jam intercesserunt, cum, gliscente peste Luterana, dederamus ad F. tuam
mandatum, ut passim omnibus ediceret, ne profisci Wittembergam aut ad
ea loca, in quibus esset aliqua haereseos suspitio, liberosve suos eo
mittere auderent. Id per F. tuam pro eo, ut officium illius postulat,
diligenter esse curatum non dubitamus. Verum perfertur ad nos, esse
nonnullos, qui, spreto et contempto edicto nostro Regio, quibus locis
eis per nos interdictum est, in his commorantur, et pravis opinionibus
mentem suam imbuunt, ac redeuntes inde, virus, quos hauserunt, afflare
aliis conantur. Quae res minime nobis ferenda esse videtur. Quare
mandamus F. tuae, ut sub poena capitis, proscriptionis et privationis
omnium bonorum edici omnibus denuo per praeconem faciat, ne vel liberos
suos aut Wittembergam, aut Lipsiam, aut Goldbergam aut quaecunque
tandem ad loca de haeresi suspecta, quae hic pro expressis haberi
volumus, mittere, aut, si qui juris sui sunt, ipsi eo proficisci,
audeant. Si qui vero liberos suos jam miserunt, ut eos intra semestre
spatium domum revocent; alioqui non solum de liberis, se de ipsis etiam
parentibus poenas sumus sumpturi, si constiterit, de consensu eorum in
vetitis locis eos commorari. In eos quoque, qui proprio ausu propriaque
temeritate profecti eo fuerint, aut ibi post edicti hujus nostri
promulgationem fuerint commorati, graviter sumus animadversuri. Pari
diligentia provideri a F. tua volumus, ne qui libelli in nostrum Regnum
importantur Luterana labe infecti, quos multos ex illis partibus mitti
in Regnum nostrum accepimus. Quisquis ejus generis libellos importare
vel eis privatim vel publice uti ausus fuerit, id eisdem capitis,
proscriptionis et privationis bonorum omnium poenis tenebitur. Datum
Cracoviae, feria V. post Dominicam Palmarum, A. D. 1540.
--Zakrzewski, p. 236.
11. Literae ad episcopos de haeresi.--Sigismundus etc. Revde. in Chro.
pater, sincere nobis dilecte. Ita ut fuit de consensu omnium Regni
senatorum constitutum in proximis comitiis, misimus mandata nostra
ad omnes arcium et bonorum nostrorum praefectos, atque eis ediximus,
ut providerent, ne quis ad loca de haeresi suspecta proficisceretur,
aut si quis profectus esset, ut intra semestre spatium reverteretur
sub poena capitis, proscriptionis et privationis bonorum. Nunc P.
vestra pro officio suo pastorali inquiret diligenter, qui sunt ad ea
loca profecti, ut nos parentibus corum aut iis, in quorum potestate
sunt, mandemus, quo intra semestre tempus eos revocandos curent;
si secus fecerint, non ipsi minus quam liberi eorum poena capitis,
proscriptionis et privationis bonorum omnium afficiendi. De libris
quoque Luteranis scripsimus ad illos et mandavimus, ut prohiberent eos
importari aut legi a quopiam, locique ordinario eorum nomina deferrent,
qui contra edictum hoc nostrum fecissent, ut is meritas de eis poenas
sumendas curaret. Proinde hac quoque in re advigilabit P. vestra et
diligenter inquiret, si qui sunt libri hujusmodi, curabitque, ut
edictum hoc nostrum executioni mandetur.… Datum Oracoviae feria VI-a
ante Dominicam Conductus Paschae (April 2nd) A. D. 1540.
--Zakrzewski, p. 237.
12. Concerning foreign travels of our subjects this is what we have
resolved upon with our Council and with the Provincial Representatives,
namely, that every subject of ours be free to leave the territory of
the Polish Crown for whatever country he wishes to see, to enter into
service, and to train himself in good manners; provided, however, that
no one leaves accompanied, except by his own servants, by an armed
force equipped for war, or having left, engages abroad in forming a
warlike expedition of men who either had preceded or followed him,
unless he has our and our Council’s consent, for such procedure might
turn out unfavorable to us and to the Crown; but goes only by himself
or with his servants for the purpose of training himself in learning
permitted by the Church. But whoever, returning from abroad, purposes
to import, use, and spread any new teachings or books, shall be
punished according to existing laws and constitutional provisions of
the Crown.… Datum Cracoviae in Comitiis praefatis 12 Aprilis A. D. 1543.
