FLOWERS OF THE SHORE AND CLIFFS.
Just as in walking along the shore we have on one hand a region
inhabited by specialised races of animal and plant-life altogether
different from those of the land, so also on the landward side we have
flowering plants distinct in most cases from those found but a short
distance inland. Strictly speaking, the stretch of shore, whether it be
shingle, sand, or rocks, does not form a barrier separating sea plants
from those of the land, for the terrestrial and the submarine overlap
through the medium of the frondose lichen, _Lichina pygmæa_, which,
belonging to a terrestrial group, spends half its day in the water
and the other half exposed to the atmosphere. The pretty Sea-Milkwort
(_Glaux maritima_) takes up the connecting thread on the land side,
and establishes its roots and woody base jammed in the crevices of
rocks, where they must absorb more salt water than fresh, and at times
it must be entirely covered by the sea. That this salt is thoroughly
congenial to its nature we may gather from the fact that the only
inland localities where _Glaux_ grows are the salt-producing districts.
It attains to only a few inches in height, and its small, smooth,
stalkless, glaucous leaves are thickened like many other shore plants,
and dotted all over with minute pits. The flowers are devoid of petals,
but the bell-shaped calyx is coloured of a flesh-tint, and sprinkled
with very small dots of crimson. Its flowering period is from May to
August.
In similar situations grows the beautiful little Sandwort Spurrey
(_Spergularia rubra_), with many slender compressed, ruddy stems
radiating from a woody rootstock; the leaves slender, awl-shaped,
unequal in size. Petals fine, bright rosy; anthers yellow. Flowers June
to September.
Like conditions of life often produce similar effects on different
organisms. Growing close to the Sea-Milkwort, just above high-water
mark, and continuing thence some distance up the cliffs, is the
Samphire (_Crithmum maritimum_), with similar woody rootstock similarly
wedged in rock-crevices, and with all its parts thickened. The glaucous
leaves are cut up into cylindrical fleshy segments, and the yellow
flowers are borne in clusters, the fleshy stalks of the individual
blossoms radiating from a common centre like the ribs of an umbrella.
It may be unnecessary to explain that this type of flower-cluster is
characteristic of the Natural Order Umbelliferæ, to which the Samphire
belongs, and that it is to the same order that such well-known plants
as carrot, hogweed, fool’s-parsley, and celery belong. Samphire is much
sought for pickling, and this has led to its extermination on many
parts of the coast. It flowers from June to September.
Fennel (_Fœniculum officinale_) is another seaside umbellifer, and
its tall, straight, and polished stems may be found growing up the
face of the cliffs, the much-divided feathery leaves producing a green
cloud-like effect. The same glaucous tint characterises the whole
plant, except that the flowers are yellow. July and August are the
months in which it may be found in blossom.
One other umbelliferous plant that is strictly confined to the shore
is the so-called Sea-Holly (_Eryngium maritimum_), though this must be
sought not on the rocky cliffs, but on sandy shores. Its dense heads
of pale-bluish flowers without a stalk nestle close to the broad and
spiny-edged glaucous leaves (glaucous again), that bear a wonderful
_primâ facie_ resemblance to those of the unrelated holly-tree. It
flowers in July and August, but the plant is easily recognised out of
its flowering season by means of the bold leaves.
But the glory of cliff vegetation to my mind is the beautiful
Thrift or Sea-Pink (_Armeria maritima_), whose tufts of thick,
narrow, grass-like leaves extend from the wave-washed rocks right
up the cliff-side, and over the stony hedges at the top. It flowers
sparingly all the year round--I have gathered it within a few days of
Christmas--but the brilliant display is in April and May, when every
clump supports many long-stalked, half-round heads of the rosy flowers,
that make so beautiful a setting for the nests of the cliff-building
birds. Thrift is not absolutely peculiar to the coast, for it is found
also on high mountains; in the Scottish Highlands it occurs at an
altitude of nearly four thousand feet above the sea. There is a larger
and more rigid species (_A. plantaginea_) that grows on sandy banks in
Jersey.
A relation of the Sea-Pink is the Sea-Lavender (_Statice limonium_),
which grows where sand and mud are more abundant than rocks, and in
some places covers the sand-hills with a growth not unlike that of the
heather on inland sand-hills, and at a distance the purplish flowers
are very suggestive of heather in such a situation. They are not
gathered into a compact head as in Thrift, but are scattered along a
branching spray. It has a creeping rootstock of a woody character,
from which all the leaves spring directly. These are oval in general
outline, running off to a point at the upper end. It flowers from July
to November.
On the sandy shore where grows the Sea-Lavender there will, in all
probability, also be seen a bold-leaved plant, with large, golden
yellow flowers, which the tyro in botany will notice at a glance has
some sort of relationship with the familiar Eschscholtzia of the
garden. It is the Yellow Horned Poppy (_Glaucium luteum_), and the
above-mentioned tyro will say that this time the glaucous hue of
the leaves (from which this species and _Glaux_ both derive their
scientific names) is not wholly due to its seaside habit, for the same
hue is characteristic of Eschscholtzia and the Opium Poppy (_Papaver
somniferum_), which are cultivated flowers. Quite so, but probably
their original home may be near the sea, though the texture of their
leaves is not so fleshy as in our maritime plants of glaucous hue.
The bold, rough leaves make the plant conspicuous even in winter. The
name of Horned Poppy is suggested by the form of the seed vessel,
which is similar to that of Eschscholtzia, but thicker. It is a
prominent feature of the flower--which loses its petals after one day’s
blossoming--but they ultimately extend to a foot in length. The flowers
may be found from June till October.
