Find the points M, M′ just six inches from the points F, G; draw the
line J, K through M, M′ exactly at right angles to the line A, A′.
This will mark the six o’clock point so the figures VI may be placed
on it in the space between the two inner circles. The noon mark XII
should be placed as indicated (the “X” at D, F, the “II” at E, G).
With black paint outline all the semi-circles and figures.
_To set up the sundial_--Fasten the base of the gnomon by screws or
brads to the dial with the point s of the gnomon at F, G, and the
point v of the gnomon at M, M′, so that the point W is up in the
air. Set the dial on some perfectly level standard with the line A,
A″ extending exactly north and south. If no compass is available,
wait until noon and set the dial so that the shadow from W will fall
exactly between the points A, B, and this will mean that the dial
is set exactly right. Then with a good watch note the points on the
arc E, K′, on which the shadow falls at one, two, three, four, and
five o’clock: and in the morning the points on the arc J′ D on which
the shadow falls at seven, eight, nine, ten and eleven o’clock. Draw
lines from M to these points, and lines from M′ to the points on the
arc E K′. Then place the figures on the dial as indicated in the
spaces between the two inner circles. The space between the two outer
circles may be marked with lines indicating the half and quarter
hours. The figures should be outlined in pencil and then painted with
black paint, or carved in the wood and then painted.
[Illustration]
* * * * *
_Twilight, twilight of the west,
Sky-lines fading into rest,
Cloud-bars lying far and slight,
Shadows sinking into night,--
O moon, ye moon, so faint and still,
Hanging, hanging as ye will
Low along the western sky,
Far and far and yet so nigh
A finger’s breadth within the sheen
And silent shoreless vasts between--
Thy aching heart is long ages lost.
And clear and calm as film of frost,
Ye know no longer strain or stress,
All passionless and passionless._
--From “The New Moon,” L. H. BAILEY.
[Illustration: _A photograph of the moon._]
THE MOON
_Teacher’s Story_
The moon is in more senses than one an illuminating object for both
the earth and the skies. As a beginning for earth study it is an
object lesson, illustrating what air and water do for our world
and incidentally for us; while as the beginning of the study of
astronomy, it is the largest and brightest object seen in the sky at
night; and since it lies nearest us, it is the first natural step
from our world to outer space.
The moon is a little dead world that circles around our earth with
one face always towards us, just as a hat-pin thrust into an apple
would keep the same side of its head always toward the apple no
matter how rapidly the apple was twirled. As we study the face of the
moon, thus always turned toward us, we see that it is dark in some
places and shining in others, and some ignorant people have thought
that the dark places are oceans and the light places, land. But the
dark portions are simply areas of darker rocks, while the lighter
portions are yellowish or whitish rocks. The dark portions are of
such a form that people have imagined them to represent the eyes,
nose and mouth of a man’s face; but a far prettier picture is that of
a woman’s uplifted face in profile. The author has a personal feeling
on this point, for as a child she saw the man’s face always and
thought it very ugly and, moreover, concluded that he chewed tobacco;
but after she had been taught to find the face of the lady, the moon
was always a beautiful object to her.
The moon is a member of our sun’s family, his granddaughter we might
call her if the earth be his daughter; and since the moon has no
fires or light of its own, it shines by light reflected from the
sun and, therefore, one-half of it is always in shadow. When we see
the whole surface of the lighted half we say the moon is full; but
when we see only half of the lighted side turned toward us, we say
the moon is in its quarter, because all we can see is one-half of
one-half which is one-quarter; and when the lighted side is almost
entirely turned away from us we say it is a crescent moon; and when
the lighted side is entirely turned away from us we say there is
no moon, although it is always there just the same. Thus, we can
understand that, although we can never see the other side of the
moon, the sun shines on all sides of it. Our earth, like the moon,
shines always by reflected light and is almost four times as wide
as the moon. Think what a splendid moon our earth must seem to the
lady in the moon! When we see the old moon in the new moon’s arms,
the dark outline of the moon within the bright crescent is visible
because of the earthshine reflected from it. Sometimes pupils confuse
this appearance of the moon with a partial eclipse; but the former
is the new or old moon, which is one edge of the moon shining in
the sunlight, the remainder faintly illumined by earth light, while
an eclipse must always occur at the full of the moon when the earth
passes between the sun and the moon, hiding the latter in its shadow.
[Illustration: _The lady in the moon._]
It is approximately a month from one new moon to the next, since it
takes twenty-nine and one-half days for the moon to complete its
cycle around the earth and thus turn once around in the sunshine.
Therefore, each moon day is fourteen and three-quarter days long
and the night is the same length. The moon always rises in the east
and sets in the west, following pretty nearly the sun’s summer
path. The full moon rises at sunset and sets at sunrise, but owing
to the movement of the earth around the sun the moon rises about
fifty minutes later each evening; however, this time varies with the
different phases of the moon and at different times of the year. This
difference in the time of rising is so shortened in August, that we
have several nights when the full moon lengthens the day; and it is
called the “harvest moon,” because in England it adds to the hours
devoted to harvesting the grain.
A VISIT TO THE MOON
If we could be shot out from a Jules Verne cannon and make a visit
to the moon, it would be a strange experience. First, we should find
on this little world, which is only as thick through as the distance
from Boston to Salt Lake City, mountains rising from its surface more
than thirty thousand feet high, which is twice as high as Mt. Blanc
and a thousand feet higher than the tallest peak of the Himalayas;
and these moon mountains are so steep that no one could climb them.
Besides ranges of these tremendous mountains, there are great craters
or circular spaces enclosed with steep rock walls many thousand feet
high. Sometimes at the center of the crater there is a peak lifting
itself up thousands of feet, and sometimes the space within the
crater circle is level. Thirty-three thousand of these craters have
been discovered. And, too, on the moon, there are great plains and
chasms; and all these features of the moon have been mapped, measured
and photographed by people on our earth. For a boy studying geometry,
the measuring of the height of the mountains of the moon is an
interesting story.
[Illustration: _The moon’s surface seen through a telescope, showing
the craters Mercator and Campanus. Note that the shadows give some
idea of their height._
Photo after Nasmyth.]
But we could never in our present bodies visit the moon, because of
one terrible fact--the moon has no air surrounding it. No air! What
does that mean to a world? First of all, as we know life, no living
thing--animal or plant--could exist there, for living beings must
have air. Neither is there water on the moon; for if there were water
there would have to be air. And without water no green thing can be
grown, and the surface of the moon is simply naked, barren rock. If
we were on the moon, we could not turn our eyes toward the sun, for
with no air to veil it, its fierce light would blind us; and the sky
is as black at midday as at midnight, since there is no atmosphere to
sift out the other rays of light, leaving the beautiful blue in the
sky; nor is there a glow at sunset because there is no air prism to
separate the rays of light and no clouds to reflect or refract them.
The stars could be seen in the black skies of midday as well as in
the black skies of night, and they would be simply points of light
and could not twinkle, since there is no air to diffuse the sun’s
light and thus curtain the stars by day and cause them to twinkle at
night. The shadows on the moon are, for the same reason, as black
as midnight and as sharply defined; and if we should step into the
shadow of a rock at midday we should be hidden as much as if we had
stepped into a well of ink, or put on the invisible cloak of fairy
lore. And because of no layers of air to make an aerial perspective,
a mountain a hundred miles away would seem as close to us as one a
mile away.
Since there is no atmosphere on the moon to act as a buffer between
the cold of outer space, which is estimated to be 250° below zero,
and the heat of the sun, which is 500° above zero, the temperature of
the moon would vary 750° between day and night, or between sunshine
and shadow, because there is no air to carry the heat over into the
shadow or to blanket the world at night. But this great change of
temperature between sunlight and darkness is the only force on the
moon to change the shape of its rocks, for the expansion under heat
and contraction under cold must break and crumble even the firmest
rock more or less. Our rocks are broken by the freezing of water that
creeps into every crevice, but there is no water to act on the moon’s
mountains in this fashion or to wear them away by dashing over their
surface. However, the rocks and mountains of the moon may be changed
in shape by the battering of meteorites, which pelt into the moon by
the million, since the moon has no air to set them afire and make
them into harmless shooting stars, burning up before they strike. But
though a meteorite weighing thousands of tons should crash into a
moon mountain and shatter it to atoms there would be no sound, since
sound is carried only by the atmosphere.
Imagine this barren, dead world, chained to our earth by links forged
from unbreakable gravity, with never a breath of air, a drop of rain
or flake of snow, with no streams, nor seas, nor graced by any green
thing--not even a blade of grass--a tree, nor by the presence of
any living creature! Out there in space it whirls its dreary round,
with its stupendous mountains cutting the black skies with their
jagged peaks above, and casting their inky shadows below; heated by
the sun’s rays until hotter than the flame of a blast furnace, then
suddenly immersed into cold that would freeze our air into solid
ice, its only companion the terrific rain of meteoric stones driven
against it with a force far beyond that of cannon balls, and yet with
never a sound as loud as a whisper to break the terrible stillness
which envelops it.
LESSON CCXXXIV
THE MOON
_Leading thought_--The moon always has the same side turned toward
us so we do not know what is on the other side. The moon shines by
reflected light from the sun, and is always half in light and half in
shadow. The moon has neither air nor water on its surface and what we
call the moon phases depend on how much of the lighted surface we see.
