THE STORIES OF TWO ADVENTURERS
The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, that golden age of discovery
and adventure, did not fail to find in the Indo-Chinese peninsula
brilliant opportunities for the exercise of those qualities which made
their times so remarkable in the history of the world. Marco Polo, the
greatest of Asiatic travellers, dismisses Siam in a few words as a
"country called Locac; a country good and rich, with a king of its own.
The people are idolaters and have a peculiar language, and pay tribute
to nobody, for their country is so situated that no one can enter it to
do them ill. Indeed, if it were possible to get at it the Great Kaan [of
China] would soon bring them under subjection to him. In this country
the brazil which we make use of grows in great plenty; and they also
have gold in incredible quantity. They have elephants likewise, and much
game. In this kingdom too are gathered all the porcelain shells which
are used for small change in all those regions, as I have told you
before. There is nothing else to mention except that this is a very wild
region, visited by few people; nor does the king desire that any
strangers should frequent the country and so find out about his
treasures and other resources."
The Venetian's account, though probably obtained from his Chinese
sailors, is essentially correct, and applies without much doubt to the
region now known as Siam. Sir Henry Yule derives _Locac_ either from the
Chinese name Lo-hoh, pronounced _Lo-kok_ by Polo's Fokien mariners, or
from Lawék, which the late King of Siam tells us was an ancient
Cambodian city occupying the site of Ayuthia, "whose inhabitants then
possessed Southern Siam or Western Cambodia."
Nearly three centuries after Polo, when the far East had become a common
hunting-ground for European adventurers, Siam was visited by one of the
most extraordinary men of this type who ever told his thrilling tales.
The famous Portuguese, Mendez Pinto, passed twenty-one years in various
parts of Asia (1537-1558), as merchant, pirate, soldier, sailor, and
slave, during which period he was sold sixteen times and shipwrecked
five, but happily lived to end his life peacefully in Portugal, where
his published "Peregrinacao" earned the fate of Marco Polo's book, and
its author was stamped as a liar of the first magnitude. Though mistaken
in many of its inferences and details Pinto's account bears surprisingly
well the examination of modern critical scholars. When we consider the
character of the man and the fact that he must have composed his memoirs
entirely from recollection, the wonder really is that he should have
erred so little. The value of his story lies in the fact that we get
from it, as Professor Vambery suggests, "a picture, however incomplete
and defective, of the power and authority of Asia, then still unbroken.
In this picture, so full of instructive details, we perceive more than
one thing fully worthy of the attention of the latter-day reader. Above
all we see the fact that the traveller from the west, although obliged
to endure unspeakable hardships, privation, pain, and danger, at least
had not to suffer on account of his nationality and religion, as has
been the case in recent times since the all-puissance of Europe has
thrown its threatening shadow on the interior of Asia, and the
appearance of the European is considered the foreboding of material
decay and national downfall. How utterly different it was to travel in
mediæval Asia from what it is at present is clearly seen from the fact
that in those days missionaries, merchants, and political agents from
Europe could, even in time of war, traverse any distances in Asiatic
lands without molestation in their personal liberty or property, just as
any Asiatic traveller of Moslem or Buddhist persuasion."
Pinto seems to have gone to Siam hoping there to repair his fortunes,
which had suffered shipwreck for the fourth time and left him in extreme
destitution. Soon after he joined in Odiaa (Ayuthia) the Portuguese
colony, which he found to be one hundred and thirty strong, he was
induced with his countrymen to serve among the King's body-guards on an
expedition made against the rebellious Shan states in the north. The
campaign progressed favorably and ended in the subjection of the "King
of Chiammay" and his allies, but a scheming queen, desirous of putting
her paramour on the throne, poisoned the conqueror upon his return to
Odiaa in 1545. "But whereas heaven never leaves wicked actions
unpunished, the year after, 1546, and on _January_ 15th, they were
both slain by _Oyaa Passilico_ and the King of _Cambaya_ at a certain
banquet which these princes made in a temple." The usurpers were thus
promptly despatched, but the consequences of their infamy were fateful
to Siam, as Pinto informs us at some length.
[Illustration: RUINS OF A PAGODA AT AYUTHIA.]
