(_en_) _Bör_, a bier, (_jeg_) _bör_, I must, ought,
(_en_) _Tro_, faith, _tro_, faithful,
(_en_) _Flöj_, weathercock, _flöj_, flew,
(_et_) _Önske_, a wish, (_at_) _önske_, to wish,
_Vande_, waters, (_at_) _vande_, to water.
On the other hand, adjectives of national names are usually written
with small initials, contrary to the English usage, as, _dansk_,
Danish; _norsk_, Norwegian; _svensk_, Swedish; _hollandsk_, Dutch;
_engelsk_, English; _angelsaksisk_, Anglosaxon.
Though the Roman character is daily gaining ground, being introduced
into the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Copenhagen, and of most
other learned societies in Denmark and Norway, as also used in many
excellent works of private authors, yet the monkish or Gothic form of
the letters is still preferred by many.
In this character the capital ~J~ is also usually applied for the
~I~, for instance, ~Jsrael~ and ~Jesus~; the long ſ is constantly
applied in the beginning of syllables, even in the combinations: ſk,
ſl, ſp, ſt.
For å, has been proposed another figure, viz. [#], which has been
adopted by the celebrated Capt. Abrahamson in his first edition of
Langes _Dänische Gramm. für Deutsche_, as also by Rask, in the first
edition of his Icel. Grammar; that he has afterwards preferred the
å, is not only from patriotic motives; this figure being found in
old Danish MSS. down to 1555, but also because it is introduced into
several other languages, as Swedish and Laplandic, and has even been
used in the upper German dialects; also in the Bornholm dialect by
Mr. Skougaard, in the Farroic by the Revd. Mr. Lyngbye, and in the
Acra (on the coast of Guinea) by Capt. Schönning, whereas [#] is used
nowhere else in the world.--_From Rask’s Danish Grammar, Copenhagen_,
1830.
DASH. _See_ PUNCTUATION.
DELE,
Lat. The second person singular, imperative mood, of the active verb
_deleo_, to blot out, to expunge. This is a word that is much used in
a printing office; and its initial, with a round top, [#] or [#], is
the regular mark in proofs to expunge a letter, word, or words that
are redundant. _See_ CORRECTING.
DELIVERING BOOKS.
It is the general practice with publishers to leave a work when
finished, in the warehouse of the printer, and to send written orders
for the delivery of a part, as occasion or convenience suits; the
warehouseman should always be prepared to deliver copies to these
orders at the moment, otherwise complaint will be made against him,
and he will incur blame; but he ought not on any account to deliver
copies without a written order, for should there happen a mistake,
or an omission in the publishers making an entry, credit will not be
given for them, and he will become responsible. He ought invariably
to enter them instanter, and take the person’s signature to the
entry, and file the order. He will then be enabled, when an account
of the delivery is called for, to prove its correctness.
DEVIL.
The pressman sometimes has a week boy to take sheets, as they are
printed, off the tympan: these boys do in a printing house commonly
black and daub themselves; whence the workmen do jocosely call them
_Devils_; and sometimes _Spirits_, and sometimes _Flies_.--_M._ The
boys that make the fires, sweep the rooms, assist in the warehouse,
and go on errands, are now called _Devils_, or _Printers Devils_; but
in the trade they are generally styled _Errand Boys_ and _Warehouse
Boys_. _See_ FLY.
DIÆRESIS. _See_ ACCENTED LETTERS.
DIAMOND.
The name of a type one size smaller than Pearl, and the smallest that
is cast in the British founderies. It originated in casting a type
with a pearl face upon a smaller body, for the purpose of getting
in, in printing pocket Bibles; the founders subsequently cut it with
a smaller face, and made it completely a distinct size. It is not
enumerated in Moxon’s list. _See_ TYPES.
DILLY, CHARLES. _See_ DONATIONS.
DIPLE.
A mark in the margin of a book to show where a fault is to be
corrected.--_Bailey’s Dict._ This word is not used in the profession.
