PREPARATIONS FOR BATTLE—AN INDIAN VILLAGE ON THE MOVE—SCALP
DANCE—A HORRIBLE SCENE OF SAVAGE EXULTATION—COMPELLED TO
JOIN THE ORGIES—A CAUSE OF INDIAN HOSTILITY—ANOTHER BATTLE
WITH THE WHITE TROOPS—BURIAL OF AN INDIAN BOY—A HASTY
RETREAT—MADE TO ACT AS SURGEON OF THE WOUNDED—MAUVE TERRE, OR
BAD LANDS.
The next morning the whole village was in motion. The warriors were
going to battle against a white enemy, they said, and old men, women,
and children were sent out in another direction to a place of safety,
as designated by the chief. Every thing was soon moving. With the
rapidity of custom the tent-poles were lowered and the tents rolled
up. The cooking utensils were put together, and laid on cross-beams
connecting the lower ends of the poles as they trail the ground from
the horses’ sides, to which they are attached. Dogs, too, are made
useful in this exodus, and started off, with smaller burdens dragging
after them, in the same manner that horses are packed.
The whole village was in commotion, children screaming or laughing;
dogs barking or growling under their heavy burdens; squaws running
hither and thither, pulling down tipi-poles, packing up every thing,
and leading horses and dogs with huge burdens.
[Illustration: Indian Family on the Move.]
The small children are placed in sacks of buffalo skin and hung upon
saddles or their mothers’ backs. The wrapped up lodges, which are
secured by thongs, are fastened to the poles on the horses’ backs,
together with sundry other articles of domestic use, and upon these
are seated women and children. To guide the horse a woman goes before,
holding the bridle, carrying on her back a load nearly as large as the
horse carries. Women and children are sometimes mounted upon horses,
holding in their arms every variety of plunder, sometimes little dogs
and other forlorn and hungry looking pets. In this unsightly manner,
sometimes two or three thousand families are transported many miles
at the same migration, and, all being in motion at the same time, the
cavalcade extends for a great distance.
The men and boys are not so unsightly in their appearance, being
mounted upon good horses and the best Indian ponies, riding in groups,
leaving the women and children to trudge along with the burdened horses
and dogs.
The number and utility of these faithful dogs is sometimes astonishing,
as they count hundreds, each bearing a portion of the general household
goods. Two poles, about ten or twelve feet long, are attached to the
shoulders of a dog, leaving one end of each dragging upon the ground.
On these poles a small burden is carried, and with it the faithful
canine jogs along, looking neither to the right nor to the left, but
apparently intent upon reaching the end of his journey. These faithful
creatures are under the charge of women and children, and their pace
is occasionally encouraged with admonitions in the form of vigorous
and zealous use of whips applied to their limbs and sides. It was
quite painful to me to see these poor animals, thus taken from their
natural avocation, and forced to a slavish life of labor, and compelled
to travel along with their burdens; yet, when this change has been
made, they become worthless as hunters, or watchers, and even for the
purpose of barking, being reduced, instead, to beasts of burden. It was
not uncommon to see a great wolfish-looking dog moodily jogging along
with a lot of cooking utensils on one side, and on the other a crying
papoose for a balance, while his sulking companion toils on, supporting
upon his back a quarter of antelope or elk, and is followed by an old
woman, or some children, who keep at bay all refractory dogs who run
loose, occasionally showing their superiority by snapping and snarling
at their more unfortunate companions.
This train was immensely large, nearly the whole Sioux nation having
concentrated there for the purpose of war. The chief’s sisters brought
me a horse saddled, told me to mount, and accompany the already
moving column, that seemed to be spreading far over the hills to the
northward. We toiled on all day. Late in the afternoon we arrived
at the ground of encampment, and rested for further orders from the
warriors, who had gone to battle and would join us there.
I had no means of informing myself at that time with whom the war was
raging, but afterward learned that General Sully’s army was pursuing
the Sioux, and that the engagement was with his men.
In three days the Indians returned to camp, and entered on a course
of feasting and rejoicing, that caused me to believe that they had
suffered very little loss in the affray.
They passed their day of rest in this sort of entertainment; and here I
first saw the scalp dance, which ceremonial did not increase my respect
or confidence in the tender mercies of my captors.
This performance is only gone through at night and by the light of
torches, consequently its terrible characteristics are heightened by
the fantastic gleams of the lighted brands.
The women, too, took part in the dance, and I was forced to mingle
in the fearful festivity, painted and dressed for the occasion, and
holding a staff from the top of which hung several scalps.
The braves came vauntingly forth, with the most extravagant boasts
of their wonderful prowess and courage in war, at the same time
brandishing weapons in their hands with the most fearful contortions
and threatenings.
