For description of Joshaghan rugs, see Persian classification.
KABA-KARAMAN, see Karaman.
KABISTAN (Kăb' ĭs-tăn), Cabistan. The name given to rugs woven
near Kuba on the shores of the Caspian Sea.
KAISARIYEH, Kaisarieh, Kaiseriyeh. The Cæsarea of the Bible. An
Anatolian city of 72,000 population, about one hundred and sixty
miles southeast of Angora. An important rug market.
KARAMAN (Kă-rä-män'). A town in Turkey, southeast of Konieh. The
name Kaba-Karaman is frequently applied to a class of rugs from
this town. The meaning of the prefix Kaba is "coarse." For
description of Karaman rugs, see Turkish classification.
KARABAGH (Kă-rä-bä'), Carabagh, Shemakinski, "Country of the Sun."
A province in the southern part of Transcaucasia, just north of
Tabriz. For description of Karabagh rugs, see Caucasian
classification.
KARA DAGH (Kă-rä-dä). Meaning "Black Mountains," mountains in
Persia, north of Tabriz.
KARAJAH DAGH (Kă-rä-jä' dä). One of the principal rug-making
districts of Turkey in Asia.
KASHAN (Kă'chăn). City of Persia with 30,000 inhabitants. Located
half way between Teheran and Ispahan. For description of Kashan
rugs, see Persian classification.
KASHMIR, see Shemakha.
KAZAK (Kä-zăk'), Kazack. A corruption of the word Cossack. Kazak
rugs are made by the Russian Cossack tribes in Transcaucasia near
Mt. Ararat. For description of these rugs, see Caucasian
classification.
KERMAN, see Kirman.
KARMANSHAH (Kěr-män-shä'), Kirmanshah. A city of mud houses in the
Ardelan district of Western Persia. It has a population of some
40,000 and is a centre of commerce, but no rugs are woven there.
The so-called Kermanshah rugs come from Tabriz. For description of
these rugs, see Persian classification.
KERMES. An insect found upon oak trees about the Mediterranean
from which a rich, fast carmine dye is obtained.
KER SHEHR, see Kir Shehr.
KHILIM, see Ghileem.
KHIVA (Kē'vä). A principality or khanate in Turkestan. It covers
23,166 square miles and has a population of 800,000. Khiva Bokhara
is the proper name for the so-called Afghan rugs, as these rugs
are woven mostly by the Nomadic tribe of Khiva. For a description
of these rugs, see Turkestan classification.
KHORASAN (Kō' rä-sän). A large province in the northern corner of
Persia, of which Meshed is the capital. For description of
Khorasan rugs, see Persian classification.
KILIM, see Ghileem.
KILLIM, see Ghileem.
KIRMAN (Kǐr' män). Name of a city and a province in Southeastern
Persia. The latter has an area of over 63,000 square miles, has
600,000 population, and is largely a desert. For a description of
the so-called Kirman rugs, see Persian classification.
KIRMANSHAH, see Kermanshah.
KIR SHEHR (Kǐr Shěhr'), Ker Shehr, Keer Shehr, Keer Sherir. A
Turkish town in the province of Angora, just over the Konieh
border. For description of the so-called Kir Shehr rugs, see
Turkish classification.
KIS, meaning "A girl." Kis Ghileem is the name applied to dowry
rugs woven by young girls.
KIZ, see Kis.
KONIAH, see Konieh.
KONIEH (Kō' ně-ä). The ancient Iconium. A city of Anatolia with a
population of 44,000. Capital of province by the same name which
covers 39,681 square miles and has a population of 1,088,000. For
description of the so-called Konieh rugs, see Turkish
classification.
KOULAH, see Kulah.
KOULTUK, see Zangen.
KUBA (Kōō' bä). Name of a village and a district in Transcaucasia
under the Baku government. Kabistan rugs are woven here.
KULAH (Kōō' lä), Koulah. A city in Turkey, west of Oushak. For
description of the so-called Kulah rugs, see Turkish
classification.
KURD (Kōōrd). An inhabitant of Kurdistan.
KURDISTAN (Kōōr' dǐs-tän). A region occupying the eastern part of
Turkey in Asia, and the western part of Persia. It has an area of
about 74,000 square miles and a population of 3,000,000.
KURK. A very soft wool obtained by combing the sheep in winter.
KUTAYAH, Kutaria, Kutaya, Kutchia (Ko-ti-ya). A city of Anatolia
in the Province of Brousa, about sixty miles north of Oushak, with
a population of 22,000.
LADIK (Lä-däk), Ladic, Laodicea, Latakia. Name of a rug made in
the ancient village of Laodicea in Anatolia, northeast of Konieh.
See Turkish classification.
LAODICEA (Lā-od-i-cē' ä), Latakia. An ancient village of Anatolia,
northeast of Konieh, with a population of 22,000. The so-called
Ladik rug comes from here.
LARISTAN (Lär-ǐs-tän'), see Niris. A mountainous province in
Western Persia.
LULE (Lū' lā). A corruption of the Persian word "roulez," meaning
"jewel." A term frequently applied to Bijar rugs.
LURISTAN, see Laristan.
MADDER. A dye made from the root of the "rubia tinctorum." From it
are made a multitude of reds.
MAHAL (Mä' häl). A name given to a class of rugs from Sultanabad.
See Persian classification.
MAKSOUD. The name of the weaver of the celebrated Ardebil carpet,
which is in the South Kensington Museum.
MECCA, or MEKKA (Měk' kä), "The Heart of Islam." The holy city of
the Mohammedans containing the Caaba, visited annually by
multitudes of pilgrims. It has a population of 60,000. The name is
frequently applied by retailers to Shiraz rugs.
MELACE, see Meles.
MELES (Mē' lăs). The name given to rugs produced in the Smyrna
district. A corruption of the word Milassa, a small town about one
hundred miles south of Smyrna. See Turkish classification.
MESHED (Mesh-hed'), Meshad. Capital of the province of Khorasan in
Northeastern Persia with a population of 70,000. For description
of the so-called Meshed rugs, see Persian classification.
MESOPOTAMIA. Consists of that triangular portion of the
southeastern part of Turkey in Asia which lies between the Tigris
and the Euphrates. It has an area of 131,000 square miles and a
population of only six million.
MILASSA. A town in Anatolia on the coast, about one hundred miles
south of Smyrna.
MIR (Mǐr). A village in the district of Sarawan, where it is said
that the Mir or Mir Saraband design originated.
