_Heat considered as a Mode of Motion_; being a Course of Twelve Lectures
delivered at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, by JOHN TYNDALL,
F.R.S., Professor of Natural Philosophy in the Royal Institution. New
York: D. Appleton & Co.
The readers of the "Glaciers of the Alps" have made the acquaintance of
Professor Tyndall as an Alpine adventurer, with a passion for frost and
philosophy, and a remarkable ability both in describing his
mountain-experiences and in explaining the interesting phenomena which
he there encountered. All who have read this inimitable volume will
testify to its rare attractions. It is at once dramatic and philosophic,
poetic and scientific; and the author wins our admiration alike as a
daring and intrepid explorer, a keen observer, a graphic delineator,
and an acute and original investigator.
In the new work on Heat we are introduced to Professor Tyndall upon the
lecturing-platform, where he follows up some of the inquiries started in
the "Glaciers" in a systematic and comprehensive manner. His problem is,
the nature and laws of Heat, its relation to other forms of force, and
the part it plays in the vast scheme of the universe: an imposing task,
but executed in a manner worthy of the gifted young successor of Faraday
as Professor of Natural Philosophy in the Royal Institution of Great
Britain.
A comparison of the volume before us with any of the previously
published treatises on Heat will afford a striking and almost startling
proof of the present activity of inquiry, and the rapid progress of
scientific research. The topics treated are the same. The first seven
lectures of the course deal with _thermometric_ heat, expansion,
combustion, conduction, specific and latent heat, and the relation of
this force to mechanical processes; while the remaining five treat of
_radiant_ heat, the law and conditions of its movement, its influence
upon matter, its relations to other forces, terrestrial and solar
radiation, and the thermal energies of the solar system. But these
subjects no longer wear their old aspect. Novel questions are presented,
starting fresh trains of experiment; facts assume new relationships, and
are interpreted in the light of a new and higher philosophy.
The old view of the forces, which regarded them as material entities,
may now be regarded as abandoned. Light, Heat, Electricity, Magnetism,
etc., which have hitherto been considered under the self-contradictory
designation of "Imponderable Elements," or immaterial matter, are now,
by common consent, beginning to be ranked as pure forces; having passed
through their material stage, they are regarded as kindred and
convertible forms of motion in matter itself. The old notions, that
light consisted of moving corpuscles, and that heat, electricity, and
magnetism were produced by the agency of various fluids, have done good
service in times past; but their office was only provisional, and,
having served to advance the philosophy of forces beyond themselves,
they must now take rank among the outgrown and effete theories which
belong to the infantile period of science. This change, as will be seen,
involves the fundamental conceptions of science, and is nothing less
than the substitution of dynamical for material ideas in dealing with
the phenomena of Nature.
The new views, of which Professor Tyndall is one of the ablest
expositors, are expressed by the terms "Conservation and Correlation of
Forces." The first term implies that force is indestructible, that an
impulse of power can no more be annihilated than a particle of matter,
and than the total amount of energy in the universe remains forever the
same. This principle has been well characterized by Faraday as "the
highest law in physical science which our faculties permit us to
perceive." The phrase "Correlation of Forces" is employed rather to
express their mutual convertibility, or change from one to the others.
Thus, heat excites electricity, and, through that force, magnetism,
chemical action, and light. Or, if we start with magnetism, this may
give rise to electricity, and this again to heat, chemical action, and
light. Or we can begin with chemical action, and obtain the same train
of effects.
It has long been known that machines do not create force, but only
communicate, distribute, and apply that which has been imparted to them,
and also that a definite amount of fuel corresponds to a definite amount
of work performed by the steam-engine. This means simply that a fixed
quantity of the chemical force of combustion gives rise to a
corresponding quantity of heat, and this again to a determinate amount
of mechanical effect. Now this principle of equivalency is found to
govern the transmutations of all forms of energy. The doctrine of the
conservation and correlation of forces has been illustrated in various
ways, but nothing has so powerfully contributed to its establishment as
the investigation of the relations of heat to mechanical force.
