NAPOLEON BONAPARTE.
[Sidenote: 1793-1815--The genius of the great Bonaparte]
Nothing in the history of the world is quite as wonderful as the
history of the first Napoleon. No other man ever rose from so little
to so much, ever played a greater part in the eyes of the civilized
world, was more monstrous in his triumphs or more tragic in his fall.
Everything connected with his strange career was distorted,
exaggerated, seemingly out of all proportion to the familiarities, the
conventionalities, and even the possibilities of existence. As the
ancient Greeks, in their sculpture, for the delineation of their gods
permitted themselves the use of the heroic size and made their
immortals and their demi-gods more than common tall, and more than
common comely, so might the modern historian seem privileged in the use
of a superlative style in dealing with a life so phenomenal, so
unbounded by the average horizon, so ungoverned by the ordinary laws.
And yet no more is needed than the cold statement of the stages in that
great story, of the steps which conducted to the summit of the pyramid
only to be descended on the other side. Such a statement is itself the
sermon on an earthly glory that was almost unearthly in the vastness of
its aims and of its gains, and on a humiliation that restored humanity
to reason and reaffirmed the inexorable lesson. As the mere names of
battles on the commemorative arch appeal to the memories, the
ambitions, and the passions of a military race with a monumental
emphasis that is not to be rivalled by the painter or writer, so a few
simple words serve to contrast with a simplicity that is in itself a
pomp the crowns and the catastrophes of that amazing visitation.
"Corsica," "St. Helena," "Brumaire," "Moscow," "Toulon," {332}
"Waterloo." The chronicle of the great conqueror is written in little
in the names of two islands, two battles, and two towns.
[Sidenote: 1803-15--England's fear of Napoleon]
To Frenchmen, even to the Frenchmen who are most opposed to him,
Napoleon must always be an object for gratitude and for admiration.
The most passionate champion of the Bourbon lilies and the doctrine of
the divine right of kings cannot refuse to recognize that Napoleon
Bonaparte gave to France a greater military glory than she had ever
known or ever dreamed of before. The most devout disciple of the
principles of '89, the fieriest apostle of the Revolution that went
down into the dust before the cunning of Barras and the cannon of the
Corsican adventurer, is obliged to admit the splendid services that
Napoleon Bonaparte rendered to his adopted country. The one antagonist
confesses that the Napoleonic eagles flew with the length of flight and
the strength of wing of the Roman eagles. The other antagonist sees
with approval the Code Napoléon and the Order of the Legion of Honor,
the Simplon Road and the Canal of St. Quentin, the encouragement given
to arts, to letters, and to commerce, the reorganization of finance and
the reconstitution of the army. But to the average Englishman of that
time, and for long afterwards, Napoleon was first and last and always
the implacable enemy of Great Britain. From the day of Toulon to the
day of Waterloo, Bonaparte was the Big Bogey of England; always either
fighting against her openly or plotting against her secretly, always
guided by one purpose, always haunted by one hope--the conquest of a
country that had learned to look upon herself as unconquerable. Pitt,
who hated war, was destined to play the uncongenial part of a War
Minister, with one short interval, for the rest of his life, and to
devote his genius and his energy to a life-and-death struggle with the
soldier of fortune who was yesterday the hero of Italy, to-day First
Consul, to-morrow to be Emperor of the French. The story of Pitt's
life, for the rest of Pitt's life, is the story of a struggle against
Napoleon, a struggle maintained under difficulties and disadvantages
that might well have {333} broken a strong man's heart, and that seemed
to end in disaster when the strong man's heart was broken.
It looked for long enough as if nothing could withstand the military
genius or sate the ambition of Napoleon. On his sword sat laurel
victory, and smooth success was strewn before his feet. He overran
Egypt, and dreamed of rivalling the Eastern conquests of Alexander.