MISKABAD, see Mushkabad.
MOSUL, Mossoul, Mousoul. A city of Mesopotamia on the Tigris.
Kurdish tribes market their rugs here. For a description of the
so-called Mosul rug, see Turkish classification.
MUSHKABAD (Mus-ka-bad), Miskabad. A name given to a class of
Sultanabad products. See Persian classification.
NIRIS, Laristan, Luristan. Name applied to rugs made by the
hillmen in the uplands around the salt lake of Niris in Laristan.
See Persian classification.
OUCHAK, see Oushak.
OUSHAK (Oō'shäk), Oocuak, Ushak. A city of Anatolia, in the
province of Aidin, about one hundred miles east of Smyrna.
It has a population of 100,000 and is one of the greatest rug
centres in Anatolia. For description of the so-called Oushak rugs,
see Turkish classification.
PARA (Pā-rä'). Piece of Turkish money equivalent to about one mill
of American money.
PERGAMON (Pĕr' gä-mon), Pergamos. The name of the ancient Greek
Kingdom in the northeastern part of Asia Minor, which is now known
as Bergama.
PERSIA. A kingdom of Southwestern Asia occupying the western half
of the Iranian plateau, which rises to the height of from six to
eight thousand feet between the valleys of the Indus and the
Tigris. It has an area of more than a million square miles and a
population of over eight million inhabitants. The capital is
Teheran.
PIASTER (Pǐ-ăs' tẽr). A piece of Turkish money equal to less than
four cents of our money.
PRINCESS BOKHARA, see Hardjli.
ROULEZ. Persian word meaning "jewel." See Lule.
SAMARKAND (Săm' är-känd), Samarcand, "The Head of Islam." Name of
province and city in Russian Turkestan. The former with an area of
26,627 square miles, and a population of 858,000; the latter is a
very interesting city with a population of 55,000. For description
of the so-called Samarkand rugs, see Turkestan classification.
SARABAND (Săr' ä-bănd), Serebend, Selville. Names given to a class
of rugs woven at Sarawan, a district in Persia just south of
Feraghan. See Persian classification.
SARAK, see Sarakhs.
SARAKHS (Sä-räks'). A frontier town of 10,000 inhabitants in the
northeastern corner of Persia on the Tijend River. See Bijar.
SARAWAN (Să' rä-wän). A district of Persia just south of Feraghan.
See Saraband.
SAROUK, see Saruk.
SARUK (Sä-rōōk'), Sarouk. A village in the district of Feraghan,
not far from Sultanabad. See Persian classification.
SAVALAN (Să' vä-län). The name of a mountain in Azerbijan
province. A name often given in the American market to products of
Sultanabad. For description of the so-called Savalan rugs, see
Sultanabad, under the Persian classification.
SEDJEDES, means a small rug.
SEHNA, see Senna.
SELVILLE, see Saraband.
SENNA (Sěn' nä), Sehna, Sinneh, Sinn. A city in Western Persia
just north of Hamadan. Here rugs are made which are quite
different from those made anywhere else in the Orient. See Persian
classification.
SERAB, see Sirab.
SERAPI (Sě-răp' ě), Serab, Sirab. Name applied to some of the
Herez rugs. See Persian classification.
SERABAND, see Saraband.
SHAH ABBAS (Sha-Abbas). A popular Persian ruler of the 16th
century. His name has been given to a favorite design which
originated during his reign.
SHAROKH, see Bijar.
SHEMAKHA (Shē' mä-kä), Shemka, Shemaka, Cashmere, Kashmir, Soumak.
All names given to a class of pileless rugs which are woven by the
Nomadic tribes of Shirvan, near the town of Shemakha, a
manufacturing town of the Baku district, Transcaucasia, with a
population of 20,000. See Caucasian classification.
SHERAZ, see Shiraz.
SHIRAZ (Shē-răz'). A manufacturing and commercial town in the Fars
district with a population of 32,000. It was the former capital of
Persia. Shiraz rugs are sometimes erroneously called Mecca rugs.
See Persian classification.
SHIRVAN (Shǐr' văn). The name of a city and a khanate in Russian
Caucasia, just west of the Caspian Sea and along the southern
slope of the Caucasian Mountains. Shirvan rugs are woven here. See
Caucasian classification.
SINNA, see Senna.
SIBAB (Sǐ-räb'), Serab. A village in the Herez district in
Northern Persia. Serapi, a name applied to some of the Herez
products, is a corruption of the name Sirab.
SIVAS (Sē-väs'), The name of a city and a province in Northern
Asia Minor, south of the Black Sea; the former with a population
of 43,000 and the latter with a population of 1,087,000 and an
area of 24,240 square miles.
SMYRNA (Směr' nä). Province and city of Eastern Anatolia. The
former has an area of 20,844 square miles and a population of
1,397,000. The city has a population of 201,000 and is an
important rug market, but not a centre of weaving. For description
of so-called Smyrna rugs, see Turkish classification.
SOUMAK, see Shemakha.
SOUJ BULAK (Souge Bū' läk). The name of an old Kurdish capital on
the border south of Tabriz. For a description of the so-called
Souj Bulak rug, see Persian classification.
SULTANABAD (Sǔl-tān' ä-bäd). A city in Persia about one hundred
and sixty miles east of Kermanshah. It has a population of 25,000
and is the centre of rug weaving under European control. Rugs from
this district are known as Sultanabad, Savalan, Muskabad, and
Mahal. See Persian classification.
TABRIZ (Tă-brěěz'), Tabreez, "Pinnacle of Islam." A commercial
city of the province of Azerbijan in the northwest corner of
Persia. It is an important centre of rug weaving, and has a
population of 180,000. For a description of the so-called Tabriz
rug, see Persian classification.
TALIM. A drawn or painted copy used by weavers indicating the
pattern which they are to weave.
TCHECHEN, see Tchetchen.
TCHERKESS, or Circassia. A province in Northwestern Caucasia on
the Black Sea, once peopled by a tribe which has become almost
extinct.
TCHETCHEN, Tchechen, Tzitzi, Chichi. A tribe of wandering
shepherds who inhabit the mountains north of Daghestan. They make
a good quality of rugs. See Caucasian classification.
TEHERAN (Tē' hē-rän), "The Pure." The present capital of Persia,
with a population of 160,000 in summer and 250,000 in winter.
TEKKE BOKHARA (Tē' kä Bō-khä' rä). The name of a rug woven by the
Tekke Turkoman tribes who inhabit the country along the
Transcaspian Railroad from Askabad to Merv. See Turkestan
classification.