Percussion and friction produce heat. A cold bullet, struck upon an
anvil by a cold sledge-hammer, is heated. Iron plates, ground against
each other by water-power, have yielded a large and constant supply of
heat for warming the air of a factory in winter; while water inclosed in
a box, which was made to revolve rapidly, rose to the boiling-point.
What, now, is the source of heat in these cases? The old caloric
hypothesis utterly fails to explain it; for to suppose that there is an
indefinite and inexhaustible store of latent heat in the rubbing iron
plates is purely gratuitous. It is now established, that the heat of
collision, and of friction depends, not upon the nature of the bodies in
motion, but upon the force spent in producing it.
When a moving body is stopped, its force is not annihilated, but simply
takes another form. When the sledge-hammer strikes the leaden bullet and
comes to rest, the mechanical force is not destroyed, but is simply
converted into heat; and if all the heat produced could be collected, it
would be exactly sufficient, when reconverted into mechanical force, to
raise the hammer again to the height from which it fell. So, when bodies
are rubbed together, their surface-particles are brought into collision,
mechanical force is destroyed, and heat appears,--the heat of friction.
The conversion of heat into mechanical motion, and of that motion back
again into heat, may be familiarly illustrated in the case of a
railway-train. The heat generated by combustion in the locomotive is
converted into motion of the cars. But when it is desired to stop the
train, what is to be done? Its mechanical force cannot be annihilated;
it can only be transmuted; and so the brakes are applied, and the train
brought to rest by reconverting its motion into heat, as is manifested
by the smoke and sparks produced by the friction. Now, as heat produces
mechanical motion, and mechanical motion heat, they must clearly have
some common quality. The dynamical theory asserts, that, as they are
both modes of motion, they must be mutually and easily convertible. When
a moving mass is checked or stopped, its force is not annihilated, but
the gross, palpable motion is infinitely subdivided and communicated to
the atoms of the body, producing increased vibrations, which appear as
heat. Heat is thus inferred to be, not a material fluid, but a motion
among the ultimate atoms of matter.
The acceptance of this view led to the highly important inquiry, What is
the equivalent relation between mechanical force and heat? or, how much
heat is produced by a definite quantity of mechanical force? To Dr.
Joule, of Manchester, England, is due the honor of having answered this
question, and experimentally established the numerical relation. He
demonstrated that a one-pound weight, falling through seven hundred and
seventy-two feet and then arrested, produces sufficient heat to raise
one pound of water one degree. Hence this is known as the mechanical
equivalent of heat, or "Joule's Law."
The establishment of the principle of correlation between mechanical
force and heat constitutes one of the most important events in the
progress of science. It teaches us that the movements we see around us
are not spontaneous or independent occurrences, but links in the eternal
chain of forces,--that, when bodies are put in motion, it is at the
expense of some previously existing energy, and that, when they come to
rest, their force is not destroyed, but lives on in other forms. Every
motion we see has its thermal value; and when it ceases, its equivalent
of heat is an invariable result. When a cannon-ball strikes the side of
an iron-plated ship, a flash of light shows that collision has converted
the motion of the ball into intense heat, or when we jump from the table
to the floor, the temperature of the body is slightly raised,--the
degree of heat produced in both cases being ascertainable by the
application of Joule's law.