The Kingdoms of Europe crumpled up before him. On land he seemed to be
little less than invincible. England was only safe from him because
England held the supremacy of the sea. When the war with France began
England was blessed with an effective navy, and England's fleet was
England's fortune in the days when the conqueror of a continent was the
nightmare of an island. A monstrous regiment of caricaturists were
painting themselves into fame by fantastic and ferocious presentations
of the man who was so fiercely hated because he was so greatly dreaded.
Some of these caricatures are pitifully ignoble, some in their kind are
masterpieces; all are animated by a great fury that is partly the
outcome of a great fear. For years that fear was always present; for
years it was always well within the bounds of possibility that the fear
might be realized in a great national catastrophe. In every coast town
of England men volunteered and drilled and manned defences, and scanned
with anxious eyes the horizon for the sails that were to fulfil a
menace more terrible than the menace of the Armada. England's military
fame had dwindled on the battle-fields of Europe; England's strength at
home was as nothing compared to the strength that France could employ
against her if once France could obtain a landing on her shores.
Napoleon had declared scornfully that the country with the few millions
of men must give way to the country with many millions of men. All
that he needed to reduce England, as he had reduced so many other of
the kingdoms of the earth, was to place his armed majority where it
could act with overwhelming force against an armed minority. Only one
thing lay between him and his purpose, but that one thing was the navy
of England. Napoleon knew that if he had but {334} command of the
Channel for a very few hours the landing of which he had dreamed, and
for which he had schemed so long, would be a reality, and a march on
London as easy as a march on Vienna. But he never got those few hours'
command of the sea. Perhaps no greater monument of human vanity exists
than the medal which Napoleon, madly prophesying, caused to be struck
in commemoration of the conquest of England. Perhaps no pages of all
the pages of history are more splendid than those which record the
triumphs and the glories of the English fleet in the mortal struggle
with France. When the great war began it was well for England that her
navy was in effective condition; it was perhaps better still that the
traditions of her navy were rich with heroic deeds, examples splendid
to emulate, hard to surpass, but which, however, the sailors of King
George the Third were destined to surpass.
[Sidenote: 1797--Mutinies in the British Navy]
Yet the conditions of life under which the English sailor lived were
scarcely of a kind to foster the serene, austere virtues of patriotism
and heroism. The English sailor was often snared into the active
service of his country sorely against his will by means of the odious
instrument for recruiting known as the press-gang. His existence on
board the mighty and beautiful men-of-war was a life that at its best
was a life of the severest hardship, and that at its worst was hard
indeed to endure. He and his fellows were herded together under
conditions of indescribable filth, squalor, and discomfort, often
foolishly ill-fed, often cruelly ill-treated, often the victims of
intolerable tyranny from brutal superiors. It is sometimes little
short of marvellous that the sailors on whose faith the safety of
England depended should have proved so faithful, so cheerful, so
desperately brave. There was, indeed, a moment when the faith of some
of them failed, and when the safety of England was in greater jeopardy
than it had been in since the crescent of the Armada was reported off
Plymouth or the Dutch ships lay in the Medway. While the war with
France was still in its gloomy dawn the unwisdom of treating British
sailors worse than beasts of burden came near to wrecking the kingdom.