A number of young women came with them, carrying the trophies of their
friends, which they hold aloft, while the warriors jump around in a
circle, brandishing their weapons, and whooping and yelling the fearful
war-cry in a most frightful manner, all jumping upon both feet at the
same time, with simultaneous stamping and motions with their weapons,
keeping exact time. Their gestures impress one as if they were actually
cutting and carving each other to pieces as they utter their fearful,
sharp yell. They become furious as they grow more excited, until their
faces are distorted to the utmost; their glaring eyes protrude with a
fiendish, indescribable appearance, while they grind their teeth, and
try to imitate the hissing, gurgling sound of death in battle. Furious
and faster grows the stamping, until the sight is more like a picture
of fiends in a carnival of battle than any thing else to which the
war-dance can be compared.
No description can fully convey the terrible sight in all its fearful
barbarity, as the bloody trophies of their victory are brandished aloft
in the light of the flickering blaze, and their distorted forms were
half concealed by darkness. The object for which the scalp is taken
is exultation and proof of valor and success. My pen is powerless to
portray my feelings during this terrible scene.
This country seemed scarred by countless trails, where the Indian
ponies have dragged lodge-poles, in their change of habitations or
hunting. The antipathy of the Indian to its occupation or invasion by
the white man is very intense and bitter. The felling of timber, or
killing of buffalo, or traveling of a train, or any signs of permanent
possession by the white man excites deadly hostility. It is their last
hope; if they yield and give up this, they will have to die or ever
after be governed by the white man’s laws; consequently they lose no
opportunity to kill or steal from and harass the whites when they can
do so.
The game still clings to its favorite haunts, and the Indian must press
upon the steps of the white man or lose all hope of independence. Herds
of elk proudly stand with erect antlers, as if charmed by music, or as
if curious to understand this strange inroad upon their long-secluded
parks of pleasure; the mountain sheep look down from belting crags that
skirt the perpendicular northern face of the mountains, and yield no
rival of their charms or excellence for food. The black and white-tail
deer and antelope are ever present, while the hare and the rabbit, the
sage hen, and the prairie-chicken are nearly trodden down before they
yield to the intrusion of the stranger.
Brants, wild geese, and ducks multiply and people the waters of
beautiful lakes, and are found in many of the streams. The grizzly and
cinnamon bears are often killed and give up their rich material for
the hunter’s profit; and the buffalo, in numberless herds, with tens of
thousands in a herd, sweep back and forth, filling the valley as far as
the eye can reach, and adding their value to the red man both for food,
habitation, fuel, and clothing. The Big Horn River, and mountains and
streams beyond, are plentifully supplied with various kinds of fish.
The country seems to be filled with wolves, which pierce the night air
with their howls, but, like the beavers whose dams incumber all the
smaller streams, and the otter, are forced to yield their nice coats
for the Indian as well as white man’s luxury.
The Indians felt that the proximity of the troops and their inroads
through their best hunting-grounds would prove disastrous to them and
their future hopes of prosperity, and soon again they were making
preparations for battle; and again, on the 8th of August, the warriors
set forth on the war-path, and this time the action seemed to draw
ominously near our encampment.
An Indian boy died the night before, and was buried rather hastily
in the morning. The body was wrapped in some window curtains that
once draped my windows at Geneva. There was also a red blanket and
many beads and trinkets deposited on an elevated platform, with the
moldering remains, and the bereaved mother and relatives left the
lonely spot with loud lamentations. There seemed to be great commotion
and great anxiety in the movements of the Indians, and presently I
could hear the sound of battle; and the echoes, that came back to me
from the reports of the guns in the distant hills, warned me of the
near approach of my own people, and my heart became a prey to wildly
conflicting emotions, as they hurried on in great desperation, and even
forbid me turning my head and looking in the direction of the battle.
Once I broke the rule and was severely punished for it. They kept their
eyes upon me, and were very cross and unkind.
Panting for rescue, yet fearing for its accomplishment, I passed the
day. The smoke of action now rose over the hills beyond. The Indians
now realized their danger, and hurried on in great consternation.
General Sully’s soldiers appeared in close proximity, and I could
see them charging on the Indians, who, according to their habits
of warfare, skulked behind trees, sending their bullets and arrows
vigorously forward into the enemy’s ranks. I was kept in advance of the
moving column of women and children, who were hurrying on, crying and
famishing for water, trying to keep out of the line of firing.
It was late at night before we stopped our pace, when at length we
reached the lofty banks of a noble river, but it was some time before
they could find a break in the rocky shores which enabled us to reach
the water and enjoy the delicious draught, in which luxury the panting
horses gladly participated.
We had traveled far and fast all day long, without cessation, through
clouds of smoke and dust, parched by a scorching sun. My face was
blistered from the burning rays, as I had been compelled to go with my
head uncovered, after the fashion of all Indian women. Had not had a
drop of water during the whole day.
Reluctant to leave the long-desired acquisition, they all lay down
under the tall willows, close to the stream, and slept the sleep of the
weary. The horses lingered near, nipping the tender blades of grass
that sparsely bordered the stream.
It was not until next morning that I thought of how they should cross
the river, which I suppose to have been the Missouri. It was not very
wide, but confined between steep banks; it seemed to be deep and quite
rapid; they did not risk swimming at that place, to my joy, but went
further down and all plunged in and swam across, leading my horse.
