414
—— in claystone-porphyry at Port Desire 421
—— in gneiss at Valparaiso 435
—— in metamorphic rocks 436
—— of anhydrite 450
—— relations of, to veins 473
Conglomerate claystone of Chile 443, 445
—— of Tenuyan 454, 458, 478
—— of the Cumbre Pass 462, 466
—— of Rio Claro 485
—— of Copiapo 496, 499
Cook, Captain, on form of sea-bottom 300
Copiapo, elevation of 321
—— tertiary formations of 403
—— secondary formations of 489
Copper, sulphate of 489
—— native, at Arqueros 482
—— mines of, at Panuncillo 481
—— veins, distribution of 505
Coquimbo, elevation and terraces of 312
—— tertiary formations of 404
—— secondary formations of 482
Corallines living on pebbles 299
Cordillera, valleys bordered by gravel fringes 337
—— basal strata of 442
—— fossils of 453, 465, 486, 487, 493, 503
—— elevation of 442, 459, 474, 476, 500, 502, 510, 512, 517
—— gypseous formations of 450, 452, 461, 463, 479, 483, 489, 491, 503
—— claystone-porphyries of 442
—— andesitic rocks of 446
—— volcanoes of 447, 511, 517
Coste, M., on elevation of Lemus 303
Coy inlet, tertiary formation of 390
_Crassatella Lyellii_ 392
Cruickshanks, Mr., on elevation near Lima 327
Crystals of feldspar, gradual formation of, at Port Desire 422
Cumbre, Pass of, in Cordillera 502
Cuming, Mr., on habits of the Mesodesma 310
—— on range of living shells on west coast 407
Dana, Mr., on foliated rocks 438
—— on amygdaloids 444
Darwin, Mount 427
D’Aubuisson, on concretions 397
—— on foliated rocks 438
Decay, gradual, of upraised shells 323, 327
Decomposition of granite rocks 417
De la Beche, Sir H., his theoretical researches in geology 299
—— on the action of salt on calcareous rocks 327
—— on bent cleavage-laminæ 434
Denudation on coast of Patagonia 292, 300, 409
—— great powers of 410
—— of the Portillo range 456, 458
Deposits, saline 344
Despoblado, valley of 496, 497, 499
Detritus, nature of, in Cordillera 338
Devonshire, bent cleavage in 434
Dikes, in gneiss of Brazil 414, 418
—— near Rio de Janeiro 417
—— pseudo, at Port Desire 423
—— in Tierra del Fuego 426
—— in Chonos archipelago, containing quartz 432
—— near Concepcion, with quartz 434
—— granitic-porphyritic, at Valparaiso 435
—— rarely vesicular in Cordillera 347
—— absent in the central ridges of the Portillo pass 452
—— of the Portillo range, with grains of quartz 456
—— intersecting each other often 466
—— numerous at Copiapo 498
Domeyko, M., on the silver mines of Coquimbo 482
—— on the fossils of Coquimbo 486
D’Orbigny, M. A., on upraised shells of Monte Video 278
—— on elevated shells at St. Pedro 278
—— on elevated shells near B. Ayres 279
—— on elevation of S. Blas 281
—— on the sudden elevation of La Plata 293
—— on elevated shells near Cobija 322
—— on elevated shells near Arica 322
—— on the climate of Peru 324
—— on salt deposits of Cobija 345
—— on crystals of gypsum in salt-lakes 349
—— on absence of gypsum in the Pampean formation 353
—— on fossil remains from Bahia Blanca 359, 360
—— on fossil remains from the banks of the Parana 362
—— on the geology of St. Fé 363
—— on the age of Pampean formation 367, 376
—— on the _Mastodon Andium_ 379
—— on the geology of the Rio Negro 381
—— on the character of the Patagonian fossils 391
—— on fossils from Concepcion 399
