Parts. | Sizes. | Weight. |
---------------------------------------+----+-----+------+------+
|‹m.›|‹ft.›|‹gr.› |‹lbs.›|
1 Frame, including everything of | | | | |
metal, permanent and undetachable, | | | | |
such as bed-plate, cross-rods for the | | | | |
support of propellers, bearing points | | | | |
for clutch, etc. (bowsprit, 78g) | | | 2867| |
| | | | |
2 Engine, gears, shafts, etc. | | | | |
| | | | |
3 Pump, 123; pump shaft, 49 | | | 172| |
| | | | |
4 Hull covering, including apron and | | | | |
piece behind separator | | | 274| |
| | | | |
5 Gasoline and air tanks, 167, 174; | | | | |
air valve, 16 | | | 357| |
| | | | |
6 Smokestack, 319; counter, 95; | | | | |
burner, 170 | | | 584| |
| | | | |
7 Float | | | 315| |
| | | | |
8 Reel, with fork and float | | | 128| |
| | | | |
9 Wing clamps, 188; guy-post clamps, | | | | |
24 | | | 212| |
| | | | |
10 Boiler, 764; steam gauge and | | | | |
connections, 79 | | | 843| |
| | | | |
11 Front bearing post, 75; | | | | |
clutch-post, 58 | | | 133| |
| | | | |
12 Rear bearing points | | | 155| |
| | | | |
13 Separator and pipes to engines and | | | | |
pump | | | 502| |
| | | | |
14 Drop piece and guy-posts, 18; for | | | | |
rudder, 57 | | | 75| |
| | | | |
15 | | | | |
| | | | |
16 | | | | |
| | | | |
17 Wings (without clamp) | | | 2077| |
| | | | |
18 Tail (without clamp) | | | | |
| | | | |
19 Rudder | | | 323| |
| | | | |
20 Guy sticks | | | 106| |
| | | | |
21 Propellers | | | 620| |
| | | | |
22 Extra length of midrod | | | 377| |
| | | | |
23 Wood bowsprit | | | 128| |
| | | | |
24 Other things | | | | |
| | | | |
25 | | | | |
| | | | |
26 | | | | |
| | | | |
27 Fuel (at starting flight) | | | 175| |
| | | | |
28 Water (at starting flight) | | | 1525| |
| | | | |
29 | | | | |
| | | | |
30 | | | | |
| | | | |
31 Sundries unknown | | | | |
| | | | |
32 | | | | |
| | | | |
33 | | | | |
| | | | |
34 Total flying weight | | |11,948| 26.3 |
| | | | |
35 | | | | |
| | | | |
36 | | | | |
| | | | |
37 | | | | |
| | | | |
38 Total area of support (not | | | | |
including tail) sq. ft. | |54 | | |
| | | | |
39 Total area of support in feet, | | | | |
divided by total flying weight in lbs. | | | | |
| | | | |
40 Total area of horizontal tail sq. | | | | |
ft. | | 9.5 | | |
| | | | |
41 Total area of rudder (vertical) | | | | |
sq. ft. | | 7.75| | |
| | | | |
42 Horse-power at brake Horse-power | | | | |
by formula* | | | | |
| | | | |
43 | | | | |
| | | | |
44 Lift at pendulum (during one | | | | |
minute absolute) | | | | |
| | | | |
45 Lift at pendulum (during one | | | | |
minute in terms of wt.) | | | | |
| | | | |
46 Minimum pressure with which wheels | | | | |
turn | | | | |
| | | | |
47 Position of center of pressure of | | | | |
wings† 40% from front | | | | |
| | | | |
48 | | | | |
| | | | |
49 | | | | |
| | | | |
50 Curvature of wings, 1 in 18 | | | | |
| | | | |
51 Root angle of wings, 10° | | | | |
| | | | |
52 Tip angle of wings, 10° | | | | |
| | | | |
53 Position of wings | | | | |
| | | | |
54 How guyed | | | | |
| | | | |
55 | | | | |
| | | | |
56 | | | | |
| | | | |
57 | | | | |
| | | | |
58 Position of tail | | | | |
| | | | |
59 Angle of tail, 7° 30′ | | | | |
| | | | |
60 Co-efficient elasticity of tail, | | | | |
1240 grammes at center to deflect to | | | | |
the horizontal | | | | |
| | | | |
61 Position of rudder | | | | |
| | | | |
62 | | | | |
| | | | |
63 Line of thrust, 1500 | | | | |
| | | | |
64 Center of gravity_1 of whole | | | | |
| | | | |
65 Center of gravity_2 | | | | |
| | | | |
66 Center of pressure_1 of whole | | | | |
estimate | | | | |
| | | | |
67 Center of pressure_2 | | | | |
| | | | |
68 | | | | |
| | | | |
69 | | | | |
| | | | |
70 | | | | |
| | | | |
71 | | | | |
| | | | |
72 | | | | |
---------------------------------------+----+-----+------+------+
Parts. Remarks.
1 Front edge of bowsprit, 1685.7. Weight 2867 gm. includes Parts 2.
2 Back edge of cylindrical part of float, 1606.5
5 Front edge of midrod, 1613.7.
8 Front edge of F. W., 1595.7.
11 C. of P. on F. W., 1563.7.
14 Back edge of F. W., 1515.7.
17 Line through center of propellers, 1500.
21 C. of G., 1484.4.
24 Front edge R. W., 1406.5.
27 C. of P. on R. W., 1374.5.
30 End of midrod, 1351.8.
33 Front end of rudder, 1335.
36 Back edge R. W., 1326.5.
38 Center of rudder, 1279.5.
41 Back end of rudder, 1221.
* H. P. = (Rev.×diam.×pitch ratio×thrust)/33000
† This is calculated on the assumption that the center of pressure
on each wing or on pair of wings at a motion of 2000 feet per minute
is in ordinary curved wings 2-5 the way from front to rear, that for
wings of usual size the rear wings have 2-3 of the efficiency per
surface of the front ones and that the tail proper bears no part of
the weight; but if rear wing is smaller or larger this efficiency is
smaller or larger per unit of surface.
[p302]
DATA SHEET No. 6.
Weight of Aerodrome No. 5, Flat Wings and Pénaud Rudder.
Certified to by Chas. M. Manly, June 23, 1899.
---------------------------------------+----------+-------------+
Parts. | Sizes. | Weight. |
---------------------------------------+----+-----+------+------+
|‹m.›|‹ft.›|‹gr.› |‹lbs.›|
1 Frame, including everything of | | | | |
metal, permanent and undetachable, | | | | |
such as bed-plate, cross-rods for the | | | | |
support of propellers, bearing points | | | | |
for clutch, etc. | | | 3050| |
| | | | |
2 Engine | | | 464| |
| | | | |
3 Pump, 334; pump shaft, 55 | | | 389| |
| | | | |
4 Hull covering | | | 398| |
| | | | |
5 Gasoline tanks, air tanks, valves, | | | | |
etc. | | | 348| |
| | | | |
6 Smokestack | | | 373| |
| | | | |
7 Float, 275; drop piece for rudder, | | | | |
57; guy-post, 18 | | | 350| |
| | | | |
8 Reel, 128; steam gauge, 81 | | | 209| |
| | | | |
9 Wing clamps, 200; guy-post clamps, | | | | |
32 | | | 232| |
| | | | |
10 Boiler, 764; burner, 170; counter, | | | | |
95 | | | 1029| |
| | | | |
11 Rear extension to midrod | | | 174| |
| | | | |
12 Separator and pipes to engine and | | | | |
pump | | | 502| |
| | | | |
13 Exhaust pipe | | | 84| |
| | | | |
14 Front lower bearing point, 84; | | | | |
clutch post, 41 | | | 125| |
| | | | |
15 Rear bearing points, 146; extra | | | | |
strengtheners, 32 | | | 178| |
| | | | |
16 | | | | |
| | | | |
17 Wings (without clamp) | | | 2342| |
| | | | |
18 Tail (without clamp) | | | | |
| | | | |
19 Rudder | | | 322| |
| | | | |
20 Guy sticks, each 56 | | | 112| |
| | | | |
21 Propellers | | | 837| |
| | | | |
22 Extra length of midrod at front | | | 129| |
| | | | |
23 Wood bowsprit | | | 132| |
| | | | |
24 Other things | | | | |
| | | | |
25 | | | | |
| | | | |
26 | | | | |
| | | | |
27 Fuel (375 at starting flight) | | | 200| |
| | | | |
28 Water (2100 at starting flight) + | | | | |
616 in boiler | | | 1400| |
| | | | |
29 | | | | |
| | | | |
30 | | | | |
| | | | |
31 Sundries unknown | | | | |
| | | | |
32 | | | | |
| | | | |
33 | | | | |
| | | | |
34 Total flying weight | | |13,370| |
| | | | |
35 | | | | |
| | | | |
36 | | | | |
| | | | |
37 | | | | |
| | | | |
38 Total area of support (not | | | | |
including tail) sq. ft. | |68 | | |
| | | | |
39 Total area of support in feet, | | | | |
divided by total flying weight in lbs | | | | |
| | | | |
40 Total area of horizontal tail sq. | | | | |
ft. | | 6.94| | |
| | | | |
41 Total area of rudder (vertical) | | | | |
sq. ft. | | 7.64| | |
| | | | |
42 Horse-power at brake Horse-power | | | | |
by formula* | | | | |
| | | | |
43 | | | | |
| | | | |
44 Lift at pendulum (during one | | | | |
minute absolute) | | | | |
| | | | |
45 Lift at pendulum (during one | | | | |
minute in terms of wt.) | | | | |
| | | | |
46 Minimum pressure with which wheels | | | | |
turn | | | | |
| | | | |
47 Position of center of pressure of | | | | |
wings† | | | | |
| | | | |
48 | | | | |
| | | | |
49 | | | | |
| | | | |
50 Curvature of wings | | | | |
| | | | |
51 Root angle of wings, 10° | | | | |
| | | | |
52 Tip angle of wings, 10° | | | | |
| | | | |
53 Position of wings | | | | |
| | | | |
54 How guyed | | | | |
| | | | |
55 | | | | |
| | | | |
56 | | | | |
| | | | |
57 | | | | |
| | | | |
58 Position of tail | | | | |
| | | | |
59 Angle of tail, 7° 30′ | | | | |
| | | | |
60 Co-efficient elasticity of tail | | | | |
| | | | |
61 Position of rudder | | | | |
| | | | |
62 | | | | |
| | | | |
63 Line of thrust, 1500 | | | | |
| | | | |
64 Center of gravity_1 of whole | | | | |
| | | | |
65 Center of gravity_2 | | | | |
| | | | |
66 Center of pressure_1 of whole | | | | |
estimate | | | | |
| | | | |
67 Center of pressure_2 | | | | |
| | | | |
68 | | | | |
| | | | |
69 | | | | |
| | | | |
70 | | | | |
| | | | |
71 | | | | |
| | | | |
72 | | | | |
---------------------------------------+----+-----+------+------+
Parts. Remarks.
1 Front end of midrod, 1611.5.
2 Front edge of F. W., 1609.7.
5 C. of P. on F. W., 1577.7.
8 Back edge of F. W., 1529.7.
11 Line through center of propellers, 1500.
15 C. of G., 1494.6.
18 Front edge of R. W., 1411.7.
21 C. of P. on R. W., 1379.7.
24 Rear end of midrod, 1360.3.
27 Rear end of R. W., 1331.7.
* H.P = (Rev.×diam.×pitch ratio×thrust)/33000
† This is calculated on the assumption that the center of pressure
on each wing or on pair of wings at a motion of 2000 feet per minute
is in ordinary curved wings 2-5 the way from front to rear, that for
wings of usual size the rear wings have 2-3 of the efficiency per
surface of the front ones and that the tail proper bears no part of
the weight; but if rear wing is smaller or larger this efficiency is
smaller or larger per unit of surface.