TIFLIS. The capital of Transcaucasia, next to Constantinople, is
the greatest rug market in the world, especially for the Caucasian
products. It has a population of 161,000, mostly Armenians,
Georgians, and Russians. It is said that more than seventy
languages are spoken here.
TJOSHAGHAN, see Joshaghan.
TOMAN (Tō' mān). A piece of Turkish money equivalent to about
$0.91 of our money.
TRANSCAUCASIA. That part of Russian Caucasia south of the
Caucasian Mountains.
TURKESTAN is an immense territory lying east of the Caspian. It is
bounded on the south by Persia, Afghanistan, and China, on the
east by China, and on the north by Asiatic Russia. It is divided
into Russian Turkestan on the north with an area of 257,134 square
miles and a population of nearly four millions; Eastern or Chinese
Turkestan with an area of 550,579 and a population of 1,200,000;
and Turkestan proper on the south, which also belongs to Russia.
The rug centres are Samarkand of the northern district, Kashgar,
Yarkand, and Khotan of the eastern district, and Bokhara and Khiva
of the southern district.
TURKEY IN ASIA. Comprises Anatolia, Syria, the coast of Arabia
bordering on the Red Sea, Armenia, and Mesopotamia. A medley of
races and religions.
TURKOMAN (Tǔrk' ō-măn). Rugs from Turkestan proper and generally
grouped under the name Turkoman.
TURKMAN, see Genghis.
TZITZI. A corruption of the word Tchetchen.
VALONIA. The husk of a certain kind of acorn which is used for
dyeing.
YAMUD, see Yomud.
YARKAND (Yär' kănd). A city of Eastern Turkestan. An important
trade centre with a population of 60,000. For description of the
so-called Yarkand rug, see Turkestan classification.
YEZD (Yäzd), "City of Light." Capital of the province by the same
name with a population of 55,000.
YOMUD (Yä'mǔd), Yamud, Yamund, Yamut, Yamund. Names
applied to a class of rugs which are woven just east of the
Caspian Sea by the Yomud Turkomans. See Turkestan classification.
YOURAGHAN, see Joshaghan.
YOURDEZ, see Ghiordes.
YURUK (Yū-rūk'), Youruck, Yourouk. The word means mountaineer.
Also the name given to a class of rugs woven by a certain mountain
shepherd tribe of Anatolia. See Turkish classification.
ZANJAN (Zăn-jān'). A town in the northwest corner
of the province of Irak Ajemi, Persia. Rugs from this vicinity are
called either Zangan or Koultuk.
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(_a_) Published by Ticknor and Co., Boston, Mass.
(_b_) Published by D. Appleton & Co., New York City.
(_c_) Published by the Royal Austrian Museum, 1892.
(_d_) Published by Clifford & Lawton, New York City.
(_e_) Published by Dodd, Mead & Co., New York City.
(_f_) Published by Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York City.
(_g_) Author not mentioned.
(_h_) Published by Cardinal and Hartford, London.
(_i_) Published by F. Tennyson Neely Co., New York City.
(_j_) Published by A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago, Ill.
(_k_) Published by A. and C. Black, London.
(_l_) Published by T. Fisher Unwin, London.
(_m_) Published by R. R. Donnelly & Sons Co., Chicago, Ill.
(_n_) Published by Frederick A. Stokes & Co., New York City.
(_o_) Published by the Tiffany Studios, New York City.
(_p_) Number unknown.
(_q_) Published by J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
(_r_) Published by Macmillan & Co., London.
(_s_) Published by H. B. Claflin & Co., New York City.
(_t_) Published by Fleming H. Revell Co., London and New York
City.
(_u_) Published by Karl W. Hiersemann, Berlin.
INDEX
A
Abrashes in design, 341
Acid for bleaching, 39
Advice to buyers, 43
Afghan rugs, see Khiva Bokhara, 278
Afghanistan, 341
Age of rugs, how told, 36, 332
Age of weaving art, 17
Aging of rugs artificially, 39
Ak Hissar (city), 341
Ak Hissar rugs (description), 232
Ak Hissar rugs (illustration), 232
Alcohol in design, 64
Alligator in design, see Kulah border design, 116
Almond in design, see Pear, 123
Altman collection of rugs, 38
Altman prayer rug (illustration), 336
Alum used in dyeing, 76
Amber beads for testing dyes, 79
Ames collection of rugs, 27, 38
Anatolia (country), 217
Anatolian Ghileems (description), 312
Anatolian rugs, 50, 52, 323, 325
Anatolian rugs (description), 234
Anatolian rugs (illustration), 60
Angora (province and city), 341
Angular hook in design, 101
Aniline dyes, 27, 40, 44, 77, 78, 170
Aniline dyes, effect on the wool, 78
Aniline dyes, how detected, 44, 45, 47, 79, 80
Aniline dyes in the Orient, 77, 78
Aniline dyed rugs, 218
Animals in design, 99
Anthemion design, 102
Antique rugs, 35, 36, 37, 38, 331, 332
Antique rugs, Cost of, 26, 39
Antique rugs, Craze for, 35
Antique rugs, Exhibition of, 331
Antique rugs, how told, 35, 47
Antique rug, What constitutes an, 35, 36, 47
Apple in design, see Silibik, 131
Arabic figures and letters in design, 100
Ardebil (town), 341
Ardebil mosque carpet, 26, 37, 333
Ardebil mosque carpet (description), 333
Ardebil mosque carpet (illustration), 330
Ardelan (province), 171
Armenia, 218, 342
Armenians, 56, 217, 218
Artificial aging, 39
Asia Minor, 342
Askabad, 342
Auctions, 31, 32
Austria, Antiques in, 37
Austrian royal hunting carpet, 335
Azerbijan (province), 171
B
Backs of rugs (characteristic), 153
Bagdad (province and city), 343
Baker hunting rug (description), 337
Baker hunting rug (illustration), 338
Bakhshis (village), 343
