I
We were talking about the want of diversity in American life, the lack
of salient characters. It was not at a club. It was a spontaneous
talk of people who happened to be together, and who had fallen into an
uncompelled habit of happening to be together. There might have been
a club for the study of the Want of Diversity in American Life. The
members would have been obliged to set apart a stated time for it, to
attend as a duty, and to be in a mood to discuss this topic at a set
hour in the future. They would have mortgaged another precious portion
of the little time left us for individual life. It is a suggestive
thought that at a given hour all over the United States innumerable
clubs might be considering the Want of Diversity in American Life.
Only in this way, according to our present methods, could one expect
to accomplish anything in regard to this foreign-felt want. It seems
illogical that we could produce diversity by all doing the same thing at
the same time, but we know the value of congregate effort. It seems to
superficial observers that all Americans are born busy. It is not so.
They are born with a fear of not being busy; and if they are intelligent
and in circumstances of leisure, they have such a sense of their
responsibility that they hasten to allot all their time into portions,
and leave no hour unprovided for. This is conscientiousness in women,
and not restlessness. There is a day for music, a day for painting, a
day for the display of tea-gowns, a day for Dante, a day for the Greek
drama, a day for the Dumb Animals' Aid Society, a day for the Society
for the Propagation of Indians, and so on. When the year is over, the
amount that has been accomplished by this incessant activity can hardly
be estimated. Individually it may not be much. But consider where
Chaucer would be but for the work of the Chaucer clubs, and what
an effect upon the universal progress of things is produced by the
associate concentration upon the poet of so many minds.
A cynic says that clubs and circles are for the accumulation of
superficial information and unloading it on others, without much
individual absorption in anybody. This, like all cynicism, contains
only a half-truth, and simply means that the general diffusion
of half-digested information does not raise the general level of
intelligence, which can only be raised to any purpose by thorough
self-culture, by assimilation, digestion, meditation. The busy bee is
a favorite simile with us, and we are apt to overlook the fact that
the least important part of his example is buzzing around. If the hive
simply got together and buzzed, or even brought unrefined treacle from
some cyclopaedia, let us say, of treacle, there would be no honey added
to the general store.
It occurred to some one in this talk at last to deny that there was
this tiresome monotony in American life. And this put a new face on
the discussion. Why should there be, with every race under the heavens
represented here, and each one struggling to assert itself, and no
homogeneity as yet established even between the people of the oldest
States? The theory is that democracy levels, and that the anxious
pursuit of a common object, money, tends to uniformity, and that
facility of communication spreads all over the land the same fashion
in dress; and repeats everywhere the same style of house, and that
the public schools give all the children in the United States the same
superficial smartness. And there is a more serious notion, that in a
society without classes there is a sort of tyranny of public opinion
which crushes out the play of individual peculiarities, without which
human intercourse is uninteresting. It is true that a democracy is
intolerant of variations from the general level, and that a new society
allows less latitude in eccentricities to its members than an old
society.
But with all these allowances, it is also admitted that the difficulty
the American novelist has is in hitting upon what is universally
accepted as characteristic of American life, so various are the types in
regions widely separated from each other, such different points of view
are had even in conventionalities, and conscience operates so variously
on moral problems in one community and another. It is as impossible for
one section to impose upon another its rules of taste and propriety
in conduct--and taste is often as strong to determine conduct as
principle--as it is to make its literature acceptable to the other. If
in the land of the sun and the jasmine and the alligator and the fig,
the literature of New England seems passionless and timid in face of the
ruling emotions of life, ought we not to thank Heaven for the diversity
of temperament as well as of climate which will in the long-run save us
from that sameness into which we are supposed to be drifting?
When I think of this vast country with any attention to local
developments I am more impressed with the unlikenesses than with the
resemblances. And besides this, if one had the ability to draw to the
life a single individual in the most homogeneous community, the product
would be sufficiently startling. We cannot flatter ourselves, therefore,
that under equal laws and opportunities we have rubbed out the
saliencies of human nature. At a distance the mass of the Russian people
seem as monotonous as their steppes and their commune villages, but the
Russian novelists find characters in this mass perfectly individualized,
and, indeed, give us the impression that all Russians are irregular
polygons. Perhaps if our novelists looked at individuals as intently,
they might give the world the impression that social life here is as
unpleasant as it appears in the novels to be in Russia.
