POULTRY
_Materials._
Either pictures or specimens of the different breeds of fowl.
_General Information._
Under the term poultry are included chickens as well as turkeys,
pigeons, ducks, geese, etc. Chickens are most generally raised, since
they do not require such special conditions as the others. In this
exercise only this form of poultry is considered.
The hen has been domesticated from prehistoric times, being probably
derived from the so-called jungle fowl of India (_Gallus bankiva_),
which is still to be found in its native habitat. Through constant
attempts to improve the domestic fowl along the lines of greater
egg-production, size, etc., there have been developed a great many
different breeds of fowl. These may be divided into seven groups, as
follows:
1. The American Class.
2. The Asiatic Class.
3. The Mediterranean Class.
4. The English Class.
5. The Dutch Class.
6. The French Class.
7. The Ornamental and Exhibition Classes.
The American Class includes fowls raised both for egg-production and
for eating. It includes the following well-known breeds: the Plymouth
Rocks, the Wyandottes, the Rhode Island Reds, and the less-known
breeds of Javas, Dominiques, and Jersey Blues. These all lay
good-sized brown eggs, are good winter layers, and stand confinement
well. The standard weight varies from six and one half pounds to
seven and one half pounds for the hen, and from eight and one half
pounds to nine and one half pounds for the cock, the Plymouth Rocks
being the heaviest of the breeds.
There are three principal varieties of Plymouth Rocks--the Barred
Rocks, with grayish-white plumage regularly crossed with bars of
blue-black, the White Rocks, and the Buff Rocks. All have single
upright combs, which, with the wattles and the ear lobes, are bright
red, a large bright eye, and yellow legs.
There are also three principal varieties of Wyandottes. The
Silver-laced Wyandotte has a silvery-white plumage, with black
markings in various parts of the body. The Golden Wyandotte is
similar in its markings, but has yellow where the Silver-laced has
white. The White Wyandotte is pure white. All have rose combs, red
ear lobes, and yellow legs. They are on the average about a pound
lighter than the Plymouth Rocks.
The Rhode Island Reds are a much more recent breed that has of late
become very popular. They are of a reddish-brown color, about the
weight of the Wyandotte, with yellow legs. There are both single
combed and rose combed varieties.
The Asiatic Class includes those breeds raised chiefly for the table.
The Brahmas, Cochins, and Langshans are the chief breeds. They
are considerably heavier than other breeds, and are specially
characterized by the feathers on the legs and feet. They all lay
brown eggs, and are in many cases good layers.
The Brahmas include two principal varieties, the light and the dark.
The general color is black and white, and they have yellow legs, red
wattles, ear lobes, and comb, the latter being of the kind called a
pea-comb, which is of small size in the cock.
There are four varieties of Cochins, the Buff being much more raised
than the Partridge, the White, or the Black. The Partridge somewhat
resembles a dark Brahma, but has red and brown plumage. Cochins have
single combs, yellow legs, and a general fluffy character to
the plumage, that of saddle and hackle meeting, thus giving a
characteristic appearance to these fowls. The eggs are not quite so
large as the other two breeds of this class.
The Langshans are smaller and more active than the two breeds just
described. They have black legs, the feet are not so heavily
feathered, and in general these fowls are much less awkward in
appearance. There are two varieties, the White and the Black.
The Mediterranean Class includes those breeds raised chiefly because
of their great egg-production. They are active birds, often
troublesome because of their ability to fly over high enclosures, so
that when kept in the city it is usually necessary to clip one wing.
They are not so good winter layers as a rule, but are non-setters.
They all lay white eggs. The chief breeds included are the Leghorns,
the Minorcas, and the Black Spanish.
The Leghorns--the most popular of these breeds--include two chief
varieties, the Brown and the White. The comb is most commonly single,
falling to one side in the hen, the wattles long and pendulous, the
ear lobes white, and the legs yellow.
The Minorcas are glossy black in color, with a large drooping comb in
the hen, and long, thin, pendulous wattle. They lay a very large egg.
The Black Spanish resemble the Minorcas, but are distinguished by the
white face and cheeks and the white on the inner edge of the wattles.
