_Uraiceact na Neigeas_, or Primer of the Bards, written by _Forchern_
some few years before our vulgar æra, transcribed and illustrated by
_Ceannfaolidh na foghlama_, or _Kinfaolidh_ the learned, an author
of the seventh century. The alphabet, according to this author, was
originally named _bobel_, _loth_, &c. from the names of certain
masters who assisted in composing the Japhetan language soon after
the confusion of tongues.
As the Grecians gave the name of alphabet to the table of their
letters from the two initial letters, Alpha, Beta; and the Latins
called their table Abcdarium from their three first letters, A, B, C.
So the Irish gave the name of Bobel, Loth, to their ancient elements,
from the two first letters B, L; and to their more modern alphabet,
that of Bethluisnon, from B, L, N, which proves that N did formerly
possess the third place; whereas in the present alphabet it takes up
the fifth. The last and most modern name of the Irish alphabet, in
conformity to the Abcdarium of the Romans, is Abgiter.
[Illustration: The Forchern Alphabet]
_The Number, Order, and Names of the Letters, according to Forchern’s
Uraiceact._
+---------+--------------+--------------+
| Order. | Figure. | Name. |
+---------+--------------+--------------+
| 1. | B [#] | Boibel |
| 2. | L [#] | Loth |
| 3. | F [#] | Forann |
| 4. | S [#] | Salia |
| 5. | N [#] | Nabgadon |
| 6. | H [#] | Uiria |
| 7. | D [#] | Daib’iot’ |
| 8. | T [#] | Talmon |
| 9. | C [#] | Cavi |
| 10. | Q [#] | Cailep |
| 11. | M [#] | Moiria |
| 12. | G [#] | Gath |
| 13. | Ng [#] | Ngoimer |
| 14. | Z [#] | Sdru |
| 15. | R [#] | Ruiben |
| 16. | A [#] | Acab |
| 17. | O [#] | Ose |
| 18. | U [#] | Ura |
| 19. | E [#] | Esu |
| 20. | I [#] | Jaichim |
| 21. | Eu [#] | Eutrosius |
| 22. | Oi [#] | Oirdionors |
| 23. | Ui [#] | Uimealcus |
| 24. | Io [#] | Iodonius |
| 25. | Ao [#] | Aofraim |
+---------+--------------+--------------+
It is remarkable in all the Irish alphabets, (except the modern one,
the order of which is copied from the Roman, and introduced since
Christianity,) that the vowels follow each other; an instance not
known in any other language, yet the labials, dentals and linguals,
are intermixed without order.
[Illustration: The Lecane Alphabet]
_The Number, Order, and Names of the Letters, according to
O’Flaherty, from the Book of Lecane._
+--------+-------------+------------+-----------------------+
| Order. | Figure. | Name. | From Trees. |
+--------+-------------+------------+-----------------------|
| 1. | B [#] | Beith | a birch tree |
| 2. | L [#] | Luis | a quicken tree |
| 3. | F [#] | Fearn | an alder |
| 4. | S [#] | Sail | a willow |
| 5. | N [#] | Nion | an ash tree |
| 6. | H [#] | Uath | a white thorn |
| 7. | D [#] | Duir | an oak |
| 8. | T [#] | Tinne | _not expounded_ |
| 9. | C [#] | Coll | an hazel tree |
| 10. | Q [#] | Queirt | an apple tree |
| 11. | M [#] | Muin | a vine |
| 12. | G [#] | Gort | ivy |
| 13. | Ng [#] | Ngedal | a reed |
| 14. | P [#] | Pethpoc | _not expounded_ |
| 15. | Z [#] | Ztraif | a black thorn |
| 16. | R [#] | Ruis | an elder tree |
| 17. | A [#] | Ailm | the fir tree |
| 18. | O [#] | Onn | broom or furze |
| 19. | U [#] | Ur | heath |
| 20. | E [#] | Eadhadh | an aspen tree |
| 21. | I [#] | Idho | the yew tree |
| 22. | Ea [#] | Eabhaah | an aspen tree |
| 23. | Oi [#] | Oir | the spine tree |
| 24. | Y [#] | Uillean | the honeysuckle |
| 25. | Io [#] | Iphin | the gooseberry tree |
| 26. | Ae [#] [#] | Amhancoll | _not expounded_ |
+--------+-------------+------------+-----------------------+
Of these letters, the five last are diphthongs. Q, Ng, Z, are
reckoned superfluous consonants, and are thrown out of the modern
alphabet, so that the remaining letters are only 17, which compose
the abgitur or alphabet now in use, and are placed in order as the
Latin abcdarium.
