But two months dead; nay, not so much, not two;
while in the third act the time since his death is stated to be "twice
two months." The interval is, therefore, two months, or a little more.
During this time Hamlet, in pursuance of his studied plan,
Fell into a sadness, then into a fast,
Thence to a watch, thence into a weakness,
Thence to a lightness, and by this declension
into his feigned madness. During this time Ophelia, in accordance with
her father's commands,
Did repel his letters, and denied
His access to her.
That she had not spoken with him for some length of time is shown by her
statement that the presents given her by him she had
Longed long to re-deliver,
and it was only on the day preceding the opening of ACT II. that Hamlet
had carried his feigned insanity so far as to force his way into her
closet and frighten her with his antics. It was at about this time also
that the king decided upon his "hasty sending" for Rosencranz and
Guildenstern, that they, by associating with him, might learn the cause
of his affliction. The ambassadors, whose departure for Norway is
mentioned in the first act, are welcomed home again in the second, thus
giving us another evidence of the lapse of time. Still another
indication of the length of the interval is contained in the fact that
Lamond, a gentleman of Normandy, reached the Danish court after Laertes'
departure and "two months" before his return.
In the second interval there has been time enough for the news of the
death of Polonius to reach Laertes in Paris, and for him, "in secret,"
to return and spend some time in hiding, while he
Feeds on his wonder, keeps himself in clouds,
And wants not buzzers to infect his ear
With pestilent speeches of his father's death:
until at last he raises the body of men by whose aid he breaks through
the defences of the king and demands vengeance for the death of his
father. The interval had also been sufficient for Fortinbras to march
from Denmark to Poland, win a victory there, and then return as far as
the Danish court on his way home. It was not sufficient, however, for
Rosencranz and Guildenstern to reach England, there to meet their
deaths, and for the news to be brought back from England to Denmark.
Although Hamlet leaped upon the "pirate" ship when only two days out at
sea, it is likely that a much greater time would elapse before his
return. If it were only for appearances' sake, it would be necessary
that he should remain on the ship for some little length of time to keep
up the pretence that it was a "pirate" that had attacked him, and in
order that the fact might not become known that it was in reality one of
the vessels of Fortinbras that had rescued him in accordance with a plot
agreed upon between the two princes. On his return he recognized the
fact that the interim before the arrival of the news from England would
be but short, and that in this time, if ever, he must act. In truth he
had not an hour to spare, for the English ambassadors reached the Danish
court only a few minutes after the death of the king.
The best clue to the length of the interval between Scenes iii. and iv.
of the fourth act is, however, given by the flowers that were in bloom
at each of the two periods.
In the last scene there are named pansies, columbines, daisies,
crowflowers, nettles and long-purples; flowers which in England (and it
is the English rather than the Danish flora that is referred to by
Shakespeare) are all in bloom during the month of April. The time of
Polonius's death is fixed with beautiful precision by the words of
Ophelia:
I would give you some violets, but they withered all when my father
died.
It is in March that the English violets bloom and pass away.
The early violets of the United States, the "Johnny Jump-ups" of the
children, have a curious synchronism in their flowering, which
distinguishes them from other plants, and which seems to have passed
unnoticed. Go at the right time, and you may find the grass beneath the
trees and in moist or shady spots fairly blue with unnumbered myriads of
these blossoms. Go two days later, and you may look in vain for a single
specimen. They wither, literally, in a day. This little phrase of
Shakespeare's shows the same peculiarity to be true of the English
violets; and yet Shakespeare is the only writer who has observed it.
Many another poet would have made it the basis of a dozen similes, and
would have spun out verse after verse with varying references to it, yet
Shakespeare in his wealth makes but this unnoticed and incidental
allusion to the fact, and refers to it no more forever.
The flowers that are mentioned, therefore, show that the tragedy ends in
April, and that it was some time during the month of March that Polonius
was slain. The action commenced some two months, or a little more,
before that time, or during the first half of the month of January, a
time when
The air bites shrewdly; it is very cold.
About two months before this, or early in November, the treacherous
Claudius stole upon his sleeping brother,
With juice of cursed hebenon in a vial,
And in the porches of his ear did pour
The leperous distilment.
And it was in December, or
Within a month--
A little month!
after her first husband's death that Gertrude married his murderer.
Why was it that for thirty days the perturbed spirit of the former king
allowed
The royal bed of Denmark (to) be
A couch for luxury and damned incest,
and made no sign?
The answer is given by Marcellus:
Ever 'gainst that season comes
Wherein our Saviour's birth is celebrated
The bird of dawning singeth all night long;
And then, they say no spirit dare stir abroad.
It was, therefore, not until after the Christmas holidays were passed,
that the ghost of Hamlet's father could bring his message from the
grave.
Here it may be well to notice a variation between the first quarto and
the following editions of Hamlet, the only one in which the time is
changed. In the first form of the play that has come down to us,
Gertrude's marriage did not occur until about two months after her first
husband's death, and the drama opens immediately after her wedding. The
winter's cold is but slightly referred to, and the season of the year
seems not to have been as firmly fixed in Shakespeare's mind as it was
by further thought and study.