[p303]
DATA SHEET No. 7.
Weight of Aerodrome No. 5, Flat Wings and Pénaud Rudder.
Certified to by Chas. M. Manly, July 12, 1899.
---------------------------------------+----------+-------------+
Parts. | Sizes. | Weight. |
---------------------------------------+----+-----+------+------+
|‹m.›|‹ft.›|‹gr.› |‹lbs.›|
1 Frame, including everything of | | | | |
metal, permanent and undetachable, | | | | |
such as bed-plate, cross-rods for the | | | | |
support of propellers, bearing points | | | | |
for gears, clutch, shafts, etc. | | | 3050| |
| | | | |
2 Engine | | | 464| |
| | | | |
3 Pump, 334; pump shaft, with gear | | | | |
and eccentric and end rod, 55 | | | 389| |
| | | | |
4 Hull Covering, 264; apron 115; | | | | |
piece behind separator, 19 | | | 398| |
| | | | |
5 Gasoline and air tanks, 167, 165; | | | | |
air valve, 16 | | | 348| |
| | | | |
6 Smokestack, 310; piece to protect | | | | |
midrod, 63 | | | 373| |
| | | | |
7 Float, 275; drop piece for rudder, | | | | |
57; guy-post, 18 | | | 350| |
| | | | |
8 Reel, fork and float, 128; steam | | | | |
gauge with pipe, 81 | | | 209| |
| | | | |
9 Wing clamps, 200; guy-post clamps, | | | | |
32 | | | 232| |
| | | | |
10 Boiler, 764; burner, 170; counter, | | | | |
95 | | | 1029| |
| | | | |
11 Rear extension to midrod | | | 174| |
| | | | |
12 Separator and pipes to engine and | | | | |
pump | | | 502| |
| | | | |
13 Exhaust pipe, 84 | | | 84| |
| | | | |
14 Front lower bearing point, 84; | | | | |
clutch post, 41 | | | 125| |
| | | | |
15 Rear bearing points, 146; extra | | | | |
strengtheners, 32 | | | 178| |
| | | | |
16 | | | | |
| | | | |
17 Wings (without clamp) (2180 in | | | | |
1896) | | | 2342| |
| | | | |
18 Tail (without clamp); part of | | | | |
rudder | | | | |
| | | | |
19 Rudder reduced (No. 2 or new one, | | | | |
299) | | | 322| |
| | | | |
20 Guy sticks, each 56 | | | 112| |
| | | | |
21 Propellers (95 cms.; wood, 837; 95 | | | | |
cms. canvas, 548) | | | 837| |
| | | | |
22 Extra length of midrod (front), 129 | | | 129| |
| | | | |
23 Wood bowsprit (complete), 132 | | | 132| |
| | | | |
24 Other things | | | | |
| | | | |
25 | | | | |
| | | | |
26 | | | | |
| | | | |
27 Fuel (375 at starting flight) | | | 200| |
| | | | |
28 Water (2100 at starting flight) + | | | | |
616 in boiler | | | 1400| |
| | | | |
29 | | | | |
| | | | |
30 | | | | |
| | | | |
31 Sundries unknown | | | | |
| | | | |
32 | | | | |
| | | | |
33 | | | | |
| | | | |
34 Total flying weight | | |13,379| |
| | | | |
35 | | | | |
| | | | |
36 | | | | |
| | | | |
37 | | | | |
| | | | |
38 Total area of support (not | | | | |
including tail) sq. ft. | |68 | | |
| | | | |
39 Total area of support in feet, | | | | |
divided by total flying weight in lbs. | | | | |
| | | | |
40 Total area of horizontal tail sq. | | 6.94| | |
ft. | | | | |
| | | | |
41 Total area of rudder (vertical) | | | | |
sq. ft. | | 7.64| | |
| | | | |
42 Horse-power at brake Horse-power | | | | |
by formula* | | | | |
| | | | |
43 | | | | |
| | | | |
44 Lift at pendulum (during one | | | | |
minute absolute) | | | | |
| | | | |
45 Lift at pendulum (during one | | | | |
minute in terms of wt.) | | | | |
| | | | |
46 Minimum pressure with which wheels | | | | |
turn | | | | |
| | | | |
47 Position of center of pressure of | | | | |
wings† | | | | |
| | | | |
48 | | | | |
| | | | |
49 | | | | |
| | | | |
50 Curvature of wings, 1 in 12 | | | | |
| | | | |
51 Root angle of wings, 10° | | | | |
| | | | |
52 Tip angle of wings, 10° | | | | |
| | | | |
53 Position of wings | | | | |
| | | | |
54 How guyed | | | | |
| | | | |
55 | | | | |
| | | | |
56 | | | | |
| | | | |
57 | | | | |
| | | | |
58 Position of tail | | | | |
| | | | |
59 Angle of tail, 7° 30′ | | | | |
| | | | |
60 Co-efficient elasticity of tail, | | | | |
1240 grammes at center of rudder to | | | | |
bring it to a horizontal; 490 grammes | | | | |
at point same distance from front | | | | |
end of rudder as length of rudder of | | | | |
1896, to bring to horizontal | | | | |
| | | | |
61 Position of rudder | | | | |
| | | | |
62 | | | | |
| | | | |
63 Line of thrust, 1500 | | | | |
| | | | |
64 Center of gravity_1 of whole | | | | |
| | | | |
65 Center of gravity_2 | | | | |
| | | | |
66 Center of pressure_1 of whole | | | | |
estimate | | | | |
| | | | |
67 Center of pressure_2 | | | | |
| | | | |
68 | | | | |
| | | | |
69 | | | | |
| | | | |
70 | | | | |
| | | | |
71 | | | | |
| | | | |
72 | | | | |
---------------------------------------+----+-----+------+------+
Parts. Remarks.
1 Front end of bowsprit, 1700.5. Front end of midrod 1611.5.
3 Front edge of F. W., 1609.7.
6 C. of P. on F. W., 1577.7.
9 Rear edge of F. W., 1529.7.
12 Line through center of propellers 1500.
16 Front edge of R. W., 1411.7.
19 C. of P. on R. W., 1379.7.
22 End of midrod, 1360.3.
25 Front end of rudder, 1343.5.
28 Back edge of R. W., 1331.7.
31 Center of rudder, 1288.
34 Back end of rudder, 1229.5.
* H.P. = (Rev.×diam.×pitch ratio×thrust) / 33000
† This is calculated on the assumption that the center of pressure
on each wing or on a pair of wings at a motion of 2000 feet per
minute is in ordinary curved wings 2-5 the way from the front to the
rear, that for wings of usual size the rear wing have 2-3 of the
efficiency per surface of the front ones and that the tail proper
bears no part of the weight; but if rear wing is smaller or larger
this efficiency is smaller or larger per unit of surface.
[p304]
DATA SHEET No. 8.
Weight of Aerodrome No. 5, Flat Wings and Pénaud Rudder.
Certified to by Chas. M. Manly, July 19, 1899.
---------------------------------------+----------+-------------+
Parts. | Sizes. | Weight. |
---------------------------------------+----+-----+------+------+
|‹m.›|‹ft.›|‹gr.› |‹lbs.›|
1 Frame, including everything of | | | | |
metal, permanent and undetachable, | | | | |
such as bed-plate, cross-rods for the | | | | |
support of propellers, bearing points | | | | |
for clutch, etc. | | | 3556 | |
| | | | |
2 Engine, gears, shafts, etc. | | | 476 | |
| | | | |
3 Pump, pump shaft | | | 389 | |
| | | | |
4 Hull covering, 264; apron, 115; | | | | |
piece behind separator, 19 | | | 398 | |
| | | | |
5 Gasoline and air tanks, 167, 165; | | | | |
air valve, 16 | | | 348 | |
| | | | |
6 Smokestack, 310; piece to protect | | | | |
midrod, 63 | | | 373 | |
| | | | |
7 Float, 275; drop piece for rudder, | | | | |
57; guy-post, 18 | | | 350 | |
| | | | |
8 Reel, fork and float, 128; steam | | | | |
gauge with pipe, 81 | | | 209 | |
| | | | |
9 Wing clamps, 200; guy-post clamps, | | | | |
32 | | | 232 | |
| | | | |
10 Boiler, 800; burner, 170; counter, | | | | |
95 | | | 1065 | |
| | | | |
11 Rear extension to midrod | | | 174 | |
| | | | |
12 Separator and pipes to engine and | | | | |
pump | | | 502 | |
| | | | |
13 Exhaust pipe | | | 84 | |
| | | | |
14 Front lower bearing point, 84; | | | | |
clutch post, 41 | | | 125 | |
| | | | |
15 Rear bearing points, 146; extra | | | | |
strengtheners, 32 | | | 178 | |
| | | | |
16 | | | | |
| | | | |
17 Wings (without clamp) | | | 2446 | |
| | | | |
18 Tail (without clamp), part of | | | | |
rudder | | | | |
| | | | |
19 Rudder | | | 299 | |
| | | | |
20 Guy sticks, each 56 | | | 112 | |
| | | | |
21 Propellers, 95 cm. wood | | | 837 | |
| | | | |
22 Extra length of midrod | | | 168 | |
| | | | |
23 Wood bowsprit | | | 78 | |
| | | | |
24 Other things | | | | |
| | | | |
25 | | | | |
| | | | |
26 | | | | |
| | | | |
27 Fuel (375 at starting flight) | | | 200 | |
| | | | |
28 Water (2100 at starting flight) + | | | | |
616 in boiler | | | 1400 | |
| | | | |
29 | | | | |
| | | | |
30 | | | | |
| | | | |
31 Sundries unknown | | | | |
| | | | |
32 | | | | |
| | | | |
33 | | | | |
| | | | |
34 Total flying weight | | | | |
| | | | |
35 | | | | |
| | | | |
36 | | | | |
| | | | |
37 | | | | |
| | | | |
38 Total area of support (not | | | | |
including tail) sq. ft. | | 68 | | |
| | | | |
39 Total area of support in feet, | | | | |
divided by total flying weight in lbs. | | | | |
| | | | |
40 Total area of horizontal tail sq. | | | | |
ft. | | | | |
| | | | |
41 Total area of rudder (vertical) | | | | |
sq. ft. | | | | |
| | | | |
42 Horse-power at brake Horse-power | | | | |
by formula* | | | | |
| | | | |
43 | | | | |
| | | | |
44 Lift at pendulum (during one | | | | |
minute absolute) | | | | |
| | | | |
45 Lift at pendulum (during one | | | | |
minute in terms of wt.) | | | | |
| | | | |
46 Minimum pressure with which wheels | | | | |
turn | | | | |
| | | | |
47 Position of center of pressure of | | | | |
wings† | | | | |
| | | | |
48 | | | | |
| | | | |
49 | | | | |
| | | | |
50 Curvature of wings | | | | |
| | | | |
51 Root angle of wings, 10° | | | | |
| | | | |
52 Tip angle of wings, 10° | | | | |
| | | | |
53 Position of wings | | | | |
| | | | |
54 How guyed | | | | |
| | | | |
55 | | | | |
| | | | |
56 | | | | |
| | | | |
57 | | | | |
| | | | |
58 Position of tail | | | | |
| | | | |
59 Angle of tail, 5° | | | | |
| | | | |
60 Co-efficient elasticity of | | | | |
tail, 200 grammes at center gives | | | | |
deflection to horizontal | | | | |
| | | | |
61 Position of rudder | | | | |
| | | | |
62 Elasticity caused by two 1/2-inch | | | | |
rubber bands above and two 1/4-inch | | | | |
bands, in tandem, below | | | | |
| | | | |
63 Line of thrust, 1500 | | | | |
| | | | |
64 Center of gravity_1 of whole | | | | |
| | | | |
65 Center of gravity_2 | | | | |
| | | | |
66 Center of pressure_1 of whole | | | | |
estimate | | | | |
| | | | |
67 Center of pressure_2 | | | | |
| | | | |
68 | | | | |
| | | | |
69 | | | | |
| | | | |
70 | | | | |
| | | | |
71 | | | | |
| | | | |
72 | | | | |
---------------------------------------+----+-----+------+------+
Parts. Remarks.