The ancient grammarians called the alphabet _Faoidh_, or _Faodh_,
i.e. a a voice, a sound or language; because such letters are
expressive of the voice and language. The moderns, to support
their hypothesis, have corrupted this word to _Feadh_, a wood; and
from hence have denominated the letters after certain trees, three
of which they are at a loss to expound. According to Neuman, the
Hebrew letters do each separately signify the idea either of motion,
space, or matter; hence each Hebrew word is at once a name, and a
definition of the subject, and all objects in the natural and moral
world must be known as soon as their names are known, and their
separate letters considered. The proper names of men being borrowed
from such ideas as _Adam_, i.e. red earth, it is more rational to
suppose our learned ancestors named their letters according to
Forchern, from men, rather than from trees.--_A Grammar of the
Iberno-Celtic, or Irish Language._ By _Major Charles Vallancey._
4_to._ _Dublin_, 1773.
[Illustration: The Feadh Alphabet]
_The Modern Alphabet._
+------------------------------------------------------------+
| Figure. | Name. | Pronunciation. | |
+---------+-----+-------+----------------+ |
| [#] [#] | A a | Ailm | aw | the fir-tree |
| [#] [#] | B b | Beit | beh | the birch-tree |
| [#] [#] | C c | Coll | k | the hazel-tree |
| [#] [#] | D d | Duir | deh | the oak-tree |
| [#] [#] | E e | Eada | e French | the aspen-tree |
| [#] [#] | F f | Fearn | f | the alder-tree |
| [#] [#] | G g | Gort | γ gamma, Gr. | the ivy-plant |
| [#] [#] | I i | Ioga | i French | the yew-tree |
| [#] [#] | L l | Luir | l | the quickset-tree |
| [#] [#] | M m | Muin | m | the vine-plant |
| [#] [#] | N n | Nuin | n | the ash-tree |
| [#] [#] | O o | Oir | o | the broom-tree |
| [#] [#] | P p | Peit | peh | the dwarf-elder |
| [#] [#] | R r | Ruis | r | the elder-tree |
| [#] [#] | S s | Suil | sh | the willow-tree |
| [#] [#] | T t | Teine | teh | the furze-shrub |
| [#] [#] | U u | Ur | oo English | the heath-shrub |
| [#] [#] | H h | Uat | h | the white-thorn |
+------------------------------------------------------------+
In addition to the above eighteen letters, the ancients used the
following in their alphabet:--
[#] | Qq | ceirt | the apple-tree
[#] | Zz | straif | the black-thorn
[#] | Ng | ngiadal | the reed-stalk
[#] | Ea | eabad | the aspen-tree
[#] | Io | iphin | the gooseberry-tree
[#] | Oi | oir | the spindle-tree
[#] | Y | uillean | the honeysuckle
[#] | Ao | amancoll | from _amhuinn_, a river,
and _coll_, the hazel-tree,
of which were made hurdles for
crossing brooks and rivers (the
letter _x_).
[Illustration: Consonants, Eclipses and Contractions]
_Table of Mutable Consonants and of Eclipses._
[#] [#] u [#] u [#] ll
[#] [#] w, v [#] íh } in fine. [#] m
[#] [#] ch [#] íh } [#] m
[#] [#] gh [#] íh } [#] n
[#] [#] h } vix. [#] íh } [#] t
[#] [#] h } [#] íh } [#] g
[#] [#] h } [#] íh } [#] b
[#] [#] f [#] ee [#] d
[#] [#] y [#] ee
[#] u } in fine. [#] v
[#] u } [#] v
[#] u } [#] b
[#] u } [#] d
[#] u } [#] d
[#] u } [#] g
[#] u } [#] g
_Table of Contractions._
[#] æ
[#] an
[#] ar
[#] air
[#] áo
[#] agus
[#] chd
[#] ea
[#] ea
[#] go, gan
[#] gur
[#] na
[#] nn
[#] rr
[#] si
[#] tra
[#] ui
[#] eadh
[#] eadhon
[#] &c.
