[1] _Cal. of State Papers, Scottish, i. 679._
[2] _Sir James Melville's Mem. 174._
[3] _Cal. of State Pap., Foreign, 1566-1568_, p. 212.
[4] _Hist. MSS. Comm._ Rep. ii. p. 177.
[5] _Cal. of State Pap., Scottish_, ii. 333.
[6] _Cal. of State Pap., Foreign, 1569-1571_, p. 372.
BOTHWELL, a town of Lanarkshire, Scotland. Pop. of town (1901) 3015; of
parish (1901) 45,905. The town lies on the right bank of the Clyde, 9 m.
E. S. E. of Glasgow by the North British and Caledonian railways. Owing
to its pleasant situation it has become a residential quarter of
Glasgow. The choir of the old Gothic church of 1398 (restored at the end
of the 19th century) forms a portion of the parish church. Joanna
Baillie, the poetess, was born in the manse, and a memorial has been
erected in her honour. The river is crossed by a suspension bridge as
well as the bridge near which, on the 22nd of June 1679, was fought the
battle of Bothwell Bridge between the Royalists, under the duke of
Monmouth, and the Covenanters, in which the latter lost 500 men and 1000
prisoners. Adjoining this bridge, on the level north-eastern bank, is
the castle that once belonged to James Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh (fl.
1566-1580), the assassin of the regent Murray; and near the present
farmhouse the South Calder is spanned by a Roman bridge. The picturesque
ruins of Bothwell Castle occupy a conspicuous position on the side of
the river, which here takes the bold sweep famed in Scottish song as
Bothwell bank. The fortress belonged to Sir Andrew Moray, who fell at
Stirling in 1297, and passed by marriage to the Douglases. The lordship
was bestowed in 1487 on Patrick Hepburn, 3rd Lord Hailes, 1st earl of
Bothwell, who resigned it in 1491 in favour of Archibald Douglas, 5th
earl of Angus. It thus reverted to the Douglases and now belongs to the
earl of Home, a descendant. The castle is a fine example of Gothic, and
mainly consists of a great oblong quadrangle, flanked on the south side
by circular towers. At the east end are the remains of the chapel. A
dungeon bears the nickname of "Wallace's Beef Barrel." The unpretending
mansion near by was built by Archibald Douglas, 1st earl of Forfar
(1653-1712). The parish of Bothwell contains several flourishing towns
and villages, all owing their prosperity to the abundance of coal, iron
and oil-shale. The principal places, most of which have stations on the
North British or Caledonian railway or both, are Bothwell Park, Carfin,
Chapelhall, Bellshill (pop. 8786), Holytown, Mossend, Newarthill,
Uddingston (pop. 7463), Clydesdale, Hamilton Palace, Colliery Rows and
Tennochside.
BOTOCUDOS (from Port. _botoque_, a plug, in allusion to the wooden disks
or plugs worn in their lips and ears), the foreign name for a tribe of
South American Indians of eastern Brazil, also known as the Aimores or
Aimbores. They appear to have no collective tribal name for themselves.
Some are called Nac-nanuk or Nac-poruk, "sons of the soil." The name
Botocudos cannot be traced much farther back than the writings of Prince
Maximilian von Neuwied (_Reise nach Bresilien_, Frankfort-On-Main,
1820). When the Portuguese adventurer Vasco Fernando Coutinho reached
the east coast of Brazil in 1535, he erected a fort at the head of
Espirito Santo Bay to defend himself against "the Aimores and other
tribes." The original home of the tribe comprised most of the present
province of Espirito Santo, and reached inland to the headwaters of Rio
Grande (Belmonte) and Rio Doce on the eastern slopes of the Serra do
Espinhacao, but the Botocudos are now mainly confined to the country
between Rio Pardo and Rio Doce, and seldom roam westward beyond Serra
dos Aimores into Minas Geraes. It was in the latter district that at the
close of the 18th century they came into collision with the whites, who
were attracted thither by the diamond fields.