DIRECTION.
The word that stands alone on the right hand in the bottom line of a
page.--_M._ It is the first word of the following page. _See_ CATCH
WORD.
DIRECTION LINE.
The line the direction stands in.--_M._ _See_ CATCH WORD.
_TO_ DISTRIBUTE.
To replace the types in their respective boxes in the cases after
printing therewith, in order to their being used again. This is
done in a very expeditious manner by the compositor, who, placing
his composing rule against the head of a page, with his thumbs
against it, pressing the sides of both his third fingers against the
sides of the matter, and his forefingers against the bottom line
of the quantity which he means to lift, takes up what is termed a
handful, and keeping the face of the letter towards him, rests one
end of the composing rule against the ball of the thumb of his left
hand, and pressing the other end of the rule with the third finger,
steadies the matter with his forefinger, and thus has his right hand
at liberty, with which he takes a word or part of a word from the
uppermost line as he holds it in his hand, and drops the several
letters into their particular boxes. Matter is always wetted when
distributed, to render it slightly cohesive, as the operation is thus
performed with more facility than when dry. When the form has not
been well rinsed in laying-up, and the types have been much used,
the ends of the fingers are apt to get smooth, so as to lose the
command, in some measure, of dropping the types into their places
with quickness and certainty; in this case compositors frequently
keep a piece of alum in some part of the case, and occasionally
touch it with their thumb and two fingers, which gives them a little
roughness, and restores their command of the types.
If a compositor is desirous of producing his first proofs free from
literal errors, he should be particular in distributing clean, that
is, depositing each letter in its proper box.
When new letter remains in chase, locked up for any considerable
time, it becomes what is termed, baked. _See_ BAKE.
DISTRIBUTING STICK.--_M._ _See_ COMPOSING STICK.
DIVIDING.
There are practical rules in printing for dividing words where the
whole of a word cannot be comprised within the line; and there are
also grammatical rules for the same object. Every printing office has
some peculiarity on this subject.
The most general practical method of dividing words is to preserve
the primitive word at the end of a line, and carry the termination to
the next line; but this cannot always be done, as the following few
instances will show. In these and similar cases it will be better to
avoid dividing the word, and either drive the whole out, or get the
termination in, as the spacing of the line will best allow.
air-y bulge-d change-d chuff-y
brace-d carve-d charge-d cleave-r
brawn-y cause-d chose-n cloud-y
craft-y gloom-y might-y scrape-r
crust-y judge-d nest-le strange-r
curve-d lapse-d part-y tame-d
date-d large-st plate-d tease-d
dew-y love-r rate-d tune-r
earth-y luck-y rhime-r vote-r
give-n make-r safe-r write-r
Words whose plurals are formed by the addition of s, which adds
another syllable to them, by making the last into two, ought not to
have these two syllables divided; such as--
accom-plices conse-quences frontis-pieces prefer-ences
acquaint-ances differ-ences hinder-ances privi-leges
advan-tages discord-ances observ-ances quintes-sences
allow-ances disturb-ances occur-rences recom-pences
appear-ances embas-sages over-charges redun-dances
arti-fices enter-prises perform-ances reli-ances
bene-fices equi-pages petu-lances resem-blances
cogni-zances evi-dences post-offices resi-dences
conni-vances exer-cises preci-pices sen-tences.
The terminations of words, chion, cial, cient, cion, cious, shion,
sian, sion, tial, tion, and tious, ought never, in my opinion, to be
divided, as they each form one sound, although Murray and Walker say
they form two syllables.
When the primitive word cannot be retained at the end of a line, I
would prefer the prefixes ab, ac, ad, al, anti, be, bi, co, com, con,
de, di, dia, dis, en, in, per, pre, pro, re, sub, super, un, when
words in which they occur require to be divided; provided it does not
cause any great violence in the spacing.