"The Empire of _Siam_ remaining without a lawfull successor, those two
great lords of the Kingdom, namely, _Oyaa Passilico_, and the King of
_Cambaya_, together with four or five men of the trustiest that were
left, and which had been confederated with them, thought fit to chuse
for King a certain religious man named _Pretiem_, in regard he was the
naturall brother of the deceased prince, husband to that wicked queen of
whom I have spoken; whereupon this religious man, who was a _Talagrepo_
of a _Pagode_, called _Quiay Mitran_, from whence he had not budged for
the space of thirty years, was the day after drawn forth of it by _Oyaa
Passilico_, who brought him on _January_ 17th, into the city of _Odiaa_,
where on the 19th he was crowned King with a new kind of ceremony, and a
world of magnificence, which (to avoid prolixity) I will not make
mention of here, having formerly treated of such like things. Withall
passing by all that further arrived in the Kingdom of _Siam_, I will
content myself with reporting such things as I imagine will be most
agreeable to the curious. It happened then that the King of _Bramaa_
(Burmah), who at that time reigned tyrannically in _Pegu_, being
advertised of the deplorable estate whereunto the Empire of _Sornau_
(Siam) was reduced, and of the death of the greatest lords of the
country, as also that the new king of this monarchy was a religious
man, who had no knowledge either of arms or war, and, withall of a
cowardly disposition, a tyrant, and ill beloved of his subjects, he fell
to consult thereupon with his lords in the town of _Anapleu_, where at
that time he kept his court."
The decision in favor of seizing this favorable opportunity for
acquiring his neighbor's territory was practically unanimous, and the
tyrant of Pegu accordingly assembled an army of 800,000 men, 100,000 of
whom were "strangers," _i.e._, mercenary troops, and among these we find
1,000 Portuguese, commanded by one Diego Suarez d'Albergaria, nicknamed
Galego. So the Portuguese, as we shall see, played important parts on
both sides of the great war that followed. After capturing the frontier
defences, the Burmans marched across the country through the forests
"that were cut down by three-score thousand pioneers, whom the King had
sent before to plane the passages and wayes," and sat down before the
devoted capital. "During the first five days that the King of _Bramaa_
had been before the city of _Odiaa_, he had bestowed labour and pains
enough, as well in making of trenches and pallisadoes, as in the
providing all things necessary for the siege; in all which time the
besieged never offered to stir, whereof _Diego Suarez_, the marshall of
the camp, resolved to execute the design for which he came; to which
effect, of the most part of the men which he had under his command, he
made two separated squadrons, in each of which there were six battalions
of six thousand a piece. After this manner he marched in battell array,
at the sound of many instruments, towards the two poynts which the city
made on the south side, because the entrance there seemed more facile to
him than any other where. So upon the 19th day of _June_, in the year
1548, an hour before day, all these men of war, having set up above a
thousand ladders against the walls, endeavoured to mount up on them; but
the besieged opposed them so valiently, that in less than half an hour
there remained dead on the place above ten thousand on either part. In
the mean time the King, who incouraged his souldiers, seeing the ill
success of this fight, commanded these to retreat, and then made the
wall to be assaulted afresh, making use for that effect of five thousand
elephants of war which he had brought thither and divided into twenty
troops of two hundred and fifty apiece, upon whom there were twenty
thousand _Moens_ and _Chaleus_, choice men and that had double pay. The
wall was then assaulted by these forces with so terrible an impetuosity
as I want words to express it. For whereas all the elephants carried
wooden castles on their backs, from whence they shot with muskets, brass
culverins, and a great number of harquebuses a crock, each of them ten
or twelve spans long, these guns made such an havock of the besieged
that in less than a quarter of an hour the most of them were beaten
down; the elephants withall setting their trunks to the target fences,
which served as battlements, and wherewith they within defended
themselves, tore them down in such sort as not one of them remained
entire; so that by this means the wall was abandoned of all defence, no
man daring to shew himself above. In this sort was the entry into the
city very easy to the assailants, who being invited by so good success
to make their profit of so favourable an occasion, set up their ladders
again which they had quitted, and mounting up by them to the top of the
wall with a world of cries and acclamations, they planted thereon in
sign of victory a number of banners and ensigns. Now because the _Turks_
(Arabs?) desired to have therein a better share than the rest, they
besought the King to do them so much favour as to give them the
vantguard, which the King easily granted them, and that by the counsell
of _Diego Suarez_, who desired nothing more than to see their number
lessened, always gave them the most dangerous imployments. They in the
mean time extraordinarily contented, whither more rash or more
infortunate than the rest, sliding down by a pane of the wall, descended
through a bulwark into a place which was below, with an intent to open a
gate and give an entrance unto the King, to the end that they might
rightly boast that they all alone had delivered to him the capital city
of _Siam_; for he had before promised to give unto whomsoever should
deliver up the city unto him, a thousand bisses of gold, which in value
are five hundred thousand ducates of our money. These _Turks_ being
gotten down, as I have said, laboured to break open a gate with two rams
which they had brought with them for that purpose; but as they were
occupied about it they saw themselves suddenly charged by three thousand
_Jaos_, all resolute souldiers, who fell upon them with such fury, as in
little more than a quarter of an hour there was not so much as one
_Turk_ left alive in the place, wherewith not contented, they mounted up
immediately to the top of the wall, and so flesht as they were and
covered over with the blood of the _Turks_, they set upon the _Bramaa's_
men which they found there, so valiently that most of them were slain
and the rest tumbled down over the wall.
