[1] _Athenae Oxon._ (Bliss), ii. 197.
[2] D'Ewes's _Parliaments of Elizabeth_, 441, 442.
[3] _Cal. of St. Pap., Dom._, 1601-1603, p. 191.
[4] Birch's _Mem. of Queen Elizabeth_, i. 479.
[5] _Hist. MSS. Comm._ 11th Rep. p. 24.
[6] T. Birch's _Mem. of Queen Elizabeth_, ii. 384.
[7] _Cal. of St. Pap., Dom._, 1598-1601, pp. 554, 583.
[8] _State Trials_, ii. 909.
[9] _Cal. St. Pap., Dom._, 1611-1618, p. 381.
[10] _Cal. St. Pap., Dom._, 1611-1618, p. 407.
[11] _Lansdowne MS._ 91, f. 41.
[12] _Hist. MSS. Comm._ app. pt. vii. p. 156.
[13] _Life of Donne_, by E. Gosse, i. 43.
[14] Judgment on the Post Nati.
[15] Speech to the parliament, 24th of October 1597.
[16] _Harleian MS._ 2310, f. i.; Gardiner's _Hist. of England_, ix. 56.
BRACKLEY, a market town and municipal borough in the southern
parliamentary division of Northamptonshire, England, 59 m. N.W. by W.
from London by the Great Central railway; served also by a branch of the
London & North-Western railway. Pop. (1901) 2467. The church of St
Peter, the body of which is Decorated and Perpendicular, has a beautiful
Early English tower. Magdalen College school was founded in 1447 by
William of Waynflete, bishop of Winchester, bearing the name of his
great college at Oxford. Of a previous foundation of the 12th century,
called the Hospital of St John, the transitional Norman and Early
English chapel remains. Brewing is carried on. The borough is under a
mayor, 4 aldermen and 12 councillors. Area, 3489 acres.
Brackley (Brachelai, Brackele) was held in 1086 by Earl Alberie, from
whom it passed to the earl of Leicester and thence to the families of De
Quinci and Holand. Brilliant tournaments were held in 1249 and 1267, and
others were prohibited in 1222 and 1244. The market, formerly held on
Sunday, was changed in 1218 to Wednesday, and in answer to a writ of
_Quo Warranto_ Maud de Holand claimed in 1330 that her family had held a
fair on St Andrew's day from time immemorial. In 1553 Mary granted two
fairs to the earl of Derby. By charter of 1686 James II. incorporated
the town under a mayor, 6 aldermen, and 26 burgesses, granted three new
fairs and confirmed the old fair and market. In 1708 Anne granted four
fairs to the earl of Bridgewater, and in 1886 the borough had a new
charter of incorporation under a mayor, 4 aldermen and 12 councillors
under the Municipal Corporations Act of 1882. Camden (_Brit._ p. 430)
says that Brackley was formerly a famous staple for wool. It first sent
members to parliament in 1547, and continued to send two representatives
till disfranchised by the Reform Act of 1832. The town formerly had a
considerable woollen and lace-making trade.
BRACQUEMOND, FELIX (1833- ), French painter and etcher, was born in
Paris. He was trained in early youth as a trade lithographer, until
Guichard, a pupil of Ingres, took him to his studio. His portrait of his
grandmother, painted by him at the age of nineteen, attracted Theophile
Gautier's attention at the Salon. He applied himself to engraving and
etching about 1853, and played a leading and brilliant part in the
revival of the etcher's art in France. Altogether he has produced over
eight hundred plates, comprising portraits, landscapes, scenes of
contemporary life, and bird-studies, besides numerous interpretations of
other artists' paintings, especially those of Meissonier, Gustave Moreau
and Corot. After having been attached to the Sevres porcelain factory in
1870, he accepted a post as art manager of the Paris _atelier_ of the
firm of Haviland of Limoges. He was connected by a link of firm
friendship with Manet, Whistler, and all the other fighters in the
impressionist cause, and received all the honours that await the
successful artist in France, including the grade of officer of the
Legion of Honour in 1889.