_Method_--Have the pupils observe the moon as often as possible for a
month, beginning with the full moon. After the suggested experiment,
the questions which follow may be given a few at a time.
_Experiment for recess_--Darken the room as much as possible; use a
lighted lamp or gas jet or electric light for the sun, which is, of
course, stationary. Take a large apple to represent the earth and a
small one to represent the moon. Thrust a hat pin through the big
apple to represent the axis of the earth and also the axis about
which the moon revolves. Tie a string about a foot long to the stem
of the moon apple and make fast the other end to the hat pin just
above the earth apple. Hold the hat pin in one hand and revolve the
apple representing the moon slowly with the other hand letting
the children see that if they were living on the earth apple the
following things would be true:
1. Moving from right to left when the moon is between the earth and
the sun it reflects no light.
2. Moving a little to the left a crescent appears.
3. Moving a quarter around shows the first quarter.
4. When just opposite the lamp, it shows its whole face lighted
turned toward the earth.
5. Another quarter around shows a half disc, which is the third
quarter.
6. When almost between the sun and the earth the crescent of the old
moon appears.
7. Note that the moon always keeps one face toward the earth.
8. Note that the new moon crescent is the lighted edge of one side
of the moon, while the old moon crescent is the lighted edge of the
opposite side.
9. Make an eclipse of the moon by letting the shadow of the earth
fall upon it, and an eclipse of the sun by revolving the moon apple
between the sun and the earth. The earth’s orbit and the moon’s orbit
are such that this relative position of the two bodies occurs but
seldom.
[Illustration: _Experiment for illustrating the phases of the moon._]
_Observations_--1. Describe how the moon looks when it is full.
2. What do you think you see in the moon?
3. Describe the difference in appearance between the new moon and the
full moon, and explain this difference.
4. Where does the new moon rise and where does it set?
5. When does it rise and when does it set?
6. Where and when does the full moon rise and where and when does it
set?
7. How does the old moon look?
8. Could the crescent moon which is seen in early evening be the old
moon instead of the new; and, if not, why not?
9. When and where do we ordinarily see the old moon when it is
crescent shaped?
10. Does the moon rise earlier or later on succeeding nights? What is
approximately the difference in time of moonrise on two successive
nights?
11. Do you think we always look at the same side of the moon? If so,
why?
12. Is more than one side of the moon luminous? Why?
13. How many days from one new moon until the next?
14. How long is the day on the moon and how long the night?
15. How many times does the moon go around the earth in a year?
16. What is the difference between the disappearance of the old moon
and an eclipse of the moon? In both cases the moon is hidden from us.
_The Physical Geography of the Moon_
_Questions for the pupils to think about and answer if they can_--17.
Since it has been proved that there is no air or water on the moon,
could there be any life there?
18. Supposing you could do without air or water and should be able to
visit the moon, what would you find to be the color of the sky there?
19. Would there be a red glow before sunrise or beautiful colors at
sunset?
20. Would the sun appear to have rays? Could you look at the sun
without being blinded?
21. Would the stars appear to twinkle? Could you see the stars in the
daytime?
22. How would the shadows look? If you could step into the shadow of
a rock at midday, could you be seen?
23. Could you tell by looking at it whether a mountain was far or
near?
24. It is estimated that the temperature of outer space is 250
degrees below zero, and the sun’s direct heat is 500 degrees above
zero. If this be correct, how hot would it be in the sunshine on the
moon? How cold would it be at midnight?
25. Why is it so much hotter and colder on the moon than upon the
earth?
26. If you could shout on the moon, how would it sound? If one
hundred cannons should be fired at once on the moon, how would it
sound?
27. Is there any rain or snow on the moon? Are there any clouds
there? If there are no air and water on the moon, would the intense
heat and the powerful cold affect the soils or rocks, as freezing and
thawing affect our rocks?
28. Professor Newton estimated that the earth meets seven million
meteorites (shooting stars) every twenty-four hours. Why do we not
see more of these? What happens when a meteorite strikes the moon?
29. The moon is so small that the force of gravity on its surface
is one-sixth that on the earth’s surface. If a man can carry
seventy-five pounds on his back here, how much could he carry on the
moon? If a boy can throw a ball one hundred yards here, how many
yards could he throw on the moon? If a boy can kick a football one
hundred and thirty-five feet in the air here, how far could he kick
it on the moon?
BOOKS OF REFERENCE
The following list of nature books is by no means complete. It simply
includes books which the author has consulted in her work as a
teacher, and to which she naturally referred in the lessons. The list
is given with the publishers for the convenience of those who may use
this volume.
BIRD STUDY
American Birds--Wm. L. Finley--Scribners.
Birdcraft--Wright--MacMillan.
Bird Life--Chapman--Appleton.
Bird Neighbors--Blanchan--Doubleday, Page & Co.
Birds that Hunt and are Hunted--Blanchan--Doubleday, Page & Co.
Bird Homes--Dugmore--Doubleday, Page & Co.
Birds and Bees--John Burroughs--Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Birds of New York--Eaton and Fuertes--University of State of New
York Press.
Birds of the United States--Apgar--American Book Co.
Birds of Song and Story--Grinnell--Mumford, Chicago.
Birds in their Relation to Man--Weed & Dearborn--Lippincott.
Birds of Village and Field--Merriam--Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Birds through an Opera Glass--Merriam--Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Bob: The Story of a Mockingbird--Lanier--Scribner.
Citizen Bird--Wright--MacMillan.
Everyday Birds--Torrey--Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Field Book of Wild Birds and their Music--Mathews--Putnams.
First and Second Book of Birds--Miller--Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Guide to the Birds--Hoffman--Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Handbook of Birds of Eastern N. America--Chapman--Appletons.
How to Attract the Birds--Blanchan--Doubleday, Page & Co.
Leaflets of National Association of Audubon Societies--141 Broadway,
N. Y.
Mother Nature’s Children--Gould--Ginn & Co.
Nestlings of Forest and Marsh--Wheelock--A. C. McClurg & Co.
Neighbors with Wings and Fins--Johonnot--American Book Co.
Notes on New England Birds--H. D. Thoreau--Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Our Birds and their Nestlings--Walker--American Book Co.
Sharp Eyes--John Burroughs--Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Story of the Birds--Baskett--Appletons.
Stories About Birds--Kirby--Educational Publishing Co.
The Bird: Its Form and Function--Beebe--Henry Holt & Co.
The Bird Book--Eckstorm--D. C. Heath & Co.
The Song of the Cardinal--Porter--Bobbs, Merrill & Co.
The Woodpeckers--Eckstorm--Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
True Bird Stories--Miller--Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Useful Birds and Their Protection--Forbush--Mass. Board of Agri.
FISH STUDY
American Food and Game Fishes--Jordan & Everman--Doubleday, Page & Co.
Fish Stories--Holder & Jordan--Henry Holt & Co.
Fisherman’s Luck--Van Dyke--Scribners.
Guide to the Study of the Fishes--Jordan--Henry Holt & Co.
Neighbors with Wings and Fins--Johonnot--American Book Co.
Science Sketches--Jordan--McClurg.
The Complete Angler--Isaac Walton--Little Brown & Co.
The Freshwater Aquarium--Eggeling & Ehrenberg--Henry Holt & Co.
The Home Aquarium--Eugene Smith--E. P. Dutton & Co.
The Story of the Fishes--Baskett--Appletons.
BATRACHIAN AND REPTILE STUDY
American Natural History--Hornaday--Scribner.
Elementary Zoology--Kellogg--Henry Holt & Co.
Familiar Life of Field and Forest--Mathews--Appletons.
The Frog Book--Dickerson--Doubleday, Page & Co.
The Reptile Book--Ditmars--Doubleday, Page & Co.
Serpents of Pennsylvania--Surface--State College, Penn.
MAMMAL STUDY
American Animals--Stone & Cram--Doubleday, Page & Co.
Animals of the World--Knight & Jenks--Frederick Stokes Co.
Animal Heroes--Thompson-Seton--Scribners.
A Country Reader--Buchanan--MacMillan.
A Watcher in the Woods--Dallas Lore Sharp--Century Co.
Black Beauty--Sewell--Lothrop.
Bob, Son of Battle--Olliphant--McClure, Phillips & Co.
Campfires of a Naturalist--Edwards--Appletons.
Camp Life in the Woods--Gibson--Harpers.
Concerning Cats--Winslow--Lothrop.
Domestic Animals--Burkett--Ginn & Co.
Domesticated Animals--Shaler--Scribners.
Dog of Flanders--Ouida--.
Familiar Life of Field and Forest--Mathews--Appletons.
Familiar Wild Animals--Lottridge--Henry Holt & Co.
Forest Neighbors--Hurlbert--McClure, Phillips & Co.
Half Hours with Mammals--Holder--American Book Co.
In Praise of the Dog--Bicknell--E. P. Dutton & Co.
Jack of the Bush Veldt--Fitz Patrick--Longmans, Green & Co.
Jungle Books, First and Second--Kipling--Century Co.
Kindred of the Wild--Roberts--L. C. Page & Co.
Life of Animals--Ingersoll--MacMillan.
Lives of the Hunted--Thompson-Seton--Scribners.