—— —— from Coquimbo 404
—— —— from Payta 405
—— on fossil tertiary shells of Chile 406
—— on cretaceous fossils of Tierra del Fuego 426
—— —— from the Cordillera of Chile 453, 465, 486, 488, 493, 504
Earth, marine origin of 304, 308
Earthenware, fossil 326
Earthquake, effect of, at S. Maria 293
—— elevation during, at Lemus 303
—— of 1822, at Valparaiso 310
—— effects of, in shattering surface 325
—— fissures made by 325
—— probable effects on cleavage 325
Earthquakes in Pampas 290
Earthquake-waves, power of, in throwing up shells 310
—— effects of, near Lima 327
—— power of, in transporting boulders 344
Edmonston, Mr., on depths at which shells live at Valparaiso 309
Ehrenberg, Professor, on infusoria in the Pampean formation 355, 359,
362
—— on infusoria in the Patagonian formation 383, 384, 386, 391, 392
Elevation of La Plata 278
—— Brazil 279
—— Bahia Blanca 280, 357
—— San Blas 281
—— Patagonia 281, 291, 293
—— Tierra del Fuego 288
—— Falkland islands 290
—— Pampas 289, 377
—— Chonos archipelago 303
—— Chiloe 304
—— Chile 304
—— Valparaiso 307, 310
—— Coquimbo 312, 320
—— Guasco 320
—— Iquique 322
—— Cobija 322
—— Lima 323
—— sudden, at S. Maria 293
—— —— at Lemus 303
—— insensible, at Chiloe 304
—— —— at Valparaiso 311
—— —— at Coquimbo 314
—— axes of, at Chiloe 398, 405
—— —— at P. Rumena 398, 405
—— —— at Concepcion 398, 405
—— unfavourable for the accumulation of permanent deposits 410
—— lines of, parallel to cleavage and foliation 416, 417, 424, 428,
432, 434, 438
—— lines of, oblique to foliation 431
—— areas of, causing lines of elevation and cleavage 441
—— lines of, in the Cordillera 442
—— slow, in the Portillo range 475
—— two periods of, in Cordillera of Central Chile 476
—— of the Uspallata range 474
—— two periods of, in Cumbre Pass 476
—— horizontal, in the Cordillera of Copiapo 500
—— axes of, coincident with volcanic orifices 503
—— of the Cordillera, summary on 510, 513, 517
Elliott, Captain, on human remains 279
Ensenada, elevated shells of 278
Entre Rios, geology of 363
_Equus curvidens_ 364, 379
Epidote in Tierra del Fuego 426
—— in gneiss 435
—— frequent in Chile 445
—— in the Uspallata range 475
—— in porphyry of Coquimbo 482
Erman, M., on andesite 347
Escarpments, recent, of Patagonia 301
Extinction of fossil mammifers 370
Falkland islands, elevation of 290
—— pebbles on coast 297, 299
—— geology of 424
Falkner, on saline incrustations 347
Faults, great, in Cordillera 461, 469
Feldspar, earthy, metamorphosis of, at Port Desire 422
—— albitic 347
—— crystals of, with albite 347
—— orthitic, in conglomerate of Tenuyan 454
—— in granite of Portillo range 455
—— in porphyries in the Cumbre Pass 466
Feuillée on sea-level at Coquimbo 314
Fissures, relations of, to concretions 397
—— upfilled, at Port Desire 424
—— in clay-slate 470
Fitton, Dr., on the geology of Tierra del Fuego 427
Fitzroy, Captain, on the elevation of the Falkland islands 427
—— on the elevation of Concepcion 305
Foliation, definition of 414
—— of rocks at Bahia 414
—— Rio de Janeiro 415
—— Maldonado 418
—— Monte Video 420
—— S. Guitru-gueyu 421
—— Falkland I. 424
—— Tierra del Fuego 427
—— Chonos archipelago 430
—— Chiloe 433
—— Concepcion 434
—— Chile 435
—— discussion on 435
Forbes, Professor E., on cretaceous fossils of Concepcion 400