The English Class includes the Orpingtons and the Dorkings. The
Dorkings are one of the oldest breeds of fowl, and sufficiently
identified by the presence of a fifth toe. There are three
varieties--the White, the Silver-gray, and the Colored. The White
Dorking has a rose comb; the Silver-gray has a single comb and
silvery-gray plumage with black markings, the hen having a
salmon-colored breast; the Colored Dorkings have sometimes single and
sometimes rose combs, the plumage of the cock being black and
straw-colored and that of the hen being black and gray with the
breast salmon marked with black.
The Orpingtons are short legged, with close plumage. They are of
large size, the hens being from seven to eight pounds and the cocks
from nine to ten pounds. There are three varieties--the black, the
buff, and the white. The black, except for shape, might be mistaken
for a Minorca, but has red ear lobes and black shanks. The Orpingtons
have the reputation of maturing early, some strains being known to
lay when four months old.
The Dutch Class includes the Red-caps, the Campines, and the various
varieties of the Hamburgs--of which there are six: the Golden
Spangled, the Silver Spangled, the Golden Penciled, the Silver
Penciled, the Black and the White. They are all good layers and
non-setters, "but lay a small egg, white in color. They are readily
recognized by their peculiar rose comb with its long, spikelike
projection in the back, their red face, white ear lobes, and bluish
legs. The prevailing color of the golden varieties is a reddish bay
marked with black and of the silver varieties white marked with
black. The cock usually has more dark markings than the hen.
The Red-caps are large fowl with a red and black plumage. The comb is
similar to the Hamburg's but larger, and the ear lobes are red.
The Campines resemble the Hamburgs, but have a single comb.
The French Class includes the Houdans, the Crevecoeurs, and the La
Fleche. The Houdans are mottled black and white with pinkish white
legs, with a fifth toe like the Dorkings, and are easily recognized
by their peculiar crest.
The other breeds of fowl, like the crested Polish, Bantams, and game
fowl, have less interest for the poultry raiser, though often seen in
exhibitions and poultry shows.
To sum up, we may group all these breeds according to their value
into (1) the egg breeds, including the Leghorn, Minorca, Spanish, and
Red-cap; (2) the meat breeds, including the Brahmas, Cochins, and
Langshans; (3) the general purpose breeds, including the Plymouth
Rocks, Wyandottes, Rhode Island Reds, Dorkings, and Orpingtons; and
(4) the fancy breeds, including the Polish, Bantams, Games, etc.
_Definitions._
American Standard of Perfection, an illustrated volume published by
the American Poultry Association, indicating the desirable points of
each recognized breed of fowl.
_Comb_, the fleshy outgrowth on the head.
_Single comb_, a thin, upright comb.
_Rose comb_, a flat comb with a rough or corrugated surface.
_Pea comb_, resembling three single combs, united at the back.
_Wattles_, the fleshy outgrowths from the underside of the throat.
_Ear lobes_, the fleshy structure in the region of the ear.
_Under-color_, the color noted when the coverts are raised.
_Hackle_, the feathers on the neck.
_Cape_, the feathers back of the hackle.
_Saddle_, the feathers in the posterior region of the back.
_Sickle_, the curved feathers of the tail in the cock.
_Penciling_, small stripes or color markings on the feather.
_Spangling_, large spots or splotches of color on the feather.
_Shanks_, the exposed scaly portions of the legs, usually spoken of
as the "legs."
_Questions and observations._
1. Make a diagrammatic sketch of a fowl and locate the principal
regions used in the description of the various breeds.
2. Observing the specimens or the pictures of the fowls at hand, note
the size and kind of comb, the appearance of the wattles, the color
of the eyes and ear lobes, the color in the various regions of the
body, the color and any peculiarity of the legs and feet. If you
wish, you may record your answers in tabular form.
_Topics for investigation._
1. Look up and report upon the average number of eggs laid annually,
and the number of eggs to the pound, in the case of the Plymouth
Rock, Wyandotte, Rhode Island Red, Dorking, Brahma, Leghorn, and
Minorca.
