be and are hereby made payable to His Majesty, His Heirs and
Successors; and the said Duties, and the several Allowances,
Discounts, and Sums of Money, for or in respect of the same,
shall and may be respectively raised, levied, collected,
answered, paid, recovered, adjudged, accounted for, and applied
and appropriated, mitigated and allowed, in such and the like
Manner, and in or by any or either of the general or special
Ways, Means, or Methods, by which the Duties upon Newspapers, and
Discounts and Allowances in respect thereof, under the Management
of the said Commissioners of stamped Vellum, Parchment, or
Paper, are or may be raised, levied, collected, answered, paid,
recovered, adjudged, mitigated, and allowed; and the several
Persons, and also all such Pamphlets and Papers, of what Nature
or Kind soever, by this Act made liable to the Payment of Duty,
or entitled to any Discount or Allowance, shall be and the
same are hereby made subject and liable to all and every the
Conditions, Regulations, Rules, and Restrictions, to which such
Persons and Newspapers are generally or specially subject and
liable by any Act or Acts of Parliament in force before the
passing of this Act; and all and every Pain, Penalty, Fine or
Forfeiture for any Offence whatever committed against or in
Breach of any Act or Acts of Parliament now in force for securing
the Duties under the Management of the said Commissioners of
Stamped Vellum, Parchment, and Paper, upon Newspapers, or for the
Regulation or Improvement of the said Duties, and the several
Clauses, Powers, Provisions, Directions, Matters, and Things
therein contained, shall (except as the same or any of them
are by this Act altered or repealed), and are hereby directed
and declared to extend to, and shall be respectively applied,
practised, and put in Execution for and in respect of the several
Duties charged, imposed, and allowed, in as full and ample a
Manner, to all Intents and Purposes whatsoever, as if all and
every the said Clauses, Provisions, Restrictions, Directions,
Fines, Pains, Penalties, or Forfeitures, Matters and Things, were
particularly repeated and re-enacted in the Body of this Act.
s. 25. “And be it further enacted, That the Monies arising from
the Duties hereby granted shall be paid into the Receipt of the
Exchequer at _Westminster_ and _Dublin_ respectively, and shall
be carried to and made Part of the Consolidated Fund of the
United Kingdom of _Great Britain_ and _Ireland_.
s. 26. “Provided always, and be it further enacted, That nothing
in this Act shall extend to Acts of Parliament, Proclamations,
Orders of Council, Forms of Prayer and Thanksgiving, and Acts
of State, ordered to be printed by His Majesty, His Heirs or
Successors, or his or their sufficient and authorized Officer; or
to any printed Votes or other Matters by Order of either House of
Parliament; or to Books commonly used in the Schools of _Great
Britain_ or _Ireland_, or Books or Papers containing only Matters
of Devotion, Piety, or Charity; or daily Accounts; or Bills of
Goods imported and exported; or Warrants or Certificates for
the Delivery of Goods; and the weekly Bills of Mortality; or to
Papers containing any Lists of Prices Current, or of the State
of the Markets, or any Account of the Arrival, Sailing, or other
Circumstances relating to Merchant Ships or Vessels; or of any
other Matter wholly of a Commercial Nature; provided such Bills,
Lists, or Accounts do not contain any other Matter than what hath
been usually comprised therein; or to the Printers or Publishers
of the foregoing Matters, or any or either of them.
s. 27. “Provided also, and be it further enacted, That nothing
in this Act contained shall extend or be construed to extend to
charge with Stamp Duties any Work reprinted and republished in
Parts or Numbers, whether such Work shall be wholly reprinted or
shall be republished in an abridged Form; provided that the Work
so reprinted and republished shall have been first printed and
published Two Years at the least previous to such Reprinting and
Republication, and provided the said Work was not first published
in Parts or Numbers.
s. 28. “And be it further enacted, That this Act may be altered,
amended, or repealed, by any Act to be passed in the present
Session of Parliament.”
So much of this act was repealed by 6 & 7 Will. 4. c. 76. “as
subjects any Newspaper or other Paper or Pamphlet to any Stamp Duty.”
_See_ NEWSPAPERS.
So much also of the acts 38 Geo. 3. c. 78., 55 Geo. 3. c. 80., 55
Geo. 3. c. 185., and 56 Geo. 3. c. 56. was repealed by 6 & 7 Will. 4.
c. 76. “as subjects any Newspaper or other Paper or Pamphlet to any
Stamp Duty.”--_See Newspaper Postage_.
PULL.
_See_ EASY PULL; also HARD PULL.--_M._ The act of printing an
impression at the press is called pulling.