1 Front end of bowsprit, 1683.5.
2 C. of float, 1614.5.
5 Front end of midrod, 1611.5.
8 C. of reel and float, 1577.5.
11 Front edge of F. W., 1609.7.
14 C. of P. on F. W., 1577.7.
17 Rear edge of F. W., 1529.7.
20 Line through center of propellers, 1500.
24 C. of G., 1498.
27 Front edge of R. W., 1406.7.
30 C. of P. on R. W., 1374.7.
33 End of midrod, 1360.3.
36 Front end of rudder, 1343.5.
39 Back edge of R. W., 1326.7.
41 Center of rudder, 1288.
44 Back end of rudder, 1229.5.
47 N. B.--Distance between C. P. on F. W., and C. G. = 79.7.
Distance between C. P. on R. W. and C. G. = 123.3. If the mean C. P.
is to be over the C. G. we should require an efficiency for the rear
wings of 64.6%.
* H. P. = (Rev.×diam.×pitch ratio×thrust)/33000
† This is calculated on the assumption that the center of pressure
on each wing or on pair of wings at a motion of 2000 feet per minute
is in ordinary curved wings 2-5 the way from front to rear, that for
wings of usual size the rear wings have 2-3 of the efficiency per
surface of the front ones and that the tail proper bears no part of
the weight; but if rear wing is smaller or larger this efficiency is
smaller or larger per unit of surface.
[p305]
DATA SHEET No. 9.
Weight of Aerodrome No. 6, Flat Wings and Pénaud Rudder.
Certified to by Chas. M. Manly, July 27, 1899.
---------------------------------------+----------+-------------+
Parts. | Sizes. | Weight. |
---------------------------------------+----+-----+------+------+
|‹m.›|‹ft.›|‹gr.› |‹lbs.›|
1 Frame, including everything of | | | | |
metal, permanent and undetachable, | | | | |
such as bed-plate, cross-rods for the | | | | |
support of propellers, bearing points | | | | |
for clutch. etc. | | | 2867| |
| | | | |
2 Engine, gears, shafts, etc. | | | | |
| | | | |
3 Pump, 123; pump shaft, 49 | | | 172| |
| | | | |
4 Hull covering, including apron and | | | | |
piece behind separator | | | 274| |
| | | | |
5 Gasoline and air tanks, 167, 174; | | | | |
air valve, 18 | | | 361| |
| | | | |
6 Smokestack, 319; counter, 95; | | | | |
burner, 170 | | | 584| |
| | | | |
7 Float | | | 290| |
| | | | |
8 Reel, fork and float | | | 128| |
| | | | |
9 Wing clamps, 188; guy-post clamps, | | | | |
24 | | | 212| |
| | | | |
10 Boiler, 764; steam gauge and | | | | |
connections, 79 | | | 843| |
| | | | |
11 Front bearing point, 75; clutch | | | | |
post, 58; rear bearing points, 155 | | | 288| |
| | | | |
12 Separator and pipes leading to | | | | |
engine and pump | | | 502| |
| | | | |
13 Drop piece and guy-post for rudder | | | 75| |
| | | | |
14 | | | | |
| | | | |
15 | | | | |
| | | | |
16 | | | | |
| | | | |
17 Wings (without clamp), repaired | | | 2123| |
| | | | |
18 Tail (without clamp) | | | | |
| | | | |
19 Rudder | | | 299| |
| | | | |
20 Guy sticks | | | 106| |
| | | | |
21 Propellers | | | 628| |
| | | | |
22 Extra length of midrod | | | 377| |
| | | | |
23 Wood bowsprit | | | 78| |
| | | | |
24 Other things (canvas keel, 36; | | | | |
rudder, 76) | | | 112| |
| | | | |
25 | | | | |
| | | | |
26 | | | | |
| | | | |
27 Fuel (at starting flight) | | | 175| |
| | | | |
28 Water (at starting flight) | | | 1525| |
| | | | |
29 | | | | |
| | | | |
30 | | | | |
| | | | |
31 Sundries unknown | | | | |
| | | | |
32 | | | | |
| | | | |
33 | | | | |
| | | | |
34 Total flying weight | | |12,019| |
| | | | |
35 | | | | |
| | | | |
36 | | | | |
| | | | |
37 | | | | |
| | | | |
38 Total area of support (not | | | | |
including tail) sq. ft. | |54 | | |
| | | | |
39 Total area of support in feet, | | | | |
divided by total flying | | | | |
weight in lbs | | | | |
| | | | |
40 Total area of horizontal tail sq. | | | | |
ft. | | 9.5 | | |
| | | | |
41 Total area of rudder (vertical) | | | | |
sq. ft. | | 7.75| | |
| | | | |
42 Horse-power at brake Horse-power | | | | |
by formula* | | | | |
| | | | |
43 | | | | |
| | | | |
44 Lift at pendulum (during one | | | | |
minute absolute) | | | | |
| | | | |
45 Lift at pendulum (during one | | | | |
minute in terms of wt.) | | | | |
| | | | |
46 Minimum pressure with which wheels | | | | |
turn | | | | |
| | | | |
47 Position of center of pressure of | | | | |
wings† | | | | |
| | | | |
48 | | | | |
| | | | |
49 | | | | |
| | | | |
50 Curvature of wings, 1 in 18 | | | | |
| | | | |
51 Root angle of wings, 10° | | | | |
| | | | |
52 Tip angle of wings 10° | | | | |
| | | | |
53 Position of wings. | | | | |
| | | | |
54 How guyed. | | | | |
| | | | |
55 | | | | |
| | | | |
56 | | | | |
| | | | |
57 | | | | |
| | | | |
58 Position of tail | | | | |
| | | | |
59 Angle of tail, 5° | | | | |
| | | | |
60 Co-efficient elasticity of tail, | | | | |
200 grammes at center to deflect it | | | | |
to the horizontal | | | | |
| | | | |
61 Position of rudder | | | | |
| | | | |
62 | | | | |
| | | | |
63 Line of thrust, 1500 | | | | |
| | | | |
64 Center of gravity_1 of whole | | | | |
| | | | |
65 Center of gravity_2 | | | | |
| | | | |
66 Center of pressure_1 of whole | | | | |
estimate | | | | |
| | | | |
67 Center of pressure_2 | | | | |
| | | | |
68 | | | | |
| | | | |
69 | | | | |
| | | | |
70 | | | | |
| | | | |
71 | | | | |
| | | | |
72 | | | | |
---------------------------------------+----+-----+------+------+
Parts. Remarks.
1 Front end of bowsprit, 1695.7. Weight 2867 includes Parts 2.
2 Front end of midrod, 1623.7.
5 C. of float, 1618.2.
8 Reel and float, 1576.7.
11 Front edge, F. W., 1595.8.
13 C. of P. on F. W., 1563.8.
16 Rear edge F. W., 1515.8.
19 Line through center of propellers, 1500.
23 C. of G., 1485.5.
26 Front edge of R. W., 1406.7.
29 C. of P. on R. W., 1374.7.
32 End of midrod, 1352.2.
35 Front end of rudder, 1333.9.
38 Rear edge of R. W., 1326.7.
40 Center of rudder, 1280.6.
43 Back end of rudder, 1219.9.
* H. P. = (Rev.×diam.×pitch ratio×thrust)/33000
† This is calculated on the assumption that the center of pressure
on each wing or on pair of wings at a motion of 2000 feet per minute
is in ordinary curved wings 2-5 the way from front to rear, that for
wings of usual size the rear wings have 2-3 of the efficiency per
surface of the front ones and that the tail proper bears no part of
the weight; but if the rear wing is smaller or larger this efficiency
is smaller or larger per unit of surface.
[p306]
DATA SHEET No. 10.
Weight of Aerodrome No. 5, Flat Wings and Pénaud Rudder.
Certified to by Chas. M. Manly, July 27, 1899.
---------------------------------------+-------------+-------------+
Parts. | Sizes. | Weight. |
---------------------------------------+----+--------+------+------+
|‹m.›| ‹ft.› |‹gr.› |‹lbs.›|
1 Frame, including everything of | | | | |
metal, permanent and undetachable, | | | | |
such as bed-plate, cross-rods for the | | | | |
support of propellers, gears, shafts, | | | | |
etc. (such as guy-wires and turn | | | | |
buckles, 26g). | | | 3342| |
| | | | |
2 Engine. | | | 476| |
| | | | |
3 Pump, 301; pump shaft, 55; support | | | | |
to pump, 33. | | | 389| |
| | | | |
4 Hull covering: front, 47; sides, | | | | |
92; top 46; small side pieces, 44. | | | 229| |
| | | | |
5 Gasoline and air tanks, 167, 165; | | | | |
air valve, 18; netting, 30; piece | | | | |
rear of separator, 20. | | | 400| |
| | | | |
6 Smokestack, 310; piece to protect | | | | |
midrod, 63. | | | 373| |
| | | | |
7 Float, 290; drop piece for rudder, | | | | |
57. | | | 347| |
| | | | |
8 Reel, fork and float, 128; counter, | | | | |
95. | | | 223| |
| | | | |
9 Wing clamps, 202; guy-post clamps, | | | | |
33. | | | 235| |
| | | | |
10 Burner, 170; boiler 759. | | | 929| |
| | | | |
11 Separator with tubes brazed to it. | | | 513| |
| | | | |
12 Steam pipe, 87; steam gauge and | | | | |
connections, 81. | | | 168| |
| | | | |
13 Exhaust pipe, 90; wooden plugs in | | | | |
nose of frame, 10 | | | 100| |
| | | | |
14 Upper front bearing point and | | | | |
clutch post. | | | 136| |
| | | | |
15 Lower front bearing point, 84; | | | | |
lower rear bearing point, 146; | | | | |
clutch, 41. | | | 271| |
| | | | |
16 | | | | |
| | | | |
17 Wings (without clamp), front, | | | | |
2×662; rear 2×605. | | | 2534| |
| | | | |
18 Tail (without clamp). | | | | |
| | | | |
19 Rudder. | | | 299| |
| | | | |
20 Guy sticks 65; rear, 50. | | | 114| |
| | | | |
21 Propellers, 100 cm. round ends, | | | | |
30° blade. | | | 757| |
| | | | |
22 Extra length of midrod, front, | | | | |
174; rear, 227. | | | 401| |
| | | | |
23 Wood bowsprit (heavy one). | | | 130| |
| | | | |
24 Other things. | | | | |
| | | | |
25 | | | | |
| | | | |
26 | | | | |
| | | | |
27 Fuel (390 at starting flight). | | | 225| |
| | | | |
28 Water (2000 at starting flight). | | | 1500| |
| | | | |
29 | | | | |
| | | | |
30 Lead on bowsprit to balance. | | | 13| |
| | | | |
31 Sundries unknown. | | | | |
| | | | |
32 | | | | |
| | | | |
33 | | | | |
| | | | |
34 Total flying weight. | | |14,704| 1 03 |
| | | | |
35 | | | | |
| | | | |
36 | | | | |
| | | | |
37 | | | | |
| | | | |
38 Total area of support (not | | | | |
including tail). sq. ft. | |68 | | |
| | | | |
39 Total area of support in feet, | | | | |
divided by total flying weight in lbs. | | 2.1935 | | |
| | | | |
40 Total area of horizontal tail. sq. | | | | |
ft. | | 6.94 | | |
| | | | |
41 Total area of rudder (vertical). | | | | |
sq. ft. | | 7.64 | | |
| | | | |
42 Horse-power at brake Horse-power | | | | |
by formula* | | | | |
| | | | |
43 | | | | |
| | | | |
44 Lift at pendulum (during one | | | | |
minute absolute). | | | | |
| | | | |
45 Lift at pendulum (during one | | | | |
minute in terms of wt.). | | | | |
| | | | |
46 Minimum pressure with which wheels | | | | |
turn. | | | | |
| | | | |
47 Position of center of pressure of | | | | |
wings†. | | | | |
| | | | |
48 | | | | |
| | | | |
49 | | | | |
| | | | |
50 Curvature of wings, 1 in 12, but | | | | |
about 1 in 11 now. | | | | |
| | | | |
51 Root angle of wings, 10°. | | | | |
| | | | |
52 Tip angle of wings 10°. | | | | |
| | | | |
53 Position of wings. | | | | |
| | | | |
54 How guyed. | | | | |
| | | | |
55 | | | | |
| | | | |
56 | | | | |
| | | | |
57 | | | | |
| | | | |
58 Position of tail. | | | | |
| | | | |
59 Angle of tail, 5° elevation at | | | | |
rear end. | | | | |
| | | | |
60 Co-efficient elasticity of tail, | | | | |
200 grammes at center to deflect it | | | | |
to a horizontal. | | | | |
| | | | |
61 Position of rudder. | | | | |
| | | | |
62 | | | | |
| | | | |
63 Line of thrust, 1500. | | | | |
| | | | |
64 Center of gravity_1 of whole, 1498. | | | | |
| | | | |
65 Center of gravity_2. | | | | |
| | | | |
66 Center of pressure_1 of whole | | | | |
estimate. | | | | |
| | | | |
67 Center of pressure_2. | | | | |
| | | | |
68 | | | | |
| | | | |
69 | | | | |
| | | | |
70 | | | | |
| | | | |
71 | | | | |
| | | | |
72 | | | | |
---------------------------------------+----+--------+------+------+
Parts. Remarks.