"The King of _Bramaa_ redoubling his courage would not for all that give
over this assault, so as imagining that those elephants alone would be
able to give him an entry into the city, he caused them once again to
approach unto the wall. At the noise hereof _Oyaa Passilico_, captain
general of the city, ran in all haste to this part of the wall, and
caused the gate to be opened through which the _Bramaa_ pretended to
enter, and then sent him word that whereas he was given to understand
how his Highness had promised to give a thousand bisses of gold, he had
now performed it so that he might enter if he would make good his word
and send him the gold, which he stayed there to receive. The King of
_Bramaa_ having received this jear, would not vouchsafe to give an
answer, but instantly commanded the city to be assaulted. The fight
began so terrible as it was a dreadfull thing to behold, the rather for
that the violence of it lasted above three whole hours, during the which
time the gate was twice forced open, and twice the assailants got an
entrance into the city, which the King of _Siam_ no sooner perceived,
and that all was in danger to be lost, but he ran speedily to oppose
them with his followers, the best souldiers that were in all the city:
whereupon the conflict grew much hotter than before, and continued half
an hour and better, during the which I do not know what passed, nor can
say any other thing save that we saw streams of bloud running every
where and the air all of a light fire; there was also on either part
such a tumult and noise, as one would have said the earth had been
tottering; for it was a most dreadful thing to hear the discord and
jarring of those barbarous instruments, as bells, drums, and trumpets,
intermingled with the noise of the great ordnance and smaller shot, and
the dreadful yelling of six thousand elephants, whence ensued so great a
terrour that it took from them that heard it both courage and strength.
_Diego Suarez_ then, seeing their forces quite repulsed out of the city,
the most part of the elephants hurt, and the rest so scared with the
noise of the great ordnance, as it was impossible to make them return
unto the wall, counselled the King to sound a retreat, whereunto the
King yielded, though much against his will, because he observed that
both he and the most part of the _Portugals_ were wounded."
The king's wound took seventeen days to heal, a breathing space which we
can imagine both sides accepted with satisfaction. Nothing daunted by
the failure of his first onset, he attacked the city again and again
during the four months of the siege, employing against it the machines
and devices of a Greek engineer in his service, and achieving prodigies
of valor. At length, upon the suggestion of his Portuguese captain, he
began "with bavins and green turf to erect a kind of platform higher
than the walls, and thereon mounted good store of great ordnance,
wherewith the principal fortifications of the city should be battered."
Considering the exhausted state of the defenders it is likely that this
elaborate effort would have succeeded, but before the critical moment
arrived word came from home that the "_Xemindoo_ being risen up in
_Pegu_ had cut fifteen thousand _Bramaas_ there in pieces, and had
withal seized on the principal places of the country. At these news the
King was so troubled, that without further delay he raised the siege and
imbarqued himself on a river called _Pacarau_, where he stayed but that
night and the day following, which he imployed in retiring his great
ordnance and ammunition. Then having set fire on all the pallisadoes and
lodgings of the camp, he parted away on Tuesday the 15th of _October_,
1548, for to go to the town of _Martabano_." So was Ayuthia honorably
saved, but Pinto, we fear, followed with his countryman Diego in the
Bramaa's train, for he has much to say henceforth of the civil
disturbance in Burma and the Xemindoo's final suppression, but of Siam,
excepting a brief description of the country, he tells us nothing more.
About a century after Pinto's stay in Siam another adventurer found his
way thither while seeking his fortune in the golden Orient and
encountered there such vicissitudes of experience as to rival in
picturesqueness and wonder the tales of the Arabian Nights. This was the
Greek sailor, Constantine Phaulcon, whose story, even when stripped of
the extravagant embellishments with which the devout priest, his
biographer, has adorned it, is marvellous enough to deserve a place in
the annals of travel and adventure. His strange life has been woven
into a romance, "Phaulcon the Adventurer," by William Dalton, but the
following sketch of his career, condensed from Sir John Bowring's
translation of Père d'Orléans' "Histoire de M. Constance," printed in
Tours in 1690, is a better authority for our purpose.
Constantine Phaulcon, or Falcon, born in Cephalonia, was the son of a
Venetian nobleman and a Greek lady of rank. Owing to his parents'
poverty, however, he left home when a mere boy to shift for himself, and
presently drifted into the employ of the English East India Company.