Little Beasts of Field and Wood--Cram--Small, Maynard & Co.
Little Brother of the Bear--Long--Ginn & Co.
Little People of the Sycamore--Roberts--L. C. Page & Co.
Mack, His Book--Florence Leigh--Frederick Stokes Co.
Neighbors of Field, Wood and Stream--Grinnell--Frederick Stokes.
Neighbors with Claws and Hoofs--Johonnot--American Book Co.
Nights with Uncle Remus--Harris--McClure, Phillips & Co.
Rab and his Friends--Dr. John Brown--Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Red Fox--Roberts--L. C. Page & Co.
Roof and Meadow--Dallas Lore Sharp--Century Co.
Secrets of the Woods--Wm. J. Long--Ginn & Co.
Squirrels and other Fur-bearers--Burroughs--Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Stickeen--John Muir--Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
The Animals and Man--Kellogg--Henry Holt & Co.
The Horse--I. P. Roberts--MacMillan.
The Fireside Sphinx--Repplier--Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
The Face of the Fields--D. Lore Sharp--Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
The Case for the Goat--Various Authors--E. P. Dutton.
The Silver Fox--Seton--Century Co.
Two Little Savages--Seton--Doubleday, Page & Co.
True Tales of Birds and Beasts--Jordan--.
Ways of Wood Folk--Wm. J. Long--Ginn & Co.
Wild Animals I Have Known--Seton--Scribners.
Wild Life Near Home--Dallas Lore Sharp--Century Co.
Wild Life in Orchard and Field--Ingersoll--Harpers.
Wild Neighbors--Ingersoll--MacMillan.
Wild Mammals of North America--Merriam--Henry Holt & Co.
INSECTS AND OTHER INVERTEBRATES
American Insects--Kellogg--Henry Holt & Co.
A. B. C. of Bee Culture--A. I. Root--A. I. Root Co., Medina, O.
Ant Communities--McCook--Harpers.
Ants. W. M. Wheeler--Columbia University Press.
Caterpillars and their Moths--Elliot & Soule--Century Co.
Common Spiders--Emerton--Ginn & Co.
Earthworms--Darwin--Appletons.
Economic Entomology--Smith--Lippincotts.
Everyday Butterflies--Scudder--Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Grasshopper Land--Morley--A. C. McClurg & Co.
Home Studies in Nature--Treat--American Book Co.
How to Keep Bees--Comstock--Doubleday, Page & Co.
How to Know the Butterflies--Comstock--Appletons.
Insect Book--Howard--Doubleday, Page & Co.
Insect Life--Comstock--Appletons.
Insect Stories--Kellogg--Henry Holt & Co.
Life Histories of American Insects--Weed--MacMillan.
Life of the Honey Bee--Ticknor Edwards--Methuen & Co.
Manual for the Study of Insects--Comstock--Comstock Pub. Co.
Mosquito Life--Mitchell--Putnams.
Moths and Butterflies--Ballard--Putnams.
Moths and Butterflies--Dickerson--Ginn & Co.
Nature Biographies--Weed--Doubleday, Page & Co.
Nature’s Craftsmen--McCook--Harpers.
Outdoor Studies--Needham--American Book Co.
The Bee People--Morley--A. C. McClurg & Co.
The House Fly--Howard--Frederick S. Stokes Co.
The Natural History of Some Common Animals--Latter--Cambridge Press.
The Spider Book--Comstock--Doubleday, Page & Co.
Wasps and their Ways--Morley--A. C. McClurg & Co.
Wasps, Social and Solitary--Peckham--Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Ways of the Six-footed--Comstock--Ginn & Co.
PLANT LIFE--FLOWERS
Beginner’s Botany--Bailey--MacMillan.
Blossom Hosts and Insect Guests--Gibson--Newson & Co.
Botany Reader--Newell--Ginn & Co.
Botany; Elementary Textbook--Bailey--MacMillan.
Childs Own Book of Wild Flowers--Comstock--American Book Co.
Field Book of American Wild Flowers--Mathews--Putnams.
Field, Forest and Garden Botany--Gray--American Book Co.
Field, Forest and Wayside Flowers--Going--Baker, Taylor Co.
First Lessons in Plant Life--Atkinson--Ginn & Co.
First Lessons with Plants--Bailey--MacMillan.
Flowers and their Friends--Morley--Ginn & Co.
Flowers of Field, Hill and Swamp--Creevy--Harpers.
Flowers of Northeastern United States--Miller & Whitney--Putnams.
Guide to the Wild Flowers--Lounsberry--Frederick S. Stokes Co.
How Plants Behave--Gray--American Book Co.
How Plants Grow--Gray--American Book Co.
How to Know the Wild Flowers--Dana--Scribners.
Manual of Botany--Gray--American Book Co.
Our Garden Flowers--Keeler--Scribners.
Plants and their Children--Dana--American Book Co.
Plant Life--Coulter--Appletons.
Procession of the Flowers--Higginson--Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Recreations in Botany--Creevy--Harpers.
Who’s Who Among the Wild Flowers--Beecroft--Moffatt Yard & Co.
FLOWERLESS PLANTS
Bacteria in Relation to Country Life--Lipman--Macmillan.
Dust and its Dangers--Prudden--Putnams.
Ferns--Waters--Henry Holt & Co.
Fern Allies of North America--Clute--Frederick Stokes.
Fungi: Their Nature and Uses--McCook--Appletons.
How to Know the Ferns--Parsons--Scribners.
Mosses with a Hand Lens--A. J. Grout--O. T. Lewis Co., N. Y.
Moulds, Mildews and Mushrooms--Underwood--Henry Holt & Co.
Mushrooms--Atkinson--Henry Holt & Co.
New England Ferns--Eastman--Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Our Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms--Gibson--Harpers.
Our Ferns in their Haunts--Clute--Frederick Stokes.
One Thousand American Fungi--McIlvaine--Bobbs, Merrill & Co.
Story of the Bacteria--Prudden--Putnam.
PLANT LIFE--GARDENING AND AGRICULTURE
Agriculture for Beginners--Burkett, Stevens & Hill--Ginn & Co.
Agricultural Botany--Percival--Henry Holt & Co.
All the Year in the Garden--Matson--Crowell.
Among School Gardens--Greene--Sage Foundation.
An Island Garden--Thaxter--Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Book of Corn--Myrick--Orange, Judd Co.
Bulbs and How to Grow them--Doubleday, Page & Co.
Common Weeds of Field and Garden--Long--Smith, Elder & Co.
Corn Plants--Sargent--Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Elements of Agriculture--Warren--MacMillan.
Encyclopedia of Horticulture--Bailey--MacMillan.
Farm Grasses of United States--Spillman--Orange, Judd Co.
First Principles of Agriculture--Goff & Mayne--American Book Co.
First Book of Farming--Goodrich--Doubleday, Page & Co.
Four Seasons in a Garden--Rexford--Lippincott.
Handy Book of Agriculture--Hayes--E. P. Dutton & Co.
Indoor Gardening--Rexford--Lippincotts.
Living Plant, the--Knight--Hutchinson & Co.
Mary’s Garden and How it Grew--Duncan--Century Co.
Manual of Gardening--Bailey--MacMillan.
School Garden Book--Weed & Emerson--Scribners.
Seed Dispersal--Beal--Ginn & Co.
Spraying of Plants--Lodeman--MacMillan.
Story of a Grain of Wheat--Edgar--Appletons.
Survival of the Unlike--Bailey--MacMillan.
The Amateur’s Practical Garden-Book--Hunn and Bailey--MacMillan.
TREE STUDY
A Guide to the Trees--Lounsberry--Stokes.
A First Book of Forestry--Roth--Ginn & Co.
Among Green Trees--Rogers--Mumford--Chicago.
Familiar Trees and their Leaves--Mathews--Appletons.
Forestry in Nature-Study--Jackson--Office of Expt. Sta.,
Washington, D. C.
Getting Acquainted with the Trees--McFarland--Outlook Co.
Handbook of the Trees--Romeyn Hough--Harpers.
Manual of Trees of N. America--Sargent--Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
North American Trees--N. L. Britton--Henry Holt & Co.
North American Forests and Forestry--Bruncken--Putnams.
Our Native Trees--Keeler--Scribners.
Our Northern Shrubs--Keeler--Scribners.
Our Trees and How to Know Them--Emerson & Weed--Lippincott.
Practical Forestry--Gifford--Appletons.
Primer of Forestry--Pinchot--Bureau of Forestry, Washington, D. C.
Studies of Trees--Mosher, 3 vols--C. W. Bardeen.
Studies of Trees in Winter--Huntingdon--Knight & Mellet.
The Tree Book--Rogers--Doubleday, Page & Co.
Trees of Northern United States--Apgar--American Book Co.
Trees, Shrubs and Vines--Parkhurst--Scribners.
Trees in Prose and Poetry--Stone & Pickett--Ginn & Co.
With the Trees--Going--Baker Taylor & Co.
ASTRONOMY--GEOLOGY--METEOROLOGY
Astronomy for Everybody--Newcomb--McClure, Phillips & Co.
Astronomy Through an Opera-Glass--Serviss--Appletons.
Children’s Book of Stars--Milton--Adam, Black & Co.
Earth and Sky--Holden--Appletons.
Fieldbook of the Stars--Olcutt--Putnams.