PULL A PROOF.
To print an impression of a job, or a sheet of a work, either to
read as a first proof, to send out to the author, &c., or to read
for press. For the first purpose it is called a First Proof or Foul
Proof; for the others it is termed a Clean Proof. _See_ PROOF.
PUNCTUATION.
The Greeks and Romans were unacquainted with grammatical punctuation.
With them it was for the most part only oratorical, since it
referred, excepting a point at the end of a sentence and at some
pauses, almost only to the elocution and pronunciation of the words.
The first very imperfect beginning of our punctuation occurs in the
time of Charlemagne, when a period of three points, and a stroke,
were made use of, yet without following any definite rule. About the
end of the fifteenth century, punctuation obtained a greater compass
and a more settled character through the learned Venetian printer
Manucci, so that he may be considered as the author of it. But still
much time elapsed before the marks of punctuation collectively came
generally into use as at present.
Through the introduction of these marks it has become possible to
read a book with facility, and to recite a poem with a musical
cadence. But still we feel too often, that our grammatical marks are
far from sufficient for the purposes of declamation, seeing that we
are sometimes obliged to make oratorical pauses where no grammatical
points are applicable, and sometimes to double the pause for one and
the same grammatical mark. Thus we read this passage in Wieland’s
“Goldene Spiegel,” pt. 1. p. 121.:--
“Diese Methode bildete gleisnerische Schurken, welche ausgelernte
Meister in der Kunst waren, ihre Leidenschaften zu verbergen,
ihre schlimmen Neigungen in schöne Masken zu vermummen, die
Unverständigen durch eine Tugend und Religion tödtende Phraseologie
zu täuschen.”--“This method created hypocritical rascals, who were
accomplished masters in the art of dissembling their emotions, of
disguising their evil propensities under fine masks, and of deceiving
the heedless by a virtue and religion killing phraseology.”
Here we readily perceive that after the word _Methode_, and
also after _eine_, a pause must be made in reading, although no
grammatical point is employed. And we have for this purpose no other
mark than the dash (--). In like manner, every reader will perceive
that the grammatical pause after _Schurken_ must be made much longer
than after _waren_, because this last is so closely connected with
the word immediately following, that the voice glides over it
rapidly. _Heinsius, German Grammar_.
The knowledge of punctuation being essential equally to the master
printer, the reader, and the compositor, I have extracted this
article from Murray’s English Grammar, as being perspicuous, and of
high authority.
“Punctuation is the art of dividing a written composition into
sentences, or parts of sentences, by points or stops, for the purpose
of marking the different pauses which the sense, and an accurate
pronunciation require.
“The Comma represents the shortest pause; the Semicolon, a pause
double that of the comma; the Colon, double that of the semicolon;
and the Period, double that of the colon.
“The precise quantity or duration of each pause cannot be defined;
for it varies with the time of the whole. The same composition may be
rehearsed in a quicker or a slower time; but the proportion between
the pauses should be ever invariable.
“In order more clearly to determine the proper application of the
points, we must distinguish between an _imperfect phrase_, a _simple
sentence_, and a _compound sentence_.
“An imperfect phrase contains no assertion, or does not amount to
a proposition or sentence: as, ‘Therefore; in haste; studious of
praise.’
“A simple sentence has but one subject, and one finite verb,
expressed or implied: as ‘Temperance preserves health.’
“A compound sentence has more than one subject, or one finite verb,
either expressed or understood; or it consists of two or more simple
sentences connected together: as, ‘Good nature mends and beautifies
all objects;’ ‘Virtue refines the affections, but vice debases them.’
“In a sentence, the subject and the verb, or either of them, may
be accompanied with several adjuncts: as, the object, the end, the
circumstance of time, place, manner, and the like: and the subject
or verb may be either immediately connected with them, or mediately;
that is, by being connected with something which is connected
with some other, and so on: as, ‘The mind, unoccupied with useful
knowledge, becomes a magazine of trifles and follies.’
“As sentences themselves are divided into simple and compound, so
the members of sentences may be divided likewise into simple and
compound members: for whole sentences, whether simple or compounded,
may become members of other sentences, by means of some additional
connexion; as in the following example: ‘The ox knoweth his owner,
and the ass his master’s crib; but Israel doth not know, my people do
not consider.’ This sentence consists of two compounded members, each
of which is subdivided into two simple members, which are properly
called clauses.
“_Of the Comma_.
“The comma usually separates those parts of a sentence, which, though
very closely connected in sense and construction, require a pause
between them.