--See Polish text in Zakrzewski, p. 240, and compare it
with text in Vol. leg., I, fol. 566 ff., noting omissions.
13. De non inferendis Samuelis Apostatae libris mandatum.--Sigismundus
etc.… Perfertur ad nos, Samuelem Apostatam iterum virus suum in Regno
nostro spargere, ac venetatos quosdam libellos vernacula Regni nostri
lingua conscriptos in vulgus edere, quibus a Christiania religione
mentes rudium et simplicium hominum abducantur et in haereseos baratrum
praecipitentur. Quoniam vero nostri est officii providere, ne quid
horum impiets, qui Christianam religionem evertere conantur, Regno
nostro detrimenti adferat, mandamus S. tuae, ut sub capitis poena
prohibeat omnibus, quo minus aut inferre sive vendere, aut emere sive
in aedibus suis habere et legere ejusmodi libellos audeant. Quisquis
deprehensus fuerit libellos ejusmodi habens, eum in carcerem coniici
mandet, ac usque informationem nostram in eo detineri. Quodsi S. tua in
mandato ejusmodi nostro exequendo non ea, qua oportet, diligentia usa
fuerit, ac versari nihilominus in manibus hominum venenatos ejusmodi
libellos cognovimus, nequaquam id ita abire sinemus, gravemque nostram
erga se indignationem experietur. Quam ut vitare possit, mandamus,
ut ita se gerat in edicto hoc nostro exequendo, ut neque Christiani
hominis, neque fidelis Capitanei nostri officium in se requiri
patiatur, neque nos ad gravius aliquid in se consulendum adigat.… Datum
in Brzesczie Lithuaniae, 10 Julii A. D. 1544.
--Zakrzewski, p. 242.
14. Vol. leg. I, fol. 83: Item, ut gratia uberiori consolentur a nobis,
etiam nos fide et servitiis amplioribus prosequantur, promittimus, quod
exnunc et de caetero nunquam alicujus subditi Regni nostri, cujuscunque
dignitatis, eminentiae, status aut gradus fuerit, bona haereditaria
recipiemus, confiscabimus, recipi vel confiscari faciemus, nec se
de eis per nos vel officiales nostros vel alios quoscunque homines
intromittemus vel intromitti faciemus pro quibuscunque excessibus aut
culpis, nisi prius super hoc praecedat judicium nostrorum, quos ad hoc
deputaverimus, cum nostris praelatis, baronibus, matura cognitio et
sententia sequatur. Czerwieńsk, 1422.
Vol. leg., I, fol. 93: Caeterum promittimus et spondemus, quod nullum
terrigenam possessionatum pro aliquo excessu seu culpa capiemus seu
capi mandabimus, nec aliquam vindictam in ipso faciemus, nisi judicio
rationabiliter fuerit convictus, et ad manus nostras vel nostrorum
Capitaneorum per judices ejusdem terrae, in qua idem terrigena
residet, praesentatus; illo tamen homine, qui in furto vel in publico
maleficio, (utpote incendio, homicidio voluntario, raptu virginum
et mulierum, villarum depopulationibus et spoliis) deprehenderetur;
similiter illis, qui dese nollent debitam facere cautionem vel dare
juxta quantitatem excessus vel delicti, duntaxat exceptis. Nulli autem
bona seu possessiones recipiemus, nisi fuerit judicialiter per judices
competentes vel Barones nostros nobis condemnatus. Jedlnia 1430.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Some of the more important sources consulted in the preparation of this
study and referred to in the footnotes are as follows:
Źródła dziejowe (Historical Sources), Warsaw, 1883-1909, 22 vols. This
is an invaluable collection of state papers, official correspondence,
and particularly of statistical material regarding sixteenth century
Poland. It is a mine of information to the student interested in Polish
life of the sixteenth century.
Volumina legum, Petersburg (Leningrod), 1859, 5 or 6 vols. This is a
collection of Polish laws, covering a period of nearly five hundred
years, from Casimir the Great (1333-1370) to the Partitions.
Balzer, Corpus juris Polonici, an excellent supplementary collection of
Polish laws, 4 vols.
Wierzbowski, T., Materyały do Dziejów Piśmiennictwa Polskiego
(Materials for a History of Polish Writings), Warsaw, 1904, 2 vols. A
valuable collection of documentary material of a varied nature, chiefly
correspondence, official and private.
Theiner, Augustus, Vetera Monumenta Poloniae et Lithuaniae, gentiumque
finitimarum historiam illustrantia, maximam partem nondum edita
ex tabulariis Vaticanis deprompta, collecta ac serie chronologica
disposita, Romae: typis Vaticanis, 1860-1864. 4 large folio vols. This
collection contains much epistolary and reportorial material of great
historical value emanating from papal nuncios and church dignitaries.