Friendly Stars--Martin--Harpers.
New Astronomy--Todd--American Book Co.
Other Suns than Ours--Proctor--Longman, Green & Co.
Other Worlds than Ours--Proctor--Longman, Green & Co.
The Planisphere--Thos. Whittaker.
Starland--Ball--Ginn & Co.
Stars in Song and Legend--Porter--Ginn & Co.
Storyland of Stars--Pratt--Educational Publishing Co.
Stories of Star Land--Miss Proctor--Potter & Putnam Co.
Study of the Sky--Howe--Flood & Vincent.
The Moon--Nasmyth & Carpenter--Murray, London.
The Stars in their Seasons--Proctor--Longmans Green & Co.
Brooks and Brook Basins--Frye--Ginn & Co.
Brook Book--Miller--Doubleday, Page & Co.
Geological Story Briefly Told--Dana--American Book Co.
Great World’s Farm--Gaye--MacMillan.
Introduction to Physical Geography--Gilbert & Brigham--Appletons.
Physical Geography--Tarr--MacMillan.
Soils--King--MacMillan.
Soils--Fletcher--Doubleday, Page & Co.
Story of our Continent--Shaler--Appletons.
Up and Down the Brooks--Bamford--Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Water Wonders--Thompson--Doubleday, Page & Co.
Wonder Book of the Atmosphere--Houston--Stokes.
Wonder Book of Magnetism--Houston--Stokes.
NATURE-STUDY--MANUALS AND LITERATURE
Education through Nature--Munson--E. L. Kellogg & Co.
Field Work in Nature-Study--Jackman--Flanagan.
Handbook of Nature-Study--Lange--MacMillan.
How Nature-Study Should be Taught--Bigelow--Hinds & Noble.
How to Study Nature--J. D. Wilson--Bardeen.
Lessons in Nature-Study--Jenkins & Kellogg--Whittaker & Ray, San
Francisco.
Nature-Study Idea--L. H. Bailey--MacMillan.
Nature-Study and Life--Hodge--Ginn & Co.
Nature-Study and the Child--Scott--D. C. Heath & Co.
Nature-Study in the Common Schools--Jackman--Henry Holt & Co.
Nature-Study for Grammar Grades--Jackman--MacMillan.
Nature-Study--Holtz--Scribner’s.
Nature-Study in the Lower-Grades--Cummings--American Book Co.
Nature-Study in Elementary Schools--L. L. Wilson--MacMillan.
Nature-Study Lessons--Various Authors--Hinds, Noble & Co.
Nature-Study--Overton & Hill--American Book Co.
Nature Teaching--Watts & Freeman--E. P. Dutton & Co.
Outlines in Nature-study--Engel--Silver, Burdett & Co.
Outlook to Nature--L. H. Bailey--MacMillan.
Practical Nature-Study--Coulter & Patterson--Appletons.
Study of Nature--Schmucker--Lippincott.
Writings of H. D. Thoreau--Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Works of John Burroughs--Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
The Land of Little Rain--Mary Austin--Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
The Flock--Mary Austin--Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Songs of Nature, edited by John Burroughs--McClure, Phillips & Co.
Golden Numbers, edited by Wiggin & Smith--McClure, Phillips & Co.
The Posy Ring, edited by Wiggin & Smith--Doubleday, Page & Co.
Among Flowers and Trees with the Poets, edited by Wait & Leonard--Lee
& Shepard.
Nature in Verse, comp. by Mary I. Lovejoy--Silver, Burdett Co.
Poetry of the Seasons, comp. by Mary I. Lovejoy--Silver, Burdett Co.
Nature Pictures by American Poets, Annie R. Marble--MacMillan Co.
Trees in Prose and Poetry--Stone & Fickett--Ginn & Co.
Stars in Song and Legend--Jermain G. Porter--Ginn & Co.
Sharp Eyes, by Hamilton Gibson--Harpers.
Pageant of Summer--by Richard Jefferies--Mosher, Portland, Me.
“Ye Gardeyne Boke,” J. D. Haines--Paul Elder & Co., San Francisco.
INDEX
Page
Abbe, Prof. Henry, 860
Abdomen (of insect), 312–314
Acid Soils, 848
Acorns, =731=
Acorn--cup and saucer, =752=
of Burr Oak, =754=
of Chestnut Oak, =751=
of Red Oak, =753=
of Scarlet Oak, =754=
of Swamp White Oak, =750=
Acorn plum-gall, =360=
Adder’s Tongue or Dogtooth Violet, =499=, =500=, =501=, 502
Adult Stage or Imago (of insects), 311
_Agaricus Campestris_, =708=, =710=, =711=
Agate, 830
Ailanthus tree, 330
Air, as a gas, 860
Composition of, 861
Akers, Elizabeth, 475, 477, 509
Allen, A. A., =115=, =117=, =122=, =123=
Aldebaran, 896, =897=, 898, 912
Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, 62, 598
Allen, James Lane, 133
Altair, =904=
Alfalfa, 654, =653=, =654=
Altenburger Cheese, 278
Alum, 826
_Amanita phalloides_, =707=, =709=
Ames, Mary Clemmer, 557
Amethyst, 830
Animal Life, 25
_Anopheles_, 402
Antares, =904=, 901
Ants, 419, =420=, =425=, =426=, 422
agricultural, 480
Ant-nest, =424=, 425
Antennæ, 312, 314
of male mosquito, =402=
Antenna-comb on ant’s leg, =426=
on wasp, =434=
Anther-tube, 631, =632=
_Antheridii_, 704
_Anthomyinæ_, 354
Ant-lion, =395=, 396
Anti-cyclone, 879, 880
Aphids, =392=, =393=, 394, 421
Aphid stable, =421=
Aphis-lion, =397=, =398=, 399
Apple, 73, 779, 785, =787=, 789
Apple, The, 778–788
Apples--basket of, =787=
Apple--blossoms, =783=
the core-lines, =787=
just ready to spray, =350=, =783=
too late to spray, =351=
the tree, =778=–781
Aquarium, tadpole, 185
Aquarium, how to make
for insects, 380
Aquarius (the Water Carrier), =912=
Arcturus, 902, =903=, 904
Argon, 862
Arided, =904=
Aries (the Ram), 912
Arnold, Edwin, 595
Ash, white, =774=, =775=, =776=
Asters, =558=, =559=, 560
Atmosphere, 860
height of, 863
temperature of, 865
Atmosphere pressure, 860, 863
High, 868, 869, 879
Low, 869, 879, 885
Atkinson, Prof. Geo. F., 496, 697, =708=, 715, =717=, =718=, =719=,
=720=
Aurora Borealis, 839
Austin, Mary, 281
Averill--Anna Boynton, 550
Babcock Milk Tester, 300
Bachelor’s Button, =636=
Bacteria, =723=
Bailey Prof. L. H., 38, 180, 189, 246, 495, 496, 539, 602, 610,
640, 642, 725, 824
Bailey, Vernon, 255
Baker, W. C., =565=, =768=
Baker, Ida, =372=, =652=
Ball, Sir Robert, 889
Ballard, Julia P., 317, 323, 328, 334, 338, 343
Barb, (of feather), 27
Barbels, (of feather), 27, 154
Barker, Eugene, =170=, 526
Barometer, =878=
Baskett J. N., 64, 149, 167
Batrachian Study, 181
Bat, =245=
Bear, Great (Ursa Major), =890=, 891
Little (Ursa Minor), 891
Bee, 18, 20, 541, 679
Bumble, 21, 442, =444=, 579, 580, 624, 626, 655
Carpenter, 439, 440
Carpenter nest of, =441=
drone, 445, =446=, =447=, =448=, 449, 450
Honey, 445, 449
queen, 445, =446=, =447=, =448=, 450
Leaf-cutter, 11, =436=, 438, =437=
Mining, 526
worker, 445, =446=, =447=, =448=, 449
Beecher, H. W., 635
Bee larkspur, =623=, =624=, 625
Beetle, 61, 64, 310
Ground, 92
Colorado Potato, =409=, =410=, =411=
Beet leaf-miners, 88
Belgian Hares, =216=
Benefits of Nature-Study to Child, =1=
to Teachers, =2=
Bentley, W. J., =825=, =828=, =851=, =852=, =853=, =854=, =855=,
=856=, =857=, =858=, =860=, =863=, =866=, =874=, =875=, =876=,
=877=, =878=, =879=
Big Dipper, 889, =890=, 891, 892, =893=, 894, 900, 901, 902, 903
Big and Little Dippers, 894
Bindweed, =535=, 536
Birch, 73
Birds, 25
beaks of, 37
ears of, 36
eyes of, 36
feet of, 39
nostrils of, 37
Birds--Flight of, 33
Bird houses, 47, 60
Birds’ Nests, 147
Bird, parts named, 147
Bird Study, 25
Birthroot, 506, =508=
Blackbirds, 130