The principle thus demonstrated has given a new interest and a vast
impulse to the science of Thermotics. It is the fundamental and
organizing conception of Professor Tyndall's work, and in his last
chapter he carries out its application to the planetary system. The
experiments of Herschel and Pouillet upon the amount of solar heat
received upon the earth's surface form the starting-point of the
computations. The total amount of heat received by the earth from the
sun would be sufficient to boil three hundred cubic miles of ice-cold
water per hour, and yet the earth arrests but 1/2,300,000,000 of the
entire thermal force which the sun emits. The entire solar radiation
each hour would accordingly be sufficient to boil 700,000,000,000 cubic
miles of ice-cold water! Speculation has hardly dared venture upon the
source of this stupendous amount of energy, but the mechanical
equivalent of heat opens a new aspect of the question. All the celestial
motions are vast potential stores of heat, and if checked or arrested,
the heat would at once become manifest. Could we imagine brakes applied
to the surface of the sun and planets, so as to arrest, by friction,
their motions upon their axes, the heat thus produced would be
sufficient to maintain the solar emission for a period of one hundred
and sixteen years. As the earth is eight thousand miles in diameter,
five and a half times heavier than water, and moves through its orbit at
the rate of sixty-eight thousand miles an hour, a sudden arrest of its
motion would generate a heat equal to the combustion of fourteen globes
of anthracite coal as large as itself. Should it fall into the sun, the
shock would produce a heat equal to the combustion of five thousand four
hundred earth-globes of solid coal,--sufficient to maintain the solar
radiation nearly a hundred years. Should all the planets thus come to
rest in the sun, it would cover his emission for a period of forty-five
thousand five hundred and eighty-nine years. It has been maintained that
the solar heat is actually produced in this way by the constant
collision upon his surface of meteoric bodies, but for the particulars
of this hypothesis we must refer to the book itself.
Professor Tyndall opens the question in his volume respecting the share
which different investigators have had in establishing the new theory of
forces, and his observations have given rise to a sharp controversy in
the scientific journals. The point in dispute seems to have been the
relative claims of an Englishman and a German--Dr. Joule and Dr.
Mayer--to the honor of having founded the new philosophy. Tyndall
accords a high place to the German as having worked out the view in an
_a priori_ way with remarkable precision and comprehensiveness, while he
grants to the Englishman the credit of being the first to experimentally
establish the law of the mechanical equivalent of heat. But his English
critics seem to be satisfied with nothing short of an entire monopoly of
the honor. The truth is, that, in this case, as in that of many others
furnished us in the history of science, the discovery belongs rather to
an epoch than to an individual. In the growth of scientific thought, the
time had come for the evolution of this principle, and it was seized
upon by several master-minds in different countries, who worked out
their results contemporaneously, but in ignorance of the efforts of
their fellow-laborers. But if individual claims are to be pressed, and
each man accorded his aliquot share of the credit, we apprehend that
America must be placed before either England or Germany, and for the
explicit evidence we need look no farther than the volume of Professor
Tyndall before us. The first clear connection and experimental
proof of the modern theory was made by our countryman Benjamin
Thompson,--afterwards knighted as Count Rumford by the Elector of
Bavaria. He went to Europe in the time of the American Revolution, and,
devoting himself to scientific investigations, became the founder of the
Royal Institution of Great Britain. Davy was his associate, and, so far
as the new views of heat are concerned, his disciple. He exploded the
notion of caloric, demonstrated experimentally the conversion of
mechanical force into heat, and arrived at quantitative results, which,
considering the roughness of his experiments, are remarkably near the
established facts. He revolved a brass cannon against a steel borer by
horse-power for two and one-half hours, thereby generating heat enough
to raise eighteen and three-fourths pounds of water from sixty to two
hundred and twelve degrees. Concerning the nature of heat he wrote as
follows, the Italics being his own:--"What is heat? Is there any such
thing as an _igneous fluid_? Is there anything that with propriety can
be called caloric? We have seen that a very considerable quantity of
heat may be excited by the friction of two metallic surfaces, and given
off in a constant stream, or flux, in _all directions_, without
interruption or intermission, and without any signs of _diminution_ or
_exhaustion_. In reasoning on this subject, we must not forget that
_most remarkable circumstance_, that the source of the heat generated by
friction in these experiments appeared to be _inexhaustible_. It is
hardly necessary to add, that anything which any insulated body or
system of bodies can continue to furnish _without limitation_ cannot
possibly be _a material substance_; and it appears to me to be extremely
difficult, if not quite impossible, to form any distinct idea of
anything capable of being excited and communicated in these experiments,
except it be MOTION."