Saltwort (_Salsola kali_) is also a plant of the sandy shore, with
rigid brittle stems, striped and bristly, and fleshy, glaucous leaves,
nearly cylindrical in shape, with spiny points. At their base the
leaves become broader and partially clasp the stem. The little flowers
are leafless, borne in the axils of the leaves, and to be seen only
in July and August. This is one of several plants that were formerly
burned to make Barilla, an impure carbonate of soda, much used in
the manufacture of soap and glass, before the discovery of the cheap
production of soda from common salt.
If my friend the reader is acquainted with the beautiful white-flowered
Bladder Campion (_Silene cucubalus_), of inland hedgebanks, and
he should chance to come upon the nearly allied Sea-Campion (_S.
maritima_), he will think he has the old familiar plant, so closely
are the two related; but a comparison will convince him there are
differences. For instance, the stems of _maritima_ are shorter and less
erect than those of _cucubalus_. The flower-cluster (_panicle_) is in
_cucubalus_ many-flowered; in _maritima_ the flowers vary only between
one and four in a cluster, and their petals are not so deeply cleft.
The two scales that are obvious at the base of the broad part of the
petal in _maritima_, are very obscure in _cucubalus_. _Maritima_, too,
has smaller leaves and larger flowers, and the scales (_bracts_) below
the flowers, which are dry and semi-transparent in _cucubalus_, are
here more fleshy. It flowers from June to September.
Everybody is well acquainted with the pretty Field Convolvulus, or
Small Bindweed (_Convolvulus arvensis_), and as they have just seen
it growing in abundance in the fields they passed through on the way
to the shore, they may reasonably conclude that these larger, more
richly-tinted blossoms that grow on the sandy shore, are simply more
luxuriant examples of the same species. In reality they are produced
by a distinct kind, the Sea-Convolvulus (_C. soldanella_), which
differs from the common kind in the fact that clasping the base of the
flower and covering the sepals, there are two large leaf-like bracts,
whereas in _arvensis_ these are small and placed at some distance below
the sepals. The leaves are fleshy, broader than long, the stems are
shorter, seldom more than a foot in length, and very rarely do they
twine around anything. The flowers, as we have said, are larger and
more richly coloured, only one on a stalk, whilst the common sort have
usually from two to four.
The Sea-Rocket (_Cakile maritima_) is abundant on most sandy shores.
It is a large succulent plant, about two feet in height, with
zigzag branches, and smooth, fleshy, glaucous leaves; flowers with
four purplish white petals, arranged cross-wise. The flowers are
succeeded by large succulent pods, that are divided into two by a
cross-partition; each chamber contains a solitary seed. It is this pod
that is most likely to arrest attention. It flowers in June and July.
Wall Pennywort, or Navelwort (_Cotyledon umbilicus_), is an abundant
weed in the rocks and walls of the west coast, but travels no further
east than to Kent. Its tuberous rootstock is wedged into the crevices
of the rocks and cliffs, or between the flakes of which stone dykes
are built. The leaf, as the name suggests, is round, with the stalk in
the centre; it is also thick and fleshy, the severity of the margin
taken off by a series of low, rounded teeth. Some of these leaves are
large--as much as three inches across. When the flowering stalk makes
its appearance, another type of leaf comes with it--spoon-shaped. The
flower-stalks bear drooping cylindrical flowers, greenish-white in
hue, densely crowded, and all hanging downwards. It is a very striking
ornament of the places where it is common, especially from June to
August, when it flowers.
In company with the Navelwort, on rocks and walls, will be found one,
if not two, species of Stonecrop (_Sedum_). One of these, the common
Yellow Stonecrop or Wall Pepper (_Sedum acre_), is too well-known to
need describing. The other is the White Stonecrop (_Sedum anglicum_),
of similar habit, but with the inevitable glaucous leaves (those of _S.
acre_ are _not_ glaucous, but bright green); though sometimes these
take on a reddish hue. The flowers are more star-like than those of
_S. acre_, and of a whitish or pinkish colour--in evidence from May to
August.
I do not pretend to furnish an exhaustive list of the plants of the
sea-shore: that properly treated would make a volume by itself. Such
as I have mentioned belong almost solely to a habitat where they can
receive the salt spray upon their leaves. Mention should also be made
of the Sea-Spleenwort (_Asplenium marinum_), among ferns, that loves to
grow over the entrance to a sea-cave, there hanging down its boldly-cut
and well-varnished dark green fronds, well out of reach. Then there is
a distinctly marine _Carex_, the Sea-Sedge (_Carex arenaria_), which
shares with Marram-grass (_Ammophila arenaria_), the work of binding
the sands together with its thick, creeping rootstock.
But the seaside visitor, with botanical tastes, will find the shores
abundant in vegetation generally, and he must have recourse to a
special handbook to help in their discrimination.
Were it not for fear of laying himself open to a charge of presumption,
egoism, favouritism, and a few other isms, the author would, in this
connection, recommend his own “Wayside and Woodland Blossoms,” Second
Series,[7] which includes many of the maritime flowers.
[7] Frederick Warne and Co.
CLASSIFIED INDEX
TO
_Species mentioned in the foregoing pages_.
ANIMAL KINGDOM.
Sub-kingdom--=Protozoa=.
Class _LOBOSA_--
Amæba, 21
Class _RETICULARIA_--
Textularia variabilis, 22
Cristellaria subarcuatula, 22
Polymorphina lactea, 22
Globigerina sp., 23
Rotalina, 23
Nonionina, 23
Polystomella, 23
Class _RADIOLARIA_--
Podocyrtis schomburghii, 23
Class _RHYNCO-FLAGELLATA_--
Noctiluca miliaris, 25
Sub-kingdom--=Parazoa (Spongiæ)=.