The Botocudos are nomads, wandering naked in the woods and living on
forest products. They are below the medium height, but broad-shouldered
and remarkable for the muscular development and depth of their chests.
Their arms and legs are, however, soft and fleshy, and their feet and
hands small. Their features, which vary individually almost as much as
those of Europeans, are broad and flat, with prominent brow, high
cheek-bones, small bridgeless nose, wide nostrils and slight projection
of the jaws. They are longheaded, and their hair is coarse, black and
lank. Their colour is a light yellowish brown, sometimes almost
approaching white. The general yellow tint emphasizes their Mongolic
appearance, which all travellers have noticed. The Botocudos were
themselves greatly struck by the Chinese coolies, whom they met in
Brazilian seaports, and whom they at once accepted as kinsmen (Henri
Hollard, _De l'homme et des races humaines_, Paris, 1853).[1] Some few
Botocudos have settled and become civilized, but the great bulk of them,
numbering between twelve and fourteen thousand, are still the wildest of
savages. During the earlier frontier wars (1790-1820) every effort was
made to extirpate them. They were regarded by the Portuguese as no
better than wild beasts. Smallpox was deliberately spread among them;
poisoned food was scattered in the forests; by such infamous means the
coast districts about Rios Doce and Belmonte were cleared, and one
Portuguese commander boasted that he had either slain with his own hands
or ordered to be butchered many hundreds of them. Their implements and
domestic utensils are all of wood; their only weapons are reed spears
and bows and arrows. Their dwellings are rough shelters of leaf and
bast, seldom 4 ft. high. So far as the language of the Botocudos is
known, it would appear that they have no means of expressing the
numerals higher than one. Their only musical instrument is a small
bamboo nose-flute. They attribute all the blessings of life to the
"day-fire" (sun) and all evil to "night-fire" (moon). At the graves of
the dead they keep fires burning for some days to scare away evil
spirits, and during storms and eclipses arrows are shot into the sky to
drive away demons.
The most conspicuous feature of the Botocudos is the _tembeitera_, or
wooden plug or disk which is worn in the lower lip and the lobe of the
ear. This disk, made of the specially light and carefully dried wood of
the barriguda tree (_Chorisia ventricosa_), is called by the natives
themselves _embure_, whence Augustin Saint Hilaire suggests the probable
derivation of their name Aimbore (_Voyages dans l'interieur du Bresil
1816-1821_, Paris, 1830). It is worn only in the under-lip, now chiefly
by women, but formerly by men also. The operation for preparing the lip
begins often as early as the eighth year, when an initial boring is made
by a hard pointed stick, and gradually extended by the insertion of
larger and larger disks or plugs, sometimes at last as much as 3 in. in
diameter. Notwithstanding the lightness of the wood the _tembeitera_
weighs down the lip, which at first sticks out horizontally and at last
becomes a mere ring of skin around the wood. Ear-plugs are also worn, of
such size as to distend the lobe down to the shoulders. Ear-ornaments of
like nature are common in south and even central America, at least as
far north as Honduras. When Columbus discovered this latter country
during his fourth voyage (1502) he named part of the seaboard _Costa de
la Oreja_, from the conspicuously distended ears of the natives. Early
Spanish explorers also gave the name _Orejones_ or "big-eared" to
several Amazon tribes.
See A.R. Wallace, _Travels on the Amazon_ (1853-1900); H.H. Bancroft,
_Hist. of Pacific States_ (San Francisco, 1882), vol. i. p. 211; A.H.
Keane, "On the Botocudos" in _Journ. Anthrop. Instit._ vol. xiii.
(1884); J.R. Peixoto, _Novos Estudios Craniologicos sobre os Botocuds_
(Rio Janeiro, 1882); Prof. C.F. Hartt, _Geology and Physical Geography
of Brazil_ (Boston, 1870), pp. 577-606.