to be set up in a different sized fount to the body of the work,
when such is the case, extra is paid for justification.
“For the convenience of employers, and that each sheet of a
work may be paid the same price, it is sometimes the practice
to ascertain the quantity contained in the work, and put an
average price upon each sheet. This was not formerly the general
custom, nor is it, indeed, commendable, since by this mode it
often happens that the task of setting up that part of a work
containing the greatest quantity of Greek, &c. falls into the
hands of those who have had no share of the lighter parts of the
work, and thus endless and bitter disputes are caused by one
man being called upon to perform that labour for which another
has received the reward. The article limits the charge to ‘that
sheet,’ and therefore a work in which small portions of Greek,
&c. are introduced, should be charged according to the particular
quantity in each sheet.”
Art. XIV.] “By ‘separate accents’ is meant the use of distinct
accents with kerned letters.
“The composition of grammars being attended with extra trouble,
¼d. per 1000 is allowed for them. Therefore Grammars in Greek,
Hebrew, &c. take the advance specified in Article V. Thus, a
Greek grammar without space lines and accents is paid 9d. per
1000.
“Jobs in Greek, &c. of one sheet or under are also paid 1d. per
thousand more than the prices above stated.
“It has been contended that works in Greek, Hebrew, &c. not being
common matter, were not intended to be subject to the reduction
upon reprints; but as the same advantage accrues to a compositor
upon reprint Greek as upon reprint English, it is just that
the reduction should be made; and therefore Greek, &c. set up
from printed copy, is subject to the modification of the Scale
proposed by the masters in 1816.”
Art. XV.] “The phrase ‘paid double’ signifies double the price of
common matter. Although Hebrew with points is alone stated to be
cast up as half body and half points doubled; yet Syriac, or any
other language or character with points, is cast up in the same
manner.
“Of the mode of casting up a work with points, the following is
an example:--Supposing the work to be set up in small pica Hebrew
with nonpareil points, it is cast up as half small pica and half
nonpareil, that is, each page is charged as if it were a page of
small pica and a page of nonpareil.
“Grammars, Dictionaries, &c. in these languages are cast up at
double the price specified in Article V.
“This article applies only to works, or where several pages
appear together. Small quantities of Arabic, Syriac &c. are paid
according to Article XIII.”
Art. XVI.] “That is, if the sonnet type be long primer, the
square of the page is taken as long primer, and the amount which
the sheet or job would be paid as long primer is doubled.
“The rule is, however, but little applicable to the present style
of letter-press music printing, the composition of which is now
usually paid an _ad valorem_ price, as double the price of sonnet
type would not pay. Indeed, in music wholly _instrumental_, Art.
16. would be useless as a guide, as there would be no _sonnet_
type employed.”
Art XVII.] “The charge of 2s. per sheet for Index matter does not
include the charge for columns or tabular; and indexes cast up as
tabular or table are charged 2s. in addition to what they come to
by letters.”
Art. XVIII. “The expression, ‘not including the numbering,’ does
not mean that the numbers are not to be reckoned in the square of
the page, but that when the bookseller sends in his copy without
numbers at the beginning of the article, or with incorrect
numbers, and the compositor is required to alter them, or put
in the numbers, he is entitled to make an extra charge for such
numbering; in other words, 7d. per thousand does not include the
charge for the trouble occasioned to the compositor by altering
or marking in the numbers prefixed to the books.
“If a booksellers’ catalogue only make a sheet, or less than a
sheet, it is cast up at no more than 7d. per thousand.
“Booksellers’ lists or advertisements are charged as a job at 7d.
per thousand when only making a sheet or under; but if done in
smaller type than brevier, they take the proportionate advance
specified in Article 1.
“When notes or remarks in smaller type are inserted in a
bookseller’s catalogue, they are paid the same as bottom notes.
“Catalogues in two columns are paid one shilling per sheet for
columns.
“The words ‘in whatever language,’ mean that the foreign
languages, where roman type is used, viz. Latin, Italian, French,
&c. take no extra charge; but Greek, Hebrew, Syriac, &c. are paid
according to Article 13.”
Art. XIX.] “The compositor’s day’s work is reckoned twelve hours;
if, therefore, business require it, the compositor _on the piece_
works from 8 till 10 in the evening, and from 6 to 8 in the
morning, without any extra charge; but if required to come before
6, or called to work after 10, he immediately claims 1s., because
he has already worked two hours beyond the ordinary time, without
any extra charge. Sunday work, for any portion of time _less_
than six hours, is paid 1s.