Monumenta medii aevi historica res gestas Poloniae illustrantia.
Cracoviae: sumptibus Academiae literarum Cracoviensis, 1874----, in 15
vols. Indispensable to the student of the sixteenth century.
Much information of first class importance has been obtained from the
following works:
Zakrzewski, Wincenty, Powstanie i wzrost Reformacji w Polsce (The Rise
and Development of the Reformation in Poland), Leipzig, 1870.
Krasiński, Walerjan, Dzieje Reformacji w Polsce (A History of the
Reformation in Poland), Warsaw, 1903. This work was published
originally in English, in London, under the title of A Historical
Sketch of the Reformation in Poland.
Merczyng, Henryk, Zbory i Senatorowie protestanccy w Dawnej Polsce
(Protestant Congregations and Senators in Old Poland), Warsaw.
---- Polscy Deiści i wolnomyśliciele za Jagiellonów (Polish Deists and
Free Thinkers in the Time of the Jagiellos), Warsaw, 1911.
Lorkiewicz, Antoni, Bunt Gdański w Roku 1525 (The Danzig Revolt of the
Year 1525), Lwów, 1881.
Warmiński, I., Andrzej Samuel i Jan Seklucyan (Andrew Samuel and John
Seklucyan), Poznań, 1906.
Łukaszewiez, Józef, Dzieje Kościołów wyznania helweckiego w Dawnej
Polsce (A History of Calvinistic Churches in Old Poland), Poznań, 1853.
Brückner, Alexander, Różnowiercy Polscy (Polish Dissidents), Warsaw,
1905.
Kubala, Ludwig, Stanisław Orzechowski (Stanislaus Orzechowski), Warsaw.
Kot, Stanisław, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski (Andrew Frycz Modrzewski),
Cracow, 1919.
Chmielowski, Piotr, Historya Literatury Polskiej (A History of Polish
Literature), Lwów-Warszawa.
Brückner, Alexander, Dzieje literatury polskiej (A History of Polish
Literature), Warsaw, 1908.
Pilat, Roman, Historya literatury polskiej (A History of Polish
Literature), Warsaw, 1909, vol. II, part 1.
Grabowski, T., Literatura Luterska w Polsce Wieku XVI (Lutheran
Literature in XVIth Century Poland), Poznań, 1920.
---- Literatura Aryańska w Polsce (Arian Literature in Poland), Cracow,
1908.
Rakowski, Kazimierz, Dzieje Rozwoju Ekonomicznego Dawnego Państwa
Polskiego (A History of the Economic Development of Old Poland),
Warsaw, 1909.
Szelągowski, Adam, Pieniądz i Przewrót Cen w XVI i XVII Wieku w Polsce
(Money and the Overturning of Prices in XVIth and XVIIth Century
Poland), Lwów, 1902.
---- Walka o Bałtyk, 1544-1621 (A Struggle for the Baltic), Lwów, 1904.
---- O Ujście Wisły (A Struggle for the Mouth of the Vistula), Warsaw,
1905.
Baranowski, Ignacy, Przemysł Polski w XVI Wieku (Polish Commerce in the
XVIth Century), Warsaw, 1919.
Tymieniecki, Kazimierz, Procesy twórcze formowania się społeczeństwa
polskiego w wiekach średnich (Creative Processes in the Formation of
Polish Society in the Middle Ages), Warsaw, 1921.
Starczewski, Eugeniusz, Możnowładztwo Polskie (The Polish Aristocracy),
Warsaw, 1914.
Kwartalnik Historyczny (Historical Quarterly), Lwów.
Przegląd Historyczny (Historical Review), Warsaw.
Reformacja w Polsce (The Reformation in Poland), Warsaw, a Quarterly of
the Polish Reformation Historical Society.
INDEX
Adjustment of religious differences, proposed project of 1555, 49-50.
Agriculture, revival of, 108-116.
Background of Polish Reformation,
independent attitude
of Polish princes, 9-11,
of clergy, 11-13,
of people, 13;
influence of humanism, 13-14;
character of Polish clergy, 14-15.
Batory, Stephen, religious tolerance of, 79-80.
Bible, Polish, different translations and editions of, 72.
Bohemian Brethren,
in Poland, 27-28, 41-42;
union with Calvinists of Little Poland, 48;
joint synod of the two in 1557 and proposed union with Lutherans,
56.
Budny, Simon, Arian reformer and writer, 72, 73.