In 1797 the crews {335} of very many of the King's ships were
exasperated by ill-treatments and injustices of many kinds, exasperated
most of all by the fatal folly of long arrears of pay--a folly which in
France, but eight years earlier, had been one of the most powerful
factors in aiding the spread of the Revolution. There came a point
when the sense of injury seemed too hard to bear, and England was
startled by the news of a mutiny at Spithead. But the mutiny, if
alarming, was kept within moderate bounds and under control by the
mutineers; it was temperately met and temperately dealt with by Lord
Howe, and it soon came to an end. It was immediately followed by a far
more alarming mutiny which broke out among the ships at the Nore. This
mutiny, headed by a seaman named Parker, who proved himself a bold and
daring spirit, swelled swiftly to serious proportions. Londoners saw
the mouth of their river blockaded by the war-ships of England, saw
their capital city fortified against the menaces of the men they relied
upon as their saviors. Admiral Duncan, busily engaged in keeping a
Dutch fleet cooped up in the river Texel, suddenly beheld almost the
whole of his squadron desert him and sail away to join Parker and his
fellow-mutineers at the Nore. It was one of the gravest crises in
English history, one of the greatest perils that England had to face
during the whole of the French war. But the danger was weathered, the
peril overcome. The Government faced the dangers of mutiny as firmly
as they had faced the dangers of the war. Whatever the provocation,
mutiny at such a moment was a national crime. It flickered out as
tamely as it blazed up fiercely. Parker and some of his
fellow-conspirators were hanged, strong men dying unhappily, and once
again England had only her foreign foes to reckon with. Over away by
the Texel stout-hearted Duncan, with only his flagship and two frigates
to represent the sea power of England, met the difficulty with a
shiftiness worthy of Ulysses. Through all his long hours of loneliness
he kept on gallantly signalling away to an imaginary fleet, and the
Dutchmen in the Texel little dreamed that they were held in check by a
deserted admiral {336} upon a desolate sea. When at last they emerged,
Duncan's danger was over; his faithless vessels had returned to their
faith, and the crushing victory of Camperdown consoled one of the
bravest of the brave for an agony unrivalled in the story of the sea.
[Sidenote: 1758-1805--Nelson]
The British admirals are the heroes of the dying eighteenth century.
"Admirals all, they said their say, the echoes are rising still"--in
the words of Henry Newbolt's gallant song. "Admirals all, they went
their way to the haven under the hill." Dundonald was called, and
finely called, the last of the sea-kings; but they were all true
kinsmen of the Vikings, the admirals who were famous figures in
Dundonald's fiery youth and famous memories in Dundonald's noble age.
And as the admirals were, so were the captains, so were the men.
Fearney sticking the surrendered swords in a sheaf under his arm;
Walton calmly informing his superior that "we have taken or destroyed
all the Spanish ships on this coast: number as per margin," are typical
figures in a tradition of a courage so superlative that Admiral Sir
Robert Calder, who fought very gallantly and took two ships, was tried
by court-martial and severely reprimanded for not having destroyed the
French fleet. The age of George the Third would be memorable, if it
were memorable for nothing else, for the deeds and the glories of the
great sea fights and the great sea fighters who saved England from
invasion, knocking the tall ships of France to pieces, taking monstrous
odds with alacrity, eager to engage in all weathers and under all
conditions, cheerfully converting what seemed an impossible task into
not merely a feasible but an easy piece of business. There are some
sea battles of that time, fought out in storm and darkness, which read
in the tamest statement with the pomp and beauty of the most majestic
music. The names of the great admirals must always be dear to English
ears, must always sound sweet on English lips. St. Vincent,
Collingwood, Howe, Duncan, the noble list proceeds, each name
illuminated with its only splendid story of desperate enterprise and
deathless honor, till the proudest name of all is reached, {337} and
praise itself seems to falter and fall off before the lonely grandeur
of Nelson. Never was a little life filled with greater achievements;
never was a little body more compact of the virtues that make great
captains and brave men. The life that began in the September of 1758
and that ended in the October of 1805 holds in the compass of its
forty-seven years the epitome of what England meant for Englishmen in
the days of its greatest peril and its greatest glory. Magnificent,
magniloquent, turbulent, it is starred with glowing phrases as thickly
as with glowing deeds. "Fear! I never saw fear: what is it?" "A
peerage, or Westminster Abbey;" the immortal signal; the famous saying
off Copenhagen: "It is warm work; this day will be the last to many of
us, but I would not be elsewhere for thousands;" the pathos of the
dying lover: "Let my dear Lady Hamilton have my hair;" and the pride of
the dying hero: "Thank God, I have done my duty"--all these things are
the splendid ornaments of a splendid career; they gleam on his story as
his stars and orders gleamed upon his breast when the "Victory" renewed
her name. With the battle of Trafalgar and the destruction of the
allied French and Spanish fleets Napoleon's dream of England's conquest
came to an end. The result was bought at a great price, the price of
Nelson's life. But Nelson had done his work, and done it well. He
saved his country; he had deserved well of his countrymen; he summed in
himself all the qualities that made the English sailor the idol of his
people and the terror of his foes.
