down a bundle only of each signature, that the heaps may not be too
high for the boys to reach the top sheet in gathering.
The first sheet in the gathering is laid down at the extreme end of
the table at the left hand, and the succeeding sheets follow to the
right in regular order, with the signature to the front of the table.
The person who lays them down should run the signature page over in
each heap to see that they all lie the same way, and have not been
turned in knocking up, or piling away, which, when it happens, and
passes undiscovered, causes a great deal of trouble in collating.
_See_ GATHERING.
LAY LETTER.
The _Laying of Letter_, or, _To lay Letter_, is the putting of new
types into cases, in their proper situations.
When a new fount of types has to be laid, the first consideration
is, are there new cases for it, or are there any spare cases in the
house, or are there any that can be appropriated to it; and, how many
pairs are to be occupied with it? If it be for a work to be done by
a companionship, each compositor takes his proportionate share, and
lays the letter for his own use: or, it may be an addition to a fount
already in work; in which case also each takes his share, as it is
looked on as more advantageous to lay letter than to distribute,
particularly if it be of a small size. After having put the letter
into the cases, and set it up as close as possible, there will be
found many superabundant sorts; these are put into a pair of fount
cases, and the compositors generally make their cases even, that is,
take out their superfluous sorts. If the fount cases will not contain
all the sorts, the remainder are put into coffins, and placed in a
basket or a letter box; if there should not be any fount cases, then
all the spare sorts are put into coffins. The overseer should then be
informed of the state of the fount, so that the house may cast up to
the surplus sorts, if thought necessary.
I would not advise the laying of many pairs of cases with a moderate
sized fount, as an additional pair or two can be easily made at any
time.
Where the letter founder has tied up in one piece more than one sort,
I would recommend the compositor to put the piece upon a galley, or
he will mix the sorts, and give himself and the house unnecessary
trouble in his proof; using a composing rule will save him trouble.
LAY ON.
A phrase used for the number of books to be printed. Thus they say,
There is 1000, 2000, 3000, &c. Laid on.--_M._ We also use the phrase,
but without any regard to number; as, such a press is going to lay a
form on--such a press has laid a form on--What form shall we lay on?
It is usual, when a work is printed in sheets, to take the inner form
first; the only motive, to my knowledge, for this custom is, that,
where there are many presses at work, it prevents the pressmen taking
advantage of each other, by those who are first off choosing the form
that has the least difficulty in working. An old reason assigned
for this practice is, that it is advantageous to the bookbinders
in beating the book, preparatory to binding it; as the indentions
of the types face each other, and are more easily made smooth; but
the indentions would face each other equally if the usual order of
working the forms were reversed. When there are wood cuts in one
form, and none in the other, then the form without cuts should be
worked first; as working the cuts last prevents the indention of the
types appearing on the engraving, which would otherwise necessarily
take place to its prejudice.
The term is also used in printing at machines, where a boy lays a
sheet on a board, or on a travelling web, in order to its being
conveyed round the cylinders to be printed.
LAY IN SHEETS.
When the pressman lays sheets on the tympan, it is stiled _Laying in
Sheets_.--_M._ The term is now obsolete.
LAY OUT SHEETS.
When the pressman takes sheets off the tympan, and lays them on the
heap, it is stiled _Laying out Sheets_.--_M._ Obsolete.
LAY-UP.
Before the letter of a worked-off form is distributed, or before it
is cleared away, if the work be finished it is unlocked upon a board
laid in the trough, and well rinsed with water, while the compositor
keeps working the pages backward and forward with his hands, and
continues pouring water on them till the lye and ink are washed away,
and the water runs off clear: this is termed laying-up.
The board should always be washed clean on its upper side before the
form is laid upon it.
LEADERS.
Between the ends of the lines and the figures of reference, in
indexes, contents, in many tables, and accounts, are placed,
sometimes full points, sometimes hyphens, metal rules, or dotted
quadrats; all these, without distinction, are termed _Leaders_. Full
points with a sufficient space between them, or dotted quadrats, are
now generally used, being looked upon as neater than hyphens or metal
rules.
LEADS.
These articles are called leads by printers, and space lines by type
founders. _See_ SPACE LINES.