2. Explain the terms "non-setter" and "winter layer."
3. When do hens moult? How does this affect the laying? What schemes
have poultry men to bring this moulting at the most favorable season?
4. What is a "balanced ration" as applied to fowls? What are some
methods of feeding which tend to secure greater egg-production?
5. Explain some of the special features of such methods of housing
and keeping chickens as the Philo System, Corning System, etc.
6. What precautions must be taken in raising chickens so as to
prevent disease and attacks of enemies?
7. What does it cost per year to keep a dozen hens? How many can a
person keep profitably on a city lot, if he is not to make a special
business of chicken raising?
8. How do chickens solve the problem of the garbage can?
9. What are some of the objections made to keeping chickens in the
city? Are these objections well founded, and if so how may they be
met?
10. Find out what breeds of chickens are kept in your neighborhood,
and note some of the reasons that are given for keeping these
particular breeds.
GLOSSARY
#Ab do' men#, (1) the hinder portion of the body of an invertebrate;
(2) of higher animals, the region or cavity containing the stomach,
intestine, etc.
#Al bu' men#, (1) a proteid substance; (2) "white of egg."
#A' nal#, pertaining to the anus, or hinder opening of the intestine.
#Anal fin#, a ventral median fin of fishes, just back of the anus.
#Animal Communities#, associations of many animals of the same
species.
#An ten' na#, a segmented sensory appendage on the head of an
arthropod.
#An ten' nule#, a small antenna.
#An te' ri or#, farther forward, in front of; at the head or forward
end.
#A or' ta#, a large artery arising at the heart and forming the trunk
of the arterial system.
#Ap' er ture#, an opening.
#Ap pend' age#, a projection from the body, usually one of a pair.
#Ar throp' o da#, a group of animals with a segmented trunk and
paired, segmented appendages.
#Ar ti o dac' tyl#, an ungulate with an even number of toes.
#A sex' u al#, without sex.
#Au' di to ry#, pertaining to hearing.
#Barb#, one of the lateral outgrowths of the shaft of a feather,
forming the vane.
#Barb ule#, a small outgrowth of the barb of a feather.
#Bi lat' er al sym' me try#, having the right and left sides mirror
images one of the other.
#Body cavity#, the space between the body wall and the alimentary
canal.
#Body-wall#, the outer wall in bodies of the many-celled animals.
#Budding#, a form of fission in which a cell or portion of the body
forms a small protuberance or bud, which is then cut off from the
parent and forms a new individual.
#Canals#, channels through the body-walls of sponges.
#Car' a pace#, the shell which covers a portion or all of the
cephalo-thorax in crustaceans.
#Car' di nal#, pertaining to a cardo or hinge.
#Car niv' or ous#, flesh-eating.
#Car ot' id#, a large artery which supplies the brain and head with
blood.
#Car' pal#, a bone of the wrist.
#Cat' er pil lar#, the larva of a butterfly or moth.
#Caud al#, pertaining to the tail.
#Cell#, the smallest living unit.
#Cell-wall#, the lifeless membrane surrounding many cells, secreted
by the protoplasm.
#Central cavity#, the cavity surrounded by the body-wall in the
simpler many-celled animals, as in the sponges.
#Ceph a lop' o da#, the class to which the squid, octopus, nautilus,
etc., belong.
#Ceph' al o-tho' rax#, the division of the body formed by the fused
head and thorax in many arthropoda.
#Cer' vi cal groove#, the groove marking the place of union when head
and thorax are merged into a cephalo-thorax.
#Cha la' za#, one of the spiral masses of albumen found at the two
ends of a bird's egg.
#Che' li peds#, the large claws in many crustaceans.
#Chor-date#, animals with a notochord, present throughout life or
disappearing.
#Chro mat' o phore#, color body.
#Chrys' a lis#, the pupa stage of a butterfly.
#Cil' i um# (pl. #cilia#), a minute vibrating hair on the surface of
many cells.
#Co coon' #, the envelope spun by certain larval insects in which
they are inclosed during the pupa stage. A similar structure, as the
egg-case of spiders, earthworms, etc.
#Coe' cum# (se' kum), a blind pouch or bag; a sac open at one end.