When it is necessary to divide a word at the end of a line, it is
also necessary to study the appearance of the termination of that
line, as well as of the commencement of the succeeding line, for they
are equally affected. An improper division of a word will sometimes
look better than a proper one, but it ought always to be avoided, if
possible.
It frequently happens that the last syllable, when it is short, has
a meagre appearance at the beginning of a line; when this is the
case, it is preferable to drive out another syllable, provided the
appearance and the correctness of the first part of the word are not
compromised.
It is not usual, and is looked on as bad workmanship, to divide a
word with a single letter at the end of a line, for it may be driven
out, or, if the line be wide spaced, the next syllable may be got in;
but should the second syllable of the word be a long one, or the last
syllable a very short one, it will then be advisable to overrun a
preceding line or two, to get rid of the objectionable division.
Neither is it usual to carry over the last syllable of a word if it
consist of two thin letters only; for the hyphen is more than equal
to one of them, and changing two or three spaces will make room for
the other, without affecting the appearance.
Some persons object to the dividing of words at all in printing, as
being unnecessary and displeasing to the eye; but then they must
sacrifice all regularity of spacing, which is still worse, and
has the appearance of bad workmanship. I would recommend that a
compositor should make each give way a little to the other, always
preserving such an uniformity in spacing that there should be no
glaring disproportion in different lines.
Avoid dividing words in lines following each other, so as not to have
hyphens at the ends of two adjoining lines, but never have three or
more divided words at the ends of consecutive lines; although five
or six may occasionally be seen, yet in book work it is held to be
bad workmanship, and should never be allowed to pass. Neither is it
desirable to divide proper names, nor the last word in a page so as
to have part of a word to begin the succeeding page, particularly
when it is an even one; sums of money and series of figures are never
divided.
It is not possible in every instance to divide words correctly,
particularly when the page is of a narrow measure, and the type
large; when this happens, the compositor is obliged frequently to
sacrifice correctness to necessity; but when the page is of a width
proportionate to the size of the type, he may in the usual way of
workmanship preserve his regular spacing, and also his correct
dividing.
The preceding observations may be looked on as practical ones for
printing. Lindley Murray gives the following grammatical directions
for dividing words.
“1. A single consonant between two vowels must be joined to the
latter syllable: as, de-light, bri-dal, re-source: except the letter
x; as, ex-ist, ex-amine: and except likewise words compounded; as,
up-on, un-even, dis-ease.
“2. Two consonants proper to begin a word, must not be separated; as,
fa-ble, sti-fle. But when they come between two vowels, and are such
as cannot begin a word, they must be divided; as, ut-most, un-der,
in-sect, er-ror, cof-fin.
“If the preceding syllable is short, the consonants must be
separated: as, cus-tard, pub-lic, gos-ling.
“3. When three consonants meet in the middle of a word, if they can
begin a word, and the preceding vowel be pronounced long, they are
not to be separated; as, de-throne, de-stroy. But when the vowel of
the preceding syllable is pronounced short, one of the consonants
always belongs to that syllable; as, dis-tract, dis-prove, dis-train.
“4. When three or four consonants, which are not proper to begin a
word, meet between two vowels, the first consonant is always kept
with the first syllable in the division: as, ab-stain, com-plete,
em-broil, dan-dler, dap-ple, con-strain.
“5. Two vowels, not being a diphthong, must be divided into separate
syllables; as, cru-el, deni-al, soci-ety.
“A diphthong immediately preceding a vowel, is to be separated from
it: as, roy-al, pow-er, jew-el.
“6. Compounded words must be traced into the simple words of
which they are composed; as, ice-house, glow-worm, over-power,
never-the-less.
“7. Grammatical, and other particular terminations, are generally
separated: as, teach-est, teach-eth, teach-ing, teach-er,
contend-est, great-er, wretch-ed, good-ness, free-dom, false-hood.
“Two consonants which form but one sound, are never separated: as,
e-cho, fa-ther, pro-phet, an-chor, bi-shop. They are to be considered
as a single letter.