—— on cretaceous fossils and subsidence in Cumbre Pass 465
—— on fossils from Guasco 488
—— —— from Coquimbo 483, 487
—— —— from Copiapo 493
—— on depths at which shells live 409, 496
Formation, Pampean 352
—— —— area of 371
—— —— estuary origin 373
—— tertiary of Entre Rios 363
—— of Banda Oriental 365
—— volcanic, in Banda Oriental 367
—— of Patagonia 381
—— summary on 391
—— tertiary of Tierra del Fuego 391
—— —— of the Chonos archipelago 393
—— —— of Chiloe 394
—— —— of Chile 394
—— —— of Concepcion 398, 404
—— —— of Navidad 400
—— —— of Coquimbo 402
—— —— of Peru 404
—— —— subsidence during 402
—— volcanic, of Tres Montes 393
—— —— of Chiloe 394
—— —— old, near Maldonado 418
—— —— with laminar structure 440
—— —— ancient, in Tierra del Fuego 426
—— recent, absent on S. American coast 409
—— metamorphic, of claystone-porphyry of Patagonia 421, 440
—— foliation of 436
—— plutonic, with laminar structure 440
—— palaeozoic, of the Falkland I. 424
—— claystone, at Concepcion 433
—— Jurassic, of Cordillera 512
—— Neocomian, of the Portillo Pass 453
—— volcanic, of Cumbre Pass 465
—— gypseous, of Los Hornos 479, 487
—— —— of Coquimbo 482
—— —— of Guasco 487
—— —— of Copiapo 488
—— —— of Iquique 503
—— cretaceo-oolitic, of Coquimbo 486, 495
—— —— of Guasco 487, 494
—— —— of Copiapo 495
—— —— of Iquique 504
Fossils, Neocomian, of Portillo Pass 453
—— —— of Cumbre Pass 465
—— secondary, of Coquimbo 485
—— —— of Guasco 487
—— —— of Copiapo 494
—— —— of Iquique 503
—— palæozoic, from the Falklands 424
Fragments of hornblende-rock in gneiss 414
—— of gneiss in gneiss 416
Freyer, Lieutenant, on elevated shells of Arica 323
Frezier on sea-level at Coquimbo 314
Galapagos archipelago, pseudo-dikes of 424
Gallegos, Port, tertiary formation of 390
Garnets in gneiss 415
—— in mica-slate 427
—— at Panuncillo 481
Gardichaud, M., on granites of Brazil 417
Gay, M., on elevated shells 306
—— on boulders in the Cordillera 339, 341
—— on fossils from Cordillera of Coquimbo 487
Gill, Mr., on brickwork transported by an earthquake-wave 327
Gillies, Dr., on heights in the Cordillera 448
—— on extension of the Portillo range 458
Glen Roy, parallel roads of 319
—— sloping terraces of 340
Gneiss, near Bahia 414
—— of Rio de Janeiro 415
—— decomposition of 417
Gold, distribution of 506
Gorodona, formations near 362
Granite, axis of oblique, to foliation 431
—— andesitic 446
—— of Portillo range 455
—— veins of, quartzose 432, 475
—— pebble of, in porphyritic conglomerate 493
—— conglomerate 497
Grauwacke of Uspallata range 468
Gravel at bottom of sea 293, 298
—— formation of, in Patagonia 295
—— means of transportation of 298
—— strata of, inclined 467
Gravel-terraces in Cordillera 337
Greenough, Mr., on quartz veins 437
Greenstone, resulting from metamorphose hornblende-rock 419
—— of Tierra del Fuego 426
—— on the summit of the Campana of Quillota 442
—— porphyry 443
—— relation of, to clay-slate 443
_Gryphæa orientalis_ 483
Guasco, elevation of 321
—— secondary formation of 487
Guitru-gueyu, Sierra 421
Guyana, gneissic rocks of 415
Gypsum, nodules of, in gravel at Rio Negro 296
—— deposited from sea-water 327
—— deposits of, at Iquique 345
—— crystals of, in salt lakes 346
—— in Pampean formation 353