Bakhshis rugs (description), 173
Baku (province and city), 343
Baku rugs, 150
Baku rugs (characteristics), 150
Baku rugs (description), 261
Baku rugs (illustration), 262
Bale, Rugs bought by the, 31, 32
Ball and claw design, 102
Ballard collection of rugs, 38
Barber pole stripe design, 102
Basket in design, 102
Bat in design, 103
Bath rooms, Rugs suitable for, 51
Bath rugs, 325
Bavaria, Antiques in, 37
Beads in design, 103
Beating of rugs, 63
Bed rooms, Rugs suitable for, 51
Bee in design, 103
Beetle in design, 103
Beets used in making dyes, 82
Beluchistan (country), 295, 343
Beluchistan rugs, 50, 51, 52, 70, 106, 326
Beluchistan rugs (characteristics), 151, 295
Beluchistan rugs (description), 296
Beluchistan rugs (illustration), 296
Bergama rugs, 38, 52, 105, 323
Bergama rugs (characteristics), 150
Bergama rugs (description), 235
Bergama rugs (illustration), 46, 236
Berlin, Antiques in, 37
Berlin dragon and phœnix rug (illustration), 332
Beshir Bokhara rugs (description), 280
Beshir Bokhara rugs (illustration), 274, 280
Bibliography, 359
Bijar (town), 343
Bijar rugs, 51
Bijar rugs (characteristics), 148
Bijar rugs (description), 185
Bijar rugs (illustration), 186, 328
Black (color), 76, 77, 80, 83
Blue (color), 80, 82
Boar in design, 104
Bokhara (city), 343
Bokhara, Beshir (description), 280
Bokhara, Beshir (illustration), 274, 280
Bokhara, Camel Bag Half (illustration), 162
Bokhara, Emir of (illustration), 134
Bokhara, Khiva, 50, 51, 52, 327
Bokhara, Khiva (characteristics), 151
Bokhara, Khiva (description), 278
Bokhara, Khiva (illustration), 278
Bokhara, Tekke, 51
Bokhara, Tekke (characteristics), 151
Bokhara, Tekke (description), 281
Bokhara, Tekke (illustration), 282
Bokhara, Yomud, 50, 51, 105, 327
Bokhara, Yomud (characteristics), 151
Bokhara, Yomud (description), 285
Bokhara, Yomud (illustration), 286
Boquet in design, see Pear, 123
Boston hunting rug, 26, 335
Boston hunting rug (illustration), 334
Bow knot in design, 104
Brazil wood used in dyeing, 82
Brown (color), 76, 77, 83
Brushing rugs, 164
Buckthorn used in dyeing, 83
Budapest, Antiques in, 37
Butterfly in design, 104, 304
Buyers, Advice to, 43
Buying rugs by the bale, 31, 32
C
Camels' hair, 70, 77
Campeachy wood used in dyeing, 82
Canopy in design, 105
Care of rugs, 63
Carmine (color), 81
Cashmere goat, 70
Cashmere rug, see Shemaka, 263
Catechu used in dyeing, 83
Caucasia, 253, 344
Caucasian design, 98
Caucasian border design, 105
Caucasian classification, 165, 253
Caucasian rugs (characteristics), 253, 254
Change in design, 36
Characteristics of different rugs, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151
Chart of distinguishing features, 156
Checker board in design, 105
Chemically treated rugs, 39
Chichi rugs (see Tchetchen), 260
Chichi border design, 105
Children as weavers, 55, 56, 57
Chinese Cloud band design, see Cloud, 105
Chinese colors, 306, 307
Chinese designs, 98, 303, 304, 305
Chinese fret, 105, 304
Chinese materials, 305
Chinese rugs, 106, 112, 301
Chinese rugs (characteristics), 154
Chinese rugs, Classification of, 302, 303
Chinese rugs (description), 303, 304
Chinese rugs, Growing scarcity of, 301
Chinese rugs (illustrations), 300, 306, 318
Chinese rugs, Increased value of, 301
Chinese rugs of the 16th and 17th centuries, 306
Chinese rugs, Weave of, 154
Chinese weavers, 18, 303
Chinese weaving, 154, 305
Circle of happiness in design, 106, 304
Circle in design, 106
Clark collection of rugs, 27, 38
Classification of rugs according to intended use, 321
Classification of rugs, Caucasian, 165, 253
Classification of rugs, Chinese 302
Classification of rugs, General 161
Classification of rugs, Geographical, 162
Classification of rugs, Persian, 163, 169
Classification of rugs, Turkish, 164, 217
Classification of rugs, Turkoman, 165, 277
Claw and Ball in design, see Ball and Claw, 102
Cleaning of rugs, 63, 64, 65
Cloud band in design,--see Cloud, Chinese, 106
Coat of arms, Chinese (illustration), 301
Coat of arms, Persian, 107
Coat of arms, Persian (illustration), 169
Coat of arms, Russian, 107
Coat of arms, Russian (illustration), 253
Coat of arms, Turkish, 107
Coat of arms, Turkish (illustration), 217
Cochineal used in dyeing, 81
Cock in design, see Rooster, 127
Coffee grounds used for aging rugs, 39
Collection of Rugs, American, 27, 37, 38
Colors, Fast, 40
Colors, Harmony of, 48
Colors of different nations, 79
Colors employed in Chinese rugs, 306, 307
Comb in design, 108
Commercial methods of rug making, 77
Compass in design, 108
Compressed air for cleaning rugs, 65
Conch shell in design, 108
Cone in design, see Pear, 123
Contagious diseases in the Orient, 56, 57
Constantinople, 217
Convenience of Oriental rugs, 28
Cornucopia in design, 108
Cost of Oriental rugs, 25, 26, 27, 174
Cotton employed in making rugs, 71
Crab in design, 108
Crane in design, 108
Crescent in design, 109
Crimson (color), 82
Crocodile in design, 109
Crooked rugs, 44, 46, 87
Cross, Greek, in design, 109
Crow in design, 110
Crown jewel in design, see Pear, 123
Curling of rugs, 66
Custom house statistics, 20
Cypress tree, see Tree, 136, 137
Cyrus (ancient ruler), 344
D
Daghestan (district), 344
Daghestan rugs, 50, 51, 112, 138
Daghestan rugs (characteristics), 150
Daghestan rugs (description), 254
Daghestan rugs (illustrations), 84, 254, 256, 292
Daghestan rugs, Weave of, 154
Dates in design, 100