BRACTON, HENRY DE (d. 1268), English judge and writer on English law.
His real name was Bratton, and in all probability he derived it either
from Bratton Fleming or from Bratton Clovelly, both of them villages in
Devonshire. It is only after his death that his name appears as
"Bracton." He seems to have entered the king's service as a clerk under
the patronage of William Raleigh, who after long service as a royal
justice died bishop of Winchester in 1250. Bracton begins to appear as a
justice in 1245, and from 1248 until his death in 1268 he was steadily
employed as a justice of assize in the south-western counties,
especially Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. During the earlier part of this
period he was also sitting as a judge in the king's central court, and
was there hearing those pleas which "followed the king"; in other words,
he was a member of that section of the central tribunal which was soon
to be distinguished as the king's bench. From this position he retired
or was dismissed in or about the year 1257, shortly before the meeting
of the Mad Parliament at Oxford in 1258. Whether his disappearance is to
be connected with the political events of this turbulent time is
uncertain. He continued to take the assizes in the south-west, and in
1267 he was a member of a commission of prelates, barons and judges
appointed to hear the complaints of the disinherited partisans of Simon
de Montfort. In 1259 he became rector of Combe-in-Teignhead, in 1261
rector of Barnstaple, in 1264 archdeacon of Barnstaple, and, having
resigned the archdeaconry, chancellor of Exeter cathedral; he also held
a prebend in the collegiate church at Bosham. Already in 1245 he enjoyed
a dispensation enabling him to hold three ecclesiastical benefices. He
died in 1268 and was buried in the nave of Exeter cathedral, and a
chantry for his soul was endowed out of the revenues of the manor of
Thorverton.
His fame is due to a treatise on the laws and customs of England which
is sufficiently described elsewhere (see ENGLISH LAW). The main part of
it seems to have been compiled between 1250 and 1256; but apparently it
is an unfinished work. This may be due to the fact that when he ceased
to be a member of the king's central court Bracton was ordered to
surrender certain judicial records which he had been using as raw
material. Even though it be unfinished his book is incomparably the best
work produced by any English lawyer in the middle ages.
The treatise was published in 1569 by Richard Tottel. This text was
reprinted in 1640. An edition (1878-1883) with English translation
was included in the Rolls Series. Manuscript copies are numerous, and
a critical edition is a desideratum. See Bracton's _Note-Book_ (ed.
Maitland, 1887); _Bracton and Azo_ (Selden Society, 1895).
(F. W. M.)
BRADAWL (from "brad," a flat nail, and "awl," a piercing tool), a small
tool used for boring holes (see TOOL).
BRADDOCK, EDWARD (1695?-1755), British general, was born in Perthshire,
Scotland, about 1695. He was the son of Major-General Edward Braddock
(d. 1725), and joined the Coldstream Guards in 1710. In 1747 as a
lieutenant-colonel he served under the prince of Orange in Holland
during the siege of Bergen-op-Zoom. In 1753 he was given the colonelcy
of the 14th foot, and in 1754 he became a major-general. Being appointed
shortly afterwards to command against the French in America, he landed
in Virginia in February 1755. After some months of preparation, in which
he was hampered by administrative confusion and want of resources, he
took the field with a picked column, in which George Washington served
as a volunteer officer, intended to attack Fort Duquesne (Pittsburg,
Pa.). The column crossed the Monongahela river on the 9th of July and
almost immediately afterwards fell into an ambuscade of French and
Indians. The troops were completely surprised and routed, and Braddock,
rallying his men time after time, fell at last mortally wounded. He was
carried off the field with difficulty, and died on the 13th. He was
buried at Great Meadows, where the remnant of the column halted on its
retreat to reorganize. (See SEVEN YEARS' WAR.)