—— in tertiary formation of Patagonia 382, , ,
—— great formation of, in the Portillo Pass 461, 463
—— —— in the Cumbre Pass 461, 463
—— —— near Los Hornos 479
—— —— at Coquimbo 482
—— —— at Copiapo 490, 492
—— —— near Iquique 504
—— of San Lorenzo 504
Hall, Captain, on terraces at Coquimbo 316
Hamilton, Mr., on elevation near Tacna 323
Harlan, Dr., on human remains 279
Hayes, Mr. A., on nitrate of soda 346
Henslow, Professor, on concretions 437
Herbert, Captain, on valleys in the Himalaya 335
Herradura Bay, elevated shells of 315
—— tertiary formations of 402
Himalaya, valleys in 335
_Hippurites Chilensis_ 483, 486
Hitchcock, Professor, on dikes 414
Honestones, pseudo, of Coquimbo 483
—— of Copiapo 489
Hooker, Dr. J. D., on fossil beech-leaves 391
Hopkins, Mr., on axes of elevation oblique to foliation 432
—— on origin of lines of elevation 440, 512
Hornblende-rock, fragments of, in gneiss 414
Hornblende-schist, near M. Video 420
Hornos, Los, section near 479
Hornstone, dike of 433, 434
Horse, fossil tooth of 358, 364
Huafo island 393, 404
—— subsidence at 411
Huantajaya, mines of 503
Humboldt, on saline incrustations 347
—— on foliations of gneiss 415
—— on concretions in gneiss 435
Icebergs, action on cleavage 434, 436
Illapele, section near 479
Imperial, beds of shells near 305
Incrustations, saline 347
Infusoria in Pampean formation 352, 355, 360, 363
—— in Patagonian formation 382, 383, 384, 391
Iodine, salts of 347, 348
Iquique, elevation of 322
—— saliferous deposits of 344
—— cretaceo-oolitic formation of 503
Iron, oxide of, in lavas 463, 499
—— in sedimentary beds 480, 482
—— tendency in, to produce hollow concretions 398
—— sulphate of 489
Isabelle, M., on volcanic rocks of Banda Oriental 368
Joints in clay-slate 428
Jukes, Mr., on cleavage in Newfoundland 437
Kamtschatka, andesite of 347
Kane, Dr., on the production of carbonate of soda 328
King George’s sound, calcareous beds of 312
Lakes, origin of 300
—— fresh-water, near salt lakes 350
Lava, basaltic, of S. Cruz 389
—— claystone-porphyry, at Chiloe 395
—— —— ancient submarine 446
—— basaltic, of the Portillo range 457
—— feldspathic, of the Cumbre Pass 463
—— submarine, of the Uspallata range 471, 473, 476
—— basaltic, of the Uspallata range 475
—— submarine, of Coquimbo 484, 486
—— of Copiapo 490, 496, 499
Lemus island 393, 404
Lemuy islet 394
Lignite of Chiloe 395
—— of Concepcion 398
Lima, elevation of 323
Lime, muriate of 328, 344, 347
Limestone of Cumbre Pass 462
—— of Coquimbo 483, 485
—— of Copiapo 493
Lund and Clausen on remains of caves in Brazil 378, 380
Lund, M., on granites of Brazil 417
Lyell, M., on upraised shells retaining their colours 289
—— on terraces at Coquimbo 315
—— on elevation near Lima 327
—— on fossil horse’s tooth 364
—— on the boulder-formation being anterior to the extinction of North
American mammifers 371
—— on quadrupeds washed down by floods 374
—— on age of American fossil mammifers 379
—— on changes of climate 409
—— on denudation 410
—— on foliation 438
MacCulloch, Dr., on concretions 437
—— on beds of marble 440
Maclaren, Mr., letter to, on coral-formations 413
_Macrauchenia Patachonica_ 358, 370
Madeira, subsidence of 302
Magellan, Strait, elevation near, of 288
Magnesia, sulphate of, in veins 387