David's shield in design, see Star, six pointed, 132
Davis collection of rugs, 38
Dealers and auctions, 31
Dealers, Foreign, 31, 43
Dealers' profits, 25, 32
Dealers, Reliable, 43
Decoration of rooms, 48
Deer in design, 110
Demirdji (city), 344
Den, Rugs suitable for a, 51
Department stores, 43
Derbend (city), 344
Derbend rugs (characteristics), 150
Derbend rugs (description), 257
Designs, Animals in, 99
Designs, Caucasian, 98
Designs, Change in, 36, 97
Designs, Chinese, 98, 303, 304, 305
Designs, Dates in, 100
Designs, European, 98
Designs, Floral, 98
Designs, Geometrical, 99
Designs, Humans in, 99
Designs, Indian, 98
Designs, Inscriptions in, 100
Designs, Names in, 100
Designs, Persian, 98, 169
Designs, Symbolism of, 99
Designs, Transmission of, 97
Designs, Tribal or family, 97
Designs, Turkish, 98
Designs, Turkoman, 98
Diamond in design, 110
Diaper design, see Lattice design, 117
Dining room, Rugs suitable for, 51
Disc, Winged, in design, see winged globe, 139
Disinfection of rugs, 57, 58
Distinguishing features of rugs (chart), 156
Doctored rugs, 39, 40
Doctoring rugs, Method of, 39, 40, 47
Domestic rugs, 43
Dog in design, 110
Dove in design, 111
Dowry rugs, 324
Dragon in design, 111, 305
Dragon and Phœnix rug (illustration), 332
Duck in design, 111
Durability of Oriental rugs, 87
Dust in rugs, 46, 59
Dutch rooms, Rugs suitable for, 49
Duty on rugs, 26
Dye pots (illustration), 80
Dye stuff, 75
Dyeing, Method of, 76
Dyeing of wool, 72
Dyeing, Secrets of, 75
Dyes and Dyers, 73
Dyes, Aniline, 40, 44, 170
Dyes, Fading of aniline, 76, 80
Dyes, Testing of, 40, 44, 46, 47
Dyes, vegetable 40, 44, 75, 76, 78
E
Eagle in design, 111
Eastern rug markets, 31
East India rug (illustration), 334
Egg in design, 111
Egyptian carpets, 18
Elephant in design, 111
England, Antiques in, 37
European designs, 98
Exhibitions of Oriental rugs, 331, 332
Exorbitant prices for rugs, 26, 27
F
Factories, Rug, 55, 57, 170, 217
Fading of rugs, 76
Famous rugs, 331
Farsistan (province), 171
Fast colors, 40
Favorite colors of different nations, 79
Feather in design, see Pear, 123
Felt rugs, 318
Feraghan (district), 345
Feraghan design, see Herati design, 114
Feraghan rugs, 49, 50, 51
Feraghan rugs (characteristics), 149
Feraghan rugs (description), 190
Feraghan rugs (illustration), 114, 190
Figures in design, 100
Fir cone in design, see Pear, 123
Fish in design, 111
Fish bone in design, 112
Flame in design, see Pear, 123
Floor coverings, 327
Floral designs, 98
Flower of Henna in design, see Guli Henna, 113
Flower and Knop design, see Knop and Flower, 215
Fly in design, 112
Folding of rugs, 65
Foreign rug dealers, 31
Four flower design, see Roses, Four, 128
Four roses in design, see Roses, Four, 128
France, Antiques in, 37
Fret, Chinese or Greek, see Chinese fret, 105, 304
Frick collection of rugs, 27, 38
G
Gall nuts used in dyeing, 83, 84
Galley in design, 112
Ganga (city), 345
Genghis (tribe), 345
Genghis rugs, 50, 166
Genghis rugs (characteristics), 150
Genghis rugs (description), 267
Genghis rugs (illustration), 268
Geometrical designs, 99
Georgian border design, 112
Germany, Antiques in, 37
Ghileems, 311
Ghileems (description), 311
Ghileems, Anatolian, 312
Ghileems, Kurdish (characteristics), 154
Ghileems, Kurdish (description), 314
Ghileems, Kurdish (illustration), 314, 316
Ghileems, Kurdish, Weave of, 154
Ghileems, Merve (characteristic), 154
Ghileems, Merve (description), 315
Ghileems Merve (illustration), 316
Ghileems, Merve, Weave of, 154
Ghileems, Senna, 52
Ghileems, Senna (description), 312
Ghileems, Senna (illustration), 312
Ghileems, Shirvan (description), 314
Ghiordes border stripe, 113
Ghiordes knot, 169
Ghiordes rugs, 38, 52, 113, 117, 323
Ghiordes rugs (characteristics), 149
Ghiordes rugs (description), 238
Ghiordes rugs (illustration), 66, 238
Glossary, 341
Glycerine used in rugs, 39
Goats' hair, 70
Gorevan rugs, 120, 327
Gorevan rugs (description), 175
Gorevan rugs (illustration), 176
Gourd in design, 113
Grape juice used in dyeing, 84
Grave rugs, 324
Gray (color), 84
Greek cross in design, see Cross, Greek, 109
Greek fret, see Chinese fret, 105, 304
Greek key, see Chinese fret, 105, 304
Greek meander in design, see Meander, Greek, 119
Green (color), 79, 80, 83, 218
Guli Henna design, 113
H
Hair used in rugs, 305
Hall, Rugs suitable for, 50
Hamadan (city), 345
Hamadan rugs, 50, 70, 120, 327
Hamadan rugs (characteristics), 149
Hamadan rugs (description), 192
Hamadan rugs (illustration), 110, 192
Hand in design, see coat of arms, Turkish, also Pear, 107, 123
Hanging rugs, 63, 64
Hangings, 328
Hardjli Rugs, 283
Harmony of colors, 48
Havemeyer collection of rugs, 27
Hearth rugs, 323
Heliotrope (color), 84
Henna flower in design, see Guli Henna design, 113
Herat (city), 346
Herat rugs, 114, 125
Herat rugs (characteristics), 149
Herat rugs (description), 206
Herati design, 114
Herez (district), 346
Herez rugs, 51
Herez rugs (characteristics), 148
Herez rugs (description), 173
Herez rugs (illustration), 172
Hexagon in design, 115
Hog in design, 115
Holy carpet, Yerkes, 27
Hom in design, see Anthemion, 102
Home looms, 56
Hook, Angular, see Angular hook, 101
Hook, Latch, see Angular hook, 101
Horse shoe in design, 115
Hound in design, 115
Hour glass in design, 115
Human beings in design, 99
Hygiene of Oriental rugs, 28
I
Identification of rugs, 147
