| | 43s. | 43s. 6d. | 44s. | 44s. 6d. | 45s. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 1 9½ | 0 1 9¾ | 0 1 10 | 0 1 10¼ | 0 1 10½ |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 45s. 6d. | 46s. | 46s. 6d. | 47s. | 47s. 6d. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 1 10¾ | 0 1 11 | 0 1 11¼ | 0 1 11½ | 0 1 11¾ |
TABLE OF THE PRICE OF PAGES. 12mo.--continued.
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 48s. | 48s. 6d. | 49s. | 49s. 6d. | 50s. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 2 0 | 0 2 0¼ | 0 2 0½ | 0 2 0¾ | 0 2 1 |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 50s. 6d. | 51s. | 51s. 6d. | 52s. | 52s. 6d. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 2 1¼ | 0 2 1½ | 0 2 1¾ | 0 2 2 | 0 2 2¼ |
TABLE OF THE PRICE OF PAGES. 18mo.
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| No. of | 9s. | 9s. 6d. | 10s. | 10s. 6d. | 11s. |
| pages. | | | | | |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 0 3 | 0 0 3¼ | 0 0 3½ | 0 0 3½ | 0 0 3¾ |
TABLE OF THE PRICE OF PAGES. 18mo.--_continued_.
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 11s. 6d. | 12s. | 12s. 6d. | 13s. | 13s. 6d. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 0 4 | 0 0 4 | 0 0 4¼ | 0 0 4½ | 0 0 4½ |
TABLE OF THE PRICE OF PAGES. 18mo.--_continued_.
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 14s. | 14s. 6d. | 15s. | 15s. 6d. | 16s. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 0 4¾ | 0 0 5 | 0 0 5 | 0 0 5¼ | 0 0 5½ |
TABLE OF THE PRICE OF PAGES. 18mo.--_continued_.
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 16s. 6d. | 17s. | 17s. 6d. | 18s. | 18s. 6d. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 0 5½ | 0 0 5¾ | 0 0 6 | 0 0 6 | 0 0 6¼ |
TABLE OF THE PRICE OF PAGES. 18mo.--_continued_.
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 19s. | 19s. 6d. | 20s. | 20s. 6d. | 21s. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 0 6½ | 0 0 6½ | 0 0 6¾ | 0 0 7 | 0 0 7 |
TABLE OF THE PRICE OF PAGES. 18mo.--_continued_.
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 21s. 6d. | 22s. | 22s. 6d. | 23s. | 23s. 6d. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 0 7¼ | 0 0 7½ | 0 0 7½ | 0 0 7¾ | 0 0 8 |
TABLE OF THE PRICE OF PAGES. 18mo.--_continued_.
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 24s. | 24s. 6d. | 25s. | 25s. 6d. | 26s. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 0 8 | 0 0 8¼ | 0 0 8½ | 0 0 8½ | 0 0 8¾ |
TABLE OF THE PRICE OF PAGES. 18mo.--_continued_.
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 26s. 6d. | 27s. | 27s. 6d. | 28s. | 28s. 6d. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 0 9 | 0 0 9 | 0 0 9¼ | 0 0 9½ | 0 0 9½ |
TABLE OF THE PRICE OF PAGES. 18mo.--_continued_.
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 29s. | 29s. 6d. | 30s. | 30s. 6d. | 31s. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 0 9¾ | 0 0 10 | 0 0 10 | 0 0 10¼ | 0 0 10½ |
TABLE OF THE PRICE OF PAGES. 18mo.--_continued_.
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 31s. 6d. | 32s. | 32s. 6d. | 33s. | 33s. 6d. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 0 10½ | 0 0 10¾ | 0 0 11 | 0 0 11 | 0 0 11¼ |
TABLE OF THE PRICE OF PAGES. 18mo.--_continued_.
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 34s. | 34s. 6d. | 35s. | 35s. 6d. | 36s. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 0 11½ | 0 0 11½ | 0 1 11¾ | 0 1 0 | 0 1 0 |
TABLE OF THE PRICE OF PAGES. 18mo.--_continued_.
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 36s. 6d. | 37s. | 37s. 6d. | 38s. | 38s. 6d. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 1 0¼ | 0 1 0½ | 0 1 0½ | 0 1 0¾ | 0 1 1 |
TABLE OF THE PRICE OF PAGES. 18mo.--_continued_.