#Coe len te ra' ta#, rather simple, sac-like animals with nettle
cells in the body walls.
#Co le op' te ra#, beetles.
#Col' o ny#, a group of animals of the same kind found in one
locality, usually related to each other and often actually connected.
#Com men' sal ism#, an association of two animals, not mutually
helpful, but without injury to either.
#Com pound eye#, an eye made up of many simple eyes or eye elements.
#Com pressed' #, narrower from side to side than from dorsal to
ventral surface.
#Con ju ga' tion#, a process occurring in some one-celled animals,
preceding reproduction. In this process two animals unite temporarily
and exchange nuclear substance, or in some forms the two cells fuse
into one. After this exchange or fusion fission occurs, usually more
rapidly than before.
#Contracting# or #pulsating vacuoles#, small, clear spots in a cell,
filled with a watery fluid. In the living animal these alternately
disappear and then reappear.
#Co' nus ar te ri o' sus#, a cone-shaped artery connected with the
ventricle of the heart.
#Cov' ert#, a feather overlying the base of the large feathers of the
wing or tail.
#Cra' ni um#, the skull, particularly that part of it inclosing the
brain.
#Crop#, an enlarged portion of the esophagus.
#Cross fertilization#, a form of fertilization in which the male and
female elements are produced by different individuals.
#Crus ta' ce a#, aquatic, gill-bearing arthropods, with two pairs of
antennæ.
#Cu' ti cle#, the thin outer skin.
#Cy' to plasm#, the portion of the protoplasm of a cell which is
outside of the nucleus, less dense than the nucleus and usually
taking a lighter stain.
#Den' ta ry#, the terminal portion or bone of the lower jaw of
vertebrates lower than mammals, containing all or most of the teeth.
#Di a phragm#, a muscular partition separating the abdomen and
thorax, in mammals.
#Dig' i ti grade#, walking on the toes.
#Di oe' cious#, reproductive organs in different individuals.
#Dip' te ra#, insects with two wings, including flies, mosquitoes,
etc.
#Dis' tal end#, the free end of any object which is attached by one
end.
#Dor' sal surface#, the upper surface; the back.
#Du' o de' num#, the first portion of the small intestine.
#Ec' to derm cells#, cells covering the outside of sponges and some
other simple animals.
#Egg cell#, the large, non-motile reproductive cell, with which a
sperm cell fuses.
#Em bry on' ic#, development within the egg or in the body of the
mother.
#En' do derm cells#, cells lining inner cavities in the many-celled
animals. As a rule they have cilia or flagella.
#E soph' a gus#, the portion of the alimentary canal connecting the
mouth (or the pharynx) with the stomach.
#Eu sta' chi an# (eu sta' kian) #tube#, a passage between the pharynx
and the middle ear.
#Ex ha' lent#, flowing or moving away from the body.
#Ex' o skel' e ton#, an external skeleton.
#Eye stalk#, an appendage which bears an eye on its free end.
#Fe' mur#, (1) the thigh bone; (2) the third joint of an insect's
leg.
#Fer ti li za' tion#, the fusion of male and female elements in
reproduction.
#Fi' bers#, flexible threads; fibers of a horny material are found in
the walls of many of the sponges.
#Fib' u la#, the outer of the two long bones of the lower leg.
#Fin#, a paddle-like structure for swimming.
#Fin-rays#, the framework of the fins of fishes.
#Fis' sion#, a method of reproduction used in all cells, by which a
cell divides itself into two, usually through the center. _See also_
Conjugation and Budding.
#Fla gel' lum# (pl. #flagella#), vibrating hairs larger than cilia
and less numerous.
#Food-balls#, bits of food inside the cells of many one-celled
animals, usually showing through the walls.
#Food-vacuole#, a small drop of water containing digestive material
and a food-ball.
#Fo ra' men#, an opening or short passage.
#Gall-bladder#, a membranous sac for the storage of gall, or bile, at
the lower edge of the liver (syn. "bile sac").
#Gas ter op' o da#, the class to which the snail belongs.
#Ge' nus# (pl. #genera#), a group of closely related species.