Importation of Oriental rugs, 20, 217
Indian designs, 98
Indian fish bone design, see Fish bone, 112
Indian hunting rug, 26, 335
Indian rugs, 162
Indigo used in dyeing, 82, 84
Inscriptions in design, 100
Inspecting rugs at Ispahan (illustration), 170
Introduction, 17
Irak Ajemi (province), 171
Iron filings used in dyeing, 83
Ispahan (city), 346
Ispahan rugs, 50, 51, 332, 333
Ispahan rugs (description), 194
Ispahan rugs (illustration), 194
Ivy berries used in dyeing, 82
J
Jewel in design, see Pear, 123
Jones, Mr. Quill, 36
Joshaghan (district), 346
Jug in design, 115
K
Kabistan rugs, 50, 51, 128, 135
Kabistan rugs (description), 258
Kabistan rugs (illustration), 258
Karabagh (province), 347
Karabagh rugs, 50, 126
Karabagh rugs (characteristics), 126
Karabagh rugs (description), 269
Karabagh rugs (illustration), 270
Kara Dagh (mountains), 347
Kara Dagh rugs (characteristics), 148
Kara Dagh rugs (description), 178
Karaman (town), 347
Karaman rugs (description), 223
Kashan city, 347
Kashan rugs (description), 180
Kashan rugs (illustration), 180
Kashgar rugs (characteristics), 152
Kashgar rugs (description), 287
Kazak rugs, 50, 51, 108, 122, 126, 135, 138, 154, 327
Kazak rugs (characteristics), 150, 154
Kazak rugs (description), 272
Kazak rugs (illustration), 94, 144, 272
Kazak rugs, Weave of, 154
Kermanshah (city), 347
Kermanshah rugs 50, 327
Kermanshah rugs (characteristics), 148
Kermanshah rugs (description), 186
Kermanshah rugs (illustration), 118
Kermes used in dyeing, 81
Key, Greek, see Chinese fret, 105, 304
Khilims, see Ghileems, 311
Khiva (principality), 348
Kiva Bokhara rugs, 50, 51, 327
Khiva Bokhara rugs (characteristics), 151
Khiva Bokhara rugs (description), 278
Khiva Bokhara rugs (illustration), 120, 278
Khorasan (province), 172, 348
Khorasan rugs, 50, 78, 114, 120, 125, 153, 327
Khorasan rugs (characteristics), 149
Khorasan rugs (description), 207
Khorasan rugs (illustration), 32
Khorasan rugs, Weave of, 153
Kilims, see Ghileems, 311
Kirman (city and province), 172, 348
Kirman rugs, 49, 104, 120, 327
Kirman rugs (characteristics), 149
Kirman rugs (description), 211
Kirman rugs (illustrations), 210, 212
Kir Shehr (town), 348
Kir Shehr rugs (characteristics), 149
Kir Shehr rugs (description), 220
Kir Shehr rugs (illustration), 130, 220, 222
Kis Ghileem, 313, 324
Knop and flower design, 115
Knot in design, 104, 116
Knot of destiny design, 116
Knot, Persian or Senna, 91, 93, 169
Knot, Turkish or Ghiordes, 91, 93, 169
Knots used in weaving (illustration), 90
Konieh (city), 348
Konieh field design, see Rhodian, 126
Konieh rugs, 117, 127
Konieh rugs (description), 225
Konieh rugs (illustration), 138, 224
Koran, 99, 100, 116
Kulah border design, 150
Kulah (city), 349
Kulah rugs, 38, 52, 323
Kulah rugs (characteristics), 150
Kulah rugs (description), 239
Kulah rugs (illustrated), 216, 240
Kurdish ghileems, 314
Kurdish ghileems (illustration), 314, 316
Kurdish ghileems, Weave of, 154
Kurdish guard (illustration), 124
Kurdish weavers, 219
Kurdistan (country), 349
Kurdistan rugs, 51, 327
Kurdistan rugs (characteristics), 149
Kurdistan rugs (description), 212
Kurdistan rugs (illustration), 214
Kurds, 78
Kurk, 70
L
Ladik rugs, 50, 52, 117, 127
Ladik rugs (characteristics), 150
Ladik rugs (description), 228
Ladik rugs (illustration), 74, 228
Laodicea (village), 349
Large patterns in rugs, 49
Laristan (province), 349
Latch hook in design, see angular hook, 101
Lattice design, 117
Lavender (color), 84
Law against use of aniline dyes, 77
Leaf in design, see Pear, 123
Leopard in design, 117
Lemon juice used on rugs, 39
Library, Rugs suitable for, 51
Lily in design, see Rhodian, 126
Lime used on rugs, 76
Link in design, 118
Lion in design, 118
Living room, Rugs suitable for, 50
Loftus collection of rugs, 38
Logwood used in dyeing, 84
London, Antiques in, 37
Long rugs, 49
Loom, Eastern, 89
Loom, Persian (illustration), 92
Looms in homes, 56
Loom, Turkish (illustration), 88
Loop in design, see Pear, 123
Lotus in design, 118
M
Madder used in dyeing, 81, 83, 84
Maden rug (description), 227
Maden rug (illustration), 226
Magpie in design, 119
Mahal rugs, 50
Mahal rugs (description), 201
Mahal rugs (illustration), 202
Mahogany furniture, Rugs suitable with, 52
Makri rugs (description), 245
Makri rugs (illustration), 246
Maksoud, 37
Marquand sale of antique rugs, 26
Material of rugs, 45, 69
Material of Chinese rugs, 305
Materials, Testing, 45
Meander, Greek, in design, 119
Mecca rugs, 325
Medallion in design, 120
Meles rugs, 50, 52
Meles rugs (characteristics), 150
Meles rugs (description), 242
Meles rugs (illustrations), 242, 244
Merchant, Persian rug (illustration), 38
Merve ghileem (characteristic), 154
Merve ghileem (description), 315
Merve ghileem (illustration), 316
Merve ghileem, weave of, 154
Meshed (city), 350
Meshed rugs (characteristics), 149
Meshed rugs (description), 209
Meshed rugs (illustration), 22
Metropolitan animal rug (illustration), 26
Metropolitan exhibition of antiques, 37, 331
Mihrab, 121
Milassa (town), 350
Mina Khani design, 120
Mina Khani design (illustrated), 214
Mir design, 120
Mirror design, see Lattice design, 117
Mission rooms, Rugs suitable for, 49, 51
Mohair, 70
Mohammedan calendar, 100, 101
Monkey in design, 121
Mordants used in dyeing, 76
Morgan collection of rugs, 27, 38
Mosque design, 121, 317
Mosque rugs, 325
Mosul (city), 350