LEAN. _See_ BEAT LEAN.--_M._
LEAN FACE.
A letter whose stems and other strokes have not their full
width.--_M._ As now understood, a letter of slender proportions
compared to its height.--_See_ TYPES.
LECTURES.
5 & 6 W. 4. c. 65. “An act for preventing the Publication of
Lectures without Consent.
s. 1. “Whereas Printers, Publishers, and other Persons have
frequently taken the Liberty of printing and publishing Lectures
delivered upon divers Subjects, without the Consent of the
Authors of such Lectures, or the Persons delivering the same in
public, to the great Detriment of such Authors and Lecturers:
Be it enacted by the King’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with
the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal,
and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the
Authority of the same, That from and after the First Day of
September One thousand eight hundred and thirty-five the Author
of any Lecture or Lectures, or the Person to whom he hath sold
or otherwise conveyed the Copy thereof, in order to deliver the
same in any School, Seminary, Institution, or other Place, or
for any other purpose, shall have the sole Right and Liberty
of printing and publishing such Lecture or Lectures; and that
if any Person shall, by taking down the same in Short Hand or
otherwise in Writing, or in any other Way obtain or make a Copy
of such Lecture or Lectures, and shall print or lithograph
or otherwise copy and publish the same, or cause the same to
be printed, lithographed, or otherwise copied and published,
without Leave of the Author thereof, or of the Persons to whom
the Author thereof hath sold or otherwise conveyed the same,
and every Person who, knowing the same to have been printed or
copied and published without such Consent, shall sell, publish,
or expose to sale, or cause to be sold, published, or exposed to
sale, any such Lecture or Lectures, shall forfeit such printed
or otherwise copied Lecture or Lectures, or Parts thereof,
together with One Penny for every Sheet thereof which shall be
found in his Custody, either printed, lithographed, or copied,
or printing, lithographing, or copying, published or exposed to
sale, contrary to the true Intent and Meaning of this Act, the
one Moiety thereof to His Majesty, His Heirs or Successors, and
the other Moiety thereof to any Person who shall sue for the
same, to be recovered in any of His Majesty’s Courts of Record in
_Westminster_, by Action of Debt, Bill, Plaint, or Information,
in which no Wager of Law, Essoign, Privilege, or Protection, or
more than One Imparlance, shall be allowed.
s. 2. “And be it further enacted, That any Printer or Publisher
of any Newspaper who shall, without such Leave as aforesaid,
print and publish in such Newspaper any Lecture or Lectures,
shall be deemed and taken to be a Person printing and publishing
without Leave within the Provisions of this Act, and liable
to the aforesaid Forfeitures and Penalties in respect of such
printing and publishing.
s. 3. “And be it further enacted, That no Person allowed for
certain Fee or Reward, or otherwise, to attend and be present at
any Lecture delivered in any Place, shall be deemed and taken to
be licensed or to have Leave to print, copy, and publish such
Lectures, only because of having Leave to attend such Lecture or
Lectures.
s. 4. “Provided always, That nothing in this Act shall extend to
prohibit any Person from printing, copying, and publishing any
Lecture or Lectures which have or shall have been printed and
published with Leave of the Authors thereof or their Assignees,
and whereof the Time hath or shall have expired within which
the sole Right to print and publish the same is given by an Act
passed in the Eighth Year of the Reign of Queen _Anne_ [c. 19.],
intituled _An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by vesting
the Copies of printed Books in the Authors or Purchasers of such
Copies during the Times therein mentioned_, and by another Act
passed in the Fifty-fourth Year of the Reign of King _George_
the Third [c. 156.], intituled _An Act to amend the several Acts
for the Encouragement of Learning, by securing the Copies and
Copyright of printed Books to the Authors of such Books, or their
Assigns_, or to any Lectures which have been printed or published
before the passing of this Act.
s. 5. “Provided further, That nothing in this Act shall extend to
any Lecture or Lectures, or the printing, copying, or publishing
any Lecture or Lectures, or Parts thereof, of the delivering of
which Notice in Writing shall not have been given to Two Justices
living within Five Miles from the Place where such Lecture
or Lectures shall be delivered Two Days at the least before
delivering the same, or to any Lecture or Lectures delivered in
any University or public School or College, or on any public
Foundation, or by any Individual in virtue of or according to any
Gift, Endowment, or Foundation; and that the Law relating thereto
shall remain the same as if this Act had not been passed.”