[_Irish-English Guide to the Irish Language. By Thaddæus Connellan_,
12mo. Lond. 1824.]
The vowels are five in number, _a_, _o_, _u_, _e_, _i_, whereof the
three first, a, o, u, are broad, and the two last, _e_, _i_, are
narrow.
In words of two or more syllables, regard must be had to the
correspondence of the vowels, for when the _last_ vowel of the former
syllable is a broad vowel, the first vowel of the following syllable
must be broad also; and when in some _latter_ syllable the vowel is
small, the last of the immediately preceding must be _small_ also.
Example, _du-ne_, a man, is false orthography, because the last
syllable ending in a _small_ vowel, the first must end in a _small_
one also, as _dui-ne_.
No vowel is ever to be doubled as _ee_, _oo_, &c. in the same
syllable.
The diphthongs, or union of two vowels, are thirteen.
Example.
{ao as y or i in bird _saor_
{æ or ae _gaeth_
{ai _cail_
{ea _fear_
{ei _ceir_
{eo _ceol_
{eu _seud_
ia _cliar_
io _cior_
oi _coir_
ua _fuar_
ui _fuil_
The triphthongs are five,
aoi _caoin_
eoi _feoil_
iai _liaigh_
iui _sttiuir_
uai _cuaird_
-- _Vallancey_.
Vallancey, by omitting the letter R, reduces the modern alphabet to
seventeen letters; Connellan, by admitting this letter, increases it
to eighteen.
_Hibernian or Irish Types in the British Founderies._
_Pica._--Thorowgood and Besley; this was cut by Fry from drawings
made by, and under the superintendence of Mr. Thaddæus Connellan.
_Small Pica._--Thorowgood and Besley; this was also cut by Fry
from drawings by Mr. Connellan, and under the same circumstances
as the Pica. V. and J. Figgins; this was copied from the
engravings in Vallancey’s Irish Grammar. I have given the modern
alphabet in this character.
_Long Primer._--Thorowgood and Besley; this was cut for Bagster’s
edition of the New Testament in Irish, printed for the British
and Foreign Bible Society.
ITS OWN PAPER.
When one, two, three, or more copies of a sheet of a work, or a job,
are printed on the paper that the whole is intended to be worked on,
it is said to be _Pulled on its own Paper_. This is frequently done
at the commencement of a work, when a proof of the first sheet is
sent to the author, or bookseller, or both; that they may see the
effect produced before it is proceeded with.
J.
JEFF. _See_ THROW.
JOB.
Any thing which printed does not exceed a sheet, is termed a Job,
and is paid for extra to the compositor, because there is no return
of furniture or of letter: he has generally to put up fresh cases,
and has some additional trouble in getting the right letter, and in
making up the furniture. _See_ SCALE OF PRICES.
JOB HOUSE.
A printing office, the general run of business in which is the
printing of Jobs; namely, cards, shop bills, bills for articles
stolen, or lost, play bills, lottery bills, large posting bills,
and all other things of a similar description. These houses seldom
execute book work to any extent, as their materials, particularly
with respect to types, are not calculated for it; and few houses
undertake both kinds of work to any great degree. The principal job
houses in London have a variety of types, both as to size and shape,
such as few or no book houses ever think of laying in; consequently
they are enabled to execute such work in a style superior to that
in which a book house could, with regard to producing effect, and,
in general, more expeditiously. Jobbing is an extensive business in
London. _See_ BOOK HOUSE.
JOHNSON, RICHARD. _See_ DONATIONS.
JOIN.
When two or more compositors are employed on the same piece of
work, and one of them composes all his copy, so that there is no
intervening matter between his copy and that in the hands of another
of the companions who has followed him, he says, he has joined, or,
he has set up close. Also, if a compositor be on a piece of work
without a companion, and from any cause he be obliged to suspend
composing one part of his copy, and to proceed with a succeeding
part; then, when he has been enabled to compose this intervening
part, and has got it completed, he says, he has joined, or, he has
joined his matter.