#Germ-spot#, the region in the bird's egg in which development first
takes place.
#Gill#, an apparatus for breathing the air dissolved in water.
#Gill-cham' ber#, a pocket or cavity covered by a flap, in which the
gills lie.
#Gir' dle#, the name applied to the smooth band often occurring near
the anterior end of an earthworm.
#Giz' zard#, a portion of the alimentary canal with especially
thickened muscular walls.
#Glot' tis#, the opening between the vocal cords, or the mouth of the
windpipe.
#Gre ga' ri ous#, associations of animals with little division of
labor; gathering in flocks, herds, etc.
#Gullet#, the inner end of the oral groove.
#He mip' te ra#, insects with a piercing organ for sucking their
food, Bugs.
#He pat' ic#, pertaining to the liver.
#Her biv' o rous#, plant-eating.
#Hock#, the joint of the hind leg situated between the tibia and
tarsus, corresponding to the ankle in man.
#Hu' me rus#, the long bone of the upper part of the arm or fore
limb.
#Hy men op' te ra#, order of insects to which belong bees, ants, and
wasps.
#Ich neu' mon# (ic nu' mon), an insect that deposits its eggs upon or
in other insects, upon which its larvæ will feed.
#In ha' lent#, flowing or moving toward the body.
#In ha' lent pores#, the outer ends of the canals in the body-walls
of sponges.
#Ink-sac#, a defensive structure found in the squid.
#Ju' gu lar#, pertaining to the throat.
#La' bi um#, lower lip.
#La' brum#, upper lip.
#La mell' i branch i a' ta#, the class to which the clam, oyster,
etc., belong; bivalves, sometimes called pelecypoda.
#Lar' va#, (1) the early form of an animal when it is unlike the
parent, or undergoes a metamorphosis; (2) the first stage of
postembryonic development.
#Lat' er al#, (1) situated to one side of the median plane; (2)
situated in the region of the hinge in a bivalve shell.
#Lep i dop' te ra#, butterflies and moths.
#Lig' a ment#, a strong band or cord binding two structures together.
#Lin' gual#, pertaining to the tongue.
#Lip#, any structure that bounds an orifice.
#Mam' mal#, vertebrates with a covering of hair or fur.
#Man' di ble#, a jaw or a jaw-like mouth-part.
#Man' tle#, folds of skin covering the body of a bivalve.
#Masking#, the covering of an animal by some object so as to hide its
identity.
#Max il' læ#, the appendages just back of the mandibles in
arthropods.
#Max' il la ry#, pertaining to or situated near the jaw.
#Max il' li peds#, the appendages back of the maxillæ in
crustaceans.
#Me' di an#, pertaining to the middle.
#Mes o gle' a#, a non-cellular layer between ectoderm and endoderm
cells.
#Mes o tho' rax#, the middle division of the thorax.
#Met a car' pal#, one of the bones between the wrist (carpus) and the
fingers (phalanges).
#Met a mor' pho sis#, the series of changes which take place in the
development of some animals after they are hatched.
#Met a tar' sal#, one of the bones of the metatarsus, between the
ankle and the toes.
#Met a tho' rax#, the most posterior region of the thorax.
#Mi cro nu' cle us#, _see_ Nucleolus.
#Mimicry#, a method of protection due to the resemblance of an
unprotected to a well-protected animal.
#Mol lus' ca#, the branch of animals to which clams, snails, etc.,
belong.
#Mo noe' cious#, reproductive organs in different regions of the same
individual.
#Mouth#, the anterior opening into the digestive cavity.
#Neph rid' i um# (pl. #neph rid' i a#), a tubule functioning as a
kidney in some of the worms.
#Net' tle cells#, the stinging cells found in the coelenterates.
#Noc tur' nal#, pertaining to night.
#Nu cle' o lus# (pl. #nucleoli#), a very small, dense, dark-staining
body, either within the nucleus or near it. In the latter case it is
often called the _paranucleus_ or _micronucleus_.
#Nu' cle us# (pl. #nuclei#), a dense bit of protoplasm usually near
the center of a cell, often staining dark.
#O cel' lus#, a simple eye.