Class _CALCAREA_--
Grantia compressa, 34;
G. ciliata, 35
Class _SILICISPONGIA_--
Halichondria panicea, 31, 34;
H. incrustans, 34;
sanguinea, 34
Chalina oculata, 35
Sub-kingdom--=Cœlenterata=.
Class _HYDROZOA_--
Haliclystus octoradiatus, 44
Cyanea capillata, 50;
C. chrysaora, 55;
C. arctica, 62
Aurelia aurita, 53
Sarsia tubulosa, 57
Coryne pusilla, 42
Clava-turris multicornis, 42, 55
Plumularia cornucopiæ, 41, 43
Salacia abietina, 40
Thuiaria thuja, 41
Antennularia antennina, 44
Calycella fastigiata, 40;
C. syringa, 44
Sertularia pumila, 39;
S. fusca, 40;
S. tricuspidata, 40
Diphasia alata, 40;
D. pinnata, 40
Aglaophenia tubulifera, 40
Campanularia johnstoni, 41
Thaumantias sp., 55
Æquorea forbesiana, 59
Physalia pelagica, 56
Velella scaphoidea, 59
Class _ACTINOZOA_--
Actinia equina, 64
Sagartia rosea, 68;
S. pallida, 69;
S. nivea, 69;
S. venusta, 70;
S. miniata, 72
Cylista undata, 70;
C. viduata, 71
Anemonia sulcata, 74
Bunodes ballii, 77;
B. verrucosa, 76
Urticina felina, 78
Corynactis viridis, 79
Metridium senilis, 79
Cribrina effoeta, 80
Adamsia palliata, 80, 147
Pleurobrachia pileus, 59
Sub-kingdom--=Echinozoa=.
Class _ECHINOIDEA_--
Echinus esculentus, 100;
E. miliaris, 100
Strongylocentrus lividus, 102
Class _ASTEROIDEA_--
Uraster rubens, 86;
U. glacialis, 90
Cribella oculata, 90
Solaster papposa, 91
Asterina gibbosa, 92
Class _OPHIUROIDEA_--
Ophiocoma neglecta, 92;
O. granulata, 96;
O. brachiata, 97
Ophiothrix rosula, 96
Class _CRINOIDEA_--
Comatula rosacea, 98
Class _HOLOTHUROIDEA_--
Cucumaria pentactes, 105
Sub-kingdom--=Annullosa=: Division Scolecida.
Class _PLATYHELMINTHES_--
Planaria nigra, 123
Eurylepta vittata, 123
Astemma rufifrons, 123
Tetrastemma quadrioculatum, 124
Polystemma roseum, 124
Lineus marinus, 124
Division Anarthropoda.
Class _ANNELIDA_--
Serpula contortuplicata, 112;
S. triquetra, 113;
S. vermicularis, 113
Sabella alveolaria, 108, 112;
S. bombyx, 111;
S. tubularia, 112
Spirorbis communis, 114
Terebella figulus, 115;
T. littoralis, 115
Arenicola piscatorum, 114
Nereis pelagica, 114, 117
Cirratulus borealis, 115
Nephthys margaritacea, 117
Phyllodoce lamelligera, 117;
P. viridis, 118
Eunice sanguinea, 118
Polynoe squamata, 121;
P. cirrata, 121
Aphrodita aculeata, 121
Division Arthropoda.
Class _CRUSTACEA_--
Sub-class Cirripedia--
Lepas anatifera, 177
Scalpellum vulgare, 183
Balanus balanoides, 183;
B. porcatus, 184
Pyrgoma anglicum, 183
Sub-class Malacostraca--
Talitrus locusta, 173
Orchestia littorea, 173
Caprella linearis, 174
Corophium longicorne, 175
Ligia oceanica, 172
Idotea marina, 173
Campecopea hirsuta, 174
Næsa bidentata, 174
Mysis flexuosus, 169
Leander serratus, 160;
L. squilla, 165;
L. fabricii, 165
Pandalus montagui, 166
Hippolyte varians, 166
Crangon vulgaris, 167
Astacus gammarus, 152
Palinurus vulgaris, 152
Upogebia stellata, 171
Callianassa subterranea, 170
Galathea squamifera, 150;
G. nexa, 151;
G. dispersa, 151;
G. intermedia, 151;
G. strigosa, 151
Porcellana platycheles, 147;
P. longicornis, 149
Eupagurus bernhardus, 144;
E. prideaux, 144
Maia squinado, 152
Gonoplax rhomboides, 156
Corystes cassivelaunus, 155
Portunus puber, 140
Carcinus mænas, 139
Pilumnus hirtellus, 138
Xantho incisus, 137;
X. hydrophilus, 137
Cancer pagurus, 131
Sub-kingdom--=Mollusca=.