After several years passed in this service he accumulated money enough
to buy a ship and embark in speculations of his own, but three
shipwrecks following in rapid succession brought him at length into a
desperate plight of poverty and debt. Being cast in his third
misadventure upon the Malabar coast, he there found a fellow sufferer,
the sole survivor of a like catastrophe, who proved to be the Siamese
ambassador to Persia returning from his mission. Phaulcon was able with
the little money saved in his belt to assist the ambassador to Ayuthia,
where that officer in gratitude recommended him to the Baraclan
(prime-minister) and the king, both of whom were delighted with his
ability and determined to make use of him. He was first taken into
favor, it is said, from the address with which he supplanted the Moors
in the employment, which seemed to have been made over to them, of
preparing the splendid entertainments and pageants that were the king's
chief pride. Reforms introduced into this office resulted in the
production of much more effective spectacles at a smaller expense to the
treasury, for the Moors had indulged in some knavish practices, and when
their dishonesty was discovered by the Greek his high place in the
sovereign's estimation was fully assured.
At this time his prosperity was interrupted by a severe illness that
well-nigh proved fatal to the new favorite, but was turned to good
account by Father Antoine Thomas, a Flemish Jesuit, who was passing
through Siam on his way to join the Portuguese missions in China and
Japan. Thoroughly alive to the importance of securing so powerful a man
to the Roman Church, the good father adroitly converted the invalid, and
at last had the satisfaction of receiving from Phaulcon abjuration of
his errors and heresies and numbering him among the faithful. By the
priest's advice, also, "he married, a few days afterward, a young
Japanese lady of good family, distinguished not only by rank, but also
by the blood of the martyrs from whom she was descended and whose
virtues she imitates." It is an interesting episode in the history of
Siam that for about a generation near the beginning of the seventeenth
century there existed, besides the free intercourse with Western
nations, an active exchange of commodities between this part of Cochin
China and Japan, many of whose merchants found good employments under
Phra Narain, the Siamese king. They proved themselves, however, to be
such profound schemers as finally to earn the hatred of the natives, who
drove them out in 1632. Soon after this date Japan adopted a policy of
complete exclusion and we hear no more of her subjects in any foreign
country.
"If, as a man of talent," continues Père d'Orléans, "Phaulcon knew how
to avail himself of the royal favor to establish his own fortune, he
used it no less faithfully for the glory of his master and the good of
the state; still more, as a true Christian, for the advancement of
religion. Up to this time he had aimed chiefly to increase commerce,
which occupies the attention of Oriental sovereigns far more than
politics, and had succeeded so well that the king of Siam was now one of
the richest monarchs in Asia; but he considered that, having enriched,
he should now endeavor to render his Sovereign illustrious by making
known to foreign nations the noble qualities which distinguished him;
and his chief aim being the establishment of Christianity in Siam, he
resolved to engage his master to form treaties of friendship with those
European monarchs who were most capable of advancing this object."
We must be cautious, however, in accepting all his motives from his
Jesuit biographer, who doubtless does him too much honor. According to
the Dutch historian Kämpfer, Phaulcon had the fate of all his kind ever
before his eyes, and the better to secure himself in his exalted
position, "he thought it necessary to secure it by some foreign power,
of which he judged the French nation to be the most proper for seconding
his designs, which appeared even to aim at the royal dignity. In order
to do this he made his sovereign believe that by the assistance of the
said nation he might polish his subjects and put his dominion into a
flourishing condition."
Whatever his intentions, it is certain that Phaulcon carried his point,
and an embassy was sent to the court of Louis XIV. In return the
Chevalier de Chaumont, accompanied by a considerable retinue, and
bearing royal gifts and letters, was despatched to Siam, where he
arrived in September, 1685, and was splendidly received. Phaulcon was,
of course, foremost among the dignitaries; the shipwrecked adventurer,
who had risen from the position of common sailor to the post of premier
in a rich and thriving realm, found himself receiving on terms of
equality and in a style of magnificence that, even to European eyes,
seemed admirable, the ambassador of the most illustrious king in Europe.
Whether his loyalty to the sovereign whom he was bound to serve was
always quite above the suspicion of intrigue with the French is more
than doubtful. He greatly desired on his own behalf to effect the
conversion of the king to Catholicism, and did what he could to support
the arguments of the French envoy to this end. But the king, who was a
shrewd man, refused to abandon the religion of his ancestors for that of
these designing foreigners.
"Phaulcon had long thought," says the Père d'Orléans, "of bringing to
Siam Jesuits who, like those in China, might introduce the Gospel at
court through the mathematical sciences, especially astronomy. Six
Jesuits having profited by so good an occasion as that of the embassy of
the Chevalier de Chaumont to stop in Siam on their way to China, M.
Constance upon seeing them begged that some might be sent to him from
France; and for this especial object Father Tachard, one of the six, was
requested to return to Europe." This was really the first step in
Phaulcon's ruin; for, aware that his master could not in this way
encourage the Christians without incurring the hatred of both the
Buddhists and Mohammedans in the kingdom, he conceived the plan of
begging Louis for some French troops ostensibly to accompany and support
the missionaries, but practically to sustain his influence by force, and
in the event of defeat to hand the country over to France. Three
officers returned with M. de Chaumont and effected a treaty whereby
Louis promised to send some troops to the Siamese king, "not only to
instruct his own in our discipline, but also to be at his disposal
according as he should need them for the security of his person, or for
that of his kingdom. In the mean time the king of Siam would appoint the
French soldiers to guard two places where they would be commanded by
their own officers under the authority of this monarch." The troops and
a dozen missionaries set out under Father Tachard's charge in 1686.