“8. In derivative words, the additional syllables are separated:
as, sweet-er, sweet-est, sweet-ly; learn-ed, learn-eth, learn-ing;
dis-like, mis-lead, un-even; call-ed, roll-er, dress-ing; gold-en,
bolt-ed, believ-er, pleas-ing.
“_Exceptions._ When the derivative word doubles the single letter of
the primitive, one of those letters is joined to the termination: as,
beg, beg-gar; fat, fat-ter; bid, bid-ding.
“When the additional syllable is preceded by _c_ or _g_ soft, the
_c_ or _g_ is added to that syllable: as, of-fen-ces, cotta-ges,
pro-noun-cer, in-dul-ging; ra-cer, fa-cing, spi-ced; wa-ger, ra-ging,
pla-ced, ran-ger, chan-ging, chan-ged.
“When the preceding single vowel is long, the consonant, if single,
is joined to the termination: as, ba-ker, ba-king; ho-ping, bro-ken;
po-ker, bo-ny; wri-ter, sla-vish; mu-sed, sa-ved.
“The termination _y_ is not to be placed alone: as, san-dy,
gras-sy; dir-ty, dus-ty; mos-sy, fros-ty; hea-dy, woo-dy; except,
dough-y, snow-y, string-y, and a few other words. But even in these
exceptions, it would be proper to avoid beginning a line with the
termination _y_.
“Some of the preceding rules may be liable to considerable
exceptions; and therefore it is said by Dr. Lowth and others,
that the best and easiest directions for dividing the syllables
in spelling, is to divide them as they are naturally separated in
a right pronunciation, without regard to the derivation of words,
or the possible combination of consonants at the beginning of a
syllable.”
Before quitting this subject, it should be stated that there is yet
a mode of dividing, which is peculiar to the philologist. To him it
appears but natural that a compounded word should be divided at the
point where its elements were originally conjoined. With respect to
a purely English compound we find this to be one of Murray’s rules;
but in an adopted word, however much from its recurrence it may
seem to have become our own, the scholar’s eye is offended, if,
where a division has become requisite, it be made in violation of
etymological principles. This remark must be understood as having
reference only to the division which would occur in the neighbourhood
of the point of junction: in other respects he does not impugn the
validity of the rules which are in general laid down. To apply with
precision this principle, which, when judiciously practised, is
frequently very highly approved, it is evident that an acquaintance
with the language from which the imported word has been derived, is
necessary: yet, as a person not thus qualified may occasionally be
required to make his divisions in conformity with this system, it
has been thought desirable to subjoin a brief list of words in which
an uninitiated person would be most likely to err. A few of the
following divisions will appear a little startling, and they are in
consequence generally evaded; but it has been thought proper in this
place to conceal nothing from the general eye which may appear to
militate against the full adoption of the system. The words selected
are but a few of the very large class of compounds; but the rest have
been omitted, as their analytical and their syllabical divisions will
in general be found to coincide.