Class _GASTROPODA_--
Fissurella græca, 223
Emarginula reticulata, 223;
E. rosea, 223
Patella vulgata, 207
Patella pellucida, 211;
P. lævis, 211
Acmæa testudinalis, 211
Phasianella pullus, 221
Trochus cinereus, 221;
T. magus, 222;
T. zizyphinus, 221
Scalaria communis, 219
Janthina fragilis, 222
Cerithium reticulatum, 219
Turritella communis, 219
Natica monilifera, 216
Pileopsis (or Capulus) hungaricus, 223
Littorina littoralis, 220;
L. littorea, 220;
L. rudis, 220
Rissoa ulvæ, 219
Aporrhais pes-pelicani, 219
Cypræa europea, 215
Ovula patula, 216
Erato lævis, 216
Murex erinaceus, 214
Fusus antiquus, 214;
F. contrarius, 214
Buccinum undatum, 213
Nassa incrassata, 213
Purpura lapillus, 212
Aplysia depilans, 229
Doris johnstoni, 227;
D. tuberculata, 227
Eolis coronata, 227;
E. papillosa, 228
Class _SCAPHOPODA_--
Dentalium entalis, 224;
D. tarentinum, 224
Class _CEPHALOPODA_--
Sepia officinalis, 233
Loligo vulgaris, 235
Sepiola rondeletii, 235
Octopus vulgaris, 232
Class _LAMELLIBRANCHIA_--
Pectunculus glycimeris, 198
Isocardia cor, 190
Cardium aculeatum, 187;
C. edule, 189
Tapes aurea, 194;
T. decussata, 193;
T. pullastra, 194;
T. virginea, 194
Cytherea chione, 191
Venus fasciata, 190;
V. verrucosa, 190
Psammobia sp, 201
Tellina crassa, 201;
T. tenuis, 201
Donax anatinus, 201;
D. politus, 201
Mactra elliptica, 200;
M. stultorum, 199;
M. truncata, 200
Lutraria sp, 200
Saxicava rugosa, 202
Solen ensis, 202;
S. siliqua, 202
Pholas dactylus, 205
Mytilus edulis, 197
Modiola modiolus, 198
Anomia ephippium, 197
Pecten opercularis, 194;
P. tigrinus, 195;
P. varius, 196
Sub-kingdom--=Gephyræa=.
Class _SIPUNCULOIDEA_--
Sipunculus punctatissima, 106
Class _POLYZOA_--
Crisea eburnea, 47
Scrupocellaria reptans, 47
Bugula avicularia, 47
Flustra foliacea, 47
Membranipora pilosa, 47
Sub-kingdom--=Vertebrata=.
Class _TUNICATA_--
Clavelina lepadiformis, 241
Ascidia mentula, 236;
A. virginea, 237
Cynthia aggregata, 239;
C. quadrangularis, 241
Styela grossularia, 240
Botryllus violaceus, 244
Leptoclinum gelatinosum, 218, 243;
L. maculatum, 217
Polyclinum, 243
Aplidium, 243
Amaroecium, 243
Salpa maxima, 242
Class _PISCES_--
Syngnathus acus, 254;
S. lumbriciformis, 254
Conger vulgaris, 263
Liparis montagui, 273
Lepadogaster bimaculatus, 270;
L gouani, 273
Ammodytes tobianus, 276
Motella cimbria, 266;
M. mustela, 266;
M. vulgaris, 266
Rhombus punctatus, 275
Pleuronectes flesus, 275
Labrus maculatus, 261;
L. mixtus, 262
Crenilabrus melops, 258
Centronotus gunnellus, 264.
Gasterosteus spinachia, 269.
Cottus scorpio, 250
Trachinus draco, 269;
T. vipera, 269
Gobius minutus, 258;
G. niger, 257
Blennius galerita, 256;
B. gattorugine, 270;
B. ocellaris, 256;
B. pholis, 247
Class _AVES_--
Alca torda 285
Uria grylle, 285;
U. troile, 285
Colymbus glacialis, 286
Phalacrocorax carbo, 279;
P. graculus, 279
Sula bassana, 280
Sterna cantiaca, 283;
S. fluviatilis, 283;
S. minutus, 283
Larus sp. 283
Procellaria pelagica, 286
Fulmar us glacialis, 286
Puffinus anglorum. 287
Tringa canutus, 282;
T. striata, 282
Calidris arenaria, 282
Hæmatopus ostralegus, 281
Ardea cinerea, 281
Corvus corax, 279;
C. monedula, 279
Pyrrhocorax graculus, 278
Anthus obscurus, 277
VEGETABLE KINGDOM.
Sub-kingdom--=Cryptogamia=--=Thallophyta=.
Class _FLORIDEÆ_--
Callithamnion, 297
Griffithsia corallina, 298
Ptilota, 298
Ceramium, 298
Corallina officinalis, 298
Melobesia, 298
Halymenia ligulata, 298
Chondrus crispus, 299
Gigartina mamillosa, 299
Rhodymenia jubata, 299;
R. palmata, 298
Chylocladia parvula, 300
Plocamium coccineum, 298
Delesseria alata, 300
Laurencia pinnatifida, 299
Ulva latissima, 295
Enteromorpha compressa, 301
Class _FUCACEÆ_--
Himanthalia lorea, 292
Halidrys siliquosa, 292
Fucus canaliculatus, 289;
F. nodosus, 290;
F. serratus, 291;
F. vesiculosus, 291
Cystoseira ericoides, 293
Class _PHÆOSPOREÆ_--
Alaria esculenta, 294
Laminaria bulbosa, 294;
L. digitata, 293;
L. saccharina, 294
Chorda filum, 295
Dictyosiphon fœniculaceus, 295
Asperococcus turneri, 296
Padina pavonia, 296
Class _MULTINUCLEATÆ_--
Bryopsis plumosa, 301
Vasculares. Class _FILICINEÆ_--
Asplenium marinum, 308
Sub-kingdom--=Phanerogramia=.
Class _DICOTYLEDONES_--
Glaucium luteum, 305
Cakile maritima, 307
Silene maritima, 306
Spergularia rubra, 303
Cotyledon umbilicus, 307
Sedum acre, 308;
S. anglicum, 308
Eryngium maritimum, 304
Fœniculum officinale 304
Crithmum maritimum, 304
Armeria vulgaris (maritima), 305;
A. plantaginea, 305
Statice limonium, 305
Glaux maritima, 303
Convolvulus soldanella, 307
Salsola kali, 306
Class _MONOCOTYLEDONES_--
Carex arenaria, 308
Ammophila arenaria, 308
INDEX.