Malcolmson, Dr., on trees carried out to sea 475
Maldonado, elevation of 277
—— Pampean formation of 365
—— crystalline rocks of 418
Mammalia, fossil, of Bahia Blanca 356, 364
—— —— near St. Fé 363
—— —— of Banda Oriental 366
—— —— of St. Julian 369
—— —— at Port Gallegos 391
—— washed down by floods 373
—— number of remains of, and range of, in Pampas 376
Man, skeletons of (Brazil) 279
—— remains of, near Lima 325
—— Indian, antiquity of 325
Marble, beds of 418
Maricongo, ravine of 500
Marsden, on elevation of Sumatra 305
_Mastodon Andium_, remains of 362
—— range of 378
Maypu, Rio, mouth of, with upraised shells 307
—— gravel fringes of 339
—— debouchement from the Cordillera 449
Megalonyx, range of 379
Megatherium, range of 379
Miers, Mr., on elevated shells 311
—— on the height of the Uspallata plain 335
Minas, Las 418
Mocha Island, elevation of 305
—— tertiary form of 398
—— subsidence at 411
Molina, on a great flood 341
Monte Hermoso, elevation of 280
—— fossils of 355
Monte Video, elevation of 278
—— Pampean formation of 365
—— crystalline rocks of 419
Morris and Sharpe, Messrs., on the palæozoic fossils of the Falklands
424
Mud, Pampean 352
—— long deposited on the same area 376
Murchison, Sir R., on cleavage 436
—— on waves transporting gravel 299
—— on origin of salt formations 505
—— on the relations of metalliferous veins and intrusive rocks 507
—— on the absence of granite in the Ural 512
_Nautilus d’Orbignyanus_ 400, 405
Navidad, tertiary formations of, subsidence of 400, 411
Negro, Rio, pumice of pebbles of 281
—— gravel of 295
—— salt lakes of 295
—— tertiary strata of 384
North America, fossil remains of 379
North Wales, sloping terraces absent in 340
—— bent cleavage of 434
Neuvo Gulf, plains of 282
—— tertiary formation of 384
Owen, Professor, on fossil mammiferous remains 356, 358, 364, 366, 370
Palmer, Mr., on transportation of gravel 300
Pampas, elevation of 290
—— earthquakes of 290
—— formation of 295, 350
—— localities in which fossil mammifers have been found 380
Panuncillo, mines of 481
Parana, Rio, on saline incrustations 347
—— Pampean formations near 361
—— on the S. Tandil 420
Parish, Sir W., on elevated shells near Buenos Ayres 278, 279
—— on earthquakes in the Pampas 290
—— on fresh-water near salt lakes 350
—— on origin of Pampean formation 373
Patagonia, elevation and plains of 281
—— denudation of 291
—— gravel-formation of 295
—— sea-cliffs of 301
—— subsidence during tertiary period 411
—— crystalline rocks of 421
Payta, tertiary formations of 404
Pebbles of pumice 280
—— decrease in size on the coast of Patagonia 293
—— means of transportation 298
—— encrusted with living corallines 299
—— distribution of, at the eastern foot of Cordillera 337
—— dispersal of, in the Pampas 354
—— zoned with colour 443
Pentland, Mr., on heights in the Cordillera 460
—— on fossils of the Cordillera 465
Pernambuco 279
Peru, tertiary formations of 403
Peuquenes, Pass of, in the Cordillera 448
—— ridge of 452
Pholas, elevated shells of 303
Pitchstone of Chiloe 395
—— of Port Desire 421
—— near Cauquenes 448
—— layers of, in the Uspallata range 472
—— of Los Hornos 480
—— of Coquimbo 483
Plains of Patagonia 282, 291
—— of Chiloe 304
—— of Chile 333
—— of Uspallata 335