“Compositors on the establishment, when required to work beyond
the recognised hours, are entitled to charge extra.--See
_Appendix_.”
Art. XX.] “Auctioneers’ Catalogues and Particulars, of whatever
extent, or whether leaded or unleaded, are cast up at 6d. per
1000; if any smaller type or other extras occur in a catalogue,
they are paid in the same way as extras upon bookwork. The
conditions in smaller type, when standing, are paid as an
ordinary page of the catalogue; but if set up, are charged
according to the type in which they are set.
“Jobs are not cast up as sheets or half sheets, but according to
the number of pages they may contain. They are also subject to
the regulations in Art. 1.--_‘A thick space,’ &c. see Art._ 1.
_to the end of that Article_.”
Art. XXI.] “This article has occasionally been misconstrued; and
it has been supposed that if any matter be on the third page,
the compositors ought to charge the job as four pages; this,
however, is not the case--for, _in jobs_, it requires matter on
three pages, in order that they may be charged as four. Thus, a
circular of two pages, printed on the first and third page, is
only charged as two pages; but if there be matter on the first,
second, _and_ third, it is charged as four; or if there be matter
on the first and second, and an indorse on the fourth, it is
charged as four. This definition will appear correct when it is
observed that the indefinite article is used in the scale, which
does not say, constituting _the_ third, but constituting _a_
third.”
Art. XXII.] “This article means that ‘common matter’ or
undisplayed broadsides, when set up in type ‘such as’ is used
for leases, deeds, &c. are to be charged, if larger than crown,
the double of common matter, but if on crown or under, to be
paid one and one-half common matter; and if table, to be paid
for as double. That this is the true interpretation of this
article is evident from the introduction of the words ‘whether
table or common matter,’ which were not in the scale of 1805, and
which were inserted to prevent more than double being charged
for broadside tables above the dimensions of crown. In Ireland,
table broadsides above medium are paid treble; but by the above
article, however few or numerous the columns may be, the charge
is to be that of double common matter.”
Art. XXIII.] “When blank pages at the end of a work are filled up
on its return from the author with fresh matter, or booksellers’
lists, or advertisements, the compositor charges the value of the
matter, deducting the price of the blank, excepting the time for
making up the blank. Matter driven out by the insertion of leads
is charged by the compositor, but his time in doing so is not
chargeable.
“The compositors on a work are entitled to correct the author’s
proofs.”
Art. XXIV.] “In jobs, it is sometimes necessary to put the
imprint nearly at the extremity of the paper, leaving a large
blank between the last line and the printer’s name. In all such
cases, the blank is not cast up, but the job is considered to be
two lines longer than the last line of matter. Previous to 1805,
the imprint was not cast up when it had a large blank before it;
but as the compositor frequently had to set up the imprint, it
was agreed that he should charge two lines for it.”
As the Scale of 1805 may be useful as an article of reference, I give
it literally from an official copy which has been in my possession
from that time.
_Regulations and Scale of Prices for Compositors’ Work,_
AS ADJUSTED AND AGREED TO IN FEBRUARY 1805.
“Article 1. All works in the English language, common matter,
including English and Brevier, to be cast up, as settled in
December 1800, at fivepence farthing per thousand; if in
Minion (being a type not very prevalent), to be cast up at
fivepence halfpenny; in Nonpareil, sixpence farthing; and Pearl,
eightpence; Heads and Directions, or Signature lines, included. A
thick space to be considered an en in the width, and an en to be
reckoned an em in the length of the page: and, where the number
of letters amounts to five hundred, a thousand to be charged; if
under five hundred, not to be reckoned: and if the calculation at
per thousand shall not amount to an odd threepence, the odd pence
to be suppressed in the price of the work; but where it amounts
to or exceeds threepence, there shall be sixpence charged.
“2. Works printed in Great Primer to be cast up as English; and
all works in larger type than Great Primer as half English and
half Great Primer.
“3. All works in a foreign language, though common type, to be
cast up at fivepence three farthings per thousand, including
English and Long Primer; if in Bourgeois or Brevier, sixpence per
thousand; Minion, sixpence farthing; Nonpareil, sevenpence; and
Pearl, eightpence three farthings.
“4. English Dictionaries of every size to be paid fivepence
three farthings per thousand. (In this article are not included
Gazetteers, Geographical Dictionaries, Dictionaries of Arts
and Sciences, and works of a similar description, except those
attended with extra trouble beyond usual descriptive matter.)
Dictionaries of two or more languages of every size to be paid
sixpence per thousand. If smaller type than Brevier, to take the
proportionate advance specified in Article 1.