Mosul rugs, 38, 50, 51, 52, 70
Mosul rugs (characteristics), 150
Mosul rugs (description), 247
Mosul rugs (illustrated), 248
Mountains in design, 121
Mulberry fungus used in dyeing, 83
Mujur rugs (description), 227
N
Names of weavers in design, 100
Names of rugs, how derived, 161, 162
Nap, Direction of the, 93
Network in design, see Lattice design, 117
Niche, Prayer, 121
Niche, Prayer (illustrated), 322
Niris rugs (characteristics), 149
Niris rugs (description), 202
Niris rugs (illustration), 204
Nomad rugs, 52
Nomads, 78
Nomenclature of rugs, 162
Numerals in design, 100
O
Octagon in design, 122
Odor in rugs, 71
Onion skins used in dyeing, 82
Orange (color), 80, 83
Oriental rugs, Characteristics of, 43
Oriental shrewdness, 31
Oriental versus domestic rugs, 27
Oushak (city), 350
Oushak rugs (description), 222
Owl in design, 122
Ox in design, 122
Oxalic acid used for doctoring rugs, 39
P
Paint used on rugs, 39
Palace design, 122
Palace design (illustrated), 272
Palm in design, see Pear, 123
Palmette design, 122
Palm tree, see Tree, 136, 137
Panel in design, 123, 323
Paraffin used on rugs, 39
Paris, Antiques in, 37
Parrot in design, 123
Pay of weavers, 55, 170
Payne collection of rugs, 27
Peacock in design, 123
Pear in design, 115, 123, 124, 125
Pearl in design, 125
Pease collection of rugs, 38
Pekin rugs, 303
Pendants, Hanging, 323
Peony in design, 125
Pergamon (country), 351
Persia, 351
Persian berries used in dyeing, 83
Persian coat of arms, see Coat of arms, Persian, 107
Persian classification, 162
Persian designs, 98, 169
Persian dye pots (illustration), 80
Persian knot, 169
Persian rug provinces, 171
Persian village (illustration), 80
Persian weavers, 169, 170
Phœnix in design, 125
Piaster (coin), 351
Pile of a rug, 44, 91, 92
Pillow cases, 325
Pineapple in design, 125
Pine tree in design, 125
Pink (color), 82
Poems in design, 100
Polanaise rugs, 332
Pole medallion in design, see Medallion, 120
Polish rugs, 332
Pomegranate in design, 125
Powder bag (illustration), 324
Prayers of Mohammedans, 100
Prayer niches (illustration), 322
Prayer rugs, 321
Prayer rugs, Classification of 152
Profits on rugs, 25
Purple (color), 84
R
Ram in design, 126
Reception hall, Rugs suitable for, 50
Reception room, Rugs suitable for, 50
Reciprocal saw teeth in design, 126
Reciprocal trefoil in design, 126
Red (color), 76, 80, 81, 82
Reliable rug dealers, 43
Rhodian design, 126
Rhomboid in design, 127
Ribbon in design, 127
Rice in design, 127
River loop in design, see Pear, 123
Room decorations, 48
Rooms, Rugs suitable for certain, 48
Rooster in design, 127
Rosary, Mohammedan, see Beads, 103
Rose (color), 81
Roses Four, in design, 128
Rosette in design, 128
Rothschild collection of rugs, 37
Rug exhibitions, 331
Rug factories in the Orient, 55, 57, 170, 217
Rug nomenclature, 162
Runners, 328
Russia, Antiques in, 37
Russia, coat of arms, see Coat of arms, Russian, 107
S
Saddlebags, 52, 326
Saddle bag (illustrated), 324, 326
Saddlecloth, 327
Saddle cloth (illustrated), 324
Salmon (color), 84
Samarkand (province and city), 351
Samarkand rugs, 106, 116, 134
Samarkand rugs (characteristics), 151
Samarkand rugs (description), 289
Samarkand rugs (illustration), 290
Samarkand, Street in (illustration), 288
Sample corners, 326
Sample corner (illustration), 328
Saraband border design, see Mir design, 120
Saraband dance, 164
Saraband rugs, 50, 51, 125, 154, 327
Saraband rugs (characteristics), 149
Saraband rugs (description), 197
Saraband rugs (illustration), 198
Saraband, Weave of, 154
Sarak rug, see Bijar, 185
Sarakhs (town), 351
Sarawan (district), 351
Sardar design, 129
Saruk (village), 352
Saruk rug, 49, 50, 112, 152, 153
Saruk rugs (characteristics), 149
Saruk rugs (description), 200
Saruk rugs (illustration), 40, 166
Saruk rugs, weave of, 153
Saw-teeth, Reciprocal, in design, see Reciprocal, 126
Scarabæus in design, see Beetle 103
Scarlet (color), 81, 82
Sceptre in design, 129
Scorpion in design, 129
Scroll in design, 130
Seals on rugs, 47
Secrets of dyeing, 75
Selection of rugs for rooms, 48
Selvage of rugs, 45
Semi-Persian rug (illustrated), 100
Senna (city), 352
Senna ghileems, 312
Senna ghileems (characteristics), 312
Senna ghileems (description), 312
Senna ghileems (illustration), 312
Senna knot, 169
Senna rugs, 49, 50, 114, 125, 153, 327
Senna rugs (characteristics), 148, 151, 152
Senna rugs (description), 188
Senna rugs (illustration), 188
Senna, Weave of, 153
Serapi rugs (description), 178
Serapi rugs (illustration), 178
Serpent in design, 130
Shah Abbas (ruler), 352
Shah Abbas design, 37, 130
Shawl design, see Pear, 123
Sheen, 39, 63, 92
Sheep's blood used in dyeing, 82
Shemakha (town), 352
Shemakha rugs, 112, 155, 327
Shemakha rugs (characteristic), 155
Shemakha rugs (description), 263
Shemakha rugs (illustrations), 264
Shemakha rugs, Weave of, 155
Shiraz (town), 352
Shiraz rugs, 50, 51, 52, 104, 120, 125, 127, 325, 326
Shiraz rugs (characteristics), 149
Shiraz rugs (description), 204
Shiraz rugs (illustrations), 52, 104, 206, 208
Shirvan (city), 353
Shirvan design, 130
Shirvan rugs, 50, 118, 122, 128, 131, 135, 139
Shirvan rugs (description), 265
Shirvan rugs (illustration), 158
Shirvan ghileems (description), 314
Shirvan ghileems (illustrated), 250
Short rugs, 49
Shortell collection, 38
Shou design, 131, 304, 305
Signet of David in Design, 131
Silibik design, 131