—— on eastern foot of Cordillera 336
—— of Iquique 346
Plata, La, elevation of 277
—— tertiary formation of 295, 353
—— crystalline rocks of 418
Playfair, Professor, on the transportation of gravel 300
Pluclaro, axis of 483
Pondicherry, fossils of 400
Porcelain rocks of Port Desire 422
—— of the Uspallata range 471, 473, 476
Porphyry, pebbles of, strewed over Patagonia 296
Porphyry, claystone, of Chiloe 395
—— —— of Patagonia 421
—— —— of Chile 442, 445
—— greenstone, of Chile 444
—— doubly columnar 448
—— claystone, rare, on the eastern side of the Portillo Pass 454
—— brick-red and orthitic, of Cumbre Pass 458, 467
—— intrusive, repeatedly injected 467
—— claystone of the Uspallata range 468
—— —— of Copiapo 489, 499
—— —— eruptive sources of 502
Port Desire, elevation and plains of 283
—— tertiary formation of 383
—— porphyries of 421
Portillo Pass in the Cordillera 448
Portillo chain 454, 458
—— compared with that of the Uspallata 478
Prefil or sea-wall of Valparaiso 310
Puente del Inca, section of 461
Pumice, pebbles of 230
—— conglomerate of R. Negro 382
—— hills of, in the Cordillera 347
Punta Alta, elevation of 280
—— beds of 356
Quartz-rock of the S. Ventana 421
—— C. Blanco 421
—— Falkland islands 424
—— Portillo range 455
—— viscidity of 475
—— veins of, near Monte Video 420
—— —— in dike of greenstone 426
—— grains of, in mica slate 430
—— —— in dikes 432, 434
—— veins of, relations to cleavage 437
Quillota, Campana of 442
Quintero, elevation of 311
Quiriquina, elevation of 306
—— deposits of 399
Rancagua, plain of 334
Rapel, R., elevation near 307
Reeks, Mr. T., his analysis of decomposed shells 328
—— his analysis of salts 344
Remains, human 324
Rio de Janeiro, elevation near 279
—— crystalline rocks of 415
Rivers, small power of transporting pebbles 298
—— small power of, in forming valleys 343
—— drainage of, in the Cordillera 449, 513
Roads, parallel, of Glen Roy 319
Rocks, volcanic, of Banda Oriental 367
—— Tres Montes 393
—— Chiloe 394
—— Tierra del Fuego 426
—— with laminar structure 440
Rodents, fossil, remains of 356
Rogers, Professor, address to Association of American Geologists 412
Rose, Professor G., on sulphate of iron at Copiapo 489
S. Blas, elevation of 281
S. Cruz, elevation and plains of 284
—— valley of 285
—— nature of gravel in valley of 296
—— boulder formation of 371
—— tertiary formation of 386
—— subsidence at 412
S. Fé Bajada, formations of 363
S. George’s bay, plains of 282
S. Helena island, sea-cliffs, and subsidence of 301
S. Josef, elevation of 281
—— tertiary formation of 383
S. Juan, elevation near 278
S. Julian, elevation and plains of 284
—— salt lake of 348
—— earthy deposit with mammiferous remains 369
—— tertiary formations of 384
—— subsidence at 411
S. Lorenzo, elevation of 323
—— old salt formation of 504
S. Mary, island of, elevation of 305
S. Pedro, elevation of 278
Salado, R., elevated shells of 279
—— Pampean formation of 353
Salines 348
Salt, with upraised shell 324, 327
—— lakes of 348
—— purity of, in salt lakes 349
—— deliquescent, necessary for the preservation of meat 349
—— ancient formation of, at Iquique 504
—— —— at S. Lorenzo 504
—— strata of, origin of 505
Salts, superficial deposits of 344
Sand-dunes of the Uruguay 279