#Om niv' o rous#, eating or living upon food of all kinds.
#O per' cu lum#, a lid or cover.
#O' ral#, pertaining to the mouth.
#Oral groove#, a funnel-shaped groove in one side of some one-celled
animals conducting food to the mouth.
#Or' der#, a term in classification used to designate a group of
genera.
#Or thop' ter a#, the order to which locusts, grasshoppers, etc.,
belong.
#Os' cu lum# (pl. #oscula#), the large opening from the central
cavity in sponges.
#Os mo' sis#, the process by which fluids of different densities
become equally diffused when separated by an organic membrane or by a
porous structure.
#Os' ti a# (sing. #ostium#), the inner ends of the canals in the
body-walls of sponges.
#O' va ry#, the organ in which the egg cells are developed.
#O vi pos' i tors#, organs used to deposit eggs.
#Pal' li al#, a line connecting the two muscle scars in a bivalve
shell.
#Palp#, (1) a jointed finger-like structure on the oral appendages of
arthropods; (2) oral appendages found in mollusca.
#Pan' cre as#, one of the glands of the digestive system.
#Par a nu' cle us#, _see_ Nucleolus.
#Par' a si tism#, an association of two animals, one living at the
expense of the other.
#Pec' to ral#, (1) pertaining to the thorax or breast; (2) the
anterior of the paired fins of fishes.
#Pelvic#, (1) pertaining to the pelvis; (2) the posterior paired fins
of fishes.
#Pen#, a remnant of exoskeleton found in the squid.
#Per i car' di um#, a membranous bag surrounding the heart.
#Per is so dac' tyl#, ungulates with an odd number of toes.
#Per' i to ne' um#, a membrane that lines the body cavity.
#Pha' lanx# (pl. #phalanges#), one of the bones of the fingers or
toes.
#Phar' ynx#, the region of the alimentary canal just back of the
mouth cavity.
#Pigment#, a substance which gives color to an object.
#Plan' ti grade#, walking on the soles of the feet; flat-footed.
#Pol' len bas ket#, the flattened hairy tibia of the hind legs of
honey bees, used for carrying pollen.
#Pol' lin na tion#, the transfer of pollen from the anther of a
flower to the stigma.
#Polyp#, any radially symmetrical animal, but usually an individual
in a connected colony.
#Po rif' e ra#, the sponges, distinguished by the canals which
perforate the body wall.
#Post em bry on' ic#, development after birth or hatching.
#Pos te' ri or#, situated behind or toward the hinder part.
#Pro bos' cis#, a prolonged, flexible snout or a tubular structure,
protruding from the head.
#Pro' leg#, an unsegmented appendage found in the larvæ of some
insects.
#Protective resemblance#, a method of protection due to the
resemblance of an animal to its background.
#Pro tho' rax#, the most anterior division of the thorax.
#Pro' to plasm#, the living material composing the cell; the physical
basis of life.
#Pro to zo' a# (sing. #protozoön#), animals of one cell, existing
alone or in loose colonies.
#Prox' i mal end#, the attached end of anything which has also a free
end.
#Pulsating vacuoles#, _see_ Contracting vacuoles.
#Pu' pa#, the stage in the development of an insect immediately
preceding the adult.
#Quill#, one of the large, stiff, strong flight feathers or tail
feathers of a bird; the hollow, basal part of a feather; a large,
hollow, sharp spine.
#Ra' di al sym' me try#, having the organs or parts arranged
symmetrically around a center.
#Re gen er a' tion#, the power to grow new parts or organs.
#Re' gions#, the principal divisions of the body, head, thorax, and
abdomen.
#Res pi ra' tion#, the passage of oxygen into the tissues of a living
organism and of carbon dioxide out of them. These gases can pass
through any thin, moist, organic membrane. When such a membrane
separates two fluids which differ in the amount of oxygen they
contain, oxygen passes to the fluid containing the smaller amount.
The same is true of carbon dioxide. Respiration is believed to occur
in all living organisms.
#Ro' dent#, mammals with curved self-sharpening incisor teeth, order
including mice, rats, squirrels, rabbits, etc.