In style, Professor Tyndall's work is remarkably clear, spirited, and
vigorous, and many of its pages are eloquent with the beautiful
enthusiasm and poetic spirit of its author. These attractions, combined
with the comprehensiveness and unity of the discussion, the range and
authenticity of the facts, and the delicacy, originality, and vividness
of the experiments, render the work at once popular and profound. It is
s classic upon the subject of which it treats.
_My Days and Nights on the Battle-Field_. A Book for Boys. By
"CARLETON." Boston: Ticknor and Fields.
The literature of the war has already reached the dimensions of a
respectable library. The public mind at the instant of the outbreak felt
an assurance that it was to be one of the memorable epochs of mankind.
However blinded to the significance of the previous conflicts in the
forum and at the ballot-box, there was a sudden and universal instinct
that their armed culmination was a world-era. The event instantly
assumed its true grandeur.
The previous discussions seemed local and limited. They were squabbles,
we fancied, among ourselves, which did not touch the vitals of our
system, and in which the world without had neither lot nor interest.
Even when the fires of debate and division waxed hotter and hotter, and
began to break out in violent eruptions in Congress, Kansas, throughout
the South, and especially at Harper's Ferry, we still said, These are
political conflicts, mob-violences, raids, abnormal eccentricities,
which will pass quietly away, when the dynasty is changed, and the reins
of power are fairly grasped by the successful rival.
Europe sends her doctors to witness our dissolution. They go South and
see the mustering of arms and the intensity of purpose, and coming North
find the whole community at their usual pursuits and pleasures,
regarding the controversy as a mere political breeze, and the results in
which it is beginning to issue as but the waves that ever for a short
season roll fiercely after the storm.
This indifference was one of the best signs of our health. We felt such
confidence in ourselves, that we distrusted no future, however
cloud-cast. The Constitution, sold for a penny-ha'penny in New York,
suggested to the mildly sarcastic humor of Dr. Russell that it had
better be a little more valuable in tact, if not so cheap in form. He
did not see how the People were the rightful masters of the
Constitution, as Mr. Lincoln had said they were of Congress and the
Courts, and that they would take care of it and of themselves when the
hour really came.
We did not see it. Blindness in part had happened unto the whole nation.
The shot at Sumter cleft the burdened head of Jove. A Nation was born in
a day. It saw instantly the length and the breadth, the height and the
depth of the conflict. It was not a struggle about Slavery and
Abolitionism, about the white race and the black, about union and
disunion; but it was a war for the rights of man, here and everywhere,
to-day and forever. The "glittering generalities" of our Declaration and
Constitution suddenly blazed with light, while the dull particularities
of mere routine faded as a waning moon before the glowing sun. These
were lost in the fiery splendors of the grand principles in which alone
they live and move and have their being. They will reappear, meekly
shining in their humbler sphere, when the great light shall withdraw its
intenser rays, the object of their blazing being accomplished. The body
of the war is Union, its soul Democracy: union for the sake of
democracy, and democracy for the sake of the world. Abolitionism is
simply a stepping-stone to the perfection of the Idea in our society.
The instinct that apprehended the full significance of the struggle was
universal: Europe saw it in the same flash that revealed it to us. The
lightning of the opening gun, or ever its accompanying thunder could
follow, leaped, like the lightnings of the final judgment, in an instant
from west to east, and illumined the whole earth with its glare.
In such an awakening it was inevitable but that literature should share.