(The _popular_ names are printed in _italics_.)
Acmæa alvea, 211
---- testudinalis, 211
_Acorn-shells_, 179
Actinia equina, 64, 65
Adamsia palliata, 80, 147
Ægirus punctilucens, 227
Æquorea forbesiana, 59
_Æsop Prawn_, 166
Aglaophenia tubulifera, 40
Alaria esculenta, 294
Alca torda, 285
Amæba, 21
Amaroecium, 243
Ammodytes tobianus, 276
Ammophila arenaria, 308
Amphipoda, 172
_Anemones, Sea_, 64
Anemonia sulcata, 64, 74
_Angular-Crab_, 156
Anomia ephippium, 197
Antennularia antennina, 44
Anthus obscurus, 277
Aphrodita aculeata, 121
Aplidium, 243
Aporrhais pes-pelicani, 219
Aplysia depilans, 229
_Aquarium hints_, 84
Ardea cinerea, 281
Arenicola piscatorum, 114
_Aristotle’s Lantern_, 101
Armeria maritima, 305
A. plantaginea, 305
Artemis exoleta, 192
Ascidia mentula, 236
A. virginea, 237
_Ash-leaf Seaweed_, 300
Asperococcus turneri, 296
Asplenium marinum, 308
Astemma rufifrons, 123
Asterina gibbosa, 92
Aurelia aurita, 54
_Badderlocks_, 294
Balanus balanoides, 183
---- porcatus, 184
_Banded Flat-worm_, 123
_Banded Venus_, 190
_Barnacle_, 177
---- _Necked_, 183
_Beadlet_, 64
_Beautiful Queen Shrimp_, 170
_Bennett Dr., on_ Physalia, 57
_Beröe_, 60
Bipinnaria asterigera, 90
_Bird’s-head Coralline_, 47
_Birds of the Shore_, 277
_Black Goby_, 257
_Black Planarian_, 123
_Black Tang_, 291
_Bladder wrack_, 291
_Blennies_, 247, 256
Blennius galerita, 256
---- gattorugine, 270
---- ocellaris, 256
Blennius pholis, 247
_Boring Sponge_, 35
Botryllus violaceus, 244
_Bristly Marl Shell_, 225
_Brittle-star_, 92
_Broad-claw_, 147
Bryopsis plumosa, 301
Buccinum undatum, 80, 213
Bunodes ballii, 77
---- verrucosa, 64, 76
_Butterfly Blenny_, 256
Cakile maritima, 307
Calidris arenaria, 282
Callianassa subterranea, 170
Callithamnion, 297
Calycella fastigiata, 40
---- syringa, 44
Calycles, 39
Campanularia, 41
Campecopea hirsuta, 174
Cancer pagurus, 131
Caprella linearis, 174
Carcinus mænas, 139
Cardium aculeatum, 187
---- edule, 189
Carex arenaria, 308
_Carpet Shells_, 193, 194
_Carrageen_, 299
_Cave-dweller_, 70
Centronotus gunnellus, 264
Cephalopoda, 231
Ceramium, 298
Cereus pedunculatus, 64, 71
Cerithium reticulatum, 219
_Chameleon Shrimp_, 169
_Channelled Wrack_, 289
Chemnitzia rufescens, 219
Chiton cinereus, 225
---- fascicularis, 225
---- lævis, 225
---- marmoreus, 225
Chondrus crispus, 299
Chorda filum, 295
_Chough_, 278
Chylocladia parvula, 300
Cirratulus borealis, 116
Cirripedes, 176
Clava multicornis, 42
Clavelina lepadiformis, 241
Cliona celata, 35
_Cloaklet Anemone_, 147, 180
_Cockles_, 186, 187
Colymbus glacialis, 286
Comatula rosacea, 98
_Comb-shell_, 198
_Commensalism_, 80
_Conelet_, 215
_Conger Eel_, 263
Conger vulgaris, 263
Convolvulus soldanella, 307
_Cook_, 262
Corallina officinalis, 298
_Coralline_, 298
_Corkwing Wrasse_, 258
_Cormorants_, 279
Corophium longicorne, 175
Corvus corax, 279
C. monedula, 279
Corynactis viridis, 65, 79, 175
Coryne pusilla, 42
Corystes cassivelaunus, 155
Cottus scorpio, 250
Cotyledon umbilicus, 307
_Cowry_, 215
_Crabs_, 130
Crangon vulgaris, 167
_Creeping Coralline_, 47
Crenilabrus melops, 258
Cribella oculata, 90
Cribrina effoeta, 80
Crisea eburnea, 47
Cristellaria, 22
Crithmum maritimum, 304
_Cross-cut Carpet-shell_, 193
_Cross-fish_, 86
_Crumb-of-bread Sponge_, 34
_Cuckoo Wrasse_, 262
Cucumaria pentactes, 105
_Cup Shrimp_, 166
_Curlew_, 280
_Currant-squirter_, 241
_Cuttles_, 231
_Cut Trough-shell_, 200
Cyanea arctica, 62
---- capillata, 50, 55
---- chrysaora, 55
Cylista undata, 70
---- viduata, 65, 72
Cynthia aggregata, 239
---- quadrangularis, 237, 241
Cypræa europea, 215
Cystoseira ericoides, 293
Cytherea chione, 191
_Dahlia Wartlet_, 78
_Daisy Anemone_, 71
_Darwin C., on Barnacles_, 180
Delesseria alata, 300
Dentalina, 23
Dentalium entalis, 224
---- tarentinum, 224
_Devil Crabs_, 136
Dictyosiphon fœniculaceus, 295