“5. English Grammars, Spelling Books, and works of those
descriptions, in Brevier or larger type, to be cast up at
fivepence halfpenny per thousand; if in two languages, or foreign
language, to be cast up at fivepence three farthings per thousand.
“6. Small sized Folios, Quartos, Octavos, and works done in Great
Primer or larger type (English language) which do not come to six
shillings when cast up at the usual rate, to be paid as follows:
English and larger type, not less than six shillings; Pica, seven
shillings and sixpence: English Twelves to be paid not less than
nine shillings and sixpence; and Pica not less than ten shillings
and sixpence per sheet.
“7. Reviews, Magazines, and works of a similar description
consisting of various sized letter, if cast up to the different
bodies, to be paid two shillings per sheet extra.
“8. Pamphlets of five sheets and under, and parts of works done
in different houses, amounting to not more than five sheets,
to be paid one shilling per sheet extra; but, as it frequently
occurs that works exceeding a Pamphlet are often nearly made up
without a return of letter, all such works shall be considered as
Pamphlets, and paid for as such.
“9. Works done in Sixteens, Eighteens, Twenty-fours, or
Thirty-twos, on Small Pica and upwards, to be paid one shilling
and sixpence extra per sheet. If on Long Primer, or smaller
type, one shilling per sheet extra. Forty-eights to be paid two
shillings per sheet extra, and Sixty-fours two shillings and
sixpence per sheet extra.
“10. Works requiring an Alteration or Alterations of Margin,
to be paid for each Alteration one shilling to the Pressmen
if altered by them, and sixpence to the Compositor, as a
compensation for making up the Furniture; if altered by
the Compositor, then he is to be paid one shilling for the
Alteration, and the Pressmen sixpence for the delay. _This
article to be determined on solely at the option of the Employer._
“11. Bottom Notes consisting of twenty lines (or two Notes,
though not amounting to twenty lines), and not exceeding four
pages, _in every Ten Sheets_, in Quarto or Octavo:--One page (or
two notes, though not amounting to one page) and not exceeding
six pages, in Twelves:--Two pages (or two notes, though not
amounting to two pages) and not exceeding eight, in Eighteens or
above; to be paid one shilling per sheet:--But under the above
proportion no charge to be made. Bottom Notes consisting of ten
lines (or two notes, though not amounting to ten lines) in a
Pamphlet of five sheets or under, and not exceeding two pages,
to be paid one shilling per sheet extra. Quotations, Mottos,
Contents to Chapters, &c. in smaller type than the body, to be
considered as notes. [Where the Notes shall be in Nonpareil or
Pearl, in Twelves, the number of pages to be restricted to four;
in Eighteens, to five pages: and, if the number of sheets or
notes in a volume shall exceed what is stipulated, to take the
proportionate advance.]
“12. Side Notes to Folios and Quartos not exceeding a broad
quotation, if only chap. or date, and not exceeding three
explanatory lines on an average in each page, to be paid one
shilling per sheet; in Octavo, if only chap. or date, and not
exceeding three explanatory lines on an average in each page, one
shilling and sixpence per sheet. Cut-in Notes in smaller type
than the body to be paid for in a similar manner.
“_Side and Bottom Notes to many, particularly Historical and
Law Works, if attended with more than ordinary trouble, to be
settled between the Employer and Journeyman._
“13. Greek, Hebrew, Saxon, &c. or any of the dead characters, if
one word and not exceeding three lines in any one sheet, to be
paid for that sheet one shilling extra: all above to be paid _ad
valorem_.
“14. Greek without accents to be paid eightpence per thousand;
if with separate accents, ninepence halfpenny per thousand: the
Asper not to be considered an Accent.
“15. Hebrew, Arabic, Syriac, &c. to be paid double:--Hebrew with
Points to be cast up as half Body and half Points doubled.
“16. Music to be paid double the body of the sonnet type.
“17. Index Matter, though but one measure, to be paid one
shilling per sheet extra.
“18. Booksellers’ Catalogues to be cast up at sixpence per
thousand, not including the numbering.
“19. Em and En Quadrats, or whatever is used at the beginning or
end of lines, to be reckoned as an Em in the width.
“20. Night Work to commence and be paid for, from Eleven o’clock
till One, one shilling; till Two, one shilling and sixpence; and
threepence per hour extra till Six.--Morning Work, commencing at
Four o’clock, to be paid one shilling extra.--Sunday Work to be
paid twopence per hour, provided it amount to not less than one
shilling.