—— of the Pampas 281
—— near Bahia Blanca 281, 293
—— of the Colorado 281, 294
—— of S. Cruz 286
—— of Arica 323
Sarmiento, Mount 427
Schmidtmeyer on auriferous detritus 506
Schomburghk, Sir R., on sea-bottom 299
—— on the rocks of Guyana 415
Scotland, sloping terraces of 340
Sea, nature of bottom of, off Patagonia 292
—— power of, in forming valleys 343
Sea cliffs, formation of 301
Seale, Mr., model of St. Helena 301
Sebastian Bay, tertiary formation of 391
Sedgwick, Professor, on cleavage 336
Serpentine of Copiapo 489
Serpulæ, on upraised rocks 325
Shale-rock, of the Portillo Pass 452
—— of Copiapo 493
Shells, upraised state of, in Patagonia 288
—— elevated, too small for human food 308
—— transported far inland, for food 309
—— upraised, proportional numbers varying 312, 324
—— —— gradual decay of 323, 324, 327
—— —— absent on high plains of Chile 335
—— —— near Bahia Blanca 358
—— preserved in concretions 394, 397
—— living and fossil range of, on west coast 406, 408
—— living, different on the east and west coast 411
Shingle of Patagonia 295
Siau, M., on sea-bottom 299
Silver mines of Arqueros 431
—— of Chanuncillo 494
—— of Iquique 503
—— distribution of 506
Slip, great, at S. Cruz 387
Smith, Mr., of Jordan Hill, on upraised shells retaining their colours
289
—— on Madeira 302
—— on elevated seaweed 325
—— on inclined gravel beds 467
Soda, nitrate of 346
—— sulphate of, near Bahia Blanca 348, 349
—— carbonate of 347
Soundings off Patagonia 293, 299
—— in Tierra del Fuego 300
Spirifers 486, 488
Spix and Martius on Brazil 417
Sprengel on the production of carbonate of soda 328
Springs, mineral, in the Cumbre Pass 461
Stratification of sandstone in metamorphic rocks 414
—— of clay-slate in Tierra del Fuego 428
—— of the Cordillera of Central Chile 442, 448, 461
—— little disturbed in Cumbre Pass 460, 466
—— disturbance of, near Copiapo 501
Streams of lava at S. Cruz, inclination of 390
—— in the Portillo range 457
String of cotton with fossil-shells 325
_Struthiolaria ornata_ 392
Studer, M., on metamorphic rocks 438
Subsidence during formation of sea-cliffs 301
—— near Lima 327
—— probable, during Pampean formation 376
—— necessary for the accumulation of permanent deposits 411
—— during the tertiary formations of Chile and Patagonia 413
—— probable during the Neocomian formation of the Portillo Pass 453
—— probable during the formation of conglomerate of Tenuyan 459
—— during the Neocomian formation of the Cumbre Pass 465
—— of the Uspallata range 474, 477
—— great, at Copiapo 496
—— —— during the formation of the Cordillera 510
Sulphur, volcanic exhalations of 509
Sumatra, promontories of 305
Summary on the recent elevatory movements 259, 329, 514
—— on the Pampean formation 371, 515
—— on the tertiary formations of Patagonia and Chile 391, 404, 513
—— on the Chilean Cordillera 508
—— on the cretaceo-oolitic formation 508
—— on the subsidences of the Cordillera 509
—— on the elevation of the Cordillera 511, 517
Tacna, elevation of 323
Tampico, elevated shells near 329
Tandil, crystalline rocks of 420
Tapalguen, Pampean formation of 353
—— crystalline rocks of 420
Taylor, Mr., on copper veins of Cuba 506
Temperature of Chile during the tertiary period 408
Tension, lines of, origin of, axes of elevation and of cleavage 440