Difflugia, 22
Diphasia alata, 40
---- pinnata, 40
Donax anatinus, 201
---- politus, 201
Doris johnstoni, 227
---- tuberculata, 227
_Dotted Siphon-worm_, 106
Echinus esculentus, 102
---- miliaris, 102
_Elliptic Trough-shell_, 200
Emarginula reticulata, 223
---- rosea, 223
Enteromorpha compressa, 301
Entomostraca, 172
Entosolenia, 23
Eolis coronata, 227
---- papillosa, 228
_Equipment for Shore-hunting_, 15
Erato lævis, 216
Eryngium maritimum, 304
Eunice sanguinea, 118
Eupagurus bernhardus, 80, 144
Eupagurus prideaux, 80, 144
Eurylepta vittata, 123
_Eyed Cribella_, 90
_Father Lasher_, 250
_Feather-Star_, 98
_Fennel_, 304
_Fennel-leaved Netweed_, 295
_Fifteen-spined Stickleback_, 269
_Finger Pholas_, 202
Fissurella græca, 223
_Five-bearded Rockling_, 266
_Five-fingers_, 86
_Flounder_, 275
_Flowers of the Shore_, 303
Flustra foliacea, 46
Fœniculum officinale, 304
_Foliaceous Coralline_, 47
_Food for Anemones_, 83
Foraminifera, 21, 22
_Forbes E., on the Hairy Stinger_, 50
---- on _Brittle-star_, 96
_Four-bearded Rockling_, 266
_Fragile Tellen_, 201
Fratercula arctica, 285
Fucus canaliculatus, 289
---- nodosus, 290
---- serratus, 291
---- vesiculosus, 291
_Fulmar_, 286
Fulmarus glacialis, 286
Fusus antiquus, 80, 214
---- contrarius, 214
_Gabrick_, 152
Galathea dispersa, 152
---- nexa, 152
---- squamifera, 150
---- strigosa, 151
_Gannet_, 280
Gasterosteus spinachia, 269
_Gattorugine_, 270
_Gem Pimplet_, 64, 76
_Gibbous Starlet_, 92
Gigartina mamillosa, 299
Glaucium luteum, 305
Glaux maritima, 303
_Globe Beröe_, 59
_Globehorn_, 65, 79
Globigerina, 23
_Gobies_, 257, 258
Gobius minutus, 258
---- niger, 257
_Golden Carpet-shell_, 194
Gonoplax rhomboides, 156
_Gosse on Star-fish larvæ_, 97
Grantia ciliata, 35
---- compressa, 35
_Granulate Brittle-star_, 95
_Grass-Wrack_, 288
_Great Crab_, 132
_Great Northern Diver_, 286
_Green Crab_, 139
_Grey Heron_, 281
Griffithsia, 298
_Guillemots_, 285
_Gulls_, 283, 284
_Gunnel_, 264
Hæmatopus ostralegus, 281
_Hairy Porcelain Crab_, 147
_Hairy Stinger_, 50, 55
Halichondria incrustans, 34
---- panicea, 31
---- sanguinea, 34
Haliclystus octoradiatus, 44
Halidrys siliquosa, 292
Halymenia ligulata, 298
_Heart Cockle_, 190
_Herdman Prof. on_ Lamellaria, 217
_Hermit-crabs_, 142
_Heron_, 281
Himanthalia lorea, 292
Hippolyte varians, 166
_Horn-shell_, 219
_Horny Cobbler_, 250
_Horse-mussel_, 198
_Hungarian Cap_, 223
Hydra tuba, 52
_Hydroid zoophytes_, 38
Idotea marina, 173
Iridea edulis, 299
_Irish Moss_, 299
Isocardia cor, 190
Isopoda, 172
Jania, 298
Janthina, 222
_Jelly-fishes_, 49
_Keyhole Limpet_, 223
_Knot_, 282
_Knotted Wrack_, 290
Labrus maculatus, 261
---- mixtus, 262
Lamellaria perspicua, 217
Laminaria bulbosa, 294
---- digitata, 14, 293
---- saccharina, 294
_Laminarian Zone_, 14
_Lantern of Aristotle_, 101
Larus, 283
Laurencia pinnatifida, 299
_Leaf-worms_, 116
Leander fabricii, 165
---- serratus, 160
---- squilla, 165
Lepadogaster bimaculatus, 270
---- gouani, 273
Lepas anatifera, 177
Leptoclinum gelatinosum, 218, 243
---- maculatum, 217
_Lesser Launce_, 276
Lichina pygmæa, 173, 303
Ligia oceanica, 172
_Limpets_, 207, 211, 223
Lineus marinus, 124
Liparis montagui, 273
_Littoral Zone_, 14
Littorina littoralis, 220
---- littorea, 220
---- rudis, 220
Loligo vulgaris, 235
_Long-armed Brittle-star_, 97
_Long worm_, 124
_Lug-worm_, 114
Lutraria, 200
Mactra elliptica, 200
---- stultorum, 199
---- truncata, 200
Maia squinado, 152
_Mail-shells_, 225
Mangelia septangularis, 215
_Many-eyed Red-worm_, 124
_Manx Shearwater_, 287
_Margin-shell_, 216
_Marigold_, 54
_Marine polyzoa_, 45
_Marram-grass_, 308
_Masked-crab_, 155
Megalopa, 133
Melobesia, 298
Membranipora pilosa, 47
Metridium senilis, 65, 79
Microciona carnosa, 34
Modiola modiolus, 198
Mollusca, 185
_Montagu’s Blenny_, 256
Motella cimbria, 266
---- mustela, 266
---- vulgaris, 266