red-winged, =122=, =123=
Blade (of leaf), =493=, 687
Blanchan, Neltje, 131, 142, 146
Bleeding Heart, =611=, 612, 613
Blights, 721
Bloodroot, =503=, 504, =505=, 506
Bloodstone, 830
Bluebird, 60, =61=
Bluets, =523=, 524
Blue Hill Observatory, 860
Blue Vitriol, 825, 826
Bole or Trunk of Tree, 726, =727=
Boreas, 858
Box Elder, 738
Boulders, 844
Bracken, 689
Branch, =727=
Bread mold, enlarged, =721=
Breathing pores of insect, =314=
Brook Study, =817=
Brook, the, 818, 819, 844
Brown, Theron, 585, 591, 657, 816
Browning Robert, 515, 898
Bryant, W. C., 491
Buchanan, H. B. M., 294, 306
Buckeye, sweet, blossom, =761=
Budding, =780=
Buffalo, 18, 295
Bull, 295
Bullfrog, =193=
Bullhead, =154=, =155=, 156
Burdock, =566=, =567=, =568=, =569=, 594, 633
Burkett, W. B., 280
Burroughs, John, 72, 74, 76, 79
Burr, Prof. Geo. L., 838
Butter-and-eggs, 594
Buttercup, 528, =529=, =530=
Butterfly--Black swallow-tail, =315=, 318
changing to chrysalis, 317
scales on wing of, =321=
Cabbage, 317
Monarch, =320=, 324
_Papilio troilus_, 579
Viceroy, =321=, 322, 768
Byron, 785
Caddis-fly, =387=, =388=, =389=, =390=
Caddis-worms cases of, =387=, =389=, =390=, =391=
spiral ribbon, 390, 391
with a grating of silk, 389
Cage, bird, 8
breeding, 8
for crickets, =375=
Calcite, marble and limestone, =835=, 836
Calla lily, 512
Callisto, 891
Calves, dehorned, 301
Camel, 18
Campanus, 920
Canada thistles, =566=
Canary, =49=
Cancer (the crab), 912
Tropic of, 910, 911
Canker-worms, 92
Capella, 901
and the Heavenly Twins, =900=
Capricorn, Tropic of, 911
Capricornus, (the Goat), 912
Carapace (of turtle), 208
of crayfish, =466=
Caraway worms, =319=
Carbon dioxide, 861, 862, 864
Cardinal bird, 31, =133=
Carlyle, 887
Carolina locusts, 367
poplar, =770=
Carpenter, Edward, 391
Carpenter bee, =439=, 440, 441
Carrot, wild, =590=, =591=, =592=
Cassiopeias Chair, Cepheus and the Dragon, =893=, 894
Castor, =900=
_Catastomus commersoni_, 159
Cat-tail, 18, =551=, 552, =553=, 554
Cat, the, 56, 61, =268=, =272=
Catbird, =98=
Caterpillars, 61, 64, 92, 308
Cabbage, 88
Cecropia, =331=
cotton-boll, 96
external anatomy of, =314=
Forest tent, =308=
Milkweed or Monarch, =322=, =324=
Myron sphinx, =343=
Myron sphinx parasitized, =345=
pro-legs, prop legs and true legs of, =314=
Promethea, =337=
shedding skin, =308=
skin of, 309
Caterpillars, swallow-tail, =316=
Viceroy in winter home, =323=
Woolly bear, 327
Catkins, =766=, =767=
Cattle, 295, 298
Original American wild, =295=
Cayuga Basin, 170
Cayuga Lake, 158
Cecropia, caterpillar, molting, =331=
weaving cocoon, =332=
cocoon, cut open, =333=
moth, =330=, =334=
Cedars, 19
Celandine, silver leaf, ladies’ eardrop, =580=
Carnelian, 830
Chalk, 836
Chapman Frank, 51
Charles, Prof. Fred S., =254=, =256=, =260=
Charts, use of, 10
Chart, of bright stars of summer, =901=
of Polar Constellations, =893=
of Winter Stars, =895=
Cheese, Altenburger, 278
Roquefort, 278
Schweitzer, 278
Chestnut, =757=, 758, 759, =760=, 761
Chickadee, 63, =66=
Chickaree, =233=, 234, 236
Chick, the, 41
Chicken ways, =41=
Chickweed, =594=
Chinch bug, 82
Chipmunk, =240=, 241, =242=
Chlorophyll, 729
Chrysalis, =309=
of Monarch, =322=
Chrysanthemum, 561
Chub, 163
Circumpolar whirl, 873, =874=
Civil War, 86
Claws of Cat, 269
(of insects), =313=
Clay, 844, 845, 846, 847
Cleopatra’s Needle, =834=
_Clisodon terminalis_, 627
Clitellum, (of earthworm), 463
Clouds, 851, 852, 855, 871
Clovers, the, 652, 653, 655
Alfalfa, =654=
Buffalo, =653=
Crimson, =652=, =778=
Rabbit-foot or pussy, =653=
Red, =654=
Spotted medic, =655=
Sweet, 654, 655, =656=, 657
White, =658=, 659
Yellow or Hop, =653=
Clute, Prof. W. N., 684, 689, 690
Cob-webs, =475=, 476
Cockroach, =378=, =379=
laying case of eggs, 379
Cocoon, 309
of Cecropia, =333=
of Luna, =309=
of Promethea, =336=
of woolly bear, =327=
Codling Moth, =347=, 349
larva of, =348=
Collections of birds or insects, =8=
Colorado Potato Beetle, =409=, =410=, =411=, =412=
larva of, =410=
Colt, 289
Comet, 907, 908
Compass, Mariner’s, 839, 841
plant, =570=
Compositæ, =554=, =631=, =633=
Composite snow crystal, formed in high and medium clouds, =851=
Composite flower, =554=
Comstock, Prof. J. H., =45=, 319, =833=, =857=
Cone-bearing trees, =789=
Constellations, of the Chair, =893=
The Archer, 912
The Bull, 897, 912
The Crown, =903=
Cygnus, =904=
Orion, =896=
Pleiades, =897=
Dippers, =890=
The Virgin, 912
Coolbrith, Ina, 83
Coon, a pet, =254=
tracks, =250=
Copper sulphate, 825
Coral, 837
Corm (of crocus), =596=
of Jack-in-pulpit, 512
Corn, 85, 131, 660, 665
anthers of, =663=
an ear of, 662, 665
ears with braided husks, =663=
husking for braiding by Seneca Indian women, =660=
pollen-bearing flower of, =662=
growth of, 663, 665
in the shock, =664=
Corn-cracker, the red, =133=
Cornwall, Barry, 515
Corona (of daffodils), =599=
(of the sun), 905
Correlation of Nature Study with:
Arithmetic, 19
Drawing, 17
English, 16
Geography, 18
History, 18
Language work, 16
Cotton, 666, =667=, 668, =669=, =670=
Cotton-gin, 668
Cotton-tail rabbit, =213=, 216
Cottonwood tree, 770, =771=, 772, =773=
Cotyledons or seed-leaves, 496
Country Life in America, 61
Coverts (of feathers), =44=
Cow, 295, =296=, 298, 300, 301
care of milch, 300
Cows as draft animals, 298
Cow’s stomach, 296
Cow-peas, 654
Coxa (of insect), 314
Coyote, pet, =256=
Cray-fish, =466=, 468, 470
where it lurks, =465=
Crickets, 311, 373, 375
Black male and female, 372, =374=
front leg of, =373=
Snowy Tree, =377=, 378
wing covers of, =374=
Crocus, =596=, =597=, 598
Crosby, Prof. Cyrus, =190=, =523=, =538=, =570=, =594=, =623=, =629=,
=636=, =773=, =797=, =798=
Crosiers (of ferns), 692
Cross, Northern, 889, =904=
Croton bug, =378=
Crow the, 43, 46, 56, =129=, 131
Crown, Northern, 902, =903=
of bird, =44=
of daffodil, =599=
Crystal, growth of, 825
Crystals, 825, 851
Alum, 826
Calcite, =835=
Feldspar, =831=
Frost, =854=
Quartz, =829=
Rock, 830
Salt, =827=
Cultivated-Plant Study, 596
Curculio of Plum, 347
Curtis, Ralph, =742=, =743=, =744=, =746=, =752=, =775=
Cutworm, 56, 82, 85, 92
Cyclone, 879
Cygnus, =904=
Cynthia Moth, 337
Dace, 161
“Daddy Longlegs”, =472=, 474
Daffodils, =599=, =600=, =601=
Daisy, 18, =560=, =561=
Yellow, =562=
Damsel-flies, 382, =383=, =384=
Dandelion, 19, 572, 573, 574, 575
Dandridge, Danske, 503
Davie, Oliver, 98
Dawson, Dr., 133
Day, longest, 913
shortest, 913
Definition of Nature-Study, 1
Deland, Mrs. Margaret, 530
Deneb, =904=
Design for embroidery, =498=, =502=
Devil’s darning needle, =382=
Dew, =479=, 851, =853=, 855, 862, =879=
Dickinson, Emily, 200, 204
Dicksonia (fern), =695=
Dippers, Big and Little, 889, =890=, 891, 901
Disk-flowers, 554, =557=, =558=, =560=, =562=, =564=, =567=, =577=,
=632=
Dodder, =538=
Dogs, =261=, =267=
Dog Stars, Great, 898, =899=
Dogtooth Spar, 835, 836
Dogwood, =803=, =804=, =805=
Dolphin, or Job’s Coffin, =904=