#Ros' trum#, a beak-like projection or snout.
#Ru' mi nant#, chewing the cud.
#Sac#, a cavity or pouch.
#Sa' crum#, a composite bone formed by the union of vertebræ in the
region of hips.
#Scap' u la#, the shoulder-blade.
#Sep' tum# (pl. #sep' ta#), a wall or partition between two cavities.
#Se' ta# (pl. #se' tae#), small bristles or stiff hairs.
#Sex' u al#, pertaining to sex.
#Si' nus ve no' sus#, an enlargement of the termination of the large
veins.
#Si' phon#, a tube-like organ.
#So' mites#, the serial segments or rings composing the bodies of
many animals.
#Spe' ci es#, a word used in classification to designate a group of
animals differing only in minor details.
#Sper' ma ry#, the organ in which sperm cells are developed.
#Sperm cells#, the small, often motile, reproductive cell, which
fuses with the egg cell.
#Spic' ules#, tiny needles of mineral substance found in the walls of
many animals, notably sponges.
#Spi' ra cle#, an opening into the tracheal breathing organs of
insects.
#Spire#, the coiled portion of a gasteropod shell.
#Spore#, a cell capable of developing into a new organism.
#Sternum#, a bone extending along the lower middle line of the chest
region.
#Stom' ach#, the region of the alimentary canal especially adapted to
digest food.
#Stom' ach-in tes' tine#, a region of the alimentary canal adapted to
both digest and absorb food.
#Sub cla' vi an#, situated beneath the clavicle.
#Su' ture#, the junction of two contiguous structures.
#Swim' mer ets#, the abdominal appendages in crustaceans.
#Sym bi o' sis#, an association of two animals which is mutually
helpful.
#Tar' sal#, one of the bones of the tarsus or ankle.
#Tar' sus#, (1) the ankle; (2) the fifth or terminal joint in an
insect's leg.
#Ten' ta cles#, special organs for touch; also used sometimes for
other purposes.
#Terrifying attitudes#, protective attitudes assumed by some animals.
#Tho' rax#, the region of the body between the head and abdomen.
#Tib' i a#, (1) the shin-bone; (2) the fourth joint of an insect's
leg.
#Tooth#, (1) an organ used in mastication; (2) a tooth-like
projection.
#Tra' che a#, a tube which carries air either to the respiratory
organ or to the tissues.
#Trunk#, the portion of the body between head and tail.
#Tu' ber cle#, a knob-like projection.
#Ul' na#, that bone of the forearm which is on the same side as the
little finger.
#Um' bo# (pl. #umbones#), an elevation near the anterior end of a
bivalve shell.
#Un' gu lates#, hoofed mammals.
#U re' ter#, a duct connecting the kidney with the urinary bladder.
#U' ro style#, a long bone forming the hinder extremity of the
vertebral column of tailless amphibia.
#Vac' u oles#, small, clear spots in cells, filled with a watery
fluid. _See_ Food-vacuoles _and_ Contracting vacuoles.
#Valve#, (1) a membranous fold which allows the blood, or other
fluids, to flow in only one direction; (2) one of the two parts of
the shell of a bivalve.
#Vein#, (1) a blood-vessel carrying blood toward the heart; (2) one
of the tubular thickenings of an insect's wing.
#Ve' na ca' va#, a large vein emptying into the right auricle of the
heart.
#Ven' tral#, situated on the under surface.
#Ven' tri cle#, any cavity of a hollow organ, as of the brain or
heart.
#Ver' mes#, the worms, a poorly defined group of animals, showing
bilateral symmetry but without segmented appendages.
#Ver' te bra#, one of the bones of the spinal column.
#Ver' te brates#, animals having a backbone.
#Vi bris' sæ#, long hairs on the face.
#Vis' ce ra# (pl. of #viscus#), the organs of one of the great
cavities of the body (the abdomen, the thorax, or the cranium),
usually meaning those of the abdomen.
#Vi va' ri um#, a cage in which living animals are kept.
#Warning colors#, bright colors which render an animal free from
attack.
#Whorl#, a single coil in the spire of a gasteropod shell.
#Yolk#, food material of an egg.