While Nelson still lived and conquered, there came a check to the
troubled supremacy of Pitt. In 1801--when the memories of the battle
of the Nile and the defence of Acre were still fresh in men's thoughts,
and Napoleon had been for a year First Consul--Pitt, baffled by
circumstances, surrendered to mediocrity and Addington was Prime
Minister in his place. For three disastrous years Addington was
permitted to prove his incompetency, till in 1804 Pitt, as the only
possible man, came back to power to face a Napoleon more menacing than
ever, a Napoleon now, in that same year, crowned and triumphant as
{338} Emperor of the French. England was Mistress of the Seas, but
Napoleon was Master of Europe. Pitt's health was fading swiftly; he
watched with despair the progress of his enemy. Ulm came, and
Austerlitz, and Austerlitz struck Pitt at the heart.
The closing hours of Pitt's career were as troubled and as gloomy as
its dawn had been radiant and serene. It may have cost him little to
be reconciled with the pompous mediocrity of Addington, and thereby to
placate the King. His nature could afford to be magnanimous to the
ungrateful incompetency that was able only in betrayal. It need not
have given a pang to that proud and lonely spirit to welcome into the
Cabinet the Earl of Buckinghamshire, who had wedded the one fair woman
whose heart Pitt had won and lost. But the anguish of his soul was
wrung into expression by the fall of Dundas. He had loved Dundas, who
was now Lord Melville, long and well. Lord Melville's conduct as
Treasurer to the Navy provoked from the Opposition a series of
condemnatory resolutions. In spite of all that Pitt could do, the
resolutions were supported by many of his followers, by many of his
friends, by one friend conspicuous among all, by Wilberforce. The
division was neck and neck, 216 to 216; the Speaker, "white as a
sheet," gave the casting vote against Dundas which stabbed Pitt to the
core. Whether it were or no, as Wilberforce maintained, a "false
principle of honor" which led the great minister to support Melville,
Pitt felt the blow as he had felt nothing before and was to feel but
one thing again. Pitt pulled his little cocked hat over his forehead
to hide his tears. One brutal adversary, Sir Thomas Mostyn, raised the
wild yell of triumph that denotes to huntsmen the death of the fox.
Another savage, Colonel Wardle, urged his friends to come and see "how
Billy looked after it." But the young Tory gentlemen rallied around
their hero. They made a circle of locked arms, and with looks and
words that meant swords they kept the aggressors off. In their midst
Pitt moved unconsciously out of the House--a broken-hearted man.
[Sidenote: 1806--Death of Pitt]
The heart of Pitt was allowed to feel one pulse of pride {339} and
pleasure before it ceased to beat. Pitt shared in the triumph of
Trafalgar; he made his best and noblest appearance in public; made his
last most splendid speech: "Europe is not to be saved by any single
man," he said to those who saluted him at the Guildhall as the savior
of Europe. "England has saved herself by her exertions, and will, I
trust, save Europe by her example." A few weeks later, in the December
of 1805, Pitt was at Bath, when a courier brought him the news of the
battle of Austerlitz. The news practically killed him. He had long
been ailing grievously. Sir Walter Farquhar's account of Pitt's
health, lately made public by Lord Rosebery, proves that the body which
cased that great spirit was indeed a ruined body. Grief and anxiety
had stamped lines of care and sorrow upon his face, which gave it what
Wilberforce afterwards called "the Austerlitz look." The phrase is
famous and admirable, if not exactly accurate as used by Wilberforce,
for Lord Stanhope shows that Wilberforce never saw Pitt after the
battle of Austerlitz was fought. With the Austerlitz look on his face,
Pitt travelled to London, to the villa now known as Bowling Green House
at Putney. With the Austerlitz look on his face he surrendered himself
to the care of his niece, Lady Hester Stanhope, who afterwards lived
eccentric and died lonely in the East, a kind of desert queen. With
the Austerlitz look on his face he bade that niece roll up the map of
Europe: "It will not be wanted these ten years." With the Austerlitz
look on his face he died on January 23, 1806.