Dorr, Julia C., 494
Double Stars, 888
Dragon-flies, 311, =382=, 386
Drake, J. R., 97
Drawing and Nature-Study, 13
Dryden, John, 48
Duck, Rouen, =31=, 37, =39=
Duggar, Prof., 677
Dugmore, A. R., =140=, 147
Dutchman’s breeches, =509=, =511=
Eagle, the constellation of, =904=
Ears (of insects), 314, 365, 369, 373
Earth and Sky, 818
Earthworms, 20, 56, 462, 464
Eft or newt, =197=, =198=, =199=
Egg-shell Experiment farm, 495
Egyptian lotus flower, 546
Elkins, Prof., 909
Elm, American or White, =745=, =746=, =747=
Electro-magnet, 839
Ell-yard, the, =896=
Emerson, R. W., 442
Eohippus, 286
Equatorial Current, 866
Equipment for teaching Nature-Study, 8
_Eschcholtzia californica_, =616=
Everlasting, early or Pussy-toes, =578=
Pearly, =576=, =577=, 633
Evening Primrose, 530, =531=
Excursions, field, 15
Eyelid, film, 36
Eyes, insects, compound, =312=, =314=
simple, =312=, =314=
Feathers, as clothing, 27
as ornament, 30
form of, 27
wing, coverts, 44
wing, primaries, 33, 44
wings, secondaries, 33, 44
Feelers--insects, =312=
Feldspar, =831=, 833, 834, 844
Femur, insect, =312=, 313, 314
Ferns, 684–698
bladder, 697, =698=
boulder, =695=, 697
bracken or brake, =689=, =690=, 691, 697
chain, =695=, 697
Christmas, 684, =685=, 688, =694=
cinnamon, =697=
Dicksonia, =695=
fiddle-heads or crosiers, =691=
flowering, 695, 697
frond of, 687
fruiting of, 693, =694=
indusia or spore-cases of, 686, 694, 695, 697
interrupted, 697
leaf-print of, with parts named, 687
Maiden-hair, 697
Osmunda, 695
Ostrich, 697
pinna of, =687=
pinnule of, 691, 694, =687=
polypody, common, =686=
_Polystichium acrostichoides_, 687
prothallium, =693=, =694=
rachis of, =687=
Sensitive, 695, =696=, 698
sori of, 687, 694
Spleenwort, 697
sporangia of, =686=, 694, 697
stipe or stem of, 687
unfolding of, 691, 692
Walking, =693=
Woodsia, =697=
Festina Lente, 196
Fielde, Miss Adele, 420
Ant-nest, 424
Field lessons, 15
Field note-book, 13
Firefly, =416=, =417=
Fish Study, 149, 152
Fish bream, 161
Brook-trout, =164=
Bullhead, =154=, =155=
_Catostomus commersoni_, 159
Chub, 163
Dace, 163
gills of, 156
Horned pout, 156
Johnny darter, =177=
Minnows, 163
Shiner, =161=, =162=
Stickleback, =168=, =170=
Sucker common, =158=, =160=
Sunfish or Pumpkin seed, =172=, =173=, =174=
Fiske, Geo., =78=, =118=, =119=, =250=
Fiske, John, Prof., 661
Fleur-de-lis, 626, 629
Flower head, 554
Flower and insect partners, 494
wild, 21, 496
with parts named, =492=
Flowerless Plant Study, 684
Fly, House, =405=, =406=, =407=
Fog, =850=, 852, 853, 855
Forestry, Practical, 849
Forest Service, 255, =771=
Forsyth, Mary Isabella, 84
Foster, O. L., =509=, =731=, =761=, =764=
Fox, =257=, =259=, =260=, =267=
Franklin, 858, 859
Frog, =193=, =195=
tree, or Pickering’s Hyla, =190=, =191=
Frost, =853=, =854=, =855=
Fudge, C.F., 592
Fuertes, Louis A., 45, =70=, =73=, =75=, 80, =81=, =94=
Fungi, 706–725
Fungus, bears head, 718
Bracket, =714=
Earth star, =713=
Hedgehog, =717=
_Sarcocypha coccinea_ or scarlet saucer, 718, =719=
Shelf, =714=
stink-horn, =720=
Furry, 238
Gage, Prof. S. H., =187=, 192
Gage, Mrs. S. H., 198
Galaxy the, (of stars), 889
Galileo, 858, 865
Gallager, W. S., 135
Gall-dwellers, =360=, =361=, =362=, =363=, =364=, 768
Galls, =360=, =364=, =767=
Garden, window, 8
Gardening and Nature-Study, 20
Geese, =136=–142
Canada or wild, =139=, =140=
_Gelechia pinifoliella_, 353
Gemini, (the Heavenly Twins), =900=, 912
Geography, 18, 299, 545, 548, 552, 818, 822
Geranium, 643, =644=, =645=, =646=
Gilbert, Grove Karl, =142=, =726=, =793=, =794=, =850=
Glass, 830
Glow-worms, 417
Gnomon, the, 915
Goat, The, =275=, =276=, =277=, =278=, =279=
Goldfinch, or Thistle bird, 31, 49, =50=
Goldfish with parts named, 150
Golden Osier, 765
Goldenrod, =555=, =556=, =557=
Goodale, Elaine, 525
Grades, bird study in primary, 25
Grafting, cleft, 779
Grandfather Greybeard, =472=, =473=
Granite, =833=
Obelisk, =833=
Grasshoppers, 8, 18, 61, 82, 85, 92, =311=, =312=, =365=, =366=,
=367=, =368=, =369=
Grasshopper, with external parts named, 365
Short-horned, 367–369
Gravel, 844
Green Bay-tree, 813
Greene, Robert, 32
Grosbeak, the Cardinal, 133
Ground-hog, =229=, =230=
Gulf Stream, 866
Hail, 853
Hardpan, 844
Hardy, Irene, 243, 619
Hares, =216=
Harte, Bret, 203, 224, 256
Hawks, 36, 43, 46, =108=, =109=
Hay, John, 132
Health value of Nature-Study, 2
Helium, 862, 864
Hemlock, =800=, 801, =802=
Hen, 25, 27, 30, 33, =36=, 37, =39=, =41=, =42=, =43=
Henry, Prof. Joseph, 859
Hepatica, 496, =497=, =498=
Herford, Oliver, 213, 419
Hickory, the shagbark, =755=
H. H., 558, 622, 652
Higginson, Ella, 659
Hill, Mary E., 17
Hives--observation, =453=, 455
Hoar-frost, =851=, =853=, =855=, =879=
Hog, the, =304=, =305=, =306=
Homer, 899
Honey, honeycomb, =451=, =452=, 453
Hornblende, 383
Horne, R. H., 325
Horse-chestnut, =761=, =762=, 763, 764
Horse, the, =286=, =287=, =288=, =289=, =290=, =291=, =292=
Horsetail or Equisetum, =699=, =700=
Howells, W. D., 125
Howitt, Mary, 103
How an apple grows, =782=
a brook drops its load, 822
to begin study of plants and flowers, 489
to begin study of stars, 889
to make an aquarium, 380
to make a sun-dial, 915
to read weather maps, 879
to keep daily weather maps, 883
to find the general direction and average rate of motion of high
and low areas, 883
to make leaf prints, 734
to make plants comfortable, 490
to produce good milk, 299
to study minerals, 828
to teach names of parts of plants and flowers, 492
Humidity, absolute and relative, 862
Hummingbird, 120
Huxley, Thomas, 837
Hyades, 897
Ice, 853, 854, 856
Iceland spar, 835
Imago, or adult stage of insect, 310
Imagination, training of, 1
Impatiens or Touch-me-not, =578=
Indians, North American, 503, =660=, 676, =810=
Indian turnip, 512
Indusia of ferns, =686=, 687, =694=, =695=, 697
Insect Study, 308
Insects, breathing of, 313
biting and sucking, 313
brownies, 311
eggs of, 308
Ingersoll, Ernest, 249
Invertebrate-Animal Study, 458
Iris, or blue flag, 626, =627=, =628=, =629=
Irvine, J. P., 111
Isaiah, 765
Isobar, 870, 879
Isotherm, 879
Jack-in-the-pulpit, =512=, =513=, =514=
Japan Current, 866
Jasper, 830
Javelins (hogs), 304
Jeffries, Richard, 593, 849
Jewelweed or touch-me-not, =578=
Jimson or Jamestown weed, 640
Job’s Coffin, =904=
Johnny darter, =177=, =178=
Jonquils, 599, 602
Jordan, David Starr, 149, 157, 166, 167, 168, 176, 177, 179, 217
Jug-building wasp, 431
Junior Naturalist Clubs, 23
Jupiter, 906
Kaolin, 831, 844
Katydid, =369=, =370=, =371=
Keats, John, 53, 163, 648
Kentucky Cardinal, 133
King, Harriet, 598
Kingfisher, Belted, =101=
Labium, 313, 314
Labrum, 313, 314
Labradorite, 831
Lace-wing, 397, =398=
Ladybird, =413=, =414=, =415=
Lady in the Moon, 919
Lady’s Slipper, =525=, =526=
Lanier, Sydney, 96
Lapham, Dr. Increase, 860
Larcom, Lucy, 90, 93, 582
Larkspur, =623=, =624=, =625=