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 39s. | 39s. 6d. | 40s. | 40s. 6d. | 41s. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 1 1 | 0 1 1¼ | 0 1 1½ | 0 1 1½ | 0 1 1¾ |
TABLE OF THE PRICE OF PAGES. 18mo.--_continued_.
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 41s. 6d. | 42s. | 42s. 6d. | 43s. | 43s. 6d. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 1 2 | 0 1 2 | 0 1 2¼ | 0 1 2½ | 0 1 2½ |
TABLE OF THE PRICE OF PAGES. 18mo.--_continued_.
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 44s. | 44s. 6d. | 45s. | 45s. 6d. | 46s. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 1 2¾ | 0 1 3 | 0 1 3 | 0 1 3¼ | 0 1 3½ |
TABLE OF THE PRICE OF PAGES. 18mo.--_continued_.
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 46s. 6d. | 47s. | 47s. 6d. | 48s. | 48s. 6d. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 1 3½ | 0 1 3¾ | 0 1 4 | 0 1 4 | 0 1 4¼ |
TABLE OF THE PRICE OF PAGES. 18mo.--_continued_.
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 49s. | 49s. 6d. | 50s. | 50s. 6d. | 51s. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 1 4½ | 0 1 4½ | 0 1 4¾ | 0 1 5 | 0 1 5 |
PRICES CURRENT. _See Newspaper Postage._
PRINTING
is the art of producing impressions from the surface of engravings in
relief, whether those engravings are letters, diagrams, or pictorial
engravings.
This explanation applies to letterpress printing, to which this
work is confined, in contradistinction to copperplate printing. The
details of the practice are diffused through the whole book, and may
be referred to under their respective names.
The art of printing is the most important invention that was ever
introduced to the world, in its effects on the human mind, and of
consequence on all civilized society;--it preserves and disseminates
all discoveries and improvements in the arts and sciences; it
commemorates all other inventions; it hands down to posterity every
important event; it immortalizes the actions of the great and good;
and, above all, it extends and diffuses the word of God to all
mankind;--and yet this very art has left its own origin enveloped in
mystery and obscurity.
31 Hen. 8. c. 14. intituled, “An Act for abolishing of diuersitie
of opinions in certaine Articles concerning christian religion.”
s. 4.----“It is therefore ordeined and enacted by the King our
Souereigne Lord, the Lords spirituall and temporal, and the
Commons in this present parliament assembled, and by authority
of the same, That if any person or persons within this Realme of
_England_, or any other the king’s dominions, after the xii. day
of _July_ next coming, by word, writing, imprinting, ciphering,
or in any otherwise, doe publish, preach, teach, say, affirme,
declare, dispute, argue, or hold any opinion, that in the blessed
Sacrament of the Altar, vnder the forme of bread and wine (after
the Consecration thereof) there is not present really, the
naturall body and blood of our Sauiour Jesu Christ, conceiued
of the Virgin _Mary_, or that after the said consecration there
remaineth any substance of bread or wine, or any other substance
but the substance of Christ, God and man: or after the time
aboue said, publish, preach, teach, say, affirme, declare,
dispute, argue, or hold opinion, that in the flesh, vnder forme
of bread is not the very blood of Christ: or that with the blood
vnder the forme of wine, is not the very flesh of Christ, aswel
apart as though they were both together: or by any the means
abouesaid, or otherwise, preach, teach, declare, or affirme the
said Sacrament to be of other substance than is abouesayd, or
by any meanes contemne, depraue, or despise the said blessed
Sacrament: that then every such person and persons so offending,
their aiders, comforters, counsellers, consentors, and abettors
therein, being thereof convicted in forme vnderwritten by the
authority abouesaid, shall be deemed and adjudged heretikes.
And that euery such offence shall be iudged manifest heresie:
and that euery such offender and offenders shall therefore haue
and suffer iudgement, execution, paine and paines of death, by
way of burning without any abiuration, Clergie or Sanctuary, to
be therfore permitted, had, allowed, admitted or suffered: and
also shall therefore forfeit and lose to the Kings highnes, his
heires and successors, all his or their honors, manors, castles,
lands, tenements, rents, reuersions, seruices, possessions, and
all other his or their hereditaments, goods, and chattels, farmes
and freeholds, whatsoeuer they be, which any such offender or
offenders shall haue at the time of any such offence or offences
committed or done, or at any time after, as in cases of high
treason.”