But ere they arrived trouble was brewing in Siam. "The Mohammedans,"
says the historian, "had long flattered themselves with the hope of
inducing the king and people of Siam to accept the Koran; but when they
saw the monarch thus closely allying himself with Christians, their
fears were greatly excited; and the great difference which had been made
between the French and Persian ambassadors, in the honors shown them in
their audiences with his majesty, had so much increased the
apprehensions of the infidels that they resolved to avert the
apprehended misfortune by attempting the life of the king. The authors
of this evil design were two princes of Champa and a prince of Macassar,
all of them refugees in Siam, where the king had offered them an asylum
against some powerful enemies of their own countries. A Malay captain
encouraged them by prophecies which he circulated among the zealots of
his own sect, of whom he shortly assembled a sufficient number to carry
out the conspiracy, had it not been discovered; which, however, it
was"--and promptly suppressed by the minister, to his great credit and
honor at court. Phaulcon then was at the pinnacle of his power when the
Frenchmen landed, an audience was granted and ratifications exchanged.
"M. Constance had already so high an esteem for our great king [Louis],
and the king of Siam, his master, had entered so entirely into his
sentiments, that this sovereign, thinking the French troops were not
sufficiently near his person, determined to ask from the king, in
addition to the troops already landed, a company of two hundred
body-guards. As there was much to arrange between the two monarchs for
the establishment of religion, not only in Siam, but in many other
places where M. Constance hoped to spread it, they resolved that Father
Tachard should return to France, accompanied by three mandarins, to
present to his majesty the letter from their king; and that he should
thence proceed to Rome, to solicit from the Pope assistance in
preserving tranquillity and spreading Christianity in the Indies.
"Father Tachard, having received from the king and his minister the
necessary orders, left his companions under the direction of M.
Constance, and quitted Siam, accompanied by the envoys-extraordinary of
the king, at the beginning of the year 1686. He reached Brest in the
month of July in the same year.
"Never was negotiation more successful. Occupied as was the king in
waging war with the greater part of Europe, leagued against him by the
Protestant party, he made no delay in equipping vessels to convey to the
king of Siam the guards which he had requested."
It is certainly not surprising that some of the Siamese noblemen should
have looked with suspicion on the extraordinary measures which Phaulcon
had inaugurated. With a French military force in possession of some of
the most important points in the kingdom, and with the Roman Catholic
religion securing for itself something like a dominant establishment, it
is no wonder that conspiracies against the authors of the new movement
should be repeated and ultimately successful. The king had no male heir;
and it seemed to a nobleman named Pitraxa that the succession might as
well come to him as to the foreigner who had already risen to such a
dangerous authority. This time the conspiracy was more audaciously and
triumphantly carried out. The king, who was beginning to grow old and
infirm, was taken sick, and during his illness Pitraxa got possession of
the royal seals, and by means of them secured supplies of arms and
powder for the furtherance of his designs. The crisis rapidly
approached. Phaulcon determined to arrest the chief conspirator, but was
for once outwitted. The French forces which he summoned to his
assistance were intercepted and turned back by a false report. Pitraxa
made himself master of the palace, of the person of the king, and of all
the royal family. It was evident to Phaulcon that the end had come. His
resolution was taken accordingly.
"Having with him a few Frenchmen, two Portuguese, and sixteen English
soldiers, he called these together, and, with his confessor, entered his
chapel that he might prepare for the death which appeared to await him;
whence passing into his wife's chamber, he bade her farewell, saying
that the king was a prisoner, and that he would die at his feet. He then
went out to go direct to the palace, flattering himself that with the
small number of Europeans who followed him, he should be able to make
his way through the Indians, who endeavored to arrest him, so as to
reach the king. He would have succeeded had his followers been as
determined as himself; but on entering the first court of the palace, he
was suddenly surrounded by a troop of Siamese soldiers. He was putting
himself into a defensive attitude when he perceived that he was
abandoned by all his suite except the French, so that the contest was
too unequal to be long maintained. He was obliged to yield to the force
of numbers, and he and the Frenchmen with him were made prisoners and
loaded with irons."