1 13 grammes of lead on end of bowsprit.
2 End of bowsprit, 1708.
4 C. of float, 1622.
6 Front end of midrod, 1619.
9 Reel and float, 1601.5.
12 Front edge of F. W., 1609.7.
15 C. of P. on F. W., 1577.7.
17 Rear edge of F. W., 1529.7.
20 Line through center of propellers, 1500
24 C. of G., 1498.
27 Front edge of R. W., 1404.7.
30 C. of P. on R. W., 1372.7.
33 End of midrod, 1350.3.
36 Front end of rudder, 1333.5.
39 Back edge of R. W., 1324.7.
41 Centre of rudder, 1279.5.
44 Rear end of rudder, 1222.
47 Distance between C. P. on F. W. and C. G., = 79.7. Distance
between C. P. on R. W., and C. G. = 125.3. If the mean C. P. is to
be over the C. G. we should require an efficiency of 63.6 for the
rear wings.
* H. P. = (Rev.×diam.×pitch ratio×thrust)/33000
† This is calculated on the assumption that the center of pressure
on each wing or on pair of wings at a motion of 2000 feet per minute
is in ordinary curved wings 2-5 the way from front to rear, that for
wings of usual size the rear wings have 2-3 of the efficiency per
surface of the front ones and that the tail proper bears no part of
the weight: but if the rear wing is smaller or larger this efficiency
is smaller or larger per unit of surface.
[p307]
DATA SHEET No. 11.
Weight of Aerodrome No. 5, Superposed Wings and Pénaud Rudder.
Certified to by Chas. M. Manly, August 3, 1899.
---------------------------------------+----------+-------------+
Parts. | Sizes. | Weight. |
---------------------------------------+----+-----+------+------+
|‹m.›|‹ft.›|‹gr.› |‹lbs.›|
1 Frame, including everything of | | | | |
metal, permanent and undetachable, | | | | |
such as bed-plate, cross-rods for the | | | | |
support of propellers, bearing points | | | | |
for clutch, etc. | | | 3556| |
| | | | |
2 Engine, complete | | | 476| |
| | | | |
3 Pump, 301; pump shaft, 55; support | | | | |
to pump, 33 | | | 389| |
| | | | |
4 Hull covering, 276; apron, 117; | | | | |
piece behind separator | | | 393| |
| | | | |
5 Gasoline and air tanks, 167, 165; | | | | |
air valve, 17 | | | 349| |
| | | | |
6 Smokestack and piece to protect | | | | |
midrod | | | 385| |
| | | | |
7 Float, 290; drop piece for rudder, | | | | |
57; guy-post and clamp, 17 | | | 364| |
| | | | |
8 Reel, fork and float, 128; steam | | | | |
gauge with pipe, 81 | | | 209| |
| | | | |
9 Wing claps, 202; guy-post clamps, 33 | | | 235| |
| | | | |
10 Boiler, 775; burner, 171; counter, | | | | |
100 | | | 1046| |
| | | | |
11 Rear extension to midrod | | | 227| |
| | | | |
12 Separator and pipes to engine and | | | | |
pump | | | 513| |
| | | | |
13 Exhaust pipe | | | 90| |
| | | | |
14 Front lower bearing points, 84; | | | | |
clutch post, 41 | | | 125| |
| | | | |
15 Rear bearing points, 146; extra | | | | |
strengtheners, 32 | | | 178| |
| | | | |
16 | | | | |
| | | | |
17 Wings (without clamp) | | | | |
| | | | |
18 Tail (without clamp), part of | | | | |
rudder | | | | |
| | | | |
19 Rudder | | | 309| |
| | | | |
20 Guy sticks, each 60 | | | 120| |
| | | | |
21 Propellers, 100 cm. round end | | | 757| |
| | | | |
22 Extra length of midrod, front | | | 174| |
| | | | |
23 Wood bowsprit | | | 130| |
| | | | |
24 Other things, 248 grammes of lead | | | | |
on end of bowsprit | | | 248| |
| | | | |
25 | | | | |
| | | | |
26 | | | | |
| | | | |
27 Fuel (at starting flight) | | | | |
| | | | |
28 Water (at starting flight) | | | | |
| | | | |
29 | | | | |
| | | | |
30 | | | | |
| | | | |
31 Sundries unknown | | | | |
| | | | |
32 | | | | |
| | | | |
33 | | | | |
| | | | |
34 Total flying weight | | |14,354| |
| | | | |
35 | | | | |
| | | | |
36 | | | | |
| | | | |
37 | | | | |
| | | | |
38 Total area of support (not | | | | |
including tail) sq. ft. | |87.5 | | |
| | | | |
39 Total area of support in feet, | | | | |
divided by total flying weight in lbs. | | 2.75| | |
| | | | |
40 Total area of horizontal tail sq. | | | | |
ft. | | 6.94| | |
| | | | |
41 Total area of rudder (vertical) | | | | |
sq. ft. | | 7.64| | |
| | | | |
42 Horse-power at brake Horse-power | | | | |
by formula* | | | | |
| | | | |
43 | | | | |
| | | | |
44 Lift at pendulum (during one | | | | |
minute absolute) | | | | |
| | | | |
45 Lift at pendulum (during one | | | | |
minute in terms of wt.) | | | | |
| | | | |
46 Minimum pressure with which wheels | | | | |
turn | | | | |
| | | | |
47 Position of center of pressure of | | | | |
wings† | | | | |
| | | | |
48 | | | | |
| | | | |
49 | | | | |
| | | | |
50 Curvature of wings, 1 in 11 | | | | |
| | | | |
51 Root angle of wings, 10° | | | | |
| | | | |
52 Tip angle of wings, 10° | | | | |
| | | | |
53 Position of wings | | | | |
| | | | |
54 How guyed | | | | |
| | | | |
55 | | | | |
| | | | |
56 | | | | |
| | | | |
57 | | | | |
| | | | |
58 Position of tail | | | | |
| | | | |
59 Angle of tail | | | | |
| | | | |
60 Co-efficient elasticity of | | | | |
tail, 200 grammes at center gives | | | | |
deflection of 5° | | | | |
| | | | |
61 Position rudder | | | | |
| | | | |
62 Elasticity caused by rubber bands | | | | |
| | | | |
63 Line of thrust, 1500 | | | | |
| | | | |
64 Center of gravity_1 of whole | | | | |
| | | | |
65 Center of gravity_2 | | | | |
| | | | |
66 Center of pressure_1 of whole | | | | |
estimate | | | | |
| | | | |
67 Center of pressure_2 | | | | |
| | | | |
68 | | | | |
| | | | |
69 | | | | |
| | | | |
70 | | | | |
| | | | |
71 | | | | |
| | | | |
72 | | | | |
---------------------------------------+----+-----+------+------+
Parts. Remarks.
1 C. P. on F. W., 1577.7.
2 Line through center of propellers, 1500.
6 C. of G., 1498.
8 C. P. on R. W., 1372.7.
* H. P. = (Rev.×diam.×pitch ratio×thrust) / 33000
† This is calculated on the assumption that the center of pressure
on each wing or on pair of wings at a motion of 2000 feet per minute
is in ordinary curved wings 2-5 the way from front to rear, that for
wings of usual size the rear wings have 2-3 of the efficiency per
surface of the front ones and that the tail proper bears no part of
the weight; but if rear wing is smaller or larger this efficiency is
smaller or larger per unit of surface.
[p308]
DATA SHEET No. 12.
Weight of Aerodrome, One-Quarter Model.
Certified to by Chas. M. Manly, June 11, 1901.