Calvinism in Poland, 33-34, 39, 42;
need of better church organization of, 43;
growth of, 53.
Casimir the Great, attitude toward church, 10.
Causes of Polish Reformation,
political, constitutional liberties of Polish nobility, 101-105,
ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 126-134,
problem of “execution of laws,” 134-137;
social, Renaissance, 64-66,
art of printing, 66-73,
education, influence of foreign universities, 73-78,
religious tolerance, 78-82,
aristocratic character of Polish, Reformation, 82-83;
ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 126-134;
economic, wealth of Polish church, 83-100, 121-124,
revival of commerce and agriculture after Peace of Thorn (1466),
105-116,
problem of national defense, 116-124,
payment of tithes, 124-126.
Church, opposition of nobility to, political, 101-105;
economic, 105-116.
Clergy, Polish, moral character of, 14-15;
right to participate in royal elections questioned, 57-58;
taxation of, 60-61;
materialistic character of, 97-99.
Commerce, Polish, change in, and its significance, 105-108.
Confederation, of Korczyn (1438), 18;
of Warsaw (1573), 62, 80-81.
Conflict between Polish nobility and clergy, basis, constitutional
liberties of Polish nobility, 101-105;
causes,
revival of Polish commerce and agriculture, 105-116,
problem of defense, 116-124,
quarrels over payment of tithes, 124-126,
opposition to ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 126-134,
demand for execution of laws, 134-137.
Consensus Sandomiriensis, 62-63.
Council of Constance, 16.
Court clergy, affected by the Reformation, 39-40.
Court, royal, affected by the Reformation, 30, 36.
Czechowic, Martin, Arian reformer and writer, 73.
Defense, problem of, 57, 60;
more acute after agricultural revival, 116 ff.;
insistence on the clergy’s participation in public, 118-121;
confiscation of ecclesiastical property for public, proposed, 122.
Demesne estates, enlargement of, by extension of cultivation, 108;
by expropriation of village mayorships, 108-109;
by incorporation of vacant peasant leaseholds, 109-110.
Ecclesiastical estates,
location and productivity, 92-93;
proximity to royal lands and its significance, 93-94.
Ecclesiastical jurisdiction,
protest against and demand for abolition of, 45;
suspended for a year, 45, 46;
suspension of, continued, 50, 57;
demand for abolition of, in all matters, 58-59;
abolished, 60-61, 126-132, 134.
Economic basis of ecclesiastical revolt of Polish nobility,
commercial changes, 105-107;
industrial changes, 107 ff.
Economic causes of Polish Reformation. See Causes.
Edicts,
of Wieluń (1424), 17,
of 1433, 18;
of Thorn (1520), 24;
of Duke Janusz of Mazovia (1525), 26-27;
of Cracow (1523), 28,
of 1554, 32,
of 1544, 37;
due to growth of Reformation, 29;
protest against their issuance, 59-60.
Execution of Laws, 54, 56, 57, 113, 134-137.
Farming by tenant peasants, not profitable in the 16th century,
114-115.
Glebae adscripti, Polish peasants become, 115.
Goniądz, Peter, reformer and writer, 73.
Humanism, 13-14, 64-66.
Hussitism, 16-19.
Independence,
of Polish princes, 9-11;
of clergy, 11-13;
of people, 13.
Investiture, right of, 10-11.
James of Paradyż, scholar and advocate of religious reform, 19, 20.
Krowicki, Martin, Arian reformer and writer, 48, 47, 73.
Krzyżak, Felix, Calvinistic reformer,
accepted the Reformation, 39;
fled to Great Poland, 46;
returned to Little Poland, 46;
appointed as superintendent of Calvinistic churches, 43;
invited Bohemian Brethren to unite with Calvinists of Little
Poland, 48.
Landownership,
regarded as a special privilege of the Polish nobility, 110;
townspeople excluded from, and from high church offices, 110-113;
enlarged by purchases, 114.
Łaski, John, most distinguished Polish reformer, 38, 53, 56, 64, 65.
Legacies, of Polish ecclesiastical princes, 91-92.
Liberties, constitutional, of Polish nobility, 101-105.
Lismanini, Francis, a leader in Polish religious reform, 30, 39, 40,
41, 42, 53, 81.
Lutheranism,
in Danzig, 21-24;
in other West Prussian cities, 24-25;
in East Prussia, 25-26;
in Great Poland, 27-28;
in Little Poland, 28-30.
Mandate of Sigismund I on the starostas, 37, 38.
Matthew of Cracow, scholar and advocate of religious reform, 19-20.
