[1] The whole Regnier affair remained a mystery; the man himself--who
on following Bourbaki to England made the impression on Lord
Granville (see the _Life of Lord Granville_, by Lord Fitzmaurice, ii.
61) of being a "swindler" but honestly wishing to serve the
empress--was afterwards mixed up in the Humbert frauds of 1902-1903;
he published his own version of the affair in 1870 in a pamphlet,
_Quel est votre nom?_ It has been suspected that on the part either
of Bazaine or of the German authorities some undisclosed intrigue was
on foot.
BOURBON. The noble family of Bourbon, from which so many European kings
have sprung, took its name from Bourbon l'Archambault, chief town of a
lordship which in the 10th century was one of the largest baronies of
the kingdom of France. The limits of the lordship, which was called the
Bourbonnais, were approximately those of the modern department of
Allier, being on the N. the Nivernais and Berry, on the E. Burgundy and
Lyonnais, on the S. Auvergne and Marche and on the W. Berry. The first
of the long line of Bourbons known in history was Adhemar or Aimar, who
was invested with the barony towards the close of the 9th century.
Matilda, heiress of the first house of Bourbon, brought this lordship to
the family of Dampierre by her marriage, in 1196, with Guy of Dampierre,
marshal of Champagne (d. 1215). In 1272 Beatrix, daughter of Agnes of
Bourbon-Dampierre, and her husband John of Burgundy, married Robert,
count of Clermont, sixth son of Louis IX. (St Louis) of France. The
elder branches of the family had become extinct, and their son Louis
became duke of Bourbon in 1327. In 1488 the line of his descendants
ended with Jean II., who died in that year. The whole estates passed to
Jean's brother Pierre, lord of Beaujeu, who was married to Anne,
daughter of Louis XI. Pierre died in 1503, leaving only a daughter,
Suzanne, who, in 1505, married Charles de Montpensier, heir of the
Montpensier branch of the Bourbon family. Charles, afterwards constable
of France, who took the title of duke of Bourbon on his marriage, was
born in 1489, and at an early age was looked upon as one of the finest
soldiers and gentlemen in France. With the constable ended the direct
line from Pierre I., duke of Bourbon (d. 1356). But the fourth in
descent from Pierre's brother, Jacques, count of La Marche, Louis, count
of Vendome and Chartres (d. 1446), became the ancestor of the royal
house of Bourbon and of the noble families of Conde, Conti and
Montpensier. The fourth in direct descent from Louis of Vendome was
Antoine de Bourbon, who in 1548 married Jeanne d'Albret, heiress of
Navarre, and became king of Navarre in 1554. Their son became king of
France as Henry IV. Henry was succeeded by his son, Louis XIII., who
left two sons, Louis XIV., and Philip, duke of Orleans, head of the
Orleans branch. Louis XIV.'s son, the dauphin, died before his father,
and left three sons, one of whom died without issue. Of the others the
elder, Louis of Burgundy, died in 1712, and his only surviving son
became Louis XV. The younger, Philip, duke of Anjou, became king of
Spain, and founded the Spanish branch of the Bourbon family. Louis XV.
was succeeded by his grandson, Louis XVI., who perished on the scaffold.
At the restoration the throne of France was occupied by Louis XVIII.,
brother of Louis XVI., who in turn was succeeded by his brother Charles
X. The second son of Charles X., the duc de Berry, left a son, Henri
Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonne d'Artois, duc de Bordeaux, and comte
de Chambord (q.v.). From Louis XIV.'s brother, Philip, descended another
claimant of the throne. Philip's son was the regent Orleans, whose
great-grandson, "Philippe Egalite," perished on the scaffold in 1793.
Egalite's son, Louis Philippe, was king of the French from 1830 to 1848;
his grandson, Louis Philippe, comte de Paris (1838-1894), inherited on
the death of the comte de Chambord the rights of that prince to the
throne of France, and was called by the royalists Philip VII. He had a
son, Louis Philippe Robert, duc d'Orleans, called by his adherents
Philip VIII.
_Spanish Branch._--Philip, duke of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV., became
king of Spain as Philip V., in 1700. He was succeeded in 1746 by his son
Ferdinand VI., who died in 1759 without family, and was followed by his
brother Charles III. Charles III.'s eldest son became Charles IV. of
Spain in 1788, while his second son, Ferdinand, was made king of Naples
in 1759. Charles IV. was deposed by Napoleon, but in 1814 his son,
Ferdinand VII., again obtained his throne. Ferdinand was succeeded by
his daughter Isabella, who in 1870 abdicated in favour of her son,
Alphonso XII. (d. 1885). Alphonso's posthumous son became king of Spain
as Alphonso XIII. Ferdinand's brother, Don Carlos (d. 1855), claimed the
throne in 1833 on the ground of the Salic law, and a fierce war raged
for some years in the north of Spain. His son Don Carlos, count de
Montemolin (1818-1861), revived the claim, but was defeated and
compelled to sign a renunciation. The nephew of the latter, Don Carlos
Maria Juan Isidor, duke of Madrid, for some years carried on war in
Spain with the object of attaining the rights contended for by the
Carlist party.