This is partly the substance of what was said one winter evening before
the wood fire in the library of a house in Brandon, one of the lesser
New England cities. Like hundreds of residences of its kind, it stood
in the suburbs, amid forest-trees, commanding a view of city spires
and towers on the one hand, and on the other of a broken country of
clustering trees and cottages, rising towards a range of hills which
showed purple and warm against the pale straw-color of the winter
sunsets. The charm of the situation was that the house was one of many
comfortable dwellings, each isolated, and yet near enough together to
form a neighborhood; that is to say, a body of neighbors who respected
each other's privacy, and yet flowed together, on occasion, without the
least conventionality. And a real neighborhood, as our modern life is
arranged, is becoming more and more rare.
I am not sure that the talkers in this conversation expressed their
real, final sentiments, or that they should be held accountable for what
they said. Nothing so surely kills the freedom of talk as to have some
matter-of-fact person instantly bring you to book for some impulsive
remark flashed out on the instant, instead of playing with it and
tossing it about in a way that shall expose its absurdity or show its
value. Freedom is lost with too much responsibility and seriousness, and
the truth is more likely to be struck out in a lively play of assertion
and retort than when all the words and sentiments are weighed. A person
very likely cannot tell what he does think till his thoughts are exposed
to the air, and it is the bright fallacies and impulsive, rash ventures
in conversation that are often most fruitful to talker and listeners.
The talk is always tame if no one dares anything. I have seen the most
promising paradox come to grief by a simple “Do you think so?” Nobody, I
sometimes think, should be held accountable for anything said in private
conversation, the vivacity of which is in a tentative play about the
subject. And this is a sufficient reason why one should repudiate any
private conversation reported in the newspapers. It is bad enough to be
held fast forever to what one writes and prints, but to shackle a man
with all his flashing utterances, which may be put into his mouth by
some imp in the air, is intolerable slavery. A man had better be silent
if he can only say today what he will stand by tomorrow, or if he may
not launch into the general talk the whim and fancy of the moment. Racy,
entertaining talk is only exposed thought, and no one would hold a man
responsible for the thronging thoughts that contradict and displace each
other in his mind. Probably no one ever actually makes up his mind until
he either acts or puts out his conclusion beyond his recall. Why
should one be debarred the privilege of pitching his crude ideas into a
conversation where they may have a chance of being precipitated?
I remember that Morgan said in this talk that there was too much
diversity. “Almost every church has trouble with it--the different
social conditions.”
An Englishman who was present pricked-up his ears at this, as if he
expected to obtain a note on the character of Dissenters. “I thought all
the churches here were organized on social affinities?” he inquired.
“Oh, no; it is a good deal a matter of vicinage. When there is a
real-estate extension, a necessary part of the plan is to build a church
in the centre of it, in order to--”
“I declare, Page,” said Mrs. Morgan, “you'll give Mr. Lyon a totally
erroneous notion. Of course there must be a church convenient to the
worshipers in every district.”
“That is just what I was saying, my dear: As the settlement is not drawn
together on religious grounds, but perhaps by purely worldly motives,
the elements that meet in the church are apt to be socially incongruous,
such as cannot always be fused even by a church-kitchen and a
church-parlor.”
“Then it isn't the peculiarity of the church that has attracted to
it worshipers who would naturally come together, but the church is a
neighborhood necessity?” still further inquired Mr. Lyon.
“All is,” I ventured to put in, “that churches grow up like
schoolhouses, where they are wanted.”
“I beg your pardon,” said Mr. Morgan; “I'm talking about the kind of
want that creates them. If it's the same that builds a music hall, or a
gymnasium, or a railway waiting-room, I've nothing more to say.”
“Is it your American idea, then, that a church ought to be formed only
of people socially agreeable together?” asked the Englishman.
“I have no American idea. I am only commenting on facts; but one of
them is that it is the most difficult thing in the world to reconcile
religious association with the real or artificial claims of social
life.”
“I don't think you try much,” said Mrs. Morgan, who carried along
her traditional religious observance with grateful admiration of her
husband.
Mr. Page Morgan had inherited money, and a certain advantageous position
for observing life and criticising it, humorously sometimes, and without
any serious intention of disturbing it. He had added to his fair fortune
by marrying the daintily reared daughter of a cotton-spinner, and he had
enough to do in attending meetings of directors and looking out for his
investments to keep him from the operation of the State law regarding
vagrants, and give greater social weight to his opinions than if he had
been compelled to work for his maintenance. The Page Morgans had been a
good deal abroad, and were none the worse Americans for having come
in contact with the knowledge that there are other peoples who are
reasonably prosperous and happy without any of our advantages.