“RULE I. With respect to a simple sentence, the several words of
which it consists have so near a relation to each other, that, in
general, no points are requisite, except a full stop at the end of
it: as, ‘The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom.’ ‘Every
part of matter swarms with living creatures.’
“A simple sentence, however, when it is a long one, and the
nominative case is accompanied with inseparable adjuncts, may admit
of a pause immediately before the verb: as, ‘The good taste of the
present age, has not allowed us to neglect the cultivation of the
English language:’ ‘To be totally indifferent to praise or censure,
is a real defect in character.’
“RULE II. When the connexion of the different parts of a simple
sentence is interrupted by an imperfect phrase, a comma is usually
introduced before the beginning, and at the end of this phrase: as,
‘I remember, _with gratitude_, his goodness to me:’ ‘His work is,
_in many respects_, very imperfect. It is, _therefore_, not much
approved.’ But when these interruptions are slight and unimportant,
the comma is better omitted: as, ‘Flattery is _certainly_
pernicious;’ ‘There is _surely_ a pleasure in beneficence.’
“In the generality of compound sentences, there is frequent occasion
for commas; as will appear from the following view of the different
occasions to which they are adapted.
“RULE III. When two or more nouns occur in the same construction,
they are parted by a comma: as, ‘Reason, virtue, answer one great
aim:’ ‘The husband, wife, and children, suffered extremely*:’
‘They took away their furniture, clothes, and stock in trade:’ ‘He
is alternately supported by his father, his uncle, and his elder
brother.’
* “_As a considerable pause in pronunciation, is necessary
between the last noun and the verb, a comma should be inserted
to denote it. But, as no pause is allowable between the last
adjective and the noun, under_ Rule IV., _the comma is there
properly omitted_. _See_ WALKER’S _Elements of Elocution_.
“From this rule there is mostly an exception, with regard to two
nouns closely connected by a conjunction: as, ‘Virtue _and_ vice form
a strong contrast to each other:’ ‘Libertines call religion bigotry
_or_ superstition;’ ‘There is a natural difference between merit
_and_ demerit, virtue _and_ vice, wisdom _and_ folly.’ But if the
parts connected are not short, a comma may be inserted, though the
conjunction is expressed: as, ‘Romances may be said to be miserable
rhapsodies, _or_ dangerous incentives to evil;’ ‘Intemperance
destroys the strength of our bodies, _and_ the vigour of our minds.’
“RULE IV. Two or more adjectives belonging to the same substantive
are likewise separated by commas: as, ‘Plain, honest truth, wants no
artificial covering;’ ‘David was a brave, wise, and pious man;’ ‘A
woman, gentle, sensible, well-educated, and religious;’ ‘The most
innocent pleasures are the sweetest, the most rational, the most
affecting, and the most lasting.’
“But two adjectives, immediately connected by a conjunction, are
not separated by a comma: as, ‘True worth is modest _and_ retired;’
‘Truth is fair _and_ artless, simple _and_ sincere, uniform _and_
consistent.’ ‘We must be wise _or_ foolish; there is no medium.’
“RULE V.. Two or more verbs, having the same nominative case, and
immediately following one another, are also separated by commas:
as, ‘Virtue supports in adversity, moderates in prosperity:’ ‘In a
letter, we may advise, exhort, comfort, request, and discuss.’
“Two verbs immediately connected by a conjunction, are an exception
to the above rule: as, ‘The study of natural history expands _and_
elevates the mind;’ ‘Whether we eat _or_ drink, labour _or_ sleep, we
should be moderate.’
“Two or more participles are subject to a similar rule, and
exception: as, ‘A man, fearing, serving, and loving his Creator;’ ‘He
was happy in being loved, esteemed, and respected;’ ‘By being admired
_and_ flattered, we are often corrupted.’
“RULE VI. Two or more adverbs immediately succeeding one another,
must be separated by commas: as, ‘We are fearfully, wonderfully
framed;’ ‘Success generally depends on acting prudently, steadily,
and vigorously, in what we undertake.’
“But when two adverbs are joined by a conjunction, they are
not parted by the comma: as, ‘Some men sin deliberately _and_
presumptuously;’ ‘There is no middle state; we must live virtuously
_or_ vitiously.’
“RULE VII. When participles are followed by something that depends on
them, they are generally separated from the rest of the sentence by
a comma: as, ‘The king, _approving the plan_, put it in execution;’
‘His talents, _formed for great enterprises_, could not fail of
rendering him conspicuous;’ ‘All mankind compose one family,
_assembled_ under the eye of one common Father.’