There are two passages which seem to indicate warmer weather than is
consistent either with the "bitter cold," which is twice referred to, or
with a January night. These are:
The morn, in russet mantle clad,
Walks o'er the dew of yon high eastern hill
and
The glow-worm shows the matin to be near,
And 'gins to pale his uneffectual fire.
These I can only account for by the theory that they formed part of the
drama in an earlier state, before the time of the play had been fully
developed, and that their beauty saved them in the later forms that we
now have, notwithstanding their inconsistency with the "bitter cold" of
a winter's night.
It cannot escape attention that the first days of November would be very
late for the elder Hamlet to be able to continue his afternoon custom of
sleeping within his orchard. Still, it is not impossible that pleasant
autumn weather might continue until that season of the year.
It may be worthy of notice that the action in the original "Hystorie of
Hamblet," on which the drama is founded, covers a period of "many
years," and that in the German play, "Fratricide Punished," which by
some is thought to be an adaptation of an early form of the drama which
has not otherwise reached us, there is not a single indication of any
definite lapse of time or of the season of the year.
In the tragedy, as we now possess it, there are, as shown above, two or
three passages in which there is some apparent conflict with the
remainder of the play, as to the season of the year in which the action
took place; but for any evidence of uncertainty as to the lapse of time;
for any legerdemain or glamour, the student will look in vain. On the
contrary, there are but few creations of the intellect in which the
passage of time is as clearly and unmistakably indicated.
As for the various points that have been thought to show some confusion
in the mind of our poet, there are none which upon careful examination
will not be found to have melted into air--thin air--leaving not a rack
behind.
When Hamlet learned the truth of his suspicions, and resolved to obey
his father's entreaties for revenge, he needed the aid of a stronger
mind, and felt the want of sympathy and counsel; but it is not
remarkable that Horatio should have remained unnoticed about the court
for some two months after his arrival, during the time that Hamlet was
first occupied in brooding over his father's death and his mother's
shame; for then his melancholy filled his mind to the exclusion of all
other thoughts, and he had not felt it necessary to take any immediate
action. Polonius was surprised at Ophelia's account of the outbreak of
Hamlet, for it had but just occurred, and no such indication of violent
madness had preceded it; Hamlet's former state having been that of a
gradual passage from sadness to fasting, sleeplessness, weakness and
lightness, and his feigned insanity had but just reached a state which
frightened the king into sending for the former companions of the prince
to keep him company.
Ophelia had longed for a considerable period to re-deliver Hamlet's
remembrances, for, in accordance with her father's instructions, she had
denied him all access to her for some two months, and on the occasion
(the day before she returned his gifts) when Hamlet, in fantastic
attire, came suddenly before her, no word was spoken, and her surprise
and agitation would naturally have prevented all thought of his
remembrances.
When Hamlet tells Rosencrantz and Guildenstern that he has "of late
foregone all custom of exercises," it is merely as an excuse for his
loss of mirth, in order that they may not learn its true cause; but the
fact was, as Hamlet confessed to Horatio, that since the time when
Laertes went into France (that is to say, since the time when the ghost
first appeared to him) he had been in continual practice with the foils.
Laertes had been at home, "in secret," for some little time before he
forced his way into the presence of the king, gathering the populace to
his side and maturing his plans for rebellion. There is no reason to
believe that he had failed to take time to go to his own home after
returning from France. On the contrary, Ophelia's words,
My brother shall know of it,
indicate that even in her madness there remained in her mind a knowledge
of her brother's presence near her. Laertes was surprised at her
insanity, for her mind had but just given way, and he, with the king and
queen, saw her first violent outbreak.
It seems strange that the King should propose a fencing match but a few
hours after the burial of Ophelia, and that her brother should be
willing to engage in it; but the King's fear of Hamlet, and Laertes'
desire for revenge, were so great as to override all other
considerations.
The discrepancy between Hamlet's apparent "youth" and the thirty years
which are fixed as his age by the words of the grave-digger and of the
player King, is the last point to which reference need be made; and,
without stopping to discuss the subject here, it may be briefly said
that much of the apparent discrepancy disappears upon careful
examination, and that sufficient explanation may be found for the little
that may appear to remain.
In this, as in other cases, the truth is, that Shakespeare wrote with
all care, and indulged in neither legerdemain nor clap-trap. We may
safely conclude that whenever faults appear to us to exist in his work,
they are much more likely to lie in our own carelessness and ignorance
than in any imperfection in the poet.
COMMUNICATION
FROM
J. O. HALLIWELL-PHILLIPPS, Esq.
COMMUNICATION
From J. O. Halliwell-Phillipps, F. R. S., F. S. A., Hon. M. R. S. L.,
Hon. M. R. I. A.: First Honorary Member of the Shakespeare Society of
New York.
(Read in Society December 3rd, 1885, and ordered incorporated in the
Minutes.)