And biographies, histories, pictorials, and juveniles, in Europe and
America, testify to the general consciousness. Into this last-named
class the little book at the head of this notice modestly essays to
enter. Had it put on airs and spread itself out into the broad-margined
and large-lettered octavo, it might have stood in libraries as a worthy
compeer of the ablest chronicles. Such a presentation would not have
been beyond its desert, and would have been more consistent with the
author's type of mind. Yet his simplicity, fidelity, and
straightforwardness will make him a better guide to advanced youth than
the too prattling habits of mere child-writers. They ever incline to the
baby-talk style of composition,--"mumming," as the tavern-woman
proposed, the bread and milk which they set before their youthful
readers. "Carleton" ever treats his boy-readers as his intelligent
equals, and considers them capable of understanding the common language
of books and men. It is refreshing to read a book for boys that is not,
as most of this class are, while pretending to be juvenile, actually
senile.
The work opens with the story of the causes of the war, in which the
author gives the old and new counterblasters a quid, or, as they will
doubtless prefer to call it, a crumb of comfort. He traces the origin of
the war, not to Slavery, but to Tobacco. The demand for the new drug was
general throughout Europe. Virginia was the main source of supply. The
vagabondish farmers would not labor. Negroes arrive, and European
appetite creates American Slavery. Two hundred years after, the
descendants of these slaveholders fancy that a like European demand for
another plant will insure this Slavery a national sovereignty. Tobacco
thus verifies Charles Lamb's unwilling execration. It is not Bacchus's
only, but Slavery's "black servant, negro fine," and belongs, after all,
to that Africa which he says "breeds no such prodigious poison." The
Union lovers of "the Great Plant" may be called to decide between their
country and their cigar. Will patriotism or the pipe then prevail? We
tremble for our country in that conflict of duty and desire. It is odd
that the two favorite plants of the South should thus be charged with
our war. These innocent leaves and blossoms, babes in the wood, are made
the bearers of our iniquities. Cotton and Tobacco are the white and
black representatives of the vegetable races. Perhaps some fanciful
theorist may show from this fact, that not only all the human races, but
those of the lower kingdoms, are involved in this struggle, and, as in
the greater warfare of Earth and Time, so in this, its condensed type,
the whole creation groaneth and travaileth in common with its head and
master.
The anti-tobacco doctrine of the opening chapter gives place to a clear
statement of the gathering and organizing of the great army; which is
followed by descriptions of the Battles of Bull Run, Fort Henry, Fort
Donelson, Shiloh, the Siege of Island No. 10, and the capture of
Memphis. The narratives are illustrated with diagrams which set the
movements of the contending forces clearly before the eye. No
description of the first great battle of the war is superior to that
here given. It is a photographic view of the field and the combatants.
We see where the Rebels posted their divisions, how our forces were
stationed, how we attempted to outflank them, how they left their
original positions to protect the assailed outpost, how the battle raged
and was decided around that point, and how a single mistake caused our
first repulse, and, for lack of subsequent generalship, produced the
shameful and disastrous rout. Russell's description is far less clear
and concise. "Carleton" confirms McDowell's military scholarship, but
not his generalship. It is one thing to set squadrons in the field, it
is another to be equal to all the emergencies of the strife. He traces
our defeat to a single mistake, not alone nor chiefly to the arrival of
reinforcements. He puts it thus. Two regiments, the Second and Eighth
South Carolina, get in the rear of Griffin's and Rickett's batteries.
Griffin sees them, and turns his guns upon them. Major Barry declares
they are his supporters. Griffin says they are Rebels. The Major
persists in his opinion, and the Captain yields. The guns are turned
back, the South-Carolinians leap upon the batteries, and the panic
begins.
The book is especially valuable as it describes from personal
observation the first battles of General Grant. It has no better
war-pictures than the taking of Fort Donelson and the Battle of Shiloh
or Pittsburg Landing. These were the beginnings of Grant's reputation.
In them are seen the elements of his character, writ larger in the more
renowned deeds of Vicksburg and Chattanooga. They are strangely alike.