“RULE VIII. When a conjunction is divided by a phrase or sentence
from the verb to which it belongs, such intervening phrase has
usually a comma at each extremity: as, ‘They set out early, _and_,
before the close of the day, arrived at the destined place.’
“RULE IX. Expressions in a direct address, are separated from the
rest of the sentence by commas: as, ‘_My son_, give me thy heart;’ ‘I
am obliged to you, _my friends_, for your many favours.’
“RULE X. The case absolute, and the infinitive mood absolute, are
separated by commas from the body of the sentence: as, ‘His father
dying, he succeeded to the estate;’ ‘At length, their ministry
performed, and race well run, they left the world in peace;’ ‘To
confess the truth, I was much in fault.’
“RULE XI. Nouns in apposition, that is, nouns added to other nouns
in the same case, by way of explication or illustration, when
accompanied with adjuncts, are set off by commas: as, ‘Paul, the
apostle of the Gentiles, was eminent for his zeal and knowledge;’
‘The butterfly, child of the summer, flutters in the sun.’
“But if such nouns are single, or only form a proper name, they are
not divided: as, ‘Paul the apostle;’ ‘The emperor Antoninus wrote an
excellent book.’
“RULE XII. Simple members of sentences connected by comparatives,
are for the most part distinguished by a comma: as, ‘_As_ the hart
panteth after the water brooks, _so_ doth my soul pant after thee;’
‘_Better_ is a dinner of herbs with love, _than_ a stalled ox and
hatred with it.’
“If the members in comparative sentences are short, the comma is, in
general, better omitted: as, ‘How much _better_ is it to get wisdom
_than_ gold!’ ‘Mankind act _oftener_ from caprice _than_ reason.’
“RULE XIII. When words are placed in opposition to each other, or
with some marked variety, they require to be distinguished by a
comma: as,
‘Tho’ deep, yet clear; tho’ gentle, yet not dull;
Strong, without rage; without o’erflowing, full.’
‘Good men, in this frail, imperfect state, are often found, not only
in union _with_, but in opposition _to_, the views and conduct of one
another.’
“Sometimes when the word with which the last preposition agrees, is
single, it is better to omit the comma before it: as, ‘Many states
were in alliance _with_, and under the protection _of_ Rome.’
“The same rule and restriction must be applied when two or more nouns
refer to the same preposition: as, ‘He was composed both under the
threatening, and at the approach, _of_ a cruel and lingering death;’
‘He was not only the king, but the father _of_ his people.’
“RULE XIV. A remarkable expression, or a short observation, somewhat
in the manner of a quotation, may be properly marked with a comma:
as, ‘It hurts a man’s pride to say, I do not know;’ ‘Plutarch calls
lying, the vice of slaves.’
“RULE XV. Relative pronouns are connective words, and generally admit
a comma before them: as, ‘He preaches sublimely, _who_ lives a sober,
righteous, and pious life;’ ‘There is no charm in the female sex,
_which_ can supply the place of virtue.’
“But when two members, or phrases, are closely connected by a
relative, restraining the general notion of the antecedent to a
particular sense, the comma should be omitted: as, ‘Self-denial is
the sacrifice which virtue must make;’ ‘A man who is of a detracting
spirit, will misconstrue the most innocent words that can be put
together.’ In the latter example, the assertion is not of ‘a man in
general,’ but of ‘a man who is of a detracting spirit;’ and therefore
they should not be separated.
“The fifteenth rule applies equally to cases in which the relative
is not expressed, but understood: as, ‘It was from piety, warm and
unaffected, that his morals derived strength.’ ‘This sentiment,
habitual and strong, influenced his whole conduct.’ In both of these
examples, the relative and verb _which was_, are understood.
“RULE XVI. A simple member of a sentence, contained within another,
or following another, must be distinguished by the comma: as, ‘To
improve time, whilst we are blessed with health, will smooth the bed
of sickness.’ ‘Very often, while we are complaining of the vanity,
and the evils of human life, we make that vanity, and we increase
those evils.’
“If, however, the members succeeding each other, are very closely
connected, the comma is unnecessary: as, ‘Revelation tells us how we
may attain happiness.’
“When a verb in the infinitive mood, follows its governing verb, with
several words between them, those words should generally have a comma
at the end of them: as, ‘It ill becomes good and wise men, to oppose
and degrade one another.’
“Several verbs in the infinitive mood, having a common dependence,
and succeeding one another, are also divided by commas: as, ‘To
relieve the indigent, to comfort the afflicted, to protect the
innocent, to reward the deserving, is a humane and noble employment.’