s. 6. “Also bee it enacted by the authoritie aforesaid, That if
any person or persons after the said twelfth day of _July_, by
word, writing, printing, ciphering, or otherwise then as aboue
rehearsed, publish, declare, or hold opinion, that the said
communion of the blessed Sacrament in both kinds aforesaid,
is necessary for the health of mans soule to bee given or
ministered in both kindes, and so ought or should bee given
and ministred to any person, or ought or should bee so in both
kindes receiued or taken by any person, other than by Priests
being at Masse, and so consecrating the same as is aforesaid:
or that any man after the order of Priesthood receiued as is
aforesaid, may marrie or may make contract of matrimonie: or
that any man or woman which aduisedly hath made or shall make
avow to God of chastitie or widowhood, may marrie, or make
contract of matrimony: or that priuate Masses be not lawfull or
not laudable, or should not be celebrated, had, or vsed, nor
be agreeable to the lawes of God: or that auricular confession
is not expedient and necessary to be reteined and continued,
vsed and frequented in the Church of God, euery person being
for any such offence duely conuicted or attainted by the lawes
vnderwritten, shall forfeit and lose to the King our Souereigne
Lord all his goods and chattels for euer, and also the profits
of all his lands, tenements, annuities, fees, and offices during
his life, and all his benefices and Spiritual promotions shall
bee vtterly voyd, and also shall suffer imprisonment of his body
at the will and pleasure of our said Souereign Lord the King.
And if any such person or persons being once conuict of any the
offences mentioned in this Article as is abouesaid, doe afterward
eftsoones offend in any of the same, and be thereof accused,
indicted or presented, and conuict againe by authority of the
lawes underwritten, that then euery such person and persons so
being twice conuict and attainted of the said offences, or any
of them, shall be adjudged a felon and felons, and shall suffer
iudgement, execution, and paines of death, losse and forfeiture
of lands and goods, as in cases of felonie, without any
priviledge of Clergie, or Sanctuary to be in any wise permitted,
admitted or allowed in that behalfe.”
21 Jac. 1. c. 3. s. 10. “Provided also, and be it enacted, That
this Act, or any Declaration, Provision, Disablement, Penalty,
Forfeiture, or other Thing before-mentioned, shall not extend to
any Letters Patents, or Grants of Privilege heretofore made, or
hereafter to be made, of, for, or concerning Printing, nor to
any Commission, Grant, or Letters Patents heretofore made, or
hereafter to be made, for or concerning the Digging, Making or
Compounding of Salt-petre or Gunpowder, or the Casting or Making
of Ordnance, or Shot for Ordnance, nor to any Grant or Letters
Patents heretofore made, or hereafter to be made, of any Office
or Offices heretofore erected, made, or ordained, and now in
Being, and put in Execution, other than such Offices as have been
decried by any of his Majesty’s Proclamation or Proclamations:
But that all and every the same Grants, Commissions, and Letters
Patents, and all other Matters and Things tending to the
Maintaining, Strengthening and Furtherance of the same, or any of
them, shall be and remain of the like Force and Effect, and no
other, and as free from the Declarations, Provisions, Penalties
and Forfeitures contained in this Act, as if this Act had never
been had nor made, and not otherwise.”
_Ireland_. 43 Geo. 3. c. 21. s. 70. “And be it further enacted,
That from and after the Twenty-fifth Day of _March_ One thousand
eight hundred and three, no Person or Persons shall keep any
Printing Press or Types for printing in _Ireland_, without first
taking out a Licence for that Purpose from the said Commissioners
of Stamp Duties; and that from and immediately after the passing
of this Act, and from thenceforth as often as they shall be
applied to, the said Commissioners for the Time being, or any
One or more of them, shall, under their Hands and Seals, or Hand
and Seal, grant such Licence for keeping Printing Presses or
Types, to such Person or Persons who shall apply for the same,
and who shall have performed the Requisites which shall by any
Law then in Force in _Ireland_ be necessary to be performed;
which Licence shall state the House where such Presses or Types
are to be used; and every Person or Persons who shall keep or use
a Printing Press or Types for printing, without having obtained
such Licence, shall forfeit such Printing Press and Types, and
the Sum of One hundred Pounds _Irish_ currency.”