I was very much frightened, and cried to Heaven for mercy. On that
morning we entered a gorge, a perfect mass of huge fragments which had
fallen from the mountains above; they led my horse and followed each
other closely, and with as much speed as possible, as we were still
pursued by the troops. During the day some two or three warriors were
brought in wounded. I was called to see them, and assist in dressing
their wounds. This being my first experience of the kind, I was at some
loss to know what was best to do; but, seeing in it a good opportunity
to raise in their estimation, I endeavored to impress them with an air
of my superior knowledge of surgery, and as nurse, or medicine woman.
I felt now, from their motions and meaning glances, that my life was
not safe, since we were so closely pursued over this terrible barren
country.
My feelings, all this time, can not be described, when I could hear
the sound of the big guns, as the Indians term cannon. I felt that
the soldiers had surely come for me and would overtake us, and my
heart bounded with joy at the very thought of deliverance, but sunk
proportionately when they came to me, bearing their trophies, reeking
scalps, soldiers’ uniforms, covered with blood, which told its sad
story to my aching heart. One day I might be cheered by strong hope
of approaching relief, then again would have such assurance of my
enemies’ success as would sink me correspondingly low in despair. For
some reason deception seemed to be their peculiar delight; whether
they did it to gratify an insatiable thirst for revenge in themselves,
or to keep me more reconciled, more willing and patient to abide, was
something I could not determine.
The feelings occasioned by my disappointment in their success can be
better imagined than described, but imagination, even in her most
extravagant flights, can but poorly picture the horrors that met my
view during these running flights.
My constant experience was hope deferred that maketh the heart sick. It
was most tantalizing and painful to my spirit to be so near our forces
and the flag of liberty, and yet a prisoner and helpless.
On, and still on, we were forced to fly to a place known among them as
the Bad Lands, a section of country so wildly desolate and barren as to
induce the belief that its present appearance is the effect of volcanic
action.
Great boulders of blasted rock are piled scattering round, and hard,
dry sand interspersed among the crevices.
Every thing has a ruined look, as if vegetation and life had formerly
existed there, but had been suddenly interrupted by some violent
commotion of nature. A terrible blight, like the fulfilling of an
ancient curse, darkens the surface of the gloomy landscape, and the
desolate, ruinous scene might well represent the entrance to the
infernal shades described by classic writers.
A choking wind, with sand, blows continually, and fills the air with
dry and blinding dust.
The water is sluggish and dark, and apparently life-destroying in its
action, since all that lies around its moistened limits has assumed the
form of petrifaction. Rocks though they now seemed, they had formerly
held life, both animal and vegetable, and their change will furnish a
subject of interesting speculation to enterprising men of science, who
penetrate those mournful shades to discover toads, snakes, birds, and a
variety of insects, together with plants, trees, and many curiosities,
all petrified and having the appearance of stone. I was startled by the
strange and wonderful sights.
The terrible scarcity of water and grass urged us forward, and General
Sully’s army in the rear gave us no rest. The following day or two we
were driven so far northward, and became so imminently imperiled by
the pursuing forces, that they were obliged to leave all their earthly
effects behind them, and swim the Yellow Stone River for life. By this
time the ponies were completely famished for want of food and water, so
jaded that it was with great difficulty and hard blows that we could
urge them on at all.
When Indians are pursued closely, they evince a desperate and reckless
desire to save themselves, without regard to property or provisions.
They throw away every thing that will impede flight, and all natural
instinct seems lost in fear. We had left, in our compulsory haste,
immense quantities of plunder, even lodges standing, which proved
immediate help, but in the end a terrible loss.
General Sully with his whole troop stopped to destroy the property,
thus giving us an opportunity to escape, which saved us from falling
into his hands, as otherwise we inevitably would have done.
One day was consumed in collecting and burning the Indian lodges,
blankets, provisions, etc., and that day was used advantageously in
getting beyond his reach. They travel constantly in time of war,
ranging over vast tracts of country, and prosecuting their battles, or
skirmishes, with a quiet determination unknown to the whites.
A few days’ pursuit after Indians is generally enough to wear and tire
out the ardor of the white man, as it is almost impossible to pursue
them through their own country with wagons and supplies for the army,
and it is very difficult for American horses to traverse the barren,
rugged mountain passes, the Indians having every advantage in their
own country, and using their own mode of warfare. The weary soldiers
return disheartened by often losing dear comrades, and leaving them in
a lonely grave on the plain, dissatisfied with only scattering their
red foes.
But the weary savages rest during these intervals, often sending the
friendly Indians, as they are called and believed to be, who are
received in that character in the forts, and change it for a hostile
one, as soon as they reach the hills, to get supplies of ammunition and
food with which they refresh themselves and prosecute the war.
After the attack of General Sully was over an Indian came to me with
a letter to read, which he had taken from a soldier who was killed by
him, and the letter had been found in his pocket. The letter stated
that the topographical engineer was killed, and that General Sully’s
men had caught the red devils and cut their heads off, and stuck them
up on poles. The soldier had written a friendly and kind letter to his
people, but, ere it was mailed, he was numbered with the dead.