[21] Cf. Lubbock, Sir John, “Ants, Bees and Wasps,” 1883; Wasmann, E.,
“Comparative Studies in the Psychology of Ants and of Higher Animals,”
1905; Forel, A., “_Recherches sur les fourmis de la Suisse_,” Zurich,
1874; “The Senses or Insects,” 1908. See also Beebe, William, “The Edge
of the Jungle,” 1921.
[22] The value of mutual aid as a factor in evolution was dimly divined
by Goethe, and was first expressed as a “law” by Professor Kessler in
1880, who was then Dean of the St. Petersburg (Leningrad) University.
Having read Kessler’s lecture in 1883, Prince Kropotkin began a series
of articles on the same subject, resulting in the publication in 1902
of his great work, “Mutual Aid as a Law of Nature and a Factor of
Evolution.”
[23] Cf. Huber, Pierre, “_Les fourmis indigènes_,” Geneva, 1861, and
Forel, loc. cit.