---------------------------------------+----------+-------------+
Parts. | Sizes. | Weight. |
---------------------------------------+----+-----+------+------+
|‹m.›|‹ft.›|‹gr.› |‹lbs.›|
1 Frame, including everything of | | | | |
metal, permanent and undetachable, | | | | |
such as bed-plate, cross-rods for the | | | | |
support of propellers, bearing points | | | | |
for clutch, etc. | | | 3245| |
| | | | |
2 Engine, bed plates and sparkers | | | 4549| 10 |
| | | | |
3 Gears, shafts, etc. | | | 1662| |
| | | | |
4 | | | | |
| | | | |
5 | | | | |
| | | | |
6 | | | | |
| | | | |
7 Floats, front, 212; rear, 220 | | | 432| |
| | | | |
8 Reel, float and cord, 142 | | | 142| |
| | | | |
9 Wing clamps, 86 and 97; rudder | | | | |
clamp and post | | | 183| |
| | | | |
10 Carburetor and fuel | | | 737| |
| | | | |
11 Spark coil, 1512; holders, 110 | | | 1622| |
| | | | |
12 Battery | | | 1627| |
| | | | |
13 Primary connections | | | | |
| | | | |
14 Secondary connections | | | | |
| | | | |
15 Guy-post clamps, each 13 | | | 26| |
| | | | |
16 | | | | |
| | | | |
17 Wings (without clamp), new flat | | | | |
wings | | | 2634| |
| | | | |
18 Tail (without clamp), Pénaud rudder | | | 353| |
| | | | |
19 Rudder, wind vane | | | 88| |
| | | | |
20 Guy sticks | | | 30| |
| | | | |
21 Propellers, 585 each | | | 1170| |
| | | | |
22 Extra length of midrod, front, | | | | |
125; rear, 225 | | | 350| |
| | | | |
23 Wood bowsprit | | | 75| |
| | | | |
24 Other Things | | | | |
| | | | |
25 Counter | | | 110| |
| | | | |
26 Guy-post clamp and post for rudder | | | 16| |
| | | | |
27 | | | | |
| | | | |
28 | | | | |
| | | | |
29 Drop piece for rudder | | | 53| |
| | | | |
30 | | | | |
| | | | |
31 Sundries unknown | | | | |
| | | | |
32 | | | | |
| | | | |
33 | | | | |
| | | | |
34 Total flying weight | | |19,104| |
| | | | |
35 | | | | |
| | | | |
36 | | | | |
| | | | |
37 | | | | |
| | | | |
38 Total area of support (not | | | | |
including tail) sq. ft. | |61.41| | |
| | | | |
39 Total area of support in feet, | | | | |
divided by total flying weight in lbs. | | 1.46| | |
| | | | |
40 Total area of horizontal tail sq. | | | | |
ft. | | 6 | | |
| | | | |
41 Total area of rudder (vertical) | | | | |
sq. ft. | | 6 | | |
| | | | |
42 Horse-power at brake 1.5 at 750 R. | | | | |
P. M. | | | | |
| | | | |
43 Engine gave 2.01 H. P. on brake at | | | | |
900 R. P. M. | | | | |
| | | | |
44 Lift at pendulum (during one | | | | |
minute absolute) | | | | |
| | | | |
45 Lift at pendulum (during one | | | | |
minute in terms of wt.) | | | | |
| | | | |
46 Minimum pressure with which wheels | | | | |
turn | | | | |
| | | | |
47 Position of center of pressure of | | | | |
wings† | | | | |
| | | | |
48 | | | | |
| | | | |
49 | | | | |
| | | | |
50 Curvature of wings, 1 in 20-1/2 | | | | |
| | | | |
51 Root angle of wings, 10° | | | | |
| | | | |
52 Tip angle of wings, 10° | | | | |
| | | | |
53 Position of wings: C. P. F. W., | | | | |
157.82; C. P. R. W., 1386.9 | | | | |
| | | | |
54 How guyed | | | | |
| | | | |
55 Position of tail | | | | |
| | | | |
56 Angle of tail, 5° | | | | |
| | | | |
57 Co-efficient elasticity of tail, | | | | |
200 at center depresses to horizontal | | | | |
| | | | |
58 Position of rudder (center), 1292.9 | | | | |
| | | | |
59 | | | | |
| | | | |
60 Line of thrust, 1500, through | | | | |
center of propellers | | | | |
| | | | |
61 Center of gravity_1 of whole, | | | | |
1503.7 | | | | |
| | | | |
62 Center of gravity_2, 2497.5 | | | | |
| | | | |
63 Center of pressure_1 of whole | | | | |
estimate, 1503.7 | | | | |
| | | | |
64 Center of pressure_2, 2513.2 | | | | |
| | | | |
65 Center of clutch post, 1515.4 | | | | |
| | | | |
66 Center of coil, 1555.3 | | | | |
| | | | |
67 Center front float, 16.45 | | | | |
| | | | |
68 Center rear float, 1372.6 | | | | |
| | | | |
69 Center wind vane rudder, 1435.6 | | | | |
| | | | |
70 Center Pénaud rudder, 1292.9 | | | | |
| | | | |
71 Rear end Pénaud rudder, 1215.9 | | | | |
| | | | |
72 Front end of Bowsprit, 1707.2 | | | | |
---------------------------------------+----+-----+------+------+
* H.P. = (Rev.×diam.×pitch ratio×thrust) / 33000
† This is calculated on the assumption that the center of pressure
on each wing or on pair of wings at a motion of 2000 feet per minute
is in ordinary curved wings 2-5 the way from front to rear, that for
wings of usual size the rear wing have 2-3 of the efficiency per
surface of the front ones and that the tail proper bears no part of
the weight; but if rear wing is smaller or larger this efficiency is
smaller or larger per unit of surface.
[p309]
INDEX
A
Abbreviations and symbols for points on aerodrome … 14, 15
Accidents, in launching large aerodrome … 126, 184, 185, 265–281
― loss of model aerodrome … 17, 94, 154
Aeolipiles, alcohol … 55, 56, 59, 60, 65, 66, 112
Aerial navigation, report of Board of Ordnance on … 276, 279
Aerodrome, balancing of … 45–52, 81, 90, 109, 134, 211, 212
― construction of … 53–80, 164–187, 234–250
― definition of word … iii
― dimensions of (‹see› aerodrome models and data sheets).
― eighth-size model … 133, 134, 154
― engines (‹see› engines and motors).
― experiments with models … 6–14, 16–24, 133–155
― field trials (‹see› trials).
― first flight of model, May 6, 1896 … 2, 3, 107, 108, 117
― first trial of a “flying machine” in free air … 97
― flight (‹see also› trials).
― ― first model, May 6, 1896 … 2, 3, 107, 117
― ― large machine (1903) … 126, 127, 255–282
― ― photographs of … 108, 259, 260
― large … 126, 127, 129, 130, 156, 183, 225, 255–282
― ― construction of … 164–187, 234–250
― ― launching apparatus for … 156–163, 183
― ― shop tests … 251–254
― ― trials (1903) … 126, 181, 255–282
― ― weight of … 277
― launching apparatus for models … 92–122, 133, 134
― ― ― ― large aerodrome … 156–163, 183
― man-carrying (‹see also› aerodrome large) … 123, 125, 129, 130,
151, 153, 156–187, 234–250, 255, 282.
― model, descriptions of (‹see also› data sheets).
― ― ― ― No. 0 … 21, 30, 31, 36, 38, 40, 53, 55, 75
― ― ― ― Nos. 1, 2, 3 … 28, 29, 38, 40, 53
― ― ― ― No. 4 … 53, 62–67, 69, 70, 72, 75–79, 81–83, 86, 92–109, 120
― ― ― ― No. 5 … 26, 64–66, 69, 70, 75–79, 81, 82–84, 86, 88, 89,
90, 92–109, 110–122, 130, 131, 134, 135–155, 158, 174, 188, 189,
208–210, 231, 257, 281.
― ― ― ― No. 6 … 49, 61, 62, 78–81, 89, 90, 92–109, 110–122, 130,
131, 134, 158, 174, 188, 193, 208, 210, 231, 257, 281.
― ― ― ― rubber pull … 11–20
― ― eighth-size … 133, 134, 154
― ― frames of … 39, 53–80, 90, 112, 119, 129
― ― launching apparatus for … 92–112, 134
― ― quarter-size … 158, 159, 170, 226–233, 234, 255, 257–261, 281
― ― results from … 17, 129
― ― steam driven (‹see also› Nos. 5, 6) … 122, 164, 165, 224, 281
― ― trials, of Nos. 0, 1, 2, 3 (1892) … 29, 53
― ― ― ― Nos. 4, 5, 6 (1893) … 63, 92–106
― ― ― ― Nos. 5, 6 (1896) … 2, 79, 106–109
― ― ― ― No. 6 (1898) … 61
― ― ― ― Nos. 5, 6 (1899) … 49, 79, 135–155, 231, 257
― ― ― ― Nos. 30, 31, and others … 6–14, 17, 19
― motors (‹see› engines and motors).
― quarter-size models (‹see› aerodrome models).
― rubber-power models … 5, 8–24, 44
― weights of (‹see› weight and data sheets).
Aerodromics, science of … iii, 7
Aerodynamics … 7, 30, 43, 44, 80, 91, 99
― experiments in … 1, 6, 7, 19, 21, 32, 41, 80, 98, 128, 150, 153
Aeronaut (‹see also› aviator) … 130
Air, compressed … 11, 24, 25, 26, 68, 112
― liquid … 154
― resistance of … 6, 8, 9, 142, 165–167
Air-chamber … 64, 68, 69, 98, 112, 113
Air-cooled engine … 226
Alcohol and hydrocarbons, use of, as fuel … 24, 25, 35, 55, 57, 66,
72, 73
Alcohol aeolipiles … 55, 56, 60, 66, 69, 112
Allegheny Observatory, experiments at … 11, 13, 31, 150
Allotment, Government, for man-carrying aerodrome … 124–126, 132, 278
Aluminum-bronze, use of … 114, 116, 173, 174
Aluminum in engine construction … 32, 114, 243, 252
― sheathing of hull … 69
― wires … 84
Aneroid barometer for determining height … 186
Anemometer cups … 143
Angle, diedral, of wings … 45, 82, 89
― of inclination … 41, 43, 83, 99, 100
― ― rotation … 61
― ― wings, root angle … 83, 89, 91, 97, 98, 100, 101, 103
Area, relation to weight and power … 43, 44, 64, 90, 99, 101
― supporting (‹see also› surface) … 82, 87–89, 91, 93
Asbestos, use of … 35, 63, 67
Associated Press statement to … 266, 280
Aviator, equilibrium of … 161, 169, 253
― weight of … 130, 210, 256
Aviator’s car … 185–187, 214, 251, 252
― jacket … 273
― seat … 185
― wheel … 214, 216, 265, 266, 272
B
Bagging or pocketing of wings … 84, 86, 100, 195, 203
Balance (‹see also› equilibrium) … 82, 165
Balancing of aerodrome … 45–52, 81, 90, 109, 134, 211, 258
― ― engine … 246, 247
― ― wings and rudder … 211, 255
Ball-bearings on launching car … 160, 175, 177, 252, 253
Bamboo ribs for wings … 200
Barometer, aneroid … 186
Barus, Dr Carl, boiler experiments by … 58, 70–75, 93–95
Batteries, electric … 11, 24, 26, 27, 162, 212, 220–222, 237, 240,
241, 257, 262, 263
Bearings, ball, on aerodrome and launching car … 160, 175, 177, 252,
253
― bronze, on model aerodromes … 177
Bedplates … 116, 168, 175, 273
“Beehive” boilers (‹see› boilers).
Bell Alexander Graham … 4, 96, 102–104, 106, 108
Bessemer steel guy wires … 172
Bevel gears … 174, 177, 241
Bird-wings, construction of … 7, 188, 200, 201
Birds, soaring, study of … 7, 9, 88, 287
Blazer, S. M., engineer … 126
“Bleeder,” feed tube for burner … 67, 113
Blériot aeroplane of Langley type … 283
Blower for artificial wind … 61, 97, 225
Board of Ordnance and Fortification … 124, 126, 132, 250, 255, 271,
276, 278, 279, 280
Boat, house … 92, 93, 136, 148, 149, 156–163, 269
Body, construction of (‹see also› hull) … 32, 60
Boiler, “Beehive” type … 34, 39
― coil of … 34–39, 70, 71, 113–116
― development of … 55–59, 65, 68, 70–75, 102, 114–116
― pressure … 58, 59, 63, 68, 69, 101, 102
― report on, by Dr. Barus … 70–75
― serpollet type … 56, 57
― spray type … 70
― tests of … 70–75, 135
― tubing of … 70–75, 114, 141
― water-tube type of … 34, 35, 70–75, 114
Bolometer, development of … 123
Brake, horse-power … 28, 37, 58, 61, 64–69, 117, 223, 224, 230, 233
― Prony … 38, 61, 65, 66, 117, 179, 222, 228, 233, 249
Brass, use of … 54, 63, 113, 180
Brazing … 117, 173, 175, 235, 236
Bronze, aluminum … 114, 116, 171, 173, 177, 234, 237–240
Burners, Bunsen type … 35, 68, 72, 113
― gasoline … 56, 60, 61, 62, 65, 67, 68, 70–75, 112–116, 149
― shield for … 60, 67, 95, 115
Bushing, cast-iron … 114–117, 121
Buzzard, American, and “John Crow,” study of … 285
C
Cameras, telephoto … 260, 261, 273
“Canvas-covered” propellers … 84, 178
Car, aviator’s … 185–187, 214, 251, 252
― launching (‹see› launching apparatus).