Hollinbury Copse, Brighton, England, }
14th November, 1885. }
_Dear Mr. Appleton Morgan_,
It will, I fear, be too difficult for me to express, in adequate terms,
my appreciation of the compliment that the Shakespeare Society of New
York propose to bestow upon me. I take it as exceedingly kind of them so
to notice an old bookworm, and let me hope that you will offer my
responsive acknowledgements.
But it occurs to me to submit to their notice a few memoranda on the
history of the first Shakespeare Society that was ever formed, in the
hope that they may prove of some little interest, especially as
evidences that it is possible for Shakespearean research and criticism
to be amicably and temperately conducted for a lengthened period, and
thence presumably forever.
The Shakespeare Society of London was instituted in the year 1840, the
then leading members of the council being the director, Mr. Payne
Collier; the secretary, Mr. F. G. Tomlins; the treasurer, Mr. Dilke,
grandfather of the present Sir Charles Dilke; Rev. William Harness;
Charles Knight; Campbell, the poet; Macready, Alexander Dyce, Douglas
Jerrold, Sergeant Talfourd, Thomas Wright, and Young, the tragedian. To
these were added shortly afterward Bolton Corney, Charles Dickens, Henry
Hallam, J. R. Planche and Peter Cunningham, the last named taking the
place of Mr. Dilke as treasurer. Later acquisitions included Boyle
Bernard, Knight Bruce, John Forster, Rev. H. H. Milman and Sir George
Rose.
The society was especially fortunate in the selection of its director. A
fluent speaker, courteous to all, ever in a good humor, always ready to
encourage younger men in his favourite pursuits, and, withal, a good
financier, Payne Collier was the beau ideal of the chairman of a
literary society.
Mr. Tomlins, a journalist and dramatic critic, made in every respect an
excellent secretary. Replete with good humor and fun, he frequently
enlivened what might otherwise have been a somewhat too dull and
technical meeting of the council; without allowing all this, I need
scarcely add, to interfere with the legitimate duties of his office.
Mr. Cunningham--kind-hearted, genial Peter--was our excellent treasurer
from nearly the commencement to the termination of our society. In
common with most literary and scientific bodies, the power of government
rested in an oligarchy, and I have specially mentioned these three
names, being those in whom the real control of the society was vested,
however wisely they accepted the services or adopted the advices of
others. But there was, indeed, no one who desired to share in the
absolute responsibility of the management; least of all, no one who was
foolish enough to aim at the position of a supreme dictator. A few
observations from recollection of two or three of the other members of
the council may, perhaps, be admissible.
Macready only attended occasionally, but one of his first steps (he
being then the lessee of the Drury Lane Theater) was an announcement
that he had placed the names of every member of the council on the free
list of that establishment, made an indelible impression on my memory.
It was a delightful communication, money then being an exceedingly
scarce commodity with me; and thus I was enabled to witness and study
nearly every evening the best acting of the day, including the unrivaled
personification of _Imogen_ by Helen Faucit.
Alexander Dyce was a frequent attendant. Although sometimes caustic in
his writings, he was the reverse at the council and in conversation, and
that he was personally one of the kindest and best hearted of men few
can vouch with more accuracy than myself, having enjoyed the advantage
of his friendship from the days of my boyhood until his death in the
year 1869.
Planche, the most prolific English dramatist England has seen since the
days of Heywood, was also a frequent attendant. He was one of the most
amiable and genial of men, one whose genius and graceful humor have not
as yet been adequately recognized.
There was not, in fact, a single member of the council in whom was
embedded an element of discord in respect to the objects or management
of the society, and having belonged to the council from the time of its
institution in 1840, until its dissolution in 1853, I can bear
sufficient testimony to the enduring harmony that prevailed.
The same kind feelings and good humor characterized the annual general
meetings, where, I verily believe, if an egotistical literary firebrand
had ventured to disturb the general concord--and no one else could have
managed such an achievement--he would have been gently and courteously
lynched. It is true that I am speaking of a primitive and unenlightened
period, before it had been suggested that Shakespeare was somebody else:
but even the enunciation of so startling a theory as that would not, I
am persuaded, have disturbed the serenity of a body who had perfect
reliance on freedom of criticism, leading eventually to the victory of
truth.
A similar catholicity of spirit--the absence of a specific platform--the
trenchant and spontaneous rejection, if I understand your scheme
rightly, of nothing but offensive dogmatism and insolent
criticism--these are the elements that will commend the Shakespeare
Society of New York to every temperate student, and demand his earnest
wishes for its influence and permanency.
With a reiteration of my grateful acknowledgments to your society for
their kindness, and apologies for intruding upon them this little
specimen of an old man's garrulity, believe me, yours faithfully.
[Signed] J. O. Halliwell-Phillipps.
To Appleton Morgan, Esq., President of the Shakespeare Society of New
York.
[ Transcriber's Note:
The following is a list of corrections made to the original.
The first line is the original line, the second the corrected one.
of Wm. Shakespeare, and the Shakesperean
of Wm. Shakespeare, and the Shakespearean