It remained for the usurper to rid himself of the French soldiers, who
were still in possession of the two most considerable places in the
country. Under a false pretext he won over to himself, temporarily, the
commander of the French forces. "Upon this, six French officers who were
at court, finding their safety endangered, resolved to leave and retire
to Bangkok. They armed themselves, mounted on horseback, and under
pretence of a ride, easily escaped from the guard Pitraxa had appointed
to accompany them. It is true that, for the one they had got rid of,
they found between Louvô and the river troops at different intervals,
which, however, they easily passed. On reaching the river they
discovered a boat filled with talapoins, which they seized, driving away
its occupants. As, however, they did not take the precaution of tying
down the rowers, they had the vexation of having them escape under cover
of the night, each swimming away from his own side of the boat.
Compelled to row it themselves, they soon became so weary that they
determined to land, and continue their journey on foot. This was not
without its difficulties, as the people, warned by the talapoins whose
boat had been seized, and by the fugitive rowers, assembled in troops
upon the river-side, uttering loud cries. Notwithstanding this, they
leaped out, and gained the plains of Ayuthia, where, most unfortunately,
they lost their way. The populace still followed them, and though not
venturing to approach very near, never lost sight of them and continued
to annoy them as much as possible. They might, after all, have escaped,
had not hunger compelled them to enter into a parley for a supply of
provisions. In answer, they were told that they would not be listened to
until they had laid down their arms. Then these cowardly wretches,
instead of furnishing them with provisions, threw themselves upon them,
stripped them, and carried them bound to Ayuthia, whence they were sent
back to Louvô most unworthily treated. A troop of three hundred
Mohammedans, which Pitraxa on learning their flight sent in pursuit of
them, and which met them on their return, treated them so brutally that
one named Brecy died from the blows they inflicted. The rest were
committed to prison on their arrival at Louvô.
"From this persecution of the French fugitives, the infidels insensibly
passed to persecuting all the Christians in Siam, as soon as they
learned that M. Desfarges was on the road to join Pitraxa; for from that
time the tyrant, giving way to the suspicions infused by crime and
ambition, no longer preserved an appearance of moderation toward those
he hated. His detestation of the Christians had been for some time kept
within bounds by the esteem he still felt for the French; but he had no
sooner heard of the deference shown by their general to the orders he
had sent him, than, beginning to fear nothing, he spared none.
"As the prison of M. Constance was in the interior of the palace, no one
knows the details of his sufferings. Some say, that to make him confess
the crimes of which he was accused, they burned the soles of his feet;
others that an iron hoop was bound round his temples. It is certain that
he was kept in a prison made of stakes, loaded with three heavy chains,
and wanting even the necessaries of life, till Madame Constance, having
discovered the place of his imprisonment, obtained permission to furnish
him with them.
"She could not long continue to do so, being soon herself in want. The
usurper had at first appeared to respect her virtue, and had shown her
some degree of favor; he had restored her son, who had been taken from
her by the soldiers, and exculpated himself from the robbery. But these
courtesies were soon discontinued. The virtues of Madame Constance had
for a time softened the ferocity of the tyrant; but the report of her
wealth, which he supposed to be enormous, excited his cupidity, which
could not in any way be appeased.
"On May 30th, the official seals of her husband were demanded from her;
the next day his arms, his papers, and his clothes were carried off;
another day boxes were sealed, and the keys taken away; a guard was
placed before her dwelling, and a sentinel at the door of her room to
keep her in sight. Hitherto nothing had shaken her equanimity; but this
last insult so confounded her, that she could not help complaining.
'What,' exclaimed she, weeping, 'what have I done to be treated like a
criminal?' This, however, was the only complaint drawn by adversity from
this noble Christian lady during the whole course of her trials. Even
this emotion of weakness, so pardonable in a woman of two-and-twenty who
had hitherto known nothing of misfortune, was quickly repaired; for two
Jesuits who happened to be with her on this occasion, having mildly
represented to her that Christians who have their treasure in heaven,
and who regard it as their country, should not afflict themselves like
pagans for the loss of wealth and freedom--'It is true,' said she,
recovering her tranquillity: 'I was wrong, my Fathers. God gave all; He
takes all away: may His holy name be praised! I pray only for my
husband's deliverance.'
"Scarcely two days had elapsed after the placing of the seals when a
mandarin, followed by a hundred men, came to break them by order of his
new master, and carried off all the money, furniture and jewels he found
in the apartments of this splendid palace. Madame Constance had the
firmness herself to conduct him, and to put into his hands all that he
wished to take; after which, looking at the Fathers, who still continued
with her, 'Now,' said she, calmly, 'God alone remains to us; but none
can separate us from Him.'