“It seems to me,” said Mr. Lyon, who was always in the conversational
attitude of wanting to know, “that you Americans are disturbed by the
notion that religion ought to produce social equality.”
Mr. Lyon had the air of conveying the impression that this question
was settled in England, and that America was interesting on account of
numerous experiments of this sort. This state of mind was not
offensive to his interlocutors, because they were accustomed to it in
transatlantic visitors. Indeed, there was nothing whatever offensive,
and little defensive, in Mr. John Lyon. What we liked in him, I
think, was his simple acceptance of a position that required neither
explanation nor apology--a social condition that banished a sense of his
own personality, and left him perfectly free to be absolutely truthful.
Though an eldest son and next in succession to an earldom, he was still
young. Fresh from Oxford and South Africa and Australia and British
Columbia he had come to study the States with a view of perfecting
himself for his duties as a legislator for the world when he should be
called to the House of Peers. He did not treat himself like an earl,
whatever consciousness he may have had that his prospective rank made it
safe for him to flirt with the various forms of equality abroad in this
generation.
“I don't know what Christianity is expected to produce,” Mr. Morgan
replied, in a meditative way; “but I have an idea that the early
Christians in their assemblies all knew each other, having met elsewhere
in social intercourse, or, if they were not acquainted, they lost sight
of distinctions in one paramount interest. But then I don't suppose they
were exactly civilized.”
“Were the Pilgrims and the Puritans?” asked Mrs. Fletcher, who now
joined the talk, in which she had been a most animated and stimulating
listener, her deep gray eyes dancing with intellectual pleasure.
“I should not like to answer 'no' to a descendant of the Mayflower. Yes,
they were highly civilized. And if we had adhered to their methods, we
should have avoided a good deal of confusion. The meeting-house, you
remember, had a committee for seating people according to their quality.
They were very shrewd, but it had not occurred to them to give the best
pews to the sitters able to pay the most money for them. They escaped
the perplexity of reconciling the mercantile and the religious ideas.”
“At any rate,” said Mrs. Fletcher, “they got all sorts of people inside
the same meeting-house.”
“Yes, and made them feel they were all sorts; but in those, days they
were not much disturbed by that feeling.”
“Do you mean to say,” asked Mr. Lyon, “that in this country you have
churches for the rich and other churches for the poor?”
“Not at all. We have in the cities rich churches and poor churches, with
prices of pews according to the means of each sort, and the rich are
always glad to have the poor come, and if they do not give them the best
seats, they equalize it by taking up a collection for them.”
“Mr. Lyon,” Mrs. Morgan interrupted, “you are getting a travesty of
the whole thing. I don't believe there is elsewhere in the world such a
spirit of Christian charity as in our churches of all sects.”
“There is no doubt about the charity; but that doesn't seem to make the
social machine run any more smoothly in the church associations. I'm
not sure but we shall have to go back to the old idea of considering the
churches places of worship, and not opportunities for sewing-societies,
and the cultivation of social equality.”
“I found the idea in Rome,” said Mr. Lyon, “that the United States is
now the most promising field for the spread and permanence of the Roman
Catholic faith.”
“How is that?” Mr. Fletcher asked, with a smile of Puritan incredulity.
“A high functionary at the Propaganda gave as a reason that the United
States is the most democratic country and the Roman Catholic is the most
democratic religion, having this one notion that all men, high or low,
are equally sinners and equally in need of one thing only. And I must
say that in this country I don't find the question of social equality
interfering much with the work in their churches.”
“That is because they are not trying to make this world any better, but
only to prepare for another,” said Mrs. Fletcher.
“Now, we think that the nearer we approach the kingdom-of-heaven idea on
earth, the better off we shall be hereafter. Is that a modern idea?”
“It is an idea that is giving us a great deal of trouble. We've got
into such a sophisticated state that it seems easier to take care of the
future than of the present.”
“And it isn't a very bad doctrine that if you take care of the present,
the future will take care of itself,” rejoined Mrs. Fletcher.
“Yes, I know,” insisted Mr. Morgan; “it's the modern notion of
accumulation and compensation--take care of the pennies and the pounds
will take care of themselves--the gospel of Benjamin Franklin.”
“Ah,” I said, looking up at the entrance of a newcomer, “you are just
in time, Margaret, to give the coup de grace, for it is evident by Mr.
Morgan's reference, in his Bunker Hill position, to Franklin, that he is
getting out of powder.”
The girl stood a moment, her slight figure framed in the doorway, while
the company rose to greet her, with a half-hesitating, half-inquiring
look in her bright face which I had seen in it a thousand times.