abs-cess ad-opt an-other au-spicious
ab-scind ad-ore ant-agonist aut-opsy
ab-scission ad-ust ant-arctic baro-scope
abs-cond aero-scopy anti-strophe bin-ocular
ab-solve aero-static ant-onomasia cat-acoustic
abs-tain amb-ient apo-phthegm cata-strophe
abs-terge amb-ition apo-state cat-echism
abs-tinence an-archy apo-stle cat-optrical
abs-tract ana-stomosis apo-strophe chir-urgeon
abs-truse ana-strophe armi-stice co-gnate
ab-use anim-advert atmo-sphere cyn-anthropy
de-scend go-spel omni-science re-spond
de-scribe hemi-sphere palin-ode re-stitution
de-sperado hemi-stich pan-oply re-store
de-sperate hept-archy pen-insula re-strain
de-spicable herm-aphrodite penta-ptote re-stringent
de-spise hier-archy pen-ultima retro-spect
de-spoil horo-scope pen-umbra se-gregate
de-spond hypo-stasis per-emptory sol-stice
de-sponsate in-iquity (i. e. per-ennial spher-oid
de-spumation in-equity) per-ish su-spect
de-stitute inter-stice per-spire sym-ptom
de-stroy iso-sceles per-use syn-onymous
de-struction log-arithms phil-anthropy syn-opsis
dia-gnostic lyc-anthropy plani-sphere sy-stole
dia-stole man-œuvre pot-sherd tele-scope
di-phthong meta-stasis pre-science terr-aqueous
di-ptote met-onomy pre-scind trans-act
di-scind micro-scope pro-gnosticate tran-scend
dis-pend mis-anthropy pro-scribe tran-scribe
di-sperse miso-gyny pro-spect trans-ient
di-spirit mon-arch pro-sperous tran-silience
di-spread mon-ocular pro-stitute trans-itory
di-stich mon-ody pro-strate trans-parent
di-stil mono-ptote rect-angle tran-spire
di-strain mult-ocular re-scind trans-port
epi-scopal neg-lect re-script trans-pose
epi-stle ne-science re-spect tran-sude
frontispiece* non-age re-spire tri-phthong
gastro-cnemius ob-struct re-splendent tri-ptote
vin-egar
un-animous.
* This word has had the singular fortune of having been all but
universally mis-spelt; having in its present form the appearance
of being what is inadmissible--the compound of a Latin and
an English word. A few years ago an ingenious critic, in a
work which he published, corrected this spelling by writing
the word “frontispice.” As the word comes immediately from
_frontispicium_, the emendation appears to have been judiciously
made. (Compare _auspice_, from _auspicium_ = avispicium.) It may
not be unnecessary also to observe, that the amended form is that
in which it appears in the French language. The division of the
corrected word would be fronti-spice.
DIVISORIUM.
Commonly called Visorum.--_Smith._ _See_ VISORUM.
DOMESDAY BOOK.
The register of the lands of England, framed by order of William the
Conqueror. It was sometimes termed _Rotulus Wintoniæ_, and was the
book from which judgment was to be given upon the value, tenures, and
services of the lands therein described.
In 1767, in consequence of an address of the House of Lords, His
Majesty George III. gave directions for the publication of this
Survey. It was not, however, till after 1770 that the work was
actually commenced. Its publication was entrusted to Mr. Abraham
Farley, a gentleman of learning as well as of great experience in
records, who had almost daily recourse to the book for more than
forty years. It was completed early in 1783, having been ten years
in passing through the press, and thus became generally accessible
to the antiquary and topographer. It was printed in facsimile, as
far as regular types, assisted by the representation of original
contractions, could imitate the original.
[Illustration: Layout of the Domesday case]
DOMESDAY.--_Upper Case._
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G || A | B | C | D | E | F | G |
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
| H | I | K | L | M | N | O || H | I | K | L | M | N | O |
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
| P | Q | R | S | T | V | W || P | Q | R | S | T | V | W |