"The mandarin having retired with his booty, it was supposed she was rid
of him, and that nothing more could be demanded from those who had been
plundered of all their possessions. The two Jesuits had left to return
to their own dwelling, imagining there could be nothing to fear for one
who had been stripped of her property, and who, having committed no
crime, seemed shielded from every other risk. In the evening it appeared
that they were mistaken; for, about six o'clock, the same mandarin,
accompanied by his satellites, came to demand her hidden treasures. 'I
have nothing hidden,' she answered: 'if you doubt my word, you can look;
you are the master here, and everything is open.' So temperate a reply
appeared to irritate the ruffian. 'I will not seek,' said he, 'but,
without stirring from the spot, I will compel you to bring me what I
ask, or have you scourged to death.' So saying, the wretch gave the
signal to the executioners, who came forward with cords to bind, and
thick rattans to scourge her. These preparations at first bewildered the
poor woman, thus abandoned to the fury of a ferocious brute. She uttered
a loud cry, and throwing herself at his feet said, with a look that
might have touched the hardest heart, 'Have pity on me!' But this
barbarian answered with his accustomed fierceness, that he would have no
mercy on her, ordering her to be taken and tied to the door of her room,
and having her arms, hands and fingers cruelly beaten. At this sad
spectacle, her grandmother, her relatives, her servants, and her son
uttered cries which would have moved any one but this hardened wretch.
The whole of the unhappy family cast themselves at his feet, and
touching the ground with their foreheads, implored mercy, but in vain.
He continued to torture her from seven to nine o'clock; and not having
been able to gain anything, he carried her off, with all her family,
except the grandmother, whose great age and severe illness made it
impossible to remove her.
"For some time no one knew what had become of Madame Constance, but at
last her position was discovered. A Jesuit father was one day passing by
the stables of her palace, when the lady's aunt, who shared her
captivity, begged permission of the guards to address the holy man, and
ask him for money, promising that they should share it. In this manner
was made known the humiliating condition of this unhappy and illustrious
lady, shut up in a stable, where, half dead from the sufferings she had
endured, she lay stretched upon a piece of matting, her son at her side.
The father daily sent her provisions, which were the only means of
subsistence for herself and family, to whom she distributed food with so
small a regard for her own wants, that a little rice and dried fish were
all that she took for her own share, she having made a vow to abstain
from meat for the rest of her life.
"Up to this time, the grand mandarin had not ventured to put an end to
the existence of M. Constance, whom the French general had sent to
demand, as being under the protection of the king, his master; but now,
judging that there was nothing more to fear either from him or from his
friends, he resolved to get rid of him. It was on the 5th of June,
Whitsun-eve, that he ordered his execution by the Phaja Sojatan, his
son, after having, without any form of trial, caused to be read in the
palace the sentence of death given by himself against this minister,
whom he accused of having leagued with his enemies. This sentence
pronounced, the accused was mounted on an elephant, and taken, well
guarded, into the forest of Thale-Phutson, as if the tyrant had chosen
the horrors of solitude to bury in oblivion an unjust and cruel deed.
"Those who conducted him remarked that during the whole way he appeared
perfectly calm, praying earnestly, and often repeating aloud the names
of Jesus and of Mary.
"When they reached the place of execution, he was ordered to dismount,
and told that he must prepare to die. The approach of death did not
alarm him; he saw it near as he had seen it at a distance, and with the
same intrepidity. He asked of the Sojatan only a few moments to finish
his prayer, which he did kneeling, with so touching an air, that these
heathens were moved by it. His petitions concluded, he lifted his hands
toward heaven, and protesting his innocence, declared that he died
willingly, having the testimony of his conscience that, as a minister,
he had acted solely for the glory of the true God, the service of the
King, and the welfare of the state; that he forgave his enemies, as he
hoped himself to be forgiven by God. 'For the rest, my lord,' said he,
turning to the Sojatan, 'were I as guilty as my enemies declare me, my
wife and my son are innocent: I commend them to your protection, asking
for them neither wealth nor position, but only life and liberty.' Having
uttered these few words, he meekly raised his eyes to heaven, showing by
his silence that he was ready to receive the fatal blow.
"An executioner advanced, and cut him in two with a back stroke of his
sabre, which brought him to the ground, heaving one last, long sigh.
"Thus died, at the age of forty-one, in the very prime of life, this
distinguished man, whose sublime genius, political skill, great energy
and penetration, warm zeal for religion, and strong attachment to the
King, his master, rendered him worthy of a longer life and of a happier
destiny.
"Who can describe the grief of Madame Constance at the melancholy news
of her husband's death?
"This illustrious descendant of Japanese martyrs was subjected to
incredible persecutions, which she endured to the end with heroic
constancy and wonderful resignation."
From this edifying narrative, grandiloquent and devout by turns, and
written from the Jesuit point of view, it is sufficiently surprising to
turn to Kämpfer's brief and prosaic account of the same events.