England, that had lost in three months Nelson and Pitt, was to lose a
third great man in only eight months more. Pitt's body lay in
Westminster; Pitt's Ministry was dissipated into air; Pitt's great
opponent was called to the office for the last time, and for a very
short time. Fox, as we are told by his biographer, Lord Russell, never
felt personal enmity to Pitt. He said, with generous truth, that he
never gave a vote with more satisfaction than his vote in support of
the motion to pay Pitt's debts and to settle pensions on his nieces.
He could not and did not indorse the proposal to confer honor on the
memory of Mr. Pitt {340} as an "excellent statesman." He was ready to
take office in the Ministry of All the Talents that Lord Grenville
gathered together. He became Foreign Secretary and Leader of the House
of Commons.
Fox, in office as out of office, had three great questions closely at
heart: the treatment of Catholics, peace with France, and the Slave
Trade. But Fox in office was obliged to face and recognize the
difficulties, the solution of these questions. He admitted,
reluctantly, the inadvisability of pressing the Catholic claims at a
time when such pressure would prove destructive alike to the claims and
to the Ministry that maintained them. He admitted, reluctantly, that
the prospect of peace with France was very far from hopeful. He still
dreamed of a speedy abolition of the Slave Trade, and to this end he
attended Parliament too persistently in defiance of the warnings of his
failing health. He was tapped for dropsy; his condition grew worse; in
the evening of September 13, 1806, he died. He was the greatest
liberal of his age; the greatest friend of liberty. The Irish poet
bade the Irish banshee wail for him on whose burning tongue, truth,
peace, and freedom hung.
Fox was not long dead when the Ministry of All the Talents found itself
in direct collision with its royal master. It had ventured to suggest
that it should be permitted to Catholics and to Dissenters to serve the
King and the country in the Army and Navy. This small concession was
too vast for the bigotry of George. He would have none of it, and the
obsequious Ministry consented to abandon the measure. This was not
enough for George. He wanted to extract from the Ministry a formal
promise in writing that it would never submit to the sovereign any
measure that involved, or was in any way connected with, concessions to
the Catholics. The Ministry was not obsequious to that ignoble degree.
It refused to bind itself by any such degrading pledge; and, in
consequence, it was turned out of office, and the Duke of Portland and
Mr. Perceval reigned in its stead. The Ministry of All the Talents had
lived neither a long nor a useful life.
{341}
Spencer Perceval was an able lawyer, a dexterous debater, a skilful
Parliamentarian. He was privately an excellent man, with an excellence
that the irony of Sydney Smith has made immortal. He was not quite the
man to sit in the Siege Perilous that had been occupied in turn by Pitt
and Fox. He held his office under difficult conditions. In 1810 the
King, whose ailing mind was unhinged by the death of his daughter
Amelia, lost his reason irreparably. Perceval had to fight the
question of the Regency with a brilliant Opposition and a bitterly
hostile Prince of Wales. He succeeded, in the January of 1811, in
carrying his Regency Bill on the lines of the measure proposed in 1788.
In May, 1811, he was shot dead, in the Lobby of the House of Commons,
by a madman named John Bellingham, who had some crazy grievance against
the Government.
The years from the January of 1811 to the January of 1820 are
technically the last nine years of the reign of George the Third; they
are practically the first nine years of the reign of George the Fourth.
The nine years of the Regency were momentous years in the history of
England. The mighty figure of Napoleon, whose shadow, creeping over
the map of Europe, had darkened and shortened the life of Pitt, was
still an abiding menace to England when the Prince of Wales became
Regent. But England, that had lost so much in her struggle with the
Corsican conqueror, who had now no Nelson to oppose to him on the high
seas, and no Pitt to oppose to him in the council chamber, found
herself armed against his triumphs in the person of a great soldier.