JOINTS.
Tympan joints, and frisket joints.--_M._
JUSTIFIERS. _See_ QUOTATION QUADRATS.
JUSTIFYING.
Spacing a line out so that it fits with a proper degree of tightness
in the measure of the composing stick;--placing a wood cut in
a page, and filling up the vacancies with leads, scaleboards,
quadrats, quotations, or furniture, so that when the form is locked
up, the wood cut shall be fast, and the lines above and below it
even;--fixing any other matter in a similar way in a page.--With
pressmen, putting cards into the head of a wooden press, and screwing
it up until the pull be proper, is termed _Justifying the Head_, or _
Justifying the Pull_. _See_ HARD PULL.
JUSTIFYING THE HEAD. This amounts to the same thing as justifying the
pull, which see.
JUSTIFYING LINKS. _See_ COMPOSING.
JUSTIFY THE PULL.
Putting additional cards into the mortises of the cheeks of a press,
or taking some out, as the case may require, in order to regulate
the pull: for a small light form, the pressure requires to be
comparatively slight; but for a large, solid form of small letters,
it requires a heavy soaking pull to do justice to the work; in this
case, additional cards are put into the mortises of the head. This
refers only to the wooden press; for justifying the pull of iron
presses, _see_ under the respective articles.
JUSTIFY A STICK;
viz. a composing stick. Screwing the slides of his composing stick to
the measure wanted--_M._
K.
KEEP IN,
is a caution either given to, or resolved on, by the compositor, when
there may be doubt of driving out his matter beyond his counting off:
wherefore he sets close, to Keep in.--_M._
KEEP OUT,
is a caution either given to, or resolved on, by the compositor, when
there may be doubt of getting in his matter too fast for his counting
off: wherefore he sets wide, to drive or keep out.--_M._ This term is
not now used; we say Drive out, which see.
KERN.
Kerned letters are such as have part of their face hanging over one
side or both sides of their shanks.--_M._
KEY.
A flat square hook, with a handle to put the fingers through in a
transverse direction to the hook. Its use is to lift the forms out of
the lye trough, after having brushed off the ink from the types, the
furniture, and the chase.
KNOCK UP.
In the warehouse, is to place the sheets of each signature of a work
uniformly even at the edges upon each other, after they are taken
down from the poles, and previously to their being piled away.
The person who has this to do, takes a quantity of about two quires,
(if it be a stout hard paper he may take a little more,) and holding
it loosely at the edges with both hands, he bends the ends a little
towards him, so that the paper shall form a curve; he then lifts it
up a little from the table, and lets it drop upon its edge through
his hands,--the curve giving the edge a little firmness, many of the
sheets drop down into their places; he repeats this two or three
times, and will then, in letting it drop upon the table, bring the
lower part nearer to him, so that the outside of the curve may strike
first, and throw the sheets gradually up higher at the back; this he
will also do two or three times; he then lets the further side rest
upon the table, and shuffles the upper sheets gradually away from
him, lifting the whole up, and letting the edges drop upon the table,
three or four times; repeating these operations soon brings all the
edges even, both at the ends and sides; he then lays this taking on
one side, and repeats the operation with other takings, laying them
on each other, till he has completed the whole.
A soft flimsy paper takes more time in knocking up than a hard paper,
as the sheets have not strength enough separately to be driven into
their places by striking on the edges.
KNOCK UP BALLS.
To knock up balls is the term used for making balls: it is to cut the
pelts to a proper size; to fill them with a proper quantity of wool;
to nail them to the ball stocks; to trim them; and to put them into a
working condition. _See_ BALLS.
KNOCK UP A LETTER.
It sometimes happens with old letter, that a letter may be worn so
low that it will not print well in a page; the workman then takes
that letter out of the form, and holds the shank of it upon the side
of the chase, and with the head of the shooting stick beats lightly
upon the foot of the shank, till he have battered metal enough out
of the shank, to raise it higher against paper; if it prove too high
against paper, he rubs the bottom of the shank upon the side of the
chase, to rub it down. This operation seldom happens, unless another
of the same sort of letter is wanting, and hard to come by: for else
the compositor will bow the letter, and pop it into a waste box in
his case, where he puts all naughty letters, that he may not be
troubled with them another time.--_M._ _See_ BOW THE LETTER.