“21. Jobs of One Sheet or under (except Auctioneers’ Catalogues
and Particulars) to be cast up at sixpence halfpenny per
thousand; if done in smaller type than Brevier, to take the
proportionate advance specified in Article 1.
“22. Jobs in Foreign Language, of One Sheet or under (except
Auctioneers’ Catalogues) to be cast up at sevenpence halfpenny
per thousand; if done in smaller type than Brevier, to take the
proportionate advance specified in Article 1.
“23. Where Two Pages only are imposed, either opposite to or at
the back of each other, they shall be paid for as Two Pages; but
if with an Indorse, or any other kind of matter constituting a
third, then to be paid as a Sheet, if in Folio; a Half-sheet if
in Quarto; and so on.
“24. Broadsides, such as Leases, Deeds, and Charter Parties,
above the dimensions of Crown, to be paid the double of common
matter; on Crown and under, to be paid one and one-half common
matter.--The Indorse to be paid one-fourth of the inside page.
“25. All Corrections to be paid sixpence per hour.
“26. The Imprint to be considered as two lines in the square of
the page.
“27. Different Volumes of the same work to be paid for
distinctly, ad valorem.
“This Scale to commence on Monday, the fourth day of March 1805.
_“Any Disputes that may arise in future, we agree to refer to the
Decision of the Committee of Masters._
“On behalf of the Masters. | “On behalf of the Compositors.
|
(Signed) _John Nichols_ | (Signed) _Edward Davenport_
|
_Luke Hansard_ | _James Atkinson_
|
_Thomas Bensley_ | _Charles Fagan_
|
_George Woodfall_ | _Samuel Charles Fawcett_
|
_Charles Baldwin_ | _William Magrath_
|
_Thomas Gillet_ | _Philemon Chalk_
|
_David Nathan Shury_ | _Charles Higly_
|
_William Ruffy_. | _Henry Dench_.”
SCALEBOARD.
Is that kind of scale commonly sold by some ironmongers in bundles;
and of which, the scabbards for swords are made: the Compositor cuts
it quadrat high, and to his length.--_M._ Till within these last few
years it was supplied by the Printers Joiners in bundles of sixty
sheets each, four feet long, and varying in width from five inches
to ten; it is now supplied in slips quadrat high. In Moxon’s time it
appears to have been used to branch out matter as we use leads at
present, but, as these are so much superior, they have superseded it
in that department; and it is now seldom employed, except in forms
next the crosses, to facilitate the making of register at press, and
in making margin uniform.--_See_ PAPER.
SCANDIC. _See_ RUNIC.
SCLAVONIAN,
or Illyrian alphabet, “is ascribed to St. Jerom The Bulgarian letters
were originally the same with the Sclavonian. There are several
letters in these alphabets, which seem to be of northern original,
which are adapted to _sounds_ peculiar to the languages of the people
descended from the Scythians who settled in Europe.”--_Astle_. _See_
SERVIEN. RUSSIAN.
SCRIPT.
The name of a class of types, which, as the appellation implies, is
an imitation of writing. The French call it Anglaise.
There is no character connected with our language on which so much
labour has been expended within the last twenty-five years as on
this. The old Scripts were so notoriously stiff and formal, that they
could hardly be said to bear any other resemblance to writing than in
the mere shapes of the letters; these were cast on a square shank,
with all the ascenders and descenders hanging over the body, which is
styled kerned. These kerned letters, having no support, were liable
on pressure to break off, and the fount became so disfigured thereby
that the use of Script was abandoned by almost common consent. In
1815 Messrs. Firmin Didot and Sons introduced a new Script, cut
with great freedom, and cast on a rhomboidal shank, with triangular
blocks having a corresponding angle on one side, and the other two
sides forming a right angle, with which to justify the beginnings and
endings of lines. In order to enable the printer to form complete
words without any apparent junction, a great number of parts of
letters, parts of common words, and double letters, were added to the
regular alphabet; thus encumbering the plan with such a variety of
sorts that it required great care, and was very tedious to compose
correctly.
This plan was very popular on the Continent, and almost universally
adopted; and so much importance was attached to it that Messrs. Didot
and Sons took out an English patent for it, which they attempted
to enforce against the letter founders of this country a few years
afterwards, but which was resisted, and the claim to invention
abandoned.
Since 1820 the English letter founders have produced a variety of
beautiful Scripts of different sizes, but generally a modification of
the French rhomboidal body plan; still the difficulty of composition
remained to a great extent, and materially detracted from its general
utility.