[Sidenote: 1769-1852--Arthur Wellesley]
In the same year that saw the birth of Napoleon, and on a date as
little certain as that of the conqueror of Europe, a child was born to
Garret Wellesley, first Earl of Mornington, in Dublin. The child was a
son, the third that Anne Hill, Lord Dungannon's eldest daughter, had
borne to her music-loving husband; the child was christened Arthur.
Dates as various as May 1, May 6, and April 29, 1769, are given by
different authorities in that very year, and the place of birth is as
unsettled as the date, Dangan Castle in Meath, and Mornington House,
Merrion Street, {342} Dublin, being the alternatives offered. Very
little is known about the childhood and early youth of Arthur
Wellesley. His mother seems to have considered him stupid, and to have
disliked him for his stupidity. He went from school to school--first
at Chelsea, then at Eton, then at Brussels--without showing any special
gifts, except a taste for music, inherited no doubt from the father,
whose musical tastes had earned him the affection of George the Third.
An unamiable mother decided that he was "food for powder and nothing
more;" and when he was sixteen years old he was sent to the French
Academy at Angers, where he was able to learn all the engineering that
he wanted, at the very same time that the young Napoleon Bonaparte was
being trained for a soldier in the military college at Brienne. Of the
little that can be known of the first seventeen years of Arthur
Wellesley's life the clearest facts are that his childhood was not
happy, that he was believed by many to be a dull and backward boy, and
that he himself thought that if circumstances had not made him a
soldier he would probably have become distinguished in public life as a
financier.
[Sidenote--1786-97--Wellesley's military training]
Circumstance made him a soldier. Through the patronage of his eldest
brother, who became Earl of Mornington on his father's death, in 1781,
the young Arthur Wellesley entered the Army as an ensign in the
Seventy-third Foot. The same influence that had got him into the army
aided him to rise in it. When he was little more than of age he was
captain of the Eighteenth Light Dragoons, aide-de-camp to the
Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and member of the Irish Parliament for his
brother's borough of Trim. In the Irish Parliament he supported Pitt's
measure to enfranchise Roman Catholics. It was characteristic of the
young man that, when once a career had been chosen for him, he devoted
himself to it with a cold, persistent zeal that accomplished as much
for him as the most passionate enthusiasm would have done for another.
He set before himself the principle that having undertaken a profession
he had better try to understand it, and understand it he did with a
determined thoroughness {343} that was rare indeed, if not unknown,
among the young officers of his day. We are told that soon after he
got his first commission he had one of the privates of the
Seventy-third weighed, first in his ordinary military clothes, and then
in heavy marching order, in order to ascertain what was expected of a
soldier on service. This kind of thoroughness, at once comprehensive
and minute, distinguished the conduct of his whole career. One of the
maxims that regulated his life was always to do the day's business in
the day. Long years later he and a friend were driving together along
a coaching road, and amusing themselves by guessing what kind of
country lay behind each hill they approached. When the friend
commented upon the surprising accuracy of his companion's guesses the
man who had been Arthur Wellesley answered: "Why, all my life I have
been trying to guess what lay on the other side of the hill;" a
stimulating piece of wisdom, to which he himself supplied the no less
stimulating comment: "All the business of war, and, indeed, all the
business of life, is to endeavor to find out what you don't know from
what you do." The youth who took soldiering in this iron spirit must
have been more than a puzzle to many of his contemporaries, whose
simple military creed it was that when an officer was not actually
fighting he might best employ his time in drinking and gambling. Young
Wellesley fell in love with Catherine Pakenham, Lord Longford's
daughter, and she with him; but the means of neither permitted marriage
then, and they did not marry until long years later. When the war with
France was forced upon a reluctant minister, Wellesley went to the
Continent under Lord Moira and saw some fighting. But his serious
career began when he was sent to India with the Thirty-third Regiment
in 1797.