LETTER BOARD.
In Moxon’s time both the letter board and the paper board were
made alike, similar to the present paper board; and he strongly
recommended to have the board made of one piece, without a joint:
they are now different from each other. The letter board is made of
two deals, about an inch thick, and the smallest size allows a demy
chase to lie upon it without hanging over the edges; the deals are
joined together on the under side by two dovetailed tapering tongues
inserted into dovetailed tapering grooves, the contrary way to each
other; and these tongues project below the bottom, so as to serve as
feet for the board, to a depth rather more than equal to the height
of letter, and allow the board to be placed upon a bulk, or upon
another letter board, upon which pages or small jobs are placed,
without the bottom of the board touching the face of the type. If the
boards shrink, or the joint opens, the aperture can be immediately
closed up again, by striking the edges with a mallet, and driving the
tongues up tight.
The usual sizes of letter boards in a printing office are Demy and
Royal; but when works on larger paper are printed, it is necessary to
have boards of a corresponding size. The Demy boards are 26 inches by
22; the Royal 30 inches by 26.
LETTER BRUSH.
A brush used in composing rooms, something like a polishing brush for
shoes, but not quite so large; with which to brush dust off forms
before they are taken to the proof press to have a proof pulled, and
before they are taken into the press room to be worked. Every press
ought also to have one, that if any dust, or particles of dirt, get
upon the face of the letter, they may be brushed off.
LETTER FOUNDERS.
By the Act of the 39th of George 3. cap. 79. s. 25. it is
enacted, “That from and after the Expiration of Forty Days after
the passing of this Act, every Person carrying on the Business of
a Letter Founder, or Maker or Seller of Types for Printing, or
of Printing Presses, shall cause Notice of his or her Intention
to carry on such Business to be delivered to the Clerk of the
Peace of the County, Stewartry, Riding, Division, City, Borough,
Town, or Place, where such Person shall propose to carry on such
Business, or his Deputy, in the Form prescribed in the Schedule
to this Act annexed; and such Clerk of the Peace, or his Deputy,
shall, and he is hereby authorized and required thereupon to
grant a Certificate in the Form also prescribed in the said
Schedule, for which such Clerk of the Peace, or his Deputy,
shall receive a Fee of One Shilling, and no more, and shall file
such Notice, and transmit an attested Copy thereof to one of his
Majesty’s Principal Secretaries of State; and every Person who
shall, after the Expiration of the said Forty Days, carry on such
Business, or make or sell any Type for Printing, or Printing
Press, without having given such Notice, and obtained such
Certificate, shall forfeit and lose the Sum of Twenty Pounds.”
s. 26. “And be it further enacted, That every Person who shall
sell Types for Printing, or Printing Presses, as aforesaid, shall
keep a fair Account in Writing of all Persons to whom any such
Types or Presses shall be sold, and shall produce such Accounts
to any Justice of the Peace who shall require the same; and if
such Person shall neglect to keep such Account, or shall refuse
to produce the same to any such Justice, on Demand in Writing to
inspect the same, such Person shall forfeit and lose, for such
Offence, the Sum of Twenty Pounds.” _See_ CERTIFICATE.
Forms.
“VI. FORM _of Notice to the Clerk of the Peace, that any Person
carries on the Business of a Letter Founder, or Maker or Seller
of Types for Printing, or of Printing Presses_.
To the Clerk of the Peace for [_as the Case may be_], or his
Deputy.
I _A. B._ of ______ do hereby declare, That I intend to carry
on the Business of a Letter Founder or Maker or Seller of Types
for Printing, _or_ of Printing Presses [_as the Case may be_],
at ______ and I hereby require this Notice to be entered in
pursuance of an Act, passed in the Thirty-ninth Year of the Reign
of his Majesty King _George_ the Third, [_set forth the Title of
the Act_].
Signed in the Presence }
of ________________ }
“VII. FORM _of Certificate that the above Notice has been given_.