Laurel, =813=, =814=, =815=
Laurence, Ray, 524, 540, 578, 620
Larvæ, 308, 311
Leaf, with parts named, 493
Leaf-factories, 491, 729, 730
Leaf-miners, =352=, =353=, =354=
Leaf-print, how to make, =734=
of fern with parts named, =687=
Leaf-rollers, =357=, =358=, =359=
Leaves, their use, 491, 728
Leigh, Florence, 267
Lens, 9
Leo, (the Lion), 902, 909, 912
Lesson, the nature-study, 10
always new, 7
length of, 7
time for, 6
object lesson method, 7
Lichens, growing on rocks, 843
Lily, calla, 512
pond or water, white, =545=, =546=, =547=
Lime, 835, 836, 837, 849
Light-year, 888
Limestone, 835, 836, 837
Lippincott, R. A., 603
Lips, 858
Little Dipper, 892
Dog Star, 896, 899
Living material in schoolroom, 8
Loam, 844, 845, 846, 847
Lodestone, 838, 841
Longfellow, Henry W., 2, 493, 626
Lowell, James Russell, 7, 128, 153, 196, 382, 418, 503, 572, 763,
777
Lloyd, J. T., =114=, =211=, =387=, =388=, =389=, =390=
Lubbock, Sir John, 423, 433
Lyra, 889, 903
Maggots, 308
Magnets, =838=, 839, 840
Maize or Indian corn, =660=, =661=, =662=, =663=, =664=
Mammal Study, 212
Mandibles--insects, =313=, 314
Mandrake or May apple, =519=, =520=
Maple, the, =732=, =735=, =736=
Mountain, =732=, =742=
Norway, 738
Red, =732=, 744
seedlings, 741
Silver, 738, =741=, =742=
Striped or goosefoot, 738, =743=, =744=
Sugar or hard, =732=, =739=, =740=, =741=
Sycamore, =735=, 738
Maple-sugar, making, 738
Marble, 835
Mars, 906
Matheson, Robert, =82=, =98=
Maxillæ, insect, 313, 314
May beetle, 131, 418
Meadow lark, 77, =80=, =81=, =82=
Mercator, 920
Mercury, 906
Merriam Dr. C. Hart, 248
Mesothorax, 313, 314
Metathorax, 313, 314
Meteorites, 908, 921
Meteoroids, 908
Meteors, 864, 908
Mica, 832, 833, 834, 844
Mice, =224=, =225=, =226=, =227=
Mildews, 721
Milk, 299
Milk-dipper, the, 912
Milky Way, the, 889
Milkweed, =540=, =541=, =543=
Minnows, 163
Mist, 852
Mitchell, Evelyn, =401=, =402=, =498=, =502=, =514=
Metamorphosis, insect, 311, 367
Moccasin flower or Lady’s Slipper, =525=, =527=
Mockingbird, =94=
Molds, 720, =721=
Molting insects, =308=, 309
Montgomery, 635
Moon, the, 906, =918=, =919=, =920=
shadows on, 920
Moonstone, 831
Moore, Dr. Willis L., 879
Morgan, G. F., =652=, =747=, =759=, =774=, =776=, =791=, =792=, =796=,
=812=
Morton, Verne--Photos by, =Frontispiece=, =164=, =230=, =242=, =247=,
=271=, =274=, =501=, =505=, =506=, =508=, =515=, =516=, =517=,
=520=, =525=, =529=, =533=, =545=, =551=, =553=, =560=, =561=,
=562=, =563=, =566=, =576=, =577=, =583=, =586=, =588=, =590=,
=609=, =611=, =627=, =664=, =672=, =676=, =678=, =681=, =682=,
=685=, =686=, =689=, =692=, =694=, =698=, =702=, =713=, =714=,
=737=, =757=, =760=, =762=, =766=, =767=, =769=, =784=, =807=,
=815=, =817=, =843=
Mosquito, 309, =400=, =401=, =402=, =403=
Moss, hair cap or pigeon wheat, =702=, =703=
Moth, Cecropia, =330=, =331=, =332=, =333=, =334=
Codling, 347, =349=
Cynthia, 337
Isabella tiger, =326=, =327=, =328=
Luna, =309=, =310=, 330
Promethea, 330, =336=, =337=, =338=
Polyphemus, 330
Sphinx, =313=, =340=, =341=, =342=, =343=, =344=, =345=, 346
Mouse, deer, or whitefooted, =223=, =226=
house, =224=, =225=
Mulch, 847
Mullein, 18, 582, =583=, =584=
Mulock, Miss, 602
Muskrat, =218=, =220=, =221=
Museum specimens, 8
Mushrooms, 706, =707=, =708=, =709=, =710=, =711=, =712=
Nape, (of bird), 44
Narcissus, 599, =601=
Nasturtium, =620=, =621=
Natos, 858
Natural Bridge in Virginia, 835
Nature-study clubs, 22
Naylor, 134
Nebula, 888
Needham, Dr. James G., =382=, =383=, =384=, =385=, 626, 627, 641
Neptune, 906
Newcomb, Dr. Simon, 906
Newt, red-spotted, 197, =198=, =199=
Nitrogen, 653, 861, 864
North pole, 839, 889, 890
Northern Lights, 839
North Star, 889, 890, 891, 892, 893, 894, 902
Nuthatch, white-breasted, =63=, =64=
Nymph, 311
of damsel-fly, 384, 385
of dragon-fly, 384
of red-legged grasshopper, 366
Oaks, the, 748
Black, 749, =753=
Burr, =754=
Chestnut, =751=
Live, 726
Red, =752=, =753=
Scarlet, =754=
White, =748=, =749=, =750=
Oak-apple, 361
Ocelli (of insects), =312=, 314
Oligoclase, 831
Onyx, 830
Oriole, Baltimore, =125=, =126=, =127=
Ovipositor (of insect), 314
Owl, screech, 104
Oxen, 298
Oxygen, 730, 861, 864
Orion, 888, 895, =896=, 897, 899
Palpi, insect, 313, 314
Pansies, =607=, =608=, =609=
Partridge, 30, 41
Pattee, 801
Peacock, 30, 31, =32=
Pears and apples, ready to spray, 350
Peccaries, 304
Pelargonium, 643
Perianth, 599
Perseus, 909
Petrified forest of Arizona, 830
Pets, 15
Petunia, =640=, =641=
Phœbe-bird, 67
Pig, the, =303=, =305=, =306=
Pigeons, =45=, =46=, =47=
Pigeon houses, =45=, 47
Pigeon-grass or pigeon wheat, =702=, =703=
Pine, the, 73, =789=
Austrian, =791=
Pitch, 791, =800=
White, 19, =790=, =792=, =793=, =795=, =800=
Yellow, 793
Mountain, of Sierras, 794
upturned roots, 728
Pisces (the Fishes), 912
Planisphere, 891
Plant-lice, 92, =392=, =393=, =421=
Plant Life, 489
Plant Physiology, 20, 491
Pleiad, the lost, 898
Pleiades, the, 888, 889, 897
Polaris--Pole-star, 888, 890, 891, 892, 893, 894, 895, 901, 902,
904, 906
Pollen, 494
Pollux, 900
Pond-weed, =548=, =549=
Poplar, Carolina, =770=, =771=, =772=
Poppy, the, =613=, =614=
California, =616=, =617=
Potassium bichromate, 825
Potash, bichromate of, 825
Prickly Lettuce, =570=
Procyon, 898
Pruning, principles of, 780
Pumpkin, the, 675, =676=, =677=, =678=, =679=, 680, =681=
seed (sunfish), 172
Pupæ, 309, 311
of caddis fly, 388
of Codling Moth, 349
of firefly, 417
of Potato beetle, 411
of Ladybird, 415
of Mosquito, 402
(jug handle) Tomato sphinx, 342
Purslane, 594
Quail, 41
Quartz, =829=, 844
Queen Anne’s Lace, 589, =590=, =591=, =592=, 593
Rabbit, =213=, =215=, =216=
Raccoon, =250=, =253=, =254=
Rain, 852, 874, 880
Rattlesnake, The, 203
Redbird, 133
Red-winged blackbird, =122=, =123=
Regulus, 902, 909, 912
Reighard, Professor, 174, 175
Reptile Study, 200
Resin, 794
Rexford, Eben, 61
Rice, Prof. J. E., =33=
Rich, John, =295=
Rigel, 896
Riley, James Whitcomb, 70, 201, 521, 818
Robin, =54=, =55=, =57=
Root, A. I. Co., 456
Root tubercles, 653
Rosin, 794
Rossetti, Christina, 326
Rotch, Prof. Laurence, 860
Rowe, Mrs. F. W., 95
Rusts, 721
Sagittarius (the Archer), 912
Salamander, =197=, =198=, =199=
Salt, 827, 828
Salvia or Scarlet Sage, =637=, =638=
Sand, 834, 844, 845, 847
Sand-stones, 834
Sap movements of, 739
poem, 736
Sard, 830
Saturn, 906
Scales, on butterfly’s wing, 421
Screech Owl, 104
Seed germination, 495
Seed-leaves (cotyledons), 496
Shakespeare, 515, 611
Shadow-stick, A, 914
Sheep, =281=, =283=, =284=, =285=
Sheldon, S. L., =644=
Shelley, 850
Shepherd, a Sicilian, 281
Shiner, =161=, =162=
Sickle, the (constellation), 902
Silk-worm, 312
American, 330
Skunk, 43, =247=, =248=
Sleet, 853
Slingerland, M. V., =308=, =309=, =313=, =315=, =316=, =317=, =318=,
=322=, =323=, =327=, =328=, =330=, =331=, =332=, =333=, =334=,
=336=, =337=, =338=, =340=, =341=, =342=, =343=, =344=, =345=,