Carbon, energy developed by the use of … 27
Carbonic-acid gas as motive power … 11, 24, 26, 28, 29, 39, 53, 54
― liquid … 24, 28
― ― freezing of … 28–29
― ― latent heat of … 28
Carburetor, development of, suitable type of … 224, 225, 239, 240,
248, 249, 251, 253, 259
Carpenter, Frank G., witnesses flights … 108
Cast-iron, use of (‹see also› iron) … 114–117, 121, 234–236, 240
“Cast-off” apparatus … 96, 110
Center of gravity … 10, 13–16, 45–52, 61, 64, 80, 91, 103, 143, 144,
150, 209, 210
― ― ― in relation to pressure … 10, 11, 15, 46, 48, 64, 98, 99, 101,
103
― ― pressure … 7, 10, 11, 13, 15, 45–52, 78, 80, 84, 87, 88, 90, 91,
200, 209, 210
― ― ― formulæ for … 49, 87, 88, 90
― ― wings and tail … 16
― ― rotation … 62
― ― thrust … 62
Centrifugal pump … 241, 248
Charcoal, as fuel … 57
China silk (‹see› silk).
Chopawamsic Island, Potomac River … 93, 135, 153, 183, 256
Chronograph attachments … 162, 163, 229
Circulating pump … 114, 244
Clamps, wing … 82, 89, 145, 183
Coast and Geodetic Survey … 93, 145, 256
Coefficient of elasticity … 146
Coil, spark (‹see› sparking devices).
Compressed air … 24, 25–26, 68, 112, 113
Condenser, steam … 65
Construction and tests of large engine … 234–250
Construction of frame and engines … 53–80
― ― ― of large aerodrome … 164–187
― ― supporting surfaces … 188–206
Control, equilibrium and … 77, 78, 119, 207–217
― gyroscopic … 78, 211
Cooling systems, (‹see› water and air cooling).
Copper, use of … 27, 39, 63, 72, 112–115, 162
Copper tubing … 35, 56, 57, 59, 112, 115, 140, 141, 248
Counter, speed … 62, 120, 185, 243, 249
― ― propellers … 178
Covering for tail … 86, 103
― ― wings … 54, 63, 77, 81, 86, 88, 90, 148, 194, 195, 205
Crank bell … 110
― starting … 244
Crank-pin … 237–239, 243–247
Crank-shaft … 237, 239, 244–246, 250
Cube, law of the … 129, 130, 222, 244, 249
Currie, Rolla P., report on American Buzzard … 289
Curved surfaces (‹see also› wing curvature) … 18, 44, 47, 99
Cylinders (‹see also› engines, cylinders).
― aluminum in construction of … 114
― brass in construction of … 54
― steel tubes in … 116, 121, 234, 235, 239, 240
― construction of … 112, 114, 116, 121, 212, 213, 232, 235, 239,
240, 246
― five, engine … 245, 246, 250, 255
― high-pressure … 33
― low-pressure … 33
― multiple, engine … 226
― oscillating … 33, 38
― tests of (‹see also› engine tests) … 55
― walls of … 239
― weight of … 246, 247, 250
D
Daniell, on energy in storage batteries … 27
Data sheets … 297
Definitions of terms and symbols … 14, 15
Deflection, absence of … 269
de Lucy, on sustaining surfaces … 19
Diedral angle of wings … 45, 82, 83, 85, 89, 96, 146
Dimensions (‹see› aerodrome descriptions and data sheets).
Distance of flights … 103, 107–109, 135–155, 258
Distortion of wings … 82–84, 91, 98, 105
Dry batteries … 262
Duration of flights (‹see also› time) … 103, 107, 108, 137, 145,
148, 258
Dynamometer, use of … 222, 228, 229, 230, 242, 247, 249
E
Eagle quill and spruce rib, comparative strength of … 201
Early steam motors and other models … 30–40
Efficiency of wings … 87, 89, 91, 144, 192, 193
Eighth-size models … 133, 134, 154
Elastic limit of rubber … 9, 22, 23
Elasticity of tail … 78, 90, 144, 152
― coefficient of … 51, 144, 146
Electric batteries … 24, 26, 27, 212, 262, 263
― circuits … 70, 212, 220–223, 237, 241, 257
Electricity as motive power … 24, 26–28
Energy in foot pounds (‹see also› lift) … 23–27
Engine (‹see also› motors) … 112–116, 179, 180, 222–225, 226–233,
234–250, 281
― American builders … 131, 180, 219, 228
― air-cooled … 226
― automobile … 219
― balancing of … 246, 247
― carbonic-acid gas … 24, 26–29
― compressed air … 11, 24–26, 68, 112
― construction of, and frames … 53–79, 114, 116, 219, 223–233
― ― ― ― tests … 234–250
― contract for … 126
― cylinders of … 33, 38, 54, 112, 114–116, 121, 212, 213, 232,
235–239, 246, 250, 255
― description of one-horse-power … 37, 116
― electric … 24, 26–28
― European builders … 131, 140, 219, 234
― experimental … 218–225
― five-cylinder … 224, 232, 234–250, 255
― gas (‹see also› gasoline) … 26, 28, 131, 133
― gasoline … 24, 37, 65, 125, 131, 179, 210, 218, 219, 224, 277
― gunpowder … 24, 25
― horse-power (‹see also› brake, horse-power) … 37, 58, 116, 233
― hot-water … 24, 25, 68
― large, construction and tests of … 133, 234–250, 281, 282
― ― weight of … 247, 250, 256
― Manly … 219–225
― multiple cylinder … 226
― oscillating … 33, 38
― radiator … 252
― steam … 24, 30–40, 64, 69, 116, 120
― ― dimensions of … 116
― Stringfellow … 30, 31
― tests … 37, 55, 61, 69, 102, 133, 148, 234–250, 281, 282
― water-cooled … 220, 235, 236, 241, 247, 248, 252
― weight of … 116, 126, 130, 209, 247, 250
Equilibrium, maintenance of … 6, 31, 45, 51, 144, 213–216
― of aviator … 161, 169, 213, 253
― and control … 77, 78, 119, 207–217
― lateral, and longitudinal stability … 31, 45–52
Evaporation, rate of gasoline … 65, 66
Evaporators … 37, 65, 67, 114, 148
F
“Factor of safety” … 111, 186
Feathers, pliability of … 188, 200
― toy-propeller, blades made of … 8
Feed, gravity … 239
Fibre insulation … 241, 257
Field trials, eighth-size … 133, 134, 154
― ― large and quarto size models … 126, 158, 170, 181, 226–234,
255–282
― ― models Nos. 0, 1, 2, 3 … 29, 53
― ― ― Nos. 4, 5, 6 … 63, 92–106
― ― ― Nos. 5, 6, 2 … 61, 79, 135–155, 231, 257
Fire-proofing preparation … 148
First flight of heavier than air machine … 107, 108
First trial of a flying-machine in free air … 97
Flexure of wings … 82–84, 91, 98, 105
Flight (‹see› aerodrome and aerodrome model flights).
― bird, study of … 7
― of large machine … 126, 181, 255–282
― ― May 6, 1896 … 2, 3, 107–108
― ― models Nos. 4, 5, 6 … 2, 63, 79, 92–109, 135–155
― ― quarter size model … 259
― ― rubber-driven models … 16–20
― ― quarter-size models … 158, 170, 226–233, 243, 255, 257–261, 281
Floating the models … 64, 68, 69, 99, 103, 119, 120
Fly-wheels of engine … 242, 243, 247, 252
Flying aerodrome model as a kite … 133, 154, 155
Flying-weight of aerodromes (‹see also› data sheets) … 15, 62, 63,
76, 77, 81, 89, 91, 148, 247, 250, 256
Foot-pounds, definition of … 15
― energy in (‹see also› horse-power) … 22, 27, 62
Force-pump … 57
Formulæ:
― area … 19
― center of pressure … 49, 87, 88, 90, 101
― drift … 41, 43
― efficiency … 47
― Harting’s … 19
― horse-power … 15, 62
― lift or weight … 41, 43, 62
― Manly’s, for changing center of pressure … 51
― Maxim’s, for horse-power … 15
― resistance … 41
― soaring speed … 91
― tandem wing … 87
― work (‹see also› horse-power) … 18, 23, 27, 62
Frame, construction of, model … 39, 53–80, 90, 112, 119, 129
― ― ― large aerodrome … 164–187, 253
― main … 165–168, 170
― resistance of … 165–167
― testing of … 79
― transverse … 77, 165, 174–178
― work … 118
French academy, communication to … 3
Fuel, alcohol and hydrocarbon … 24, 25, 35, 55, 57, 66, 72, 73
― carbon … 27
― carbonic acid gas … 11, 24, 26, 28, 29, 39, 53, 54
― charcoal … 57
― gas … 26, 28, 37
― gasoline … 24, 25, 36, 37, 65–68, 112, 125, 224, 248, 259
― quantity of … 68
Fuel-tank … 36, 65, 67, 68, 112, 113
Funds for experiments … 124–126, 132, 257, 278, 279, 281
G
Gaertner, Mr., instrument maker … 93, 95
Gas, carbonic-acid … 24, 26, 28, 36, 68, 113
Gas-burners … 35, 55, 60, 65, 70–75, 112, 113
Gas-engine (‹see also› engines, gas and gasoline) … 26, 28, 37
― Five cylinder … 224, 234–250, 255
― large … 234–250, 277
― model … 26–28, 65, 131, 133, 232–234
Gasoline-burners … 56, 60, 62, 65, 67, 68, 70–75, 112–116, 149
Gasoline-engines … 24, 37, 65, 125, 131, 179, 210, 218–225, 232–234,
248, 259, 277
Gasoline-evaporator … 37, 65, 148
Gears … 114, 117, 136, 137, 168, 174, 175, 177, 237, 241
Gibson, Captain, recorder … 250
Goldbeater’s skin, for wings … 77
Goode, G. Brown … 97
Government allotment (‹see also› Board of Ordnance and
Fortification) … 124–126, 132, 279
Gravity, center of … 10, 13–16, 45–52, 61, 64, 80, 91, 98, 101, 103,
143, 144, 150, 209, 210
Gravity-feed … 239
Guiding (‹see› equilibrium and control; sustaining surfaces; and
rudder).
Gun-metal … 174
Gunpowder … 24, 25
Guy-posts … 184, 189, 199, 266, 267, 268, 270, 274, 275
Guying, early systems of … 81, 84–91
― wire … 81, 84–90, 99, 164–173, 189, 191, 196, 199, 264, 266
Gyroscopic control … 78, 211
H
Harting’s formula … 19
Head resistance … 142, 165–167
Heating apparatus (‹see› burners).
Herring, A. M., assistant … 104
Hewitt, Mr., at rescue of Mr. Manly … 273
Hodgkin’s fund, aid from … 257
Holmes, W. H. … 286, 289
Horizontal flight, velocity required to sustain … 1, 16–19, 43, 91
― rudder … 8
Horse-power, exerted by rubber … 9, 22
― Maxim’s formula … 15
― required to sustain flight … 1
― developed … 28, 37, 55, 58, 64–69, 117, 179, 223, 233, 249
Hot-water engine … 24, 25
House-boat and launching apparatus … 92–109, 110–122, 148, 149, 156,
163, 269
Huffaker, E. C. … 44, 46
Hull, construction of … 30, 32, 36, 53, 60, 69, 75, 112, 118–121
― forms of … 30, 31, 32, 38, 60, 69
― resistance … 49, 69
― steel tubes for … 39, 69, 75, 112, 118, 120
I
Ignition (‹see› electric batteries and circuits).