KOOFEE,
Kufic, Cufic, Cuphic, or Oriental. Ancient Arabic; it was called
Cuphic, from the town of Couphah, built on the Euphrates. _See_
ARABIC.
L.
LATIN.
The Latin alphabet is the same as the English, with the exception
of the W, which “is a letter unknown, as to form and place, in
the alphabets of the ancient Hebrews, Greeks, Romans, and Goths.
This letter is peculiar to the northern languages and people, and
particularly to the nations who are of Teutonic and Sclavonic
original.”--_Astle._
For the allowance of the duty on paper used in the printing of
books in the Latin language within the universities of Oxford and
Cambridge, the universities of Scotland, and the university of
Trinity College, Dublin, _see_ PAPER.
LAW AUTHORITIES,
with the abbreviations by which they are cited.
_A._ (a.) _B._ (b.).--A. front, B. back of a leaf.
_A._; _An._; _Anon._--Anonymous.
_A. B._--Anonymous, at the end of Bendloe’s Reports. 1661. (Cited
as ‘New Bendloe.’)
_Ab. Sh._--Abbot on Shipping.
_Abr. Ca. Eq._--Abridgment of Cases in Equity.
_Acc._ or _Ag._ or _Agr._--Accords or agrees.
_Act._--Acton’s Reports.
_Act. Reg._--Acta Regia.
_Ad. Eject._--Adams on Ejectments.
_Ad. & Ellis._--Adolphus and Ellis’s King’s Bench Reports.
_Add. Eccl. Rep._--Addams’s Reports. Ecclesiastical Courts.
_Al._--Aleyn’s Reports.
_Alln. Part._--Allnatt on Partition.
_Amb._--Ambler’s Reports in Chancery.
_And. 1. 2._--Anderson’s Reports, 2 parts.
_Andr._--Andrews’s Reports.
_Ann._--Cases in K. B. temp. Hardwicke.
_Annaly._--Reports temp. Hardwicke.
_Anon._--Anonymous.
_Anst._--Anstruther’s Reports.
_Arch. C. P._--Archbold’s Civil Pleadings.
_Arch. Cr. P._--Archbold’s Criminal Pleadings.
_Arch. Crim. Pl. & Ev._--Archbold’s Criminal Pleadings and
Evidence.
_Arch. K. B._--Archbold’s K. B. Practice.
_Arch. P. C._--Archbold’s Pleas of the Crown.
_Ash. Ch._, or _Ov._--Ashdowne’s Church-warden and Overseer.
_Ass._, or _Lib. Ass._--Liber Assisarum, or Pleas of the Crown.
_Ast. Ent._--Aston’s Entries.
_Atk._--Atkyns’s Reports in Chancery.
_Ath. P. T._--Atkyns’s Parliamentary Tracts.
_Ayl._--Ayliffe’s Parergon.
_B._, or _C. B._--Common Bench.
_B. & A._; _B. & Ald._--Barnewall and Alderson’s Reports. King’s
Bench.
_B. & Ad._; _Barn. & Adol._--Barnewall and Adolphus’s Reports.
King’s Bench.
_B. & C._; _B. & Cr. (K. B.)_; _Barn. & C._; _Barn. &
Cres._--Barnewall and Cresswell’s Reports. King’s Bench.
_B. C. C._; _Br. Ch. Rep._; _Bro. C. C._--Brown’s Chancery Cases.
_B. Eccl. L._; _Burn’s Eccl. L._--Burn’s Ecclesiastical Law.
_B. Just._--Burn’s Justice.
_B. M._--Montagu’s Digest of the New Decisions in Bankruptcy.
_B. N. C._--Brooke’s New Cases.
_B. & P._, or _Boss. & Pull._--Bosanquet and Puller’s Reports.
_B. R._--Banco Regis. King’s Bench.
_B. Tr._--Bishop’s Trial.
_Ba. & Be._; _Ball & B._--Ball and Beatty’s Reports in Chancery
in Ireland.
_Bac. Abr._--Bacon’s Abridgment.
_Banc. Sup._--Upper Bench.
_Barl._--Barlow’s Justice.