In both he is surprised by the enemy at daybreak, and while his soldiers
are asleep. In both he is at first driven from his camp, losing largely
of men and guns. In both, after a repulse so severe that the Rebel
generals fancy the day is theirs, and while their men give themselves up
to the spoiling of his tents, Grant, abating no jot of heart or hope,
rearranges his broken columns, and plants his guns in new positions, in
both cases on a hill rising from a ravine, whose opposite summit is
crowned with the Rebel artillery. In each case the Rebels cross the
ravine and attempt to scale the hill, and in each case are repulsed with
horrible slaughter. The parallel stops not here. Grant in both battles,
as soon as he has stayed the advance of the enemy, assumes the
offensive. The bugles sound the charge, and the Rebels are driven back
through our despoiled camp, and within their own intrenchments. These
first-fruits of the great general of the war show the difference between
him and the long-time pet of the nation, McClellan. The latter could not
move an inch without supplies as numerous and superfluous as those of a
summer sauntering lady at a watering-place. Grant does not wait for
Foote's gunboats to coöperate at Donelson, but begins the fight the
instant he reaches the fort. When the boats are disabled and retire, he
does not wait for them to refit and return; nor when the enemy fails to
rout him, does he rest on his well-earned laurels till reinforcements
arrive, but turns upon them instantly and drives them with headlong fury
from their spoils and defences. There is no Antietam or Williamshurg
procrastinating. That very afternoon his exhausted troops storm the
fort, and the night beholds him the master of the outer works, and with
his guns raking the innermost fortifications. This heroic treatment of
the disease of Rebellion, with all its loss, results in far less
fatality than the rose-water generalship of the Peninsula, as the
statistics of the Eastern and Western armies will show.
The peculiar qualities of General Grant, as seen in these battles, are
coolness, readiness, and confidence. He is not embarrassed by reverses.
He seems the rather to court them. He prefers to take arms against a sea
of troubles. He thinks little of rations, ambulances, Sanitary, and, we
fear, Christian Commissions, but much of victory. These creature and
spiritual comforts are all well enough in their place, but they do not
take batteries and redoubts. McClellan is the pet of his soldiers, Grant
the pride of his. McClellan cares for their bodies, Grant for their
fame. McClellan kills by kindness, Grant by courage.
This battle-book for boys will hold no unimportant place in the
war-library of the times. Its style is usually as limpid as the
camp-brooks by which much of it was written. In the heat of the contest
it becomes a succession of short, sharp sentences, as if the musketry
rang in the writer's brain and moulded and winged his thoughts. It is
calm in the midst of its intensity, and thus happily illustrates by its
popularity that self-control of the nation so well expressed by
Hawthorne,--that our movements are as cool and collected, if as noisy,
as that of a thousand gentlemen in a hall quietly rising at the same
moment from their chairs. The battle-grounds of Vicksburg,
Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, and Chattanooga, all of which he saw, or by
subsequent study of the field has made his own, and descriptions of
which are promised in a companion-volume, will find no truer nor
worthier chronicler.
_A Compendious History of English Literature, and of the English
Language, from the Norman Conquest. With Numerous Specimens._ By GEORGE
L. CRAIK, LL.D., Professor of History and of English Literature in
Queen's College, Belfast. 2 vols. 8vo. New York: Charles Scribner.
This is a thorough and an exhaustive work, having for its subject that
which must be of perpetual and increasing interest to all those
colonists who, in different parts of the world, are founding nations
which shall inherit the imperial language, and therefore will be
entitled to claim a share in the literary glories of the mother-land.