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
| | | | | ℞ | | || X | | | | | | |
| X | Y | Z | Æ |····| J | U ||····| b̃ | c̃ | d̃ | ẽ | f̃ | g̃ |
| | | | | Đ | | || ã | | | | | | |
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
| | | | | | | n̄ || | | | | | | |
| ā | ē | ī | ō | ū | m̄ |····|| h̃ | ĩ | k̃ | l̃ | m̃ | ñ | õ |
| | | | | | | ḣ || | | | | | | |
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
| | | | | | | || | q̃ | | | | ũ | w̃ |
| c̚ | g̚ | m̚ | n̚ | p̚ | s̚ | t̚ || p̃ |····| r̃ | s̃ | t̃ |····|····|
| | | | | | | || | q̱ | | | | ṽ | ã |
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
| | | | | | | || c̉ | | | | | | v̉ |
| u̚ | v̚ | x̚ | Various.|Hair| k ||····| m̉ | n̉ | s̉ | t̉ | ủ |····|
| | | | | | Sp.| || g̉ | | | | | | x̉ |
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
DOMESDAY.--_Lower._
+---+---+---+---+---+---+-----++-----+---+---+---+---+-----+-----+
| [ | | æ | þ |[#]| | || | | ( | ? | ; | | |
|···| A |···|···|···| ’ | ||Thin | j |···|···|···| p̉ | fl |
|[#]| |ll͠|co͠|bb͠| | || Sp. | |[#]|[#]|[#]| | |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+ |+-----+---+---+---+---+-----+-----+
| & | | | | || | | |[#]| p̲ | ff |
+---+ | | | || | | +---+-----+-----+
|[#]| b | c | d | e || i | s | f | | | |
|···| | | | || | | | g | p̱ | fi |
| ȝ | | | | || | | | | | |
+---+---+-------+-------+-----++-----+---+---+---+---+-----+-----+
| ffl | | | | || | | | | | | |
|···| | | | || | ẏ | |[#]| | En | Em |
|[#]| | | | || +---+ +---+ |Quad-|Quad-|
+---+ l | m | n | h || o | | p | | w |rats.|rats.|
| ffi | | | | || | y | | , | | | |
+---+---+-------+-------+-----++-----+---+---+---+---+-----+-----+
| z | | | | || | | q | | |
|···| | | | || | |···| : | |
|[#]| | | |Thick|| | |[#]| | |
+---+ v | u | t | Sp. || a | r +---+---+ Quadrats. |
| x | | | | || | | . | - | |
+---+---+-------+-------+-----++-----+-------+---+---+-----------+
The type with which the Domesday Book was printed, was destroyed
in the dreadful fire which consumed the printing office of Messrs.
Nichols in Red Lion Passage, Fleet Street, London, February 8, 1808.
[Illustration: Domesday book abbreviations]
Abbreviations in Domesday Book, from Hutchins’s Domesday Book for the
County of Dorset.
[#], _acræ_.
[#], _æcclesia_.
[#], _archiepiscopus_.
[#], _caruca_, _carucata_.
[#], _dimidium_.
[#], _dominio_.
[#], _eadem_.
[#], _et_.
[#], _est_.
[#], _ecclesiam_.
[#], _episcopus_.
[#], _fratres_.
[#], _geldabat_.
[#], _hoc_ or _hæ_.
[#], _leuca_.
[#], _libræ_.
[#], _longa_, longitudinem.
[#], _lata_, latitudinem.
[#], _manerium_, or _manerio_.
[#], _molini_.
[#], _modo_.
[#], _nunquam_.
[#], _in paragio_.
[#], _prepositus_.
[#], _presbyter_.
[#], _prati_.
[#], _pertinet_.
[#], _pro_.
[#], _habet_.
[#], _propter_.
[#], 89.
[#], _quæ_.
[#], _qui_.
[#], _quo_.
[#], [#], [#], _quarentenæ_.
[#], _quædam_.
[#], _reddunt_, _reddit_.
[#], _solidi_.
[#], _sunt_.
[#], _tamen_.
[#], _tantum_.
[#], _tantundem_.
[#], _terciam_.
T. R. E. _tempore regis Edwardi_.
T. R. W. _tempore regis Willelmi_.
[#], _tenet_.
[#], _terra_.
[#], _volebat_, or _volebant_.
[#], _villani_.
[#], _virgata_.
[#], _unus_.
[#], _vero_.
Superior Letters, which are of frequent occurrence in contracted
Records, are generally laid in the small capital boxes.
The character & is displaced to make room for [#] and [#] on works
using those characters exclusively.
There are various characters, such as [#], [#], [#], [#], [#], [#],
and others, that do not frequently occur, which may be kept in the
two boxes in the upper case marked “various;” a general box is
necessary in every Domesday case.
The characters c̚, g̚, m̚, &c., placed in the figure boxes, are a
variation only of c̉ , g̉ , m̉ , &c., and the two sorts are never
used together in the same work. _See_ RECORDS.
DONATIONS.