_Mother Carey’s Chicken_, 286
Murex erinaceus, 214
_Murlins_, 294
_Mussel_, 197
Mysis flexuosus, 169
Mytilus edulis, 197
Nacella (Patella) pellucida, 211
Næsa bidentata, 174
Nassa incrassata, 213
Natica monilifera, 217
_Necked Barnacle_, 183
_Necklace Natica_, 216
Nemertes borlasii, 124
Nephthys margaritacea, 117
Nereis pelagica, 114, 117
_Netted Dog-whelk_, 213
Noctiluca miliaris, 25
Nonionina, 23
_Northern Diver_, 286
Numenius arquata, 282
---- phæopus, 282
Octopus vulgaris, 232
_Opelet_, 74
Ophiocoma brachiata, 97
---- granulata, 96
---- neglecta, 92
Ophiothrix rosula, 96
_Opossum Shrimp_, 169
_Orange-disk Anemone_, 70
Orchestia littorea, 173
_Otter-shells_, 200
Ovula patula, 216
_Owen Sir Rich., on_ Medusa, 62
_Oyster Catcher_, 281
Padina pavonia, 296
_Pallid Anemone_, 69
Pandalus montagui, 166
_Parasite Anemone_, 80
Patella lævis, 211
---- pellucida, 211
---- vulgata, 207
_Peacock’s Tail_, 296
_Pearly Nereis_, 117
Pecten opercularis, 194
---- tigrinus, 195
---- varius, 196
Pectunculus glycimeris, 198
_Pelican’s-foot_, 219
Pentacrinus europæus, 99
_Pepper Dulse_, 219
_Perforated Limpet_, 223
_Periwinkles_, 220
_Petrel_, 286
Phalacrocorax carbo, 279
---- graculus, 279
Phasianella pullus, 221
Pholas dactylus, 205
_Pheasant-shell_, 221
Phyllodoce lamelligera, 117
---- viridis, 118
Physalia pelagica, 56
_Piddock_, 205
Pileopsis hungaricus, 223
Pilumnus hirtellus, 138
_Pipe-fishes_, 254
Planarians, 122
Planaria nigra, 123
Planula, 55
Pleurobrachia pileus, 59
Pleuronectes flesus, 275
Plocamium coccineum, 298
_Plumelet_, 64, 79
Plumularia cornucopiæ, 43
Plumulariæ, 41
_Poached Egg-shell_, 216
_Pod-weed_, 292
Polycistina, 23
Polyclinum, 243
Polymorphina, 22
Polynoe cirrata, 121
---- squamata, 121
Polypite, 53
Polystemma roseum, 124
Polystomella, 23
Polyzoa, 45
Porcellana longicornis, 149
---- platycheles, 147
_Portuguese Man o’ war_, 56
Portunus puber, 140
_Prawn_, 160
---- _Æsop_, 166
---- _Varying_, 166
Procellaria pelagica, 286
Psammobia, 201
Ptilota, 298
_Puffin_, 285
Puffinus anglorum, 287
_Pullet Carpet-shell_, 194
Puncturella noachina, 223
_Purple_, 212
_Purple-tipped Urchin_, 100
_Purple Urchin_, 102
Purpura lapillus, 212
Pyrgoma anglicum, 183
Pyrrhocorax graculus, 278
_Quatrefages M., on_ Eunice, 218
_Quin_, 194
_Rainbow Bladder-weed_, 293
_Rainbow Leaf-worm_, 117
_Rastegna_, 75
_Rayed Artemis_, 192
_Rayed Trough-shell_, 199
_Razorbill_, 285
_Razor-shells_, 186, 202
_Red-faced Blind-worm_, 123
_Red-nosed Borer_, 202
_Redshank_, 282
_Red-shrimp_, 166
_Red-specked Pimplet_, 77
_Red Whelk_, 214
Rhodymenia jubata, 299
---- palmata, 298
Rhombus punctatus, 275
Rissoa ulvæ, 219
_Rock Goby_, 258
_Rock Pipit_, 277
_Rosy Anemone_, 65, 68
Rotalina, 23
_Ruddy Pyramid-shell_, 219
Sabella alveolaria, 108
---- bombyx, 111
---- tubularia, 112
_Saddle-oyster_, 197
Sagartia miniata, 72
---- nivea, 69
---- pallida, 69
---- rosea, 65, 68
---- venusta, 70
Salacia abietina, 40
_Sallee-man_, 59
Salpa maxima, 242
_Saltwort_, 306
_Samphire_, 304
_Sanderling_, 282
_Sandpiper_, 282
_Sand Mason_, 115
_Sand-worm_, 114
_Sandwich Tern_, 283
_Sandwort Spurrey_, 303
_Sanguine Eunice_, 118
Sarsia tubulosa, 57
_Saw-edged Wrack_, 291
Saxicava rugosa, 202
Scalaria, 219
_Scallops_, 194
Scalpellum vulgare, 183
_Scarlet-fringed Anemone_, 72
_Scarlet Serpula_, 112
Scrupocellaria reptans, 47
_Sea: extent and importance_, 11
---- _Adder_, 254
---- _Anemones_, 64
---- _Campion_, 306
---- _Convolvulus_, 307
---- _Cucumber_, 102
---- _Furbelows_, 294
---- _Gooseberry_, 59
---- _Hare_, 230
---- _Holly_, 304
---- _Jellies_, 49
---- _Lace_, 295
---- _Lavender_, 305
---- _Lemon_, 227
---- _Lettuce_, 295
---- _Mat_, 46
---- _Milkwort_, 303
---- _Mouse_, 121
---- _Nettles_, 50
---- _Night-light_, 25
---- _Oak Coralline_, 39
---- _Pink_, 305
---- _Rocket_, 307
---- _Sedge_, 308