BRADDOCK, a borough of Allegheny county, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., on the
Monongahela river, 10 m. S.E. of Pittsburg. Pop. (1890) 8561; (1900)
15,654, of whom 5111 were foreign-born; (1910 census) 19,357. Braddock
is served by the Pennsylvania, the Baltimore & Ohio, and the Pittsburg &
Lake Erie railways. Its chief industry is the manufacture of
steel--especially steel rails; among its other manufactures are
pig-iron, wire rods, wire nails, wire bale ties, lead pipe, brass and
electric signs, cement and plaster. In 1905 the value of the borough's
factory products was $4,199,079. Braddock has a Carnegie library.
Kennywood Park, near by, is a popular resort. The municipality owns and
operates the water-works. Braddock was named in honour of the English
general Edward Braddock, who in 1755 met defeat and death near the site
of the present borough at the hands of a force of French and Indians.
The borough was first settled at the close of the 18th century, and was
incorporated in 1867.
BRADDON, MARY ELIZABETH (1837- ), English novelist, daughter of Henry
Braddon, solicitor, of Skirdon Lodge, Cornwall, and sister of Sir Edward
Braddon, prime minister of Tasmania, was born in London in 1837. She
began at an early age to contribute to periodicals, and in 1861 produced
her first novel, _The Trail of the Serpent_. In the same year appeared
_Garibaldi_, accompanied by _Olivia_, and other poems, chiefly
narrative, a volume of extremely spirited verse, deserving more notice
than it has received. In 1862 her reputation as a novelist was made by a
favourable review in _The Times of Lady Audley's Secret_. _Aurora
Floyd_, a novel with a strong affinity to _Madame Bovary_, followed, and
achieved equal success. Its immediate successors, _Eleanor's Victory,
John Marchmont's Legacy, Henry Dunbar_, remain with her former works the
best-known of her novels, but all her numerous books have found a large
and appreciative public. They give, indeed, the great body of readers of
fiction exactly what they require; melodramatic in plot and character,
conventional in their views of life, they are yet distinguished by
constructive skill and opulence of invention. For a considerable time
Miss Braddon conducted _Belgravia_, in which several of her novels
appeared. In 1874 she married Mr John Maxwell, publisher, her son, W.B.
Maxwell, afterwards becoming known as a clever novelist and newspaper
correspondent.
BRADFORD, JOHN (1510?-1555), English Protestant martyr, was born at
Manchester in the early part of the reign of Henry VIII., and educated
at the local grammar school. Being a good penman and accountant, he
became secretary to Sir John Harrington, paymaster of the English
forces in France. Bradford at this time was gay and thoughtless, and to
support his extravagance he seems to have appropriated some of the money
entrusted to him; but he afterwards made full restitution. In April 1547
he took chambers in the Inner Temple, and began to study law; but
finding divinity more congenial, he removed, in the following year, to
St Catharine's Hall, Cambridge, where he studied with such assiduity
that in little more than a year he was admitted by special grace to the
degree of master of arts, and was soon after made fellow of Pembroke
Hall, the fellowship being "worth seven pound a year." One of his pupils
was John Whitgift. Bishop Ridley, who in 1550 was translated to the see
of London, sent for him and appointed him his chaplain. In 1553 he was
also made chaplain to Edward VI., and became one of the most popular
preachers in the kingdom, earning high praise from John Knox. Soon after
the accession of Mary he was arrested on a charge of sedition, and
confined in the Tower and the king's bench prison for a year and a half.
During this time he wrote several epistles which were dispersed in
various parts of the kingdom. He was at last brought to trial (January
1554/5) before the court in which Bishop Gardiner sat as chief, and,
refusing to retract his principles, was condemned as a heretic and
burnt, with John Leaf, in Smithfield on the 1st of July 1555.
His writings, which consist chiefly of sermons, meditations, tracts,
letters and prayers, were edited by A. Townsend for the Parker Society
(2 vols. 8vo, Cambridge, 1848-1853).