55 Geo. 3. c. 101. “An Act to regulate the Collection of Stamp
Duties on Matters in respect of which Licences may be granted by
the Commissioners of Stamps in _Ireland_.
s. 13. “And be it further enacted, That no Person or Persons
shall keep any Printing Press, or Types for printing in
_Ireland_, without having first taken out a Licence for that
Purpose, from the said Commissioners of Stamps, and that the said
Commissioners shall, from time to time, under their Hands and
Seals, grant such Licence for keeping Printing Presses or Types
to such Person or Persons as shall apply for the same, and who
shall have performed the Requisites which shall by any Act or
Acts from time to time in force in _Ireland_, be necessary to be
performed previous to the granting thereof, which Licence shall
state the House where such Press or Presses, or Types, are to
be used; and every Person or Persons who shall keep or use such
Press, or a Printing Press or Types for printing, without having
obtained such Licence, or in any other House save the House so
mentioned in such Licence, shall forfeit such Printing Press and
Types, and the Sum of Forty Pounds.”
_Restrictions._--Ever since the introduction of printing into Europe,
the press has been subjected to great restrictions. To show the
nature of those restrictions in England, I have inserted two decrees
of the Star Chamber, in the time of Queen Elizabeth, and the act 13 &
14 Charles 2. c. 33.; the principle of these was revived, with some
modification, by the Act 39 Geo. 3. c. 79.
To the 9th volume of the Statutes at Large is prefixed a Preface, or
Address from the Editor, Owen Ruffhead, to the Reader, from which the
following is on Extract.
“What next claims our Observation is the memorable Act of 13 Car.
2. c. 33. intitled ‘An Act for preventing Abuses in printing
seditious, treasonable and unlicensed Books and Pamphlets; and
for regulating Printing and Printing Presses.’ By this Act
Printers are forbidden to publish any _heretical_, _seditious_,
_schismatical_ or OFFENSIVE* Books, and all Books and Pamphlets
are to be licensed by particular Licensers appointed according to
the Nature of the Subject, and the Number of Printing Presses are
hereby limited.
[* “The Word OFFENSIVE is a Word of dangerous Latitude: But the
Words are copied _literatim_ from the Star Chamber Decree, of
which mention will be made hereafter.]
“The Troubles which had subsisted in the late Reign, had given
Birth to a free Spirit of political Inquiry, which this Statute
was calculated to suppress: And it is observable, that this Act
is founded on a decree of the _Star Chamber_†, made in the Year
1637, which it copies without any material Variation, except
that by the Decree, Offenders are to be punished as by the
_Honourable Court of Star Chamber, or the High Commission Court,
shall be thought fit_; whereas by the Act they are to be punished
by Disability to exercise their Profession, and such farther
Punishment, not extending to Life or Limb, as the _Justices of
the King’s Bench_, or of _Oyer_ and _Terminer, &c._ shall think
fit. It is remarkable, also, that the Preamble to this Decree of
the Star Chamber takes Notice of divers Decrees and Ordinances
made for regulating Printers and Printing in the Reign of Queen
_Elizabeth_, which are said to have been defective in some
Particulars. From hence we may see what early Attempts were made
to restrain this invaluable Liberty. So intolerant is the Nature
of Power, wherever lodged, that they who have loudest exclaimed
against such Restriction as a Badge of Slavery, were no sooner
invested with full Sway, than they began to work on the same
Principles of Oppression. About the Year 1644, the Parliament
made Ordinances for restraining the Press, which were framed on
the Plan of the above Star Chamber Decree; and against which
_Milton_ published a Treatise called Areopagitica.‡
[† “This Decree is so scarce, that it is imagined there is only
one Copy extant, which is preserved in a private Library.
‡ “There is an Edition of the _Areopagitica_ published by _A.
Millar_ in 1738, with a sensible and spirited Preface, by Mr.
Thomson, Author of the Seasons.]
“This Act was last continued by 1 Jac. 2. c. 17. for seven Years
from June, 1685; but being incompatible with the noble Principles
of the Revolution, it has never since been, and it is to be hoped
never will be, revived.Ӥ
[§ “It is impossible, however, on this Occasion, to avoid
lamenting the many flagrant Instances wherein the Liberty of the
Press has been lately abused by such wanton and indiscriminate
Scurrility, as tends to make publick Censure lose its Effect, and
render Men callous to the Stings of Reproof.”]
