The barbarians of Barbary had roused the wrath of England to an extreme
pitch in consequence of a deed which did not, indeed, much excel their
wonted atrocities, but which, being on a large scale, and very public,
had attracted unusual attention--all the more that, about the same time,
the European nations, having killed as many of each other as they
thought advisable for _that_ time, were comparatively set free to attend
to so-called minor affairs.
The deed referred to was to the effect that on the 23rd of May 1816 the
crews of the coral fishing-boats at Bona--about 200 miles eastward of
Algiers--landed to attend mass on Ascension Day. They were attacked,
without a shadow of reason or provocation, by Turkish troops, and
massacred in cold blood.
Previous to this Lord Exmouth had been on the Barbary coast making
treaties with these corsairs, in which he had been to some extent
successful. He had obtained the liberation of all Ionian slaves, these
having become, by political arrangement, British subjects; and having
been allowed to make peace for any of the Mediterranean states that
would authorise him to do so--it being well-known that they could do
nothing for themselves,--he arranged terms of peace with the Algerines
for Sardinia and Naples, though part of the treaty was that Naples
should pay a ransom of 100 pounds head for each slave freed by the
pirates, and Sardinia 60 pounds. Thinking it highly probable that he
should ere long have to fight the Algerines, Lord Exmouth had sent
Captain Warde of the `Banterer' to Algiers to take mental plans of the
town and its defences, which that gallant officer did most creditably,
thereby greatly contributing to the success of future operations. By a
curious mistake of the interpreter at Tunis, instead of the desire being
expressed that slavery should be abolished, England was made to _demand_
that this should be done, and the alarmed Tunisians agreed to it.
Taking the hint, Lord Exmouth made the same demand at Tripoli, with
similar result. At Algiers, however, his demands were refused, and
himself insulted. Returning to England in some uncertainty as to how
his conduct would be regarded--for in thus "demanding," instead of
"desiring," the liberation of slaves, he had acted on his own
responsibility,--he found the country agitated by the news of the Bona
massacre, of which at that time he had not heard.
The demands, therefore, which he had made with some misgiving, were now
highly approved, and it was resolved that they should be repeated to the
barbarians in the thunder of artillery.
A member of the House of Commons, stirred to indignation by the news
from Bona, got up and moved for copies of Lord Exmouth's treaties with
Algiers for Naples and Sardinia, and all correspondence connected
therewith. He strongly condemned the principle of _treating at all_
with states which presumed to hold their captives up to ransom, as by so
doing virtual acknowledgment was made that these pirates had a right to
commit their outrages. He was given to understand, he said, that the
Dey, pressed by dissatisfied Algerines for limiting their sphere of
plunder, had pacified them by assuring them that a wide field of plunder
was still left! Treaties of peace made with them by some states had
only the effect of turning their piracies into other channels, as was
already beginning to be felt by the Roman states. He then described the
wretched condition of the slaves. He cited one instance, namely, that
out of three hundred slaves fifty had died from bad treatment on the day
of their arrival, and seventy more during the first fortnight. The rest
were allowed only one pound of black bread per day, and were at all
times subject to the lash of their brutal captors--neither age nor sex
being respected. One Neapolitan lady of distinction, he said, had been
carried off by these corsairs, with eight children, two of whom had
died, and she had been seen but a short time ago by a British officer in
the thirteenth year of her captivity. These things were not
exaggerations, they were sober truths; and he held that the toleration
of such a state of things was a discredit to humanity, and a foul blot
upon the fame of civilised nations. It is refreshing to hear men speak
the truth, and call things by their right names, in plain language like
this!
The House and the country were ripe for action. An animated debate
followed. It was unanimously agreed that the barbarians should be
compelled to cease their evil practices, and Lord Exmouth's conduct was
not only approved, but himself was appointed to accomplish the duty of
taming the Turks.
A better or bolder sea-lion could not have been found to take charge of
Old England's wooden walls on this occasion--ironclads being then
unknown. He was a disciple of the great Nelson, and a well-tried
sea-warrior of forty years' standing. He went to work with the energy
and promptitude of a true-blue British tar, and, knowing well what to
do, resolved to do it in his own way.
Many naval officers considered the fortifications of Algiers
impregnable. Having seen and studied them, Lord Exmouth thought
otherwise. Lord Nelson, founding probably on erroneous information, and
not having seen the place, had said that twenty-five line-of-battle
ships would be necessary to subdue it. Our Admiral, with Captain
Warde's correct plan in his pocket, knew that there was not room for
even half that number of ships to be laid alongside the town. The
Admiralty strongly urged him to take a powerful fleet. Lord Exmouth
agreed to that, but decided that it should be a small one. To the
surprise of their Lordships he fixed on _five_ liners, with a few
smaller craft, as a sufficient number for the work he had to do. He
said--
"If they open fire when the ships are coming up and cripple our masts,
we shall have some difficulty, perhaps, and the loss will no doubt be
greater, but if they allow us to take our stations, I am sure of them,
for I know that nothing can resist a line-of-battle ship's fire."
It was usually thought by naval men that a ship could not be thoroughly
effective until she had been a considerable time in commission.
Doubtless the thought was correct, and founded on experience;
nevertheless, Lord Exmouth proved himself an exception to ordinary naval
rulers. He commissioned, fitted, and manned a fleet, and fought and won
a great battle within the incredibly brief space of two months! But
more of that hereafter.
Meanwhile the pirates prepared briskly for the coming struggle, and
wrought hard at the batteries, while Christian slaves swarmed and toiled
night and day on the ramparts of Algiers.