---- _Slater_, 172
---- _Slugs_, 226
---- _Spleenwort_, 308
---- _Squirts_, 236
---- _Stars_, 86
---- _Swallows_, 283
---- _Thongs_, 292
---- _Urchins_, 86, 100
---- _Weeds_, 288
---- _Worms_, 107
Sedum acre, 308
---- anglicum, 308
Sepia officinalis, 233
Sepiola rondeletii, 235
Serpula contortuplicata, 112
Serpula triquetra, 113
---- vermicularis, 113
Sertularia pumila, 39
---- fusca, 40
_Shag_, 279
_Shanny_, 247
_Shell-binder_, 115
_Ship-barnacle_, 177
_Shore Crab_, 139
_Shore Fishes_, 246
_Shore-hunting_, 16
_Shore-zones_, 14
Silene maritima, 306
_Silkworm Sabella_, 112
Sipunculus punctatissima, 106
_Skeleton-shrimp_, 174
_Slit Limpet_, 223
_Smooth Artemis_, 192
_Smooth Limpet_, 211
_Smooth Venus_, 191
_Snake-locked Anemone_, 65
_Snowy Anemone_, 69
_Solan Goose_, 280
Solaster papposa, 91
Solen ensis, 202
---- siliqua, 202
Spergularia rubra, 303
_Spiny Cockle_, 187
_Spire-shells_, 219
Spirorbis communis, 113
_Sponges_, 28
_Squat-lobsters_, 150
_Squid_, 235
_Star-fish_, 86
_Starlet_, 92
Statice limonium, 305
_Stebbing T. R., on Limbs of Crabs_, 132
Sterna cantiaca, 283
---- fluviatilis, 283
---- minuta, 283
_Stickleback, Fifteen-spined_, 269
_Sting-fish_, 250
_Sting-winkle_, 214
Strongylocentrus lividus, 102
Styela grossularia, 240
_Sugar Tangle_, 294
Sula bassana, 280
_Sunset-shells_, 201
_Sun Star_, 91
Syngnathus acus, 254
---- lumbriciformis, 254
Talitrus locusta, 173
_Tangle_, 293
Tapes aurea, 194
---- decussata, 193
---- pullastra, 194
---- virginea, 194
_Tellen-shells_, 201
Tellina crassa, 201
---- tenuis, 201
Terebella figulus, 115
---- littoralis, 115
_Terns_, 283
Tetrastemma quadrioculatum, 124
Textularia variabilis, 22
Thaumantias, 55
_Thomson, Sir Wyville, on_ Comatula, 99
_Thrift_, 305
Thuiaria thuja, 41
_Tides_, 14
_Tompot_, 270
_Tooth-shells_, 224
_Topknot_, 275
_Top-shells_, 221
_Torbay Bonnet_, 223
_Tortoise-shell Limpet_, 211
Totanus calidris, 282
Trachinus draco, 269
---- vipera, 269
Tringa canutus, 282
---- striata, 282
Trochus cinereus, 221
---- magus, 222
---- zizyphinus, 221
_Trough-shells_, 199
_Trumpet Sabella_, 112
_Tube-mouthed Sarsia_, 57
Tunicata, 236
Turbellaria, 122
Turris digitalis, 55
Turritella communis, 219
_Turret-shells_, 219
_Tusk-shells_, 224
Ulva latissima, 295
Upogebia stellata, 171
Uraster glacialis, 86
---- rubens, 86
Uria grylle, 285
----troile, 285
Urticina felina, 78
_Varying Prawn_, 166
Velella scaphoidea, 59
_Velvet Fiddler-crab_, 140
Venus fasciata, 190
---- verrucosa, 191
_Violet-shell_, 222
_Virgin’s Carpet-shell_, 193
_Wall Pennywort_, 307
_Wall Pepper_, 308
_Warted Venus_, 190
_Wedge-shells_, 201
_Weevers_, 269
_Wentletrap_, 219
_Whelks_, 214
_Whimbrel_, 282
_White Stonecrop_, 308
_Wilfry_, 114
_Winged Delesseria_, 300
_Wood J. G., on Hairy Stinger_, 51
_Worm Pipe-fish_, 254
Wormskioldia sanguinea, 300
_Wrasse_, 258
Xanthellæ, 24
Xantho hydrophilus, 137
---- incisus, 137
_Yellow Horned Poppy_, 305
“_Zebedees_”, 136
Zoaria, 45
Zoea taurus, 133
Zoophytes, 37
Zostera marina, 288
Transcriber’s Notes.
Italic text is indicated with _underscores_, bold text with =equals=.
Small/mixed capitals have been replaced with ALL CAPITALS.
Evident typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected
silently. Inconsistent use of italics in the Index likewise.
Inconsistent/spelling hyphenation has been normalised.
The author’s use of the form “amæba” and its variants has been
retained. Likewise both “mollusc” and “mollusk”.
Two references to Ianthina on page 222 have been corrected to
Janthina, and the index amended accordingly. Neither of the two
indexes has otherwise been checked for correct alphabetization or
page references.
Footnotes are placed immediately after the paragraph in which they are
referenced.
Some illustrations have been moved between paragraphs or to a more
relevant position in the text.