According to him the intrigue and treachery was wholly on the side of
Phaulcon, who had planned to place on the throne the king's son-in-law,
Moupi-Tatso, a dependent and tool of his own, as soon as the sick king,
whose increasing dropsy threatened him with sudden dissolution, should
be dead; Pitraxa and his sons, the king's two brothers, as presumptive
heirs to the crown, and whoever else was like to oppose the
conspirator's designs, were to be despatched out of the way. "Pursuant
to this scheme, Moupi's father and relations had already raised one
thousand four hundred men, who lay dispersed through the country; and
the better to facilitate the execution of this design, Phaulcon
persuaded the sick king, having found means to introduce himself into
his apartment in private, that it would be very much for the security of
his person, during the ill state of his health, to send for the French
general and part of his garrison up to Louvô, where the king then was,
being a city fifteen leagues north of Ayuthia, and the usual place of
the king's residence, where he used to spend the greater part of his
time. General des Farges being on his way thither, the conspiracy was
discovered by Pitraxa's own son, who happening to be with two of the
king's concubines in an apartment adjoining that where the conspirators
were, had the curiosity to listen at the door, and having heard the
bloody resolution that had been taken, immediately repaired to his
father to inform him of it. Pitraxa without loss of time acquainted the
king with this conspiracy, and then sent for Moupi, Phaulcon, and the
mandarins of their party, as also for the captain of the guards, to
court, and caused the criminals forthwith to be put in irons,
notwithstanding the king expressed the greatest displeasure at his so
doing. Phaulcon had for some time absented himself from court, but now
being summoned, he could no longer excuse himself, though dreading some
ill event: it is said he took leave of his family in a very melancholy
manner. Soon after, his silver chair, wherein he was usually carried,
came back empty--a bad omen to his friends and domestics, who could not
but prepare themselves to partake in their master's misfortune. This
happened May 19th, in the year 1689. Two days after, Pitraxa ordered,
against the king's will, Moupi's head to be struck off, throwing it at
Phaulcon's feet, then loaded with irons, with this reproach: 'See, there
is your king!' The unfortunate sick king, heartily sorry for the death
of his dearest Moupi, earnestly desired that the deceased's body might
not be exposed to any further shame, but decently buried, which was
accordingly complied with. Moupi's father was seized by stratagem upon
his estate between Ayuthia and Louvô, and all their adherents were
dispersed. Phaulcon, after having been tortured and starved for fourteen
days, and thereby reduced almost to a skeleton, had at last his irons
taken off, and was carried away after sunset in an ordinary chair,
unknowing what would be his fate. He was first carried to his house,
which he found rifled: his wife lay a prisoner in the stable, who, far
from taking leave of him, spit in his face, and would not so much as
suffer him to kiss his only remaining son of four years of age, another
son being lately dead and still unburied. From thence he was carried out
of town to the place of execution, where, notwithstanding all his
reluctancy, he had his head cut off. His body was divided into two
parts, and covered with a little earth, which the dogs scratched away in
the night-time, and devoured the corpse to the bones. Before he died he
took his seal, two silver crosses, a relic set in gold which he wore on
his breast, being a present from the Pope, as also the order of St.
Michael which was sent him by the King of France, and delivered them to
a mandarin who stood by, desiring him to give them to his little
son--presents, indeed, that could be of no great use to the poor child,
who to this day, with his mother, goes begging from door to door, nobody
daring to intercede for them."[4]
It seems to be growing every year more difficult to form positive
opinions concerning the various characters with whom history makes us
acquainted, and we have here a sufficiently wide choice between two
opposite estimates of poor Phaulcon. But whichever estimate we adopt,
it remains abundantly evident that his career is one of the most
romantic and extraordinary in the world. Venetian by descent, Greek by
birth, English by avocation, Siamese by choice and fortune; at first
almost a beggar, a shipwrecked adventurer against whom fate seemed
hopelessly adverse, he became the chief actor in a scheme of dominion
which might have given to France a realm rivalling in wealth and
grandeur the British possessions in India.
Some traces of the public works of which Phaulcon was the founder still
remain to show the nature of the internal improvements which he
inaugurated. His scheme of foreign alliance was a failure, but that he
did much to develop the resources of the kingdom there would seem to be
no doubt. "At Lopha-buri," says Sir John Bowring, "a city founded about
A.D. 600, the palace of Phaulcon still exists: and there are the remains
of a Christian church founded by him, in which, some of the traditions
say, he was put to death. I brought with me from Bangkok, the capital,
one of the columns of the church, richly carved and gilded, as a relic
of the first[5] Christian temple erected in Siam, and as associated with
the history of that singular, long-successful and finally sacrificed
adventurer. The words _Jesus Hominum Salvator_ are still inscribed over
the canopy of the altar, upon which the image of Buddha now sits to be
worshipped."
FOOTNOTES:
[4] History of Japan, vol. i., pp. 19-21. London, 1728; quoted in
Bowring.
[5] Sir John Bowring was mistaken. It seems to be well enough
established that one or two Christian churches were built by the
Portuguese, a century before the date of Phaulcon's career.