“RULE XVII. When the verb _to be_ is followed by a verb in the
infinitive mood, which, by transposition, might be made the
nominative case to it, the former is generally separated from the
latter verb, by a comma: as, ‘The most obvious remedy is, to withdraw
from all associations with bad men.’ ‘The first and most obvious
remedy against the infection, is, to withdraw from all associations
with bad men.’
“RULE XVIII. When adjuncts or circumstances are of importance, and
often when the natural order of them is inverted, they may be set
off by commas: as, ‘Virtue must be formed and supported, not by
unfrequent acts, but by daily and repeated exertions.’ ‘Vices, like
shadows, towards the evening of life, grow great and monstrous.’
‘Our interests are interwoven by threads innumerable;’ ‘By threads
innumerable, our interests are interwoven.’
“RULE XIX. Where a verb is understood, a comma may often be properly
introduced. This is a general rule, which, besides comprising some
of the preceding rules, will apply to many cases not determined by
any of them: as, ‘From law arises security; from security, curiosity;
from curiosity, knowledge.’ In this example, the verb ‘arises’ is
understood before ‘curiosity’ and ‘knowledge;’ at which words a
considerable pause is necessary.
“RULE XX. The words, _nay_, _so_, _hence_, _again_, _first_,
_secondly_, _formerly_, _now_, _lastly_, _once more_, _above all_,
_on the contrary_, _in the next place_, _in short_, and all other
words and phrases of the same kind, must generally be separated from
the context by a comma: as, ‘Remember thy best and first friend;
_formerly_, the supporter of thy infancy, and the guide of thy
childhood; _now_, the guardian of thy youth, and the hope of thy
coming years.’ ‘He feared want, _hence_, he over-valued riches.’ ‘His
conduct may heal the difference, _nay_, it may constantly prevent
any in future.’ ‘_Finally_, I shall only repeat what has been often
justly said.’ ‘If the spring put forth no blossoms, in summer there
will be no beauty, and in autumn, no fruit; _so_, if youth be trifled
away without improvement, riper years may be contemptible, and old
age miserable.’
“In many of the foregoing rules and examples, great regard must be
paid to the length of the clauses, and the proportion which they bear
to one another. An attention to the sense of any passage, and to
the clear, easy communication of it, will, it is presumed, with the
aid of the preceding rules, enable the student to adjust the proper
pauses, and the places for inserting the commas.
“_Of the Semicolon._
“The semicolon is used for dividing a compound sentence into two or
more parts, not so closely connected as those which are separated by
a comma, nor yet so little dependent on each other, as those which
are distinguished by a colon.
“The semicolon is sometimes used, when the preceding member of the
sentence does not of itself give a complete sense, but depends on
the following clause: and sometimes when the sense of that member
would be complete without the concluding one: as in the following
instances: ‘As the desire of approbation, when it works according
to reason, improves the amiable part of our species in every thing
that is laudable; so nothing is more destructive to them when it is
governed by vanity and folly.’
“‘Experience teaches us, that an entire retreat from worldly affairs,
is not what religion requires; nor does it even enjoin a long retreat
from them.’
“‘Straws swim upon the surface, but pearls lie at the bottom.’
“‘Philosophers assert, that Nature is unlimited in her operations;
that she has inexhaustible treasures in reserve; that knowledge will
always be progressive; and that all future generations will continue
to make discoveries, of which we have not the least idea.’
“_Of the Colon._
“The colon is used to divide a sentence into two or more parts, less
connected than those which are separated by a semicolon; but not so
independent as separate distinct sentences.
“The colon may be properly applied in the three following cases.
“1. When a member of a sentence is complete in itself, but followed
by some supplemental remark, or further illustration of the
subject: as, ‘Nature felt her inability to extricate herself from
the consequences of guilt: the gospel reveals the plan of Divine
interposition and aid.’ ‘Nature confessed some atonement to be
necessary: the gospel discovers that the necessary atonement is made.’
“2. When several semicolons have preceded, and a still greater
pause is necessary, in order to mark the connecting or concluding
sentiment: as, ‘A divine legislator, uttering his voice from heaven;
an almighty governor, stretching forth his arm to punish or reward;
informing us of perpetual rest prepared hereafter for the righteous,
and of indignation and wrath awaiting the wicked: these are the
considerations which overawe the world, which support integrity, and
check guilt.’
“3. The colon is commonly used when an example, a question, or
a speech is introduced: as, ‘The Scriptures give us an amiable
representation of the Deity, in these words: “God is love.”’ ‘He was
often heard to say: “I have done with the world, and I am willing to
leave it.”’