Mayors of ecclesiastical villages, 56, 57, 60, 116 ff. See also
Defense.
Meetings, secret, in Cracow, 39-40.
Modrzewski, Andrew Frycz, distinguished humanist and advocate of
reform, 64, 65-66.
National Synod, 13, 50-51, 56-57.
Nobility, opposition to church,
political, 101-105;
economic, 105-116.
Ochino, Bernard, taking refuge in Poland, 81.
Oleśnicki, Cardinal Zbigniew, 17, 18.
Order to the starostas of 1546, 38.
Orzechowski, Stanislaus, 43, 44-45.
Ostrorog, John, 14, 64-65.
Political causes of Polish Reformation. See Causes.
Pope Pius IV, reforms which he was asked to sanction, 50-51.
Prażmowski, Andrew, his preaching of Calvinistic doctrines in Posen,
42.
Pre-Reformation reform movements, influence,
of Waldensians, 15-16;
of Wyclif’s teaching, 16;
of Hussitism, 16-19;
of loyal sons of the church at home, 19-21.
Printers, Cracow, 66-70.
Printing, as a cause of Polish Reformation, 66-73.
Privileges, clerical, presented “ad judicum,” 60.
Protestantism, strength of, by 1569, 61-63.
Racovian Catechism, 73.
Radziwill, Nicholas, the Black,
an intimate of Sigismund Augustus, 41;
Lippomano tried to influence, 51-52;
founded a press at Brześć Litewski from which issued the Radziwill
Bible, 71.
Renaissance. See Humanism.
Reformation, spread of, in Poland,
early beginnings and struggles, 21-33;
growing aggressiveness, 33-40;
triumph and dominance, 40-68;
in Danzig, 21-24;
in West Prussia, 24-26;
in East Prussia, 26;
in Mazovia, 26-27;
in Great Poland, 27-28;
in Little Poland, 28 ff.;
topic of general discussion, 34;
a class movement, 82-83, 132-134.
Rey, Nicholas, father of Polish literature, 37.
Roman clergy, affected by the Reformation, 38-39, 42, 43.
Samuel, Andrew, 37, 38-39, 40.
Seklucjan, John, 27, 37, 39, 40, 72.
Sigismund I, 11, 23, 27, 37, 40;
his tolerance, 38, 78-79.
Sigismund II, Augustus, 12;
Calvin’s Commentary on the Mass dedicated to, 34;
religious attitude of, 40-41;
tolerance of, 79.
Social causes of Polish Reformation. See Causes.
Social classes, affected by Reformation, 82-83; 101.
Stankar, Francis, his defection from Rome, 43-44;
his flight to Great Poland and return, 46.
Status of peasants, changed by legislation, 115-116.
Sozzino, Lelio, 81;
Faustus, 81.
Synodical decrees, 30-32, 34;
futility of, 32, 35-36.
Taxation of clerical property,
by Casimir the Great, 10;
insisted upon by nobility for purposes of defense, 123-124.
Tithes and tithing, opposition to, 59, 61, 97-98, 124-126.
Tolerance, religious, as cause of Polish Reformation, 78-82.
Treaty of Thorn (1466), its effect on Polish commerce and
agriculture, 106 ff.
Uchański, James, 12, 39, 55, 56-57, 59.
Universities, foreign, influence of, 73-78.
Vatican, concerned about Poland, 51.
Vernacular, appeal to the masses through literature in, 36-37.
Waldensians, influence of, on Poland, 15-16.
Wealth of Polish church, landed,
in Great Poland, 84;
in Little Poland, 84-85;
in Mazovia, 85;
in Podlasie, 85-86;
in Volhynia, 86;
in Red Russia, 86-87;
in Ukraina, 87;
compared with that of the crown and of the nobility, 87-91;
minimum total estimates of, 94-96;
other sources of income, 96-97;
its influence on Polish nobility, 97-100;
proposed confiscation of, 100.
Wyclif, influence of his teaching in Poland, 16.
Zalaszowska, Catherine, execution of, 33.
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Transcriber’s Note:
Words and phrases in italics are surrounded by underscores, _like
this_. Those in bold are surrounded by equal signs, =like this=.
Footnotes were renumbered sequentially and were moved to the end of the
chapter. Inconsistent hyphenation was not changed. Obvious printing
errors, such as backwards, upside down, or partially printed letters
and punctuation, were corrected. Unprinted accents, punctuation, and
final stops were added. Duplicate letters and punctuation were removed.
March 11, 1935 was changed to March 11, 1535, in footnote [389].