I _G. H._ Clerk [_or_ Deputy Clerk] of the Peace for [_as the
Case may be_], do hereby certify, That _A. B._ of ______ hath
delivered to me a Notice in Writing, appearing to be signed
by him, and attested by _E. F._ as a Witness to his signing
the same, that he intends to carry on the Business of a Letter
Founder, or Maker or Seller of Types for Printing, _or_ of
Printing Presses, at ______ and which Notice he has required to
be entered in pursuance of an Act of the Thirty-ninth Year of his
Majesty King _George_ the Third, [_set forth the Title of the
Act_].
Witness my Hand, this ______ Day of ______.”
LETTER HANGS.
If the compositor has been careless in emptying his composing stick,
so as to set the letter loosely down in the galley, and they stand
not perfectly square and upright, the _Letter Hangs_: or if after
overrunning on the correcting stone he has not set his letter in a
square position again, before he locks up (for we may suppose when
the pages are opened the letter stands loose, and more or less out of
square), so then, the matter standing thus out of square, is said to
_Hang_.--_M._
LIBELS,
_blasphemous and seditious_. Act 60 Geo. 3. cap. 8.--_For the
more effectual Prevention and Punishment of Blasphemous and
Seditious Libels._
Commences by declaring that it is expedient to make more
effectual provision for the punishment of blasphemous and
seditious libels; and then proceeds to enact, “That from and
after the passing of the Act, in every Case in which any Verdict
or Judgment by default shall be had against any Person for
composing, printing, or publishing any blasphemous Libel, or any
seditious Libel, tending to bring into hatred or contempt the
Person of His Majesty, his Heirs or Successors, or the Regent,
or the Government and Constitution of the United Kingdom as by
Law established, or either House of Parliament, or to excite His
Majesty’s Subjects to attempt the Alteration of any Matter in
Church or State as by Law established, otherwise than by lawful
Means, it shall be lawful for the Judge, or the Court before whom
or in which such Verdict shall have been given, or the Court in
which such Judgment by default shall be had, to make an Order
for the Seizure and carrying away and detaining in safe Custody,
in such Manner as shall be directed in such Order, all Copies
of the Libel which shall be in the Possession of the Person
against whom such Verdict or Judgment shall have been had, or
in the Possession of any other Person named in the Order for
his Use; Evidence upon Oath having been previously given to the
Satisfaction of such Court or Judge, that a Copy or Copies of
the said Libel is or are in the Possession of such other Person
for the Use of the Person against whom such Verdict or Judgment
shall have been had as aforesaid; and in every such Case it shall
be lawful for any Justice of the Peace, or for any Constable
or other Peace-officer acting under any such Order, or for any
Person or Persons acting with or in aid of any such Justice of
the Peace, Constable, or other Peace-officer, to search for any
Copies of such Libel in any House, Building, or other Place
whatsoever belonging to the Person against whom any such Verdict
or Judgment shall have been had, or to any other Person so named,
in whose Possession any Copies of any such Libel, belonging to
the Person against whom any such Verdict or Judgment shall have
been had, shall be; and in case Admission shall be refused or not
obtained within a reasonable Time after it shall have been first
demanded, to enter by force by Day into any such House, Building,
or Place whatsoever, and to carry away all Copies of the Libel
there found, and to detain the same in safe Custody until the
same shall be restored under the Provisions of this Act, or
disposed of according to any further Order made in relation
thereto.
s. 2. “That if in any such Case as aforesaid Judgment shall be
arrested, or if, after Judgment shall have been entered, the
same shall be reversed upon any Writ of Error, all Copies so
seized shall be forthwith returned to the Person or Persons from
whom the same shall have been so taken as aforesaid, free of all
Charge and Expence, and without the Payment of any Fees whatever;
and in every Case in which final Judgment shall be entered upon
the Verdict so found against the Person or Persons charged with
having composed, printed, or published such Libel, then all
Copies so seized shall be disposed of as the Court in which such
Judgment shall be given shall order and direct.