_Decrees of the Lords in the Star Chamber, touching Printers,
Stationers, &c. 23 Junii, Eliz. 28. 1585. Orders for them sent to
Archbishop Whitgift._
Whereas sundrie decrees and ordinances have, upon grave advice
and deliberation, been made and published for the repressing
of such great enormities and abuses as of late (most men
in tyme past) have been commonlye used and practised by
diverse contemptuouse and disorderly persons, professing the
arte or misterie of printing and selling of books; and yet,
notwithstanding, the said abuses and enormities are nothing
abated, but (as is found by experience) doe rather more and
more increase, to the wilful and manifest breach and contempt
of the saide ordinances and decrees, to the great displeasure
and offence of the queen’s moste excellent majestie; by reason
whereof sundrie intolerable offences, troubles, and disturbances,
have happened, as well in the church as in the civile government
of the state and commonweale of this realme, which seem to have
growen, because the paynes and penalties, conteyned and sett
downe in the said ordinances and decrees, have been too light
and small for the correction and punishment of so grievouse
and heynouse offences, and so the offenders and malefactors in
that behalfe have not been so severely punished as the qualitie
of their offences hath deserved; her majestie, therefore, of
her moste godlie and gracious disposicion, being careful that
speedie and due reformacion be had of the abuses and disorders
aforesaid, and that all persons using or professing the arte,
trade, or mysterie of printing, or selling of books, should from
henceforth be ruled and directed therein by some certeyn and
knowen rules or ordinances, which should be inviolablie kept
and observed, and the breakers and offenders of the same to be
severely and sharplie punished and corrected, hathe straytly
charged and required the most reverend father-in-God, the
archbishop of Canterburie, and the right honourable the lordes,
and others of her majesties privy council, to see her majesties
said most gracious and godlie intention and purpose to be dulie
and effectuallie executed and accomplished. Whereupon the said
most reverend father, and the whole present in this honourable
cowrte, this 23rd day of June, in the twenty-eighth year of
her majesties reign, upon grave and mature deliberation, have
ordeyned and decreed that the ordinances and constitutions, rules
and articles, hereafter following, shall, from henceforth, by all
persons, be duly and inviolablie kept and observed, according to
the tenor, purporte, and true intent and meaning of the same,
as they tender her majesties high displeasure, and as they wyll
aunswere to the contrarie at their uttermoste peril. Videlicet.
Imprimis, That every printer, and other person, or persons
whatsoever, which at this tyme present hath erected, or set up,
or hereafter shall erect, set up, keepe, mainteyn, or have anye
printing-presse, rowle, or other instrument, for imprinting
of books, chartes, ballades, pourtrayctures, paper called
damask-paper, or any such matters or things whatsoever, shall
bring a true note, or certificate of the saide presses, or other
printing instruments allreadie erected, within tenne days next
coming, after the publication hereof; and of the saide presses,
or other printing instruments hereafter to be erected, or set up,
from tyme to tyme, within tenn dayes next after the erecting, or
setting up thereof, unto the master and wardens of the companie
of stacioners, of the cittie of London, for the tyme being, upon
payne that everye person fayling, or offending herein, shall have
all and everie the said presses, and other instruments, utterlye
defaced and made unserviceable for imprinting for ever; and
shall also suffer twelve moneths imprisonment without bayle or
maynprise.
2. Item, That no printer of bookes, nor any other person or
persons whatsoever, shall set up, keepe, or mayntain, any
presse or presses, or any other instrument, or instruments, for
imprinting of bookes, ballades, chartes, pourtrayctures, or
any other thing or things whatsoever, but onelye in the cittie
of London, or the suburbs thereof (except one presse in the
universitie of Cambridge, and one other presse in the universitie
of Oxforde, and no more) and that no person shall hereafter
erect, sett up, or maynteyne in any secrett, or obscure corner,
or place, any such presse or instrument before expressed; but
that the same shall be in suche open place or places, in his or
their house or houses, as the wardeins of the saide Companie
of Stationers, for the tyme being, or suche other person, or
persons, as by the saide wardeins shall be thereunto appointed,
may from tyme to tyme have readie accesse unto, to search for and
viewe the same; and that no printer or other person, or persons,
shall at any time hereafter withstande, or make resistance to,
or in, any suche view or search, nor denye, or keepe secrett
any suche presse, or other instrument, for imprinting, upon
payne that every person offending in any thing contrarie to this
article, shall have all the saide presses, and other printing
instruments, defaced, and made unserviceable for imprinting for
ever; and shall also suffer imprisonment one whole year, without
bayle, or maynprise, and to be disabled for ever to keepe any
printing-presse, or other instrument for printing, or to be
master of any printing-howsse, or to have any benefite thereby,
other than onelye to worke as a journeyman for wages.