Indian rubber for power (‹see also› rubber) … 21, 40
Internal work of the wind … 6, 42
Inclination, angle of … 41, 43, 83, 99, 100
Insulation … 144, 241, 257
Iron, use of … 63, 64, 114–117, 234, 236, 240
J
Jacket, cork, aviator’s … 273
― water … 220, 234, 236, 241, 247, 252
“John Crow” (bird of Jamaica), study of … 285
K
Kite, model flown as … 133, 154, 155
L
Langley. S. P. … 3, 4, 9, 18, 76–79, 93, 95, 102–108, 112, 123–126,
128, 131, 133, 135, 153, 156, 161, 179, 183, 184, 188, 211, 212,
219, 223, 230, 231, 257, 266–268, 270, 271, 287, 280, 281
― statement of … 124, 280
― letter of instructions from (‹see› appendix).
― study of “John Crow” bird (‹see› appendix).
― aerodrome, War Department report on … 277, 278, 279
“Langley type” of aerodrome … 77, 164, 208, 244, 266, 276, 278–281
― ― ― rudder … 77, 86
Lateral stability … 45–52, 97
Launching, difficulties of … 10, 11, 12, 92, 94, 96, 99
― methods of … 13, 94–97, 110
― of large machine … 265–267, 271–272, 276, 282
Launching-apparatus … 92–122, 134, 149, 156–163, 183, 185, 231, 257,
261, 265–267, 270, 272, 276, 282
― overhead … 5, 92–122, 133–135, 139, 142, 143, 145, 151, 152, 154,
156–163
― underneath … 134, 135, 145–147, 151, 152, 154, 156–163, 183
― weakness of … 265, 276, 282
Launching-car … 158, 159, 183, 184, 255, 258, 262, 266–268, 271,
272, 274, 277
Launching speed (‹see also› velocity) … 135, 161, 162
Law of the cube … 129, 130
Lewis, Captain I. N. … 250
Lift of propellers (‹see also› pendulum tests) … 61, 62, 66, 69, 77,
94, 99, 102, 105, 107, 151, 189, 192
Lilienthal, Otto, on efficiency of curves … 44
Lineal velocity … 1, 43, 110, 166
Liquid air … 154
Longitudinal stability … 45–52
Lubrication … 113, 177, 234, 239, 240
M
McDonald, Mr. … 266, 271, 272
McKinley, President William … 123, 124
Macomb, Major M. M., report of … 276–278
Maltby, Mr., machinist … 93–95, 102, 106
Man-carrying machine … 123, 125, 129, 130, 151, 153, 156–187,
234–250, 255–282
Manly, C. M., assistant in charge of experiments … 123, 129,
218–224, 265, 266, 268, 272, 276, 278
― ― ― engine … 219–225
― ― ― formula … 51
― John M., description of flight, by … 260–261
Maxim’s formula for horse-power … 15
Mechanical flight … 2–4
― ― theory of … 1
― ― Dr. Bell on … 4
― ― Mr. Langley on … 3–4
Mica, use of … 63, 72, 115, 257
Models (‹see also› aerodrome model description and trials).
― experiments with … 1, 133–155
― ― ― small … 6–14, 17, 19
― flight of (‹see› trials).
― launching of (‹see also› launching apparatus) … 92–122, 133, 134
― rubber-driven … 5, 8–24, 76
― steam-driven (‹see also› Nos. 4, 5, 6) … 134, 135
― steam, motor, and other … 30–40
Motive power (‹see also› engines, electricity, and fuel) … 8, 11,
21–29, 118
― discussion of … 11
Motors, available (‹see also› engines) … 11, 21–29, 278
― carbonic acid gas … 11, 24, 26, 28, 29, 39, 53, 54
― compressed air … 11, 24, 25, 26, 68, 112, 113
― construction of early types of … 30–40
― electrical … 24, 26, 27, 212, 262, 263
― gas … 26, 28, 37, 131, 137
― gasoline … 24, 37, 65, 125, 131, 179, 210, 218, 219, 224, 277
― gunpowder … 24, 25
― hot-water … 24, 25, 68
― rubber … 5, 8–24, 76
― steam … 24, 25, 30–40
― weight of (‹see also› weight of engines) … 116, 126, 130, 209,
247, 250
Mount Whitney, observations on … 123
N
Nash, Dr. F. S. … 276
National Museum, models in … 282
Needle-valve … 56, 57, 113
Nitric acid, use of … 71
Nomenclature of parts of aerodrome … 14, 15
O
Oiling systems … 113, 177, 234, 239, 240
Open wind, experiments in … 42, 99, 257, 271, 272
Ordinance and Fortification (‹see› Board of).
Oxygen, necessity of … 72
P
Paper covering for rudder … 86, 103
Pénaud, Alphonse, toy aeroplane designed by … 7–9, 21, 22, 40
― tail or rudder … 8, 12, 13, 50, 51, 79, 82, 107, 122, 139–147,
151, 152, 153, 209, 211, 213, 214, 216, 253, 264, 270–272
“Pendulum” test for lift … 60, 61, 66, 94, 131, 135, 211, 212, 214,
232
Percaline for wing covering … 194, 195
Pinion (‹see› gears).
Piston (‹see› engines and cylinders).
Pitch of propellers … 63, 69, 76, 94, 181
Plane (‹see also› wings and surfaces).
― dropper … 150
― surface, angle of inclination of … 6, 8, 41–45, 61, 83, 97, 99, 100
― velocity required to sustain … 1, 43, 110, 166
Pocketing of wings … 84, 86, 100, 195, 203
Potomac River, location of tests on … 93
Power (‹see also› steam, fuel, and electricity).
― development of … 8, 39
― formula for … 62
― generating apparatus … 112, 125
― relation to area and weight … 43
Power-gauge (‹see› dynamometer).
Powell, Major G. H., recorder … 250, 267, 276
Press, attitude of … 127, 268
― report to, Mr. Langley’s … 280
― ― ― Mr. Manly’s … 266–267
Pressure, center of … 7, 10, 11, 13, 15, 45–52, 64, 78, 80, 84, 87,
88, 90, 91, 200, 209, 210
― ― ― rules for locating … 49, 87, 88, 90, 101
― ― ― and center of gravity … 10, 11, 15, 46, 48, 64, 98–101, 103
― steam … 24, 30–40, 53–59, 63–75, 101, 114, 117, 134, 135, 137,
141, 142, 149, 150
Pressure-gauge … 114
Prony-brake … 38, 61, 65, 66, 117, 179, 222, 228, 233, 249
Propellers … 7, 8, 11, 13, 22, 40, 68, 69, 94, 95, 102, 103, 108,
109, 118, 119, 136, 139, 143, 145, 149, 178–184, 258, 261, 262, 268,
272, 277
― construction of … 63, 76, 98, 100, 178–184
― early forms of … 7, 8, 11, 22, 33
― lift of … 61, 62, 66, 69, 77, 94, 102, 105, 107, 131, 148, 151,
189, 192
― pitch of … 63, 69, 76, 118, 181
― position of … 39, 63
― shafts of … 39, 117, 175–177, 242
― slip of … 107, 109
― speed of (‹see also› revolutions per minute) … 61, 91, 94, 99,
107, 114, 134, 264, 272
― tests of (‹see› pendulum, lift, and thrust).
― thrust of … 47, 62, 94, 119, 148, 154, 161, 174
― toy … 7, 8, 9, 21, 22
Pumps … 36, 37, 57, 59, 65, 68, 71, 75, 114, 115, 141, 241
― centrifugal … 241, 248
― circulating … 114, 244
― double-acting … 68, 114
― force … 57
Q
Quantico, Va., flights at … 64, 66, 79, 93, 147, 255, 269
Quarter-size model … 158, 159, 170, 226–233, 243, 255, 257–261, 281
Quill, eagle’s, and spruce rib compared … 200, 201
R
Radiator (‹see also› engine, water-cooled) … 252
Randolph, Gen. W. F. … 276, 277
Record of flights (‹see also› data sheets) … 2, 3, 17, 107, 117,
135–155, 255–282
Reed, R. L., chief carpenter … 93–95, 102, 106, 266, 271, 272, 275
Reel attached to float … 119, 120
Relation of area to weight and power … 43, 44, 64, 81, 89, 90, 99
Reservoir (‹see› air-chamber and tank).
Resistance, air … 6, 8, 9, 142
― of frame and guy-wires … 165–167
Revolutions of engine and propellers per minute (‹see also› speed) …
33, 58, 63, 65, 66, 102, 109, 115, 249, 252
Rib, spruce and eagle’s quill, compared … 200, 201
Ribs, construction of … 37, 80, 81, 86, 89, 188, 194–206, 263, 264
Ridgway, Robert, on American Buzzard … 301
Root-angle of wings … 82, 83, 91, 98, 100, 101, 103
Rotation, angle of … 61
― center of … 62
Rubber as a source of power … 5, 8–24, 44, 76
― elastic limit of … 9, 22
― “fatigue” of … 23
― horse-power produced by … 9, 22, 23
― springs … 2, 185
― insulation … 144, 241
Rubber-driven models … 5, 8–22
Rubber-pull and rubber-twisted models … 16–24
Rudder (‹see also› tail) … 8, 9, 77, 80–91, 122, 136, 207–217, 255,
272, 275
― horizontal … 8
― Pénaud’s … 8, 12, 13, 50, 79, 87, 107, 122, 139–147, 151, 209,
211, 213, 214, 216, 253, 270–272, 275
― vertical evolution of … 81, 82, 86, 97, 101, 106
Rudder-tail (‹see› tail-rudder).
S
Sanding-tests of wings … 84, 85, 89, 99, 190–204
“Separator,” evolution of, for dry steam … 58, 59, 65, 68, 114, 142
Serpollet-type boilers … 56, 57
Shafts, main, construction of … 117
― propeller … 39, 117, 175–177, 242
Sharp, Archibald, on balancing of engines … 246
Sheathing, aluminum … 69
― mica … 63, 72, 115
Shop tests … 40, 218, 251–254
Silk wing-covering … 54, 63, 81, 86–88, 90, 148, 194, 195, 205
Sliding tail designed … 16, 84
Smillie, Thomas W., photographer … 260, 267, 271, 273
Smithsonian Institution … 1, 6, 17, 18, 31, 42, 124–126, 171, 174,
176, 179, 257, 260, 271, 276, 280–281
Smoke-stack … 60, 67, 74, 78
Soaring birds, study of (‹see also› appendix) … 7, 9, 88
Soaring-speed … 32, 41, 69
Sparking devices (‹see› electric batteries and circuits).