It was in India that the young soldier was to learn those lessons in
the art of war which were afterwards to prove so priceless to England,
and to gain a fame which might well have seemed great enough to satisfy
any ambition less exacting than his. But he had the generous greed of
the great soldier, the restless, high-reaching spirit, to which {344}
the success of yesterday is as nothing save as an experience that may
serve for the success of to-morrow. No better field than India could
have been found for a young and ambitious soldier who had devoted
himself to his career almost by chance, but who was resolved to approve
his choice by giving to the career of arms a zeal, a stubborn
pertinacity, a very passion of patience, rare, indeed, at the time, and
who was resolved to regard nothing as too great to attempt, or too
trivial to notice, in the execution of his duty.
After a career of military honor and experience in India, Arthur
Wellesley began his struggle with Napoleon on the battle-fields of the
Spanish Peninsula, and ended it upon the battle-field of Waterloo. His
was the hand that gave the final blow to the falling, failing Emperor.
The career of so much glory and of so much gloom, of Corsican
lieutenantship and Empire, of Brumaire and Bourbon Restoration, of
Egyptian pyramids and Russian snows, of Tilsit and of Elba, and of the
Hundred Days, ended in the Island of St. Helena. There exists among
the documents that are preserved from Napoleon's youth a geographical
list made out in his own boyish hand of names and places, with
explanatory comments. The name of St. Helena is on the list, and the
only words written opposite to it are "Little Island." The Preacher on
Vanities never had a better text for a sermon. The "little island"
that had then seemed so unimportant became in the end more momentous
than the Eastern Empire of his dreams. The man who had made and unmade
kingdoms, who had flung down the crowns of Europe for soldiers of
fortune to scramble for as boys unto a muss, was now the unhonored
captive of ungenerous opponents, the unhonored victim of the petty
tyrannies of Sir Hudson Lowe.
[Sidenote: 1812-15--The War of 1812]
As the most disastrous event of the reign of George the Third prior to
the Regency was a war with America, so the most disastrous event of the
Regency was a war with America. Napoleon's fantastic decrees of
commercial blockade levelled against England, and known as the
Continental system, had embroiled the young republic and England, and
differences inflamed by the unwisdom of {345} Perceval were not to be
healed by the belated wisdom of Castlereagh. Two keen causes of
quarrel were afforded by England's persistent assertion of the right to
stop and search American vessels on the high seas for British subjects
and England's no less persistent refusal to recognize that
naturalization as an American citizen in any way affected the
allegiance of a British subject to the British crown. Wise
statesmanship might have averted war, but wise statesmanship was
wanting. The death of Spencer Perceval caused the elevation to the
premiership of a man as incapable as his predecessor of dealing
skilfully with the American difficulty. Robert Banks Jenkinson, who
had been Lord Hawkesbury and who was now Lord Liverpool, was a
curiously narrow-minded, hidebound politician who had never recovered
from the shock of the French Revolution, and who was chiefly
conspicuous for his dogged opposition to every species of reform. He
was five years old when the fight at Concord began the struggle that
ended with American Independence, but the great event which
overshadowed his childhood had no apparent effect upon his later
judgment. This belated survival of the tradition of Hillsborough
thought and said that America ought to look to England "as the guardian
power to which she was indebted not only for her comforts, not only for
her rank in the scale of civilization, but for her very existence."
Folly such as this could only end in disaster. America, believing
herself to be deeply wronged, declared war on Great Britain in the June
of 1812. The war lasted more than two years with varying fortunes.
Once again the scarlet coats of English soldiers were familiar, if
detested, objects to many of the men who had made the Republic, and
over bloody battle-fields fluttered that English flag which most of
those who now opposed it had only seen as a trophy of their fathers'
victories. Both sides fought under heavy disadvantages. If England
was weakened by her struggle with Napoleon, America was hampered by
internal dissensions, by a disorganized army and by a navy so small
that it might almost have been regarded as not in existence. Yet it
was this very navy which did most for {346} America in the struggle,
and dealt England the most staggering blows inflicted upon her
supremacy of the sea. The most shameful episode of the whole unhappy
campaign was when the English General Ross