=346=, =348=, =349=, =350=, =351=, =362=, =374=, =379=, =392=,
=410=, =411=, =418=, =421=, =429=, =430=, =438=, =443=, =457=,
=489=, =488=, =741=, =783=
Smuts, 721
Snake, 194
Garden, 201, =202=
Garter, 201, =202=
Milk, =204=
Rattle, 203
Spotted Adder, 204
Water, =206=
Snakedoctor, 382
Snail, garden, 458, =459=
Snow, 851
Snow-crystals, 825, 828, 851, 852, 856, 858, 860, 863, 866, 874,
875, 876
Soil, the, 842
Solar System, 906
Song of Solomon, 778
Spadix, 512, =513=
Sparrow-chipping, 88, =89=
English, 54, 61, =84=
Song, =91=
Spathe, 512, =513=
Spectroscope, 887, 888
Spencer, John W., 16, 23, 842, 909
Spiders, 475
Ballooning, 484
White Crab, =485=
care of eggs, =487=, =488=
Spider-webs, cobwebs, 475
Filmy Dome, =482=, 483
funnel, =477=
Orb, =478=, =479=, =481=
Spiracles, (of insects), 313, 314
Spores, =686=, 693, 699, 704, 708, 713, 715, 721
Spore-prints, (of mushrooms), 710
Spray of tree, 727, 728
Spruce, Douglas, 796
Norway, =796=, =797=, =798=
Squash, 680
Squirrel, 56, 61, =233=, =234=, =236=
Squirrel corn, 509, =511=, 611
Stalactites, 835, 837
Stalagmites, 835
Starch, 491, 729
Star Study, 887
Stars, “the Friendly”, 891
the Story of, 889
of Summer, 901
of Winter, 895
shooting, 898
Stetson, Charlotte Perkins, 286, 726
Stickleback, =168=
Stigma, =492=
Storms, 874
Storm and Hurricane warnings, 881
Strawberry, 672, =673=, =674=, 675
Street. A. B., 585
Stryke, Anna--Drawings by, =1=, =2=, =3=, =4=, =5=, =6=, =7=, =8=,
=9=, =10=, =11=, =15=, =16=, =17=, =24=, =136=, =161=, =181=,
=190=, =193=, =197=, =199=, =200=, =204=, =223=, =233=, =247=,
=250=, =255=, =261=, =288=, =315=, =320=, =326=, =336=, =340=,
=347=, =352=, =357=, =360=, =365=, =370=, =373=, =377=, =378=,
=387=, =392=, =395=, =397=, =400=, =405=, =409=, =413=, =416=,
=429=, =430=, =432=, =436=, =439=, =442=, =451=, =453=, =458=,
=462=, =468=, =472=, =475=, =483=, =484=, =485=, =487=, =494=,
=495=, =535=, =540=, =607=, =613=, =614=, =616=, =617=, =630=,
=640=, =684=, =707=, =727=, =736=, =745=, =748=, =755=, =757=,
=761=, =765=, =770=, =771=, =774=, =785=, =789=, =796=, =801=,
=806=, =810=, =813=
Sucker, common, =158=, =160=
Sumac, velvet or Staghorn, 806, =807=, =808=
Sumac, smooth, 808
Poison, 808
Sun, the, 905
Sun-spots, 905
Sundial, =915=, =916=
Sunfish, 172, =173=, =174=
Sunflower, 554, =630=, =632=
Swallows, the, =112=
Swan, the (constellation), 904
Sweet Peas, =648=, =649=, =650=
Swett, S. H., 476
Swift, chimney, =112=
Tabb, John B., 29, 545, 729, 736
Tadpoles, 182, 183, 186
of frog, 194
of toad, =187=
of tree-frog, =191=
aquarium for, 185
Talus, 843
Tanager, scarlet, 31
Taurus, (the Bull), 897, 912
Taylor, Bayard, 376, 799
Teasel, =586=, =587=, =588=
Telescope, 887
Temple of Winds at Athens, 857, 858
Tennyson, 659
Thaxter, Celia, 132, 142, 849
Thermometer scales in use, 865
Thistles, =563=, =564=, =566=, 633
Thomas, Edith, 100
Thompson, Maurice, 63, 95, 133, =279=
Thoreau, H. D., 91, 129, 161, 205, 207, 232, 249, 758, 765, 856
Thornapples, 781
Thrush family, 57, 60
Titmouse, black-capped, =66=, =67=, =68=
Toad, common, 181, =182=, =183=, =187=
development of a season, 187
eggs of, 182, 186
tree, 190, 191
Todd, Professor, =864=, 912
Tornado, 880
Torrecelli, 858
Treadwell, Prof., 56
Tree Study, 726
how to begin, 731
Tree, anatomy of, 727
how it grows, 733
head or crown of, 777, 789
to measure, 734
Tree-stump, showing rings of growth, 730
Tree-trunk or bole, 727
Trilliums, The, =506=, =507=, =508=
Trowbridge, J. T., 471
Trout, =164=, 167
Tulips, =603=, =604=, =605=
Turkey, the, 41, =143=
Turtles, =208=, =209=, =211=
Tyndall, Prof. John 837, 867
“Uncle John”, 16, 23, 490, 842, 843, 909
U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 185, 221, 276, =278=, =279=, 301, 352,
411
Uranus, 906
Ursa Major, 891
Valley of Cashmere, 279
Vampires, 244
Van Dyke, Henry, 80, 91
Vapor, water, 852, 853, 862, 864
Vega, =903=, 904, 906
Velvet Plant, American, 584
Venus, 906
Vetches, the, 654
Violet, The, 515
Canada white, 517
Common blue, 516
Long-spurred, 515
Virgil, 48, 748
Virgin, the (constellation), 912
Vitriol, blue, 825, 826
Wadsworth, 267, 750
Wait, M. C., 671
Wake-robin, =506=, 508, 509
Walton, Isaac, 149, 154
Wasp, 429, 437
Jug-builder and nest, =431=
Mud-dauber, =429=, =430=
Yellow Jacket, =432=, =434=
Wasp-nest, with side removed, =457=
nest of carpenter, =440=
nest of mud-dauber, =429=
Yellow-jackets, 432, 435
Water, crystallizing of, 853
forms of, 850, 854
Water-glass, 830
Water-lily, =545=, =546=, =547=
Water-vapor, 852, 853, 862, 864
Weasel, 43
Weather, the, 857
U. S. Bureau, 875
value of service, 876
Weather-maps:
How to read, 879
where published and how obtained, 875, 876
Weather-maps, forecasts based on, 875
showing eastward progress, 884
Weather-forecasting, principles of, 875
Weather signals, explanation of, 881
Weeds, 594
outline for study of, 595
Wheat, 85
cause of winter-killing, 853
White, Gilbert, 48
Whitman, Walt, 484
Whittier, J. G., 164, 683
Whitney, Eli, 667
Wildflower Study, 496
Willow, =765=, =766=, =767=, =768=, =769=
cone-gall, 362, 767
Wilson, Wilford M., 857
Wilson, Robert B., 856
Winds of the World, 866, 867
Trade, 871
Trade northeast, 866
Temple of, at Athens, 857, 858
Window-pane in winter, 851, 852, =854=
Winter Rosettes, evening primrose, 533
Mullein, 584
Teasel, 588
Wister, Owen, 277
Witch-hazel, =356=, =810=, =811=, =812=, 813
Wolf, gray, =255=
Woodchuck or groundhog, =229=, =230=
Wood grain, 729, 730
Woodpeckers, carpenter, 75
Downy, =69=, =70=
Hairy, 69
Flicker, yellow hammer or golden-shafted, =77=, =80=
Red-headed, =75=
Sapsucker, =73=
Woolly-bear, =326=, =327=, =328=
Wordsworth, 329, 515, 602, 647, 659
Worms, 308
Army, 82
Canker, 92
Caraway, 319
Cut, 82, 92
Earth, 462
Glow, 417
Wire, 82, 417
Xenon, 862
Yard-ell, 896
Yellow bird, 49
Yellow-jacket, =432=, =433=
Zephros, 858
Zodiac and its signs, 911, 912
Zone of twilight in mid-winter, 864
Transcriber’s Note:
Words may have inconsistent hyphenation in the text. These have
been left unchanged, as were obsolete and alternative spellings.
Twenty-five misspelled words were corrected. The summaries of
structures and metamorphoses of insects were reformatted to display
on small screens.
Words and phrases in italics are surrounded by underscores, _like
this_. Those in bold are surrounded by equal signs, =like this=.
Illustrated dropped capital letters are indicated: [Illustration: X]
at the beginning of the paragraph each precedes.
Obvious printing errors, such as letters and punctuation in reversed
order, upside down, or partially printed, were corrected. Final stops
missing at the end of sentences and abbreviations were added. Excess
punctuation was deleted. Spacing between words was adjusted.
Missing word “a” was added to “take a steamer...” In the index, page
number was added for the entry for “Eyes, simple.”