s. 3. “Provided that in Scotland, in every Case in which any
Person or Persons shall be found Guilty before the Court of
Justiciary, of composing, printing, or publishing any blasphemous
or seditious Libel, or where Sentence of Fugitation shall have
been pronounced against any Person or Persons, in consequence
of their failing to appear to answer to any Indictment charging
them with having composed, printed, or published any such Libel,
then and in either of such Cases, it shall and may be lawful for
the said Court to make an Order for the Seizure, carrying away,
and detaining in safe Custody, all Copies of the Libel in the
Possession of any such Person or Persons, or in the Possession of
any other Person or Persons named in such Order, for his or their
Use, Evidence upon Oath having been previously given to the
Satisfaction of such Court or Judge, that a Copy or Copies of the
said Libel is or are in the Possession of such other Person for
the Use of the Person against whom such Verdict or Judgment shall
have been had as aforesaid; and every such Order so made shall
and may be carried into effect, in such and the same Manner as
any Order made by the Court of Justiciary, or any Circuit Court
of Justiciary, may be carried into effect according to the Law
and Practice of Scotland: Provided always, that in the Event of
any Person or Persons being reponed against any such Sentence of
Fugitation, and being thereafter acquitted, all Copies so seized
shall be forthwith returned to the Person or Persons from whom
the same shall have been so taken as aforesaid; and in all other
Cases, the Copies so seized shall be disposed of in such Manner
as the said Court may direct.
s. 4. “That if any Person shall be legally convicted of having,
after the passing of this Act, composed, printed, or published
any blasphemous Libel, or any such seditious Libel as aforesaid,
and shall, after being so convicted, offend a second Time, and
be thereof legally convicted before any Commission of Oyer
and Terminer or Gaol Delivery, or in His Majesty’s Court of
King’s-bench, such Person may, on such second Conviction, be
adjudged, at the Discretion of the Court, either to suffer such
Punishment as may now by Law be inflicted in Cases of high
Misdemeanors, or to be banished from the United Kingdom, and all
other Parts of His Majesty’s Dominions, for such Term of Years as
the Court in which such Conviction shall take place shall order.
s. 5. “That in case any Person so sentenced and ordered to be
banished as aforesaid, shall not depart from this United Kingdom
within Thirty Days after the pronouncing of such Sentence and
Order as aforesaid, for the Purpose of going into such Banishment
as aforesaid, it shall and may be lawful to and for His Majesty
to convey such Person to such Parts out of the Dominions of His
said Majesty, as His Majesty by and with the Advice of his Privy
Council shall direct.
s. 6. “That if any Offender, who shall be so ordered by any such
Court as aforesaid to be banished in manner aforesaid shall,
after the End of Forty Days from the Time such Sentence and
Order hath been pronounced, be at large within any Part of the
United Kingdom, or any other Part of His Majesty’s Dominions,
without some lawful Cause, before the Expiration of the Term for
which such Offender shall have been so ordered to be banished as
aforesaid, every such Offender being so at large as aforesaid,
being thereof lawfully convicted, shall be transported to such
Place as shall be appointed by His Majesty for any Term not
exceeding Fourteen Years; and such Offender may be tried, either
before any Justices of Assize, Oyer and Terminer, Great Sessions,
or Gaol Delivery, for the County, City, Liberty, Borough, or
Place where such Offender shall be apprehended and taken, or
where he or she was sentenced to Banishment; and the Clerk of
Assize, Clerk of the Peace, or other Clerk or Officer of the
Court having the Custody of the Records where such Order of
Banishment shall have been made, shall, when thereunto required
on His Majesty’s Behalf, make out and give a Certificate in
Writing, signed by him, containing the Effect and Substance only
(omitting the formal Part) of every Indictment and Conviction of
such Offender, and of the Order for his or her Banishment, to
the Justices of Assize, Oyer and Terminer, Great Sessions, or
Gaol Delivery, where such Offender shall be indicted, for which
Certificate Six Shillings and Eight Pence, and no more, shall
be paid, and which Certificate shall be sufficient Proof of the
Conviction and Order for Banishment of any such Offender.”
The remaining clauses relate to the mode of proceeding in case of
former conviction, limitation of actions, &c.
11 G. 4. & 1 W. 4. c. 73. “An act to repeal so much of an Act of
the Sixtieth Year of His late Majesty King _George_ the Third,
for the more effectual Prevention and Punishment of blasphemous
and seditious Libels, as relates to the Sentence of Banishment
for the Second Offence; and to provide some further Remedy
against the Abuse of publishing Libels.