Silk, 71
Silk rugs, 316
Sinclair collection, 38
Sirab (village), 353
Sixteen lucky squares in design, see Knot of destiny, 116
Smyrna (province and city), 353
Smyrna rugs, 327
Smyrna rugs (description), 246
Snake in design, see serpent, 130
Snow for cleaning rugs, 64
Solomon's seal in Design, 131
Souj Bulak (city), 353
Souj Bulak rugs (description), 181
Sparrow in design, 131
Spider in design, see Scorpion, 129
Spinning the wool (illustration), 72
Square in design, 132
Squirrel in design, 132
Stains on rugs, 66
Star in design, 132, 133
Storing rugs, 65
Stork in design, 133
Sultanabad (city), 353
Sultanabad rugs, 327
Sultanabad rugs (characteristics), 149
Sultanabad rugs (description), 201
Sumac used for dyeing, 76
Sumak rugs see Shemakha, 263
Sunburst design, see Palace design, 122, 133
Swan in design, 133
Swastika in design, 133, 134, 304
Symbolism of designs, 99, 303
Symbolic Persian silk rug (illustration), 48, 98
Symmetry of Oriental rugs, 99
T
T, forms in design, 134
Tabriz (city), 353
Tabriz rugs, 50, 327
Tabriz rugs (characteristics), 148
Tabriz rugs (description), 182
Tabriz rugs (illustration), 182
Tae-kieh design, 135
Tags and seals on rugs, Purpose of, 47
Talim, 354
Tarantula in design, 135
Tariff on rugs, 20, 25, 26
Tcherkess (province), 354
Tchetchen (tribe), 354
Tchetchen rugs (characteristics), 150
Tchetchen rugs (description), 260
Tchetchen rugs (illustration), 260
Teheran (city), 354
Tekke border design, 135
Tekke field design, 135
Tekke Bokhara rugs, 51, 135
Tekke Bokhara rugs (characteristics), 151
Tekke Bokhara rugs (description), 281
Tekke Bokhara rugs (illustrations), frontispiece, 150, 162, 282, 284
Testing of dyes, 79
Testing of materials, 45
Thibet rugs, 303
Tientsin rugs, 303
Tiflis (city), 354
Toman (coin), 354
Tomoye design, 136
Tortoise in design, 136
Transcaucasia, 253
Transportation charges on rugs, 25
Tree in design, 135, 137
Trefoil in design, see Reciprocal trefoil, 126
Trellis in design (see Lattice), 117
Triangle in design, 137
Tribal or Family designs, 97
Tuberculosis in the Orient, 55, 57
Turkey in Asia, 355
Turkish classification, 164
Turkish coat of arms, 107
Turkish designs, 98
Turkish exportation of rugs, 217
Turkish or Ghiordes knot, 169
Turkish weavers, 217
Turkestan, 277, 354
Turkoman classification, 165
Turkoman designs, 98
Turkoman rugs, 277
Turkoman rugs (characteristics), 277
Turner collection of rugs, 38
Turtle border design, 136
Turtle in design, see tortoise, 136
Twin fish design, see Herati, 114
U
Umbrella in design, 138
Urn in design, see Vase, 138
V
Valonia used in dyeing, 76, 83, 84
Value of rugs, 25, 32
Vegetable dyes, 40, 44, 75, 76, 78
Vermilion (color), 82
Vestibule, Rugs suitable for, 49
Violet (color), 84
Vulture in design, 138
W
Walnut husks used in dyeing, 83
Warp, 45, 92
Washed rugs, 40, 64, 93
Washing, Legitimate, 40
Washing of rugs, 64, 65
Wearing qualities of rugs, 63
Weavers, 55, 87, 89, 91, 170, 217, 218
Weavers, Chinese, 18, 303
Weavers, Diseases among, 55, 56, 57
Weavers, Expert (illustration), 38
Weavers, Kurdish, 219
Weavers, Pay of, 55, 88, 89, 90, 170
Weavers, Persian, 18, 91, 169
Weavers, Turkish, 217
Weavers, Turkoman, 91
Weavers, Youthful, 55, 57
Weavers, Youthful (illustration), 90
Weaving, Age of, 17
Weaving, Biblical reference to, 17
Weaving, Chinese, 305
Weaving, Methods of, 89, 90, 91
Wedding rugs, 324
Weight of rugs, 44
Widener collection of rugs, 38
Williams collection of rugs, 38
Willow tree in design, see Tree, 136
Wine glass border design, 138
Winged globe in design, 139
Wolf in design, 139
Woof, 92
Wool, 69
Wool, Preparation of, 71
Y
Y form in design, 139
Yak rugs, 305
Yang and Yin design (see Tae-kieh), 135
Yarkand (city), 355
Yarkand rugs (characteristics), 151
Yarkand rugs (description), 288
Yellow (color), 76, 80, 83
Yerkes collection of rugs, 37
Yezd (city), 355
Yomud (tribe), 355
Yomud Bokhara rugs, 50, 51, 105, 327
Yomud Bokhara rugs (characteristics), 151
Yomud Bokhara rugs (description), 285
Yomud Bokhara rugs (illustration), 286
Yuruk, 355
Yuruk rugs, 50
Yuruk rugs (characteristics), 150
Yuruk rugs (description), 231
Yuruk rugs (illustration), 230
Z
Zanjan (town), 355
Zigzag design, see Meander, Greek, 119
[Illustration: THE RUG CARAVAN]
FOOTNOTES:
[A] The retail prices given in this book with the description
of each rug refer only to the different grades of such pieces which are
ordinarily found in the market and in no way allude to antiques, upon
which it would be impossible to set a fixed value.
[B] In 1892 Robson & Sons, of London, published a monograph on
the Ardebil mosque carpet by Edward Stebbing, who describes it ably.
[C] In the Turkish and Persian languages the vowels are
frequently silent and the characters do not stand for single consonants,
but represent combinations of sounds as in short-hand, so that the same
word is spelled in a great variety of ways when it is translated into
English; therefore, the result is rather misleading, and each person
must, to a certain extent, interpret the phonetic spelling to suit
himself.
Transcriber's Notes:
Combined left sides (pg. 223a and 223c)
and right sides (pg. 223b and 223d) for better readability.
Tried to reduce width of table(s) on pages 223a - 223d.
Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected, but other
variations in spelling and punctuation remain unchanged.