_Barn. K. B._--Barnardiston’s K. B. Reports.
_Barn. C._--Barnardiston’s Chancery Reports.
_Barnes._--Barnes’s Notes of Practice.
_Barringt._--Barrington’s Observations on the Statutes.
_Bart. El._--Barton’s Elements.
_Bart. Prec._--Barton’s Precedents.
_Bayl._--Bayley on Bills.
_Bea. Co._--Beames’s Costs in Equity.
_Bea. Pl. Eq._--Beames’s Pleas in Equity.
_Benl._; _Bendl._--Benloe, or Bendloe’s Reports.
_Bing._--Bingham’s Reports. Common Pleas.
_Bing. N. S._--Bingham’s New Reports in the Common Pleas.
_Bingh. P._--P. Bingham’s Law and Practice of Judgment and
Execution.
_Black._--Blackerby’s Justice.
_Bla. Com._--Blackstone’s Commentaries.
_Black. (H.)_--Henry Blackstone’s Reports.
_W. Black._; _Black. Rep._--Sir W. Blackstone’s Reports.
_Bl._--Blount.
_Bli._--Bligh’s Reports.
_Bo. R. Act._--Booth’s Real Actions.
_Bos. & Pul._--Bosanquet and Puller’s Reports. Common Pleas.
_Bosc._--Boscawen on Convictions.
_Bott._--Bott’s Poor Laws.
_Bott. cont._--Bott’s Poor Laws continued to Hil. T. 1814.
_Br._; _Bro._--Brooke, Brown, Brownlow.
_Br. Ab._--Brooke’s Abridgment.
_Br. Brev. Jud. & Ent._--Brownlow’s Brevia Judicial, &c.
_Br. Ch. Rep._--Brown’s Reports in Chancery.
_Bra._--Brady or Bracton.
_Bradby._--Bradby on Distresses.
_Bridg._--Bridgman’s Reports on Conveyancing.
_Bridg. (Sir O. R.)_--Bridgman’s Reports, by Bannister.
_Brod. & Bing._--Broderip and Bingham’s Reports. C. P.
_Bro._--Brown’s Chancery Cases.
_Bro._, _Brow. Ent._--Brown’s Entries.
_Bro. A. C. L._--Browne’s Admiralty Civil Law.
_Bro. P. C._--Brown’s Parliamentary Cases.
_Bro. V. M._--Brown’s Vade Mecum.
_Brown C. C._--Brown’s Chancery Reports.
_Brownl. 1. 2._--Brownlow and Goldesborough’s Reports, 2 parts.
_Brownl. Rediv._ or _Ent._--Brownlow’s Redivivus.
_Buck._--Buck’s Reports in Bankruptcy.
_Bul. N. P._--Buller’s Nisi Prius.
_Bulst._--Bulstrode’s Reports. K. B.
_Bunb._--Bunbury’s Reports. Exchequer.
_Burr._--Burrow’s Reports.
_Bur. S. C._--Burrow’s Settlement Cases.
_Byth. Prec._--Bythewood’s Precedents.
_C._, or _Cod._, or _Cod. Jur._--Codex (Juris Civilis) Gibson’s.
_Ca._--Case or Placita.
_Ca. P._ or _Parl._--Cases in Parliament.
_C. B._, or _C. P._--Common Pleas.
_C. C._; _Ch. Ca._--Chancery Cases.
_C. C. R._--Russell and Ryan’s Crown Cases reserved.
_C. & P._; _Car. & P. Rep._; _Car. & P._--Carrington’s and
Payne’s Reports at Nisi Prius.
_C. P._--Common Pleas.
_C. R._--Court of Review.
_Ca. T. K._--Select Cases tempore King.
_Ca. temp. H._; _Cas. temp. Hardw._--Cases tempore Hardwicke, in
King’s Bench.
_Cal._--Callis, Calthorpe.
_Cald. R._--Caldecott’s Reports of Settlement Cases.
_Cald. S. C._--Caldecott’s Settlement Cases.
_Caldw. Arbit._--Caldwell on Arbitration.
_Caldw. P. L._--Caldwell’s Poor Laws.
_Calth._--Calthorpe’s Reports.
_Camp._--Campbell’s Reports. Nisi Prius.