Tenuy Point, singular section of 395
Tenuyan, valley of 454, 478
Terraces of the valley of S. Cruz 286
—— of equable heights throughout Patagonia 290
—— of Patagonia, formation of 294
—— of Chiloe 304
—— at Conchalee 311
—— of Coquimbo 316
—— not horizontal at Coquimbo 317
—— of Guasco 320
—— of S. Lorenzo 323
—— of gravel within the Cordillera 337
Theories on the origin of the Pampean formation 372
Tierra Amarilla 489
Tierra del Fuego, form of sea-bottom 300
—— tertiary formations of 391
—— clay-slate formation of 424
—— cretaceous formation of 426
—— crystalline rocks of 426
—— cleavage of clay-slate 427, 436
Tosca rock 352
Trachyte of Chiloe 394
—— of Port Desire 421
—— in the Cordillera 347
Traditions of promontories having been islands 305
—— on changes of level near Lima 327
Trees buried in plain of Iquique 346
—— silicified, vertical, of the Uspallata range 473
Tres Montes, elevation of 303
—— volcanic rocks of 393
_Trigonocelia insolita_ 392
Tristan Arroyo, elevated shells of 278
Tschudi, Mr., on subsidence near Lima 327
Tuff, calcareous, at Coquimbo 313
—— on basin-plain near St. Jago 334
—— structure of, in Pampas 352
—— origin of, in Pampas 374
—— pumiceous, of R. Negro 382
—— Nuevo Gulf 383
—— Port Desire 383
—— S. Cruz 386
—— Patagonia, summary on Chiloe 391
—— formation of, in Portillo chain 395
—— great deposit of, at Copiapo 457
Tuffs, volcanic, metamorphic, of Uspallata 471
—— of Coquimbo 484
Ulloa, on rain in Peru 324
—— on elevation near Lima 327
Uruguay, Rio, elevation of country near 278
Uspallata, plain of 335, 515
—— pass of 459
—— range of 368
—— concluding remarks on 476
Valdivia, tertiary beds of 398
—— mica-slate of 433
Valley of S. Cruz, structure of 285
—— Coquimbo 314
—— Guasco, structure of 320
—— Copiapo, structure of 321
—— S. Cruz, tertiary formations of 386
—— Coquimbo, geology of 482
—— Guasco, secondary formations of 487
—— Copiapo, secondary formations of 488
—— Despoblado 496, 497, 499
Valleys in the Cordillera bordered by gravel fringes 337
—— formation of 338
—— in the Cordillera 449
Valparaiso, elevation of 307
—— gneiss of 435
Vein of quartz near Monte Video 419
—— in mica-slate 430
—— relations of, to cleavage 437
—— in a trap dike 426
—— of granite, quartzose 432, 475
—— remarkable, in gneiss, near Valparaiso 435
Veins, relations of, to concretions 396
—— metalliferous, of the Uspallata range 475
—— metalliferous, discussion on 505
Venezuela, gneissic rocks of 415
Ventana, Sierra, Pampean formation near 353
—— quartz-rock of 421
Villa Vincencio Pass 468
Volcan, Rio, mouth of 449
—— fossils of 453
Volcanoes of the Cordillera 392, 447, 511
—— absent, except near bodies of water 457
—— ancient submarine, in Cordillera 502
—— action of, in relation to changes of level 514
—— long action of, in the Cordillera 517
Wafer on elevated shells 322
Waves caused by earthquakes, power of, in transporting boulders 326,
344
—— power of, in throwing up shells 309
Weaver, Mr., on elevated shells 329
White, Martin, on sea-bottom 299
Wood, silicified, of Entre Rios 364
—— S. Cruz 388
—— Chiloe 394, 396
—— Uspallata range 473
—— Los Hornos 479
—— Copiapo 495, 497
Yeso, Rio, and plain of 450
Ypun Island, tertiary formation of 393
Zeagonite 426