Professor Craik is favorably known as the author of works that depend
chiefly upon industry for their worth; and this elaborate production
must add to the esteem in which his learned labors have long been held
in many quarters. He has left no portion of his subject untouched, but
affords to his readers a full and lucid account of every part of it,
according to the materials that are at the command of scholars. If
defective on any points, it is owing to the want of authorities. His
survey of English literature includes not only all writers of the first
class, but all who can be regarded as of any considerable distinction;
and he has noticed many names which have no pretension to be considered
as even of second-rate importance, but concerning which general readers
may be curious, though their curiosity may not carry them so far as to
induce them to hunt up their works. A book of reference, such as this
book must be to most of those who shall use it, is bound to make mention
of writers whose names are of rare occurrence, but who had their parts,
though they may have been insignificant ones, in building up their
country's literature. Of the great writers, Professor Craik devotes but
little space to Shakspeare and Milton, because their works are in
everybody's hands; while from Chaucer and Spenser, Swift and Burke,
ample specimens are given, the author assuming that their writings are
but little read. Indeed, he declares that the great poets and other
writers even of the last generation have already faded from the view of
the most numerous class of the educated and reading public,--and that
scarcely anything is generally read except the publications of the day.
He correctly remarks that no true cultivation can be acquired by reading
nothing but the current literature. This, he says, "is the extreme case
of that entire ignorance of history, or of what had been done in the
world before we ourselves came into it, which has been affirmed, not
with more point than truth, to leave a person always a child." No doubt;
but we think the learned Professor overrates the extent of that neglect
of the literature of the past of which he complains,--for the editions
of the works of writers long dead, published in the last twenty years,
are numerous, and we know that books are not printed for people who do
not care for them. The number of readers of contemporary works is small,
if we compare those readers with the population of any given country;
but there are more readers now than could be found in any other age, not
only of the books of the day, but of the books of the past.
This work combines the history of English Literature with the history of
the English Language. The author's scheme of the course is, as described
by himself, extremely simple, and rests, not upon arbitrary, but upon
natural or real distinctions, giving us the only view of the subject
that can claim to be regarded as of a scientific character. This part of
his work will be found very valuable, as it popularizes a subject which
has few attractions for most readers.
The volumes are printed with great beauty, and do credit to the
Riverside Press, from which they come.
_The Foederalist_: A Collection of Essays, written in Favor of the New
Constitution, as agreed upon by the Foederal Convention, September 17,
1787. Reprinted from the Original Text. With an Historical Introduction
and Notes, by HENRY DAWSON. In Two Volumes. Volume I. 8vo. New York:
Charles Scribner.
This volume contains the entire text of "The Federalist," with the notes
appended by the authors to their productions, preceded by an historical
and bibliographical Introduction, and an analytical Table of Contents;
in the second volume will appear the Notes prepared by Mr. Dawson, which
will embrace the more important of the alterations and corruptions of
the text, manuscript notes which have been found on the margins and
blank leaves of copies formerly owned by eminent statesmen, and other
illustrative matter, such as the author justly supposes will be useful
to those who may examine the text of the work, together with a complete
and carefully prepared Index. Mr. Dawson has devoted himself to the
preparation of this edition of "The Federalist," and labored diligently
to make it perfect, generally with success; but he is in error when he
says, in the Introduction, that there does not appear to be a copy of
the first edition of the work in any public library in Boston. There are
two copies of it in the Library of the Boston Athenaeum, both of which
we have seen. This mistake is an unhappy one, as it tends to shake our
faith in the accuracy of the editor's researches. Of "The Foederalist"
itself it is not necessary to say more than that it has the position of
an American classic, and that the political principles which it
advocates are of peculiar importance at this time, when the loyal
portion of the American people are engaged in a terrible struggle to
maintain the existence of that government which Hamilton and Madison
labored so diligently and successfully to establish. Mr. Dawson's
edition is one of rare excellence in everything that relates to
externals, and in this respect is beyond rivalry. An edition of "The
Foederalist," edited by John C. Hamilton, Esq., son of General
Hamilton, is announced to appear, and will undoubtedly be welcomed
warmly by all who feel an interest in the fame of the chief author of
the work, the man, next to Washington, to whom we are most indebted for
the establishment of our constitutional system of government.
* * * * *