Within the last five years a further improvement has been made by the
introduction of a new square-bodied Script, for which we are also
indebted to French artists, Messrs. Laurent and Deberney, who have
given it the name of Américain, which is so beautifully cut, and
managed, that the effect of the whole, when well worked, is excellent.
The kern, instead of being unsupported, is protected by the shank of
the letter, having two angles thus [Illustration] thrown out at the
head of the two opposite corners of the body, so as to give support
to both ascenders and descenders; the opposite angles of the letters
are cast with a corresponding slope to receive the hanging over
letters without their incurring any danger of riding upon each other.
This plan obviates all the difficulties of the two former ones, and
requires only a pair of common cases. It is easily composed, and
there is not more risk of damage than attends the working of any
other description of delicate type. The sizes of this Script at
present in the trade are, Canon, Two Lines English, Two Lines Pica,
Great Primer, and Pica.
SCRIPT UPPER CASE.--_Slanting body_.
[Illustration: Layout of Script case]
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---++---+---+---+---+---+---+----+
| | | | | | | || | | | | | | |
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G || H | J | K | L | M | N | O |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---++---+---+---+---+---+---+----+
| | | | | | | || | | | | | r |o no|
| P | Q | R | S | T | U | V || W | X | Y | Z | I | | |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---++---+---+---+---+---+---+----+
| | | | | | | || | | | | | | |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 || 8 | 9 | 0 | £ | ¼ | ½ | ¾ |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---++---+---+---+---+---+---+----+
| | | | | | | || | | | | | 1 | 2 |
| ( | ) | ! | ? | ‘’| & | - || , | ; | : | . | = | fs| fs |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---++---+---+---+---+---+---+----+
| | | | | | ^1| ^2|| ^1| ^2| ^1| ^2| | | |
| a | a | am| an| ar| as| as|| av| av| b | b | c | c | cr |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---++---+---+---+---+---+---+----+
| ^1| ^2| | | ^1| ^2| || | | | | ^1| ^2| ^1 |
| cs| cs| d | d | ds| ds| e || e | em| en| er| es| es| ev |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---++---+---+---+---+---+---+----+
| | | | | | ^ | ^2|| | | ^1| ^2| | | |
| ev| f | ff| g | g | gs| gs|| h | h | hs| hs| i | i | im |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---++---+---+---+---+---+---+----+
The sorts marked with ^1 are cast thin, for joining with the letters
which commence with a junction stroke, as m, n, r, v, w, x, y, z, and
the compounds commencing with those letters. Those marked with ^2,
and distinguished by an extra nick, are cast thick, to go before a,
b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, k, l, o, p, q, t, u, &c.
SCRIPT LOWER CASE.--_Slanting body_.
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
| | | | ^2 | ^1 | ^2 | || | ^1 | ^2 | | | ^1 | ^2 |
| in | ir | is | is | ir | ir | k || k | ks | ks | l | l | ls | ls |
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
| | | | | ^1 | ^2 | ^1 || ^2 | | | | | ^1 | ^2 |
| m | m | m | m | ms | ms | ms || ms | n | n | n | n | ns | ns |
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
| ^1 | ^2 | ^1 | ^2 | | | || ^1 | ^2 | | | | | |
| ns | ns | o | o | p | p | pr || ps | ps | q | r | r | r | r |
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
| | | | | ^1 | ^2 | ^1 || ^2 | ^1 | ^2 | ^1 | ^2 | | |
| r | r | r | r | rs | rs | rs || rs | s | s | s | s | t | t |
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
| | | ^1 | ^2 | | | || | | ^1 | ^2 | ^1 | ^2 | ^1 |
| t | tr | ts | ts | u | u | um || un | ur | us | us | v | v | v |
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
| ^2 | ^1 | ^2 | ^1 | ^2 | | || | | | ^1 | ^2 | ^1 | ^2 |
| v | w | w | w | w | x | y || y | y | y | ys | ys | ys | ys |
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
| z | j | Line |Thin| Thick ||Hair|En |Em | Line | |
| | | begin- | Sp.| Sp. || Sp.|Quad|Quad| endings.|Quadrats.|
| | | nings. | | || | | | | |
+----+----+---------+----+---------++----+----+----+---------+---------+
SCYTHO-GOTHIC. _See_ RUNIC.
SECOND AT THE PRESS. _See_ FIRST.
SECOND PULL. _See_ FIRST PULL.--_M._
SECTION.
A section, marked thus §, is the division of a discourse, or chapter,
into less parts or portions.--_Murray._ It is also used in printing
as a reference to notes.
SEDITIOUS LIBELS. _See_ LIBELS.