_Can._--Canons of the Church, made in 1603.
_Car. & P. Rep._; _Carr. & P._--Carrington and Payne’s Reports.
Nisi Prius.
_Cart._--Carter’s Reports.
_Carth._--Carthew’s Reports, K. B.
_Cary._--Cary’s Reports.
_Cas. B. R._--Cases tempore W. III.
_Cas. L. Eq._--Cases in Law and Equity.
_Cas. Pra. C. P._--Cases of Practice Common Pleas.
_Cas. temp. Talb._--Cases tempore Lord Chancellor Talbot.
_Cawl._--Cawley.
_Ch. Ca._--Chancery Cases.
_Ch. Pre._--Precedents in Chancery.
_Ch. R._--Reports in Chancery.
_Chamb. Est._--Chambers’s Estates and Tenures.
_Chamb. Lea._--Chambers on Leases.
_Chamb. T. L._--Chambers’s Tenant Law.
_Chitt. Com. L._--Chitty’s Commercial Law.
_Chitt. Crim. L._--Chitty’s Criminal Law.
_Chitty’s G. L._--Chitty on the Game Laws, &c.
_Chitt. Pre._--Chitty’s Prerogative.
_Chitty’s R. M._--Chitty on the Rights of Manors.
_Chitt. Rep._--Chitty’s Reports.
_Chris. B. L._--Christian’s Bankrupt Laws.
_Christian’s G. L._--Christian on the Game Laws.
_Cl. & Fin._--Clarke and Finnelly.
_Clap. Sess. L._--Clapham’s Points of Sessions Law. 1818.
_Clay._--Clayton’s Reports.
_Cl. Ass._--Clerk’s Assistant.
_Clift._--Clift’s Entries.
_Co._--Coke’s Reports.
_Co. B. L._--Cooke’s Bankrupt Laws. Cole on the English Bankrupt
Laws.
_Co. Cop._--Coke’s Copyholder.
_Co. Ent._--Coke’s Entries.
_Co. Lit._--Coke on Littleton (1st Institute).
_Co. M. C._--Coke’s Magna Charta (2d Institute).
_Co. P. C._--Coke’s Pleas of the Crown (3d Institute).
_Co. on Courts._--Coke’s (4th Institute).
_Code Nap._--Code Napoleon.
_Coke’s Inst._--Coke, 2d, 3d, and 4th Parts of the Institutes of
the Laws of England.
_Com._--Comyn’s Reports.
_Com. T. L._--Comyn’s Tenant Law.
_Com. Con._--Comyn on Contracts.
_Com. Dig._--Comyn’s Digest.
_Com. Par. Off._--Complete Parish Officer.
_Comb._--Comberbach’s Reports.
_Cont._--Contra.
_Coo. Eq. P._--Cooper’s Equity Pleading.
_Coo. Mort._--Coote on Mortgages.
_Coo. Rep._; _Cooper._--Cooper’s Reports.
_Coo. T. L._--Coote’s Tenant Law.
_Cooke’s B. L._--Cooke’s Bankrupt Laws.
_Con. Rep._--Consistory Reports, by Haggard.
_Cot._--Cotton.
_Cot. Ab. R._--Cotton’s Abridgment of Records.
_Cov. Rec._--Coventry on Recoveries.
_Cowp._--Cowper’s Reports.
_Cox._--Cox’s Cases in Equity.
_Cr. & Jer._; _Cromp. & Jerv._--Crompton and Jervis’s Exchequer
Reports.
_Cro._--Keilwey’s Reports, by Croke.
_Cro. Cir. C._--Crown Circuit Companion.
_Cro. Mee. & R._; _Cromp. Mees. & Rosc._--Crompton, Meeson, and
Roscoe’s Exchequer Reports.
_Cro. Car._--Croke’s Reports temp. Chas.
_Cro. 1, 2, 3._--Croke’s Reports. (Eliz. Jam. Cha.)
_Cro. Eliz._--Croke’s Reports temp. Elizabeth.
_Cro. Jac._--Croke’s Reports temp. James.
_Cromp. J. C._--Crompton’s Jurisdictions of Courts.
_Cromp._--Crompton’s Justice of the Peace.