Specific gravity … 120
Speed attained (‹see also› velocity) … 31, 32, 41, 55, 61, 91, 99,
107, 114, 134, 161, 264
Speed-counter … 62, 120, 185, 243, 249, 252
Spokes, wire … 243
Spruce guy-sticks and frames … 85–87, 90
― ribs compared with quills … 200, 201
St. Louis Exposition tests … 249
Stability, lateral and longitudinal … 45–52, 77
Starter on launching-car … 94, 95
Starting-crank on launching-car … 243, 244
Steam, dry, production of … 58
Steam-chest … 117
Steam-engine … 24, 30–40, 64, 69, 116, 120
Steam-gauge … 114
― construction of frames and … 53–80
Steam-generating apparatus … 114–116
Steam-motors and other models … 30–40, 134, 135
Steam-pressure … 24, 30–40, 53–59, 63–70, 101, 102, 114, 117, 134,
135, 137, 141, 142, 149, 150
Steel, use of … 69, 112, 116, 119, 121, 172, 174, 234, 277
― tubes, for hull … 39, 69, 75, 112, 118, 120
Steering apparatus (‹see also› equilibrium and control) … 214–216,
265, 266, 272
― ― automatic … 30, 77, 211, 216
Steering wheel … 214, 216, 265, 266, 272
Storage batteries (‹see› batteries, electrical).
Stringfellow engine … 30, 31
Superposed wings … 13, 14, 17, 138, 153, 193, 231
Supporting surfaces … 11, 44, 77, 81, 99, 188–206
Supports for propellers … 112
― ― wings and tails … 36, 69
Surfaces (‹see also› planes and wings).
― covering for … 77, 81, 86, 87, 90, 148, 194, 195
― curved … 44, 46
― plane, observations on velocity of … 1
― rigid … 6, 46
― supporting … 11 44, 77, 93, 99 188–206
― sustaining … 1, 5, 41–44, 80–91, 99
― ― and guiding … 5, 80–91
Surgeons’ tape, used for mending ribs … 264
Sustaining surface … 1, 5, 41–44, 80–91, 99
― ― de Lucy on … 19
Symbols … 14, 15
Synchronizing mechanism … 108, 121, 136, 137
T
Table, turn … 156, 165, 166
― whirling … 1, 5, 6, 7, 11, 13, 31, 42, 165, 166, 178, 189–194
Tachometer … 62, 120, 185, 243, 249, 252
Tail … 8, 9, 70, 77, 80, 91, 99, 207–217
― adjustment of … 16, 84
― connections of … 84, 213–216
― covering … 86 103
― Pénaud … 12, 13, 50, 79, 107, 122, 139–147, 151–153, 209, 211,
213, 214, 215
― sliding … 16, 84
― use as guiding and sustaining surface … 80
Tail-rudder … 77, 86, 87, 119, 152, 153
― Langley … 77, 86
Tank, air … 64, 68, 69, 112, 114
― fuel … 36, 65–68, 112, 113
― water … 252
Telephoto camera … 260, 261, 273
Tests (‹see also› engine tests, trials, and flights).
― boilers … 70–75, 135
― construction and … 234–250
― cylinder … 55
― engine … 37, 55, 61, 69, 102, 133, 135, 148, 234–250, 251–254, 281
― experimental engine … 1902–1904 … 250
― frame … 79
― power … 61, 62, 69, 102
― resistance … 165–167
― sanding, of wings … 84, 85, 89, 90, 190–204
― shop, of large machine … 40, 218, 251–254
― St. Louis Exposition … 249
― whirling-table … 1, 5, 6, 7, 11, 13, 31, 42, 165–166, 178, 189–194
― wing … 84, 85, 89, 99, 190–204
Testing ground (‹see also› Quantico) … 64, 66, 92, 93, 255, 256,
277, 280
Thrust, center of … 62
― propeller … 47, 62, 94, 119, 148, 154, 161, 174
Thrust-recording devices … 229, 230
Thurston, R. H. … 128, 129
Time of flights … 103, 107, 108, 109, 137, 145, 148, 258
Torque … 222, 242
Toy aeroplanes … 7, 9, 21, 22, 40
Transmission (‹see also› shaft and gears) … 117, 175–177, 242
Transverse frame … 77, 165, 174–178
Trials, first … 97
― (1891) … 17
― (1892) … 53, 92
― (1893) … 65, 93–96
― (1894) … 65, 96–100
― (1895) … 101–106
― (1896) … 2, 79, 106–109
― (1897) … 123–125
― (1898) … 61
― (1899) … 79, 135–155
― (1903) … 126, 181, 255–282
Tubes in hull construction … 69, 112, 116, 119, 120, 172, 174, 234,
277
Turn-table … 156, 165, 166
Turnbuckle (‹see also› guying) … 170, 171, 172
V
Valve-chest … 114, 213
Valves … 114, 117, 213
― exhaust … 237
― mechanically operated … 114, 213
― motion … 112, 114, 115, 213
― needle … 56, 57, 113, 212
Vaporization … 37, 67, 148, 149
Varnish, collodion … 192
― not affected by ammonia … 198
― pyroxelene … 86
― water-proof … 263, 264
Velocity … 18, 31, 32, 55, 91, 99, 107, 109, 114, 134, 150, 161,
166, 185, 264, 265
― initial … 100, 110, 150, 163
― required to sustain plane … 1, 43, 110, 166
Vertical rudder … 81, 82, 86, 97, 101, 106
Vulcanite, use of … 257
W
War Department, allotment … 124–126, 132, 278, 279
― ― Board of Ordnance and Fortification … 124–126
― ― ― ― ― ― ― Report of … 276–280
Washington Evening Star, report of … 274
Watches, stop, for timing flight … 109
Water, cooling, for engine … 235, 236, 241, 247, 248, 252
Water-engine, hot … 24, 25
Water-jacket … 220, 234, 236
Water-proof varnish … 263, 264
Water-tank … 252
Watkins J. E. … 39
Weight (‹see also› data sheets).
― flying, of aerodrome … 15, 38, 62, 63, 76, 77, 81, 89, 90, 91,
101, 109, 116, 148, 206, 247, 250, 256, 277
― of aerodrome … 31, 38, 40, 53, 62, 63, 116, 126, 130, 206, 256
― ― covering for wings … 194
― ― parts of aerodrome … 31, 63, 116, 190, 250
― ― engine … 116, 117, 126, 130, 156, 209, 247, 250, 277
― per horse-power … 31, 126
― relation to area and power … 43, 44, 64, 81, 89, 90, 96
― total, with aviator … 256
Wellner, Georg … 44, 47
Wheel, fly … 242, 243, 247, 252
― steering … 214–216, 265, 266, 272
Whirling-table … 1, 5, 6, 7, 11, 13, 31, 42, 165–166, 178, 189–194
Widewater, Va., experimental grounds (1903) … 255, 256, 277, 280
Wind, artificial … 42, 61
― difficulties of launching in … 94, 99, 265, 271, 272, 276, 282
― experiments in … 42, 61, 99, 257, 271
― internal work of the … 6, 42
― open … 42, 99, 257, 271, 272
Wind-shield for burners … 60, 67, 95, 115
Wind-vane rudder … 136
Wing-clamps … 82, 89, 145, 183
Wings, adjustment of, for center of gravity … 16
― angle of … 45, 61, 82, 83, 89, 91, 97, 98, 100, 101, 103
― arrangement of … 45–47, 77, 86, 89, 194, 255
― bagging of … 84, 86, 100, 195, 203
― bird, construction of … 7, 188, 200, 201
― boxes for … 263, 264
― construction of … 7, 70, 80, 81, 87, 90, 91, 99, 105, 119, 121,
138, 188–206
― covering of, cloth … 195, 199, 204, 205
― ― ― goldbeater’s skin … 77
― ― ― paper … 86
― ― ― silk … 54, 63, 81, 86–88, 90, 148, 194, 195, 205
― ― ― weight of … 194
― curvature of … 18, 44, 46, 47, 86, 87, 90, 99, 112
― distortion of … 82, 83, 84, 91, 98, 105
― double tier … 13, 14, 17, 138, 193, 231
― efficiency of … 46, 87, 89, 91, 144, 192, 193
― flexure of (‹see› distortion of).
― pocketing of … 84, 86, 100, 195 203
― quills and spruce ribs compared … 200, 201
― ribs of … 37, 80, 81, 86, 89, 188, 194–206
― single tier … 17, 142, 146, 147–151, 153, 192, 193, 231
― superposed … 13, 14, 17, 138, 153, 193, 231
― surface of … 9, 69, 81, 99
― tandem efficiency of … 46, 87
― two sets of … 13, 77, 106, 138, 231
― weight of … 190, 196
Wire guying … 81, 84–91, 99, 164–173, 189, 191, 195, 196, 199, 264,
266
― resistance … 165–167
― spokes … 243
Wooden guy sticks … 63, 81, 85
― ribs … 37, 80, 81, 86, 89, 188, 194–206, 263, 264
Wrecking of large machine … 126, 184, 265–281
Z
Zinc, energy developed from … 27, 241
Zoological Park cameras … 260, 261, 273
TRANSCRIBER'S ENDNOTE
Original spelling and grammar have been generally retained, with
some exceptions noted below.
Illustrations are moved from inside paragraphs to between
paragraphs.
Footnotes have been renumbered and moved from the ends of
pages to the to the ends of the appropriate sections, which
are: Advertisement (page iii); Part I; and Part II, up to just
ahead of the DATA SHEETS, which have their own footnotes, which
were neither moved nor renumbered.
Pages 16–18. Page 16 ended at "with another one, No. 31, also
shown", followed by Plates 1–4, followed by page 17, which contained
two data tables, followed by page 18, which continued the original
paragraph. The transcriber has closed the paragraph, and moved the
Plates and tables to follow it.
Pages 31–32. The footnote on page 31 said only "See footnote on page
32." The footnote on page 32 had no anchor in the text. Therefore, to
simplify, the page 31 footnote has been eliminated, and its anchor is
linked directly to the page 32 footnote. Pages 46–47. The footnote
on page 47 had no anchor in the text. However, the footnote on page
46 said only "See Footnote page 47". Therefore, the footnote anchor
on page 46 has been linked directly to the footnote on page 47,
eliminating the page 46 footnote.
Page 63. The large table was split into two tables, repeating the
first column in each part. Large curly brackets "}", "{", indicating
combination of information on two or more lines, have been replaced
by Unicode box drawing characters, e.g. "│┌┘└┐". Tables in general,
and these box characters in particular, may not line up properly
unless the user is employing a monospaced font.
Page 140. The paragraph for June 23 originally ended "dotted line in
Plate". The transcriber has inserted " 34.", as a guess.
Pages 190–192. The wide tables were split into two, repeating the
first column in each part.
Page 193. The wide tables were transposed, row for column.
Page 201. The wide table was split into two.
Pages 297–308, Data Sheets. Remarks originally situated in the tables
are appended below each Data Sheet. The units of measurement were
originally spelled out—‹m.›=‹Metres›; ‹ft.›=‹Feet›; ‹gr.›=‹Grammes›;
and ‹lbs.›=‹Pounds›. In the footnotes to the Data Sheets, in the
phrases "curved wings 2-5 the way", and "rear wings have 2-3 of the
efficiency", the hyphen seems to mean division, like "/". This usage
occurs also in the caption to Plate 85, in "SCALE 1 1-16 INCH TO
STATUTE MILE".
Page 299. Item 41, "7 75" changed to "7.75".
INDEX. The original index was structured in a way not suitable for
this ebook. The white space on the printed page substituted for words
not repeated. Thus, under "Balancing of aerodrome, [ ... ]", were
indented entries for "engine", "wings and rudder", &c. This spacing
has been rendered herein as a horizontal bar "―", one for each word
to be understood as repeated. So in this case, two bars, meaning
"Balancing of". Moreover, page numbers referenced by index entries
were right-justified and preceded by dotted leaders. Herein, the
leaders have been indicated by horizontal ellipsis "…". The leaders
in the Table of Contents have also been replaced by ellipses.
Estimating from Internet Archive's stated scanning rate of 400 ppi,
the pages were about 6.2 by 9.2 inches. Body text was printed in 9
point type, with 3 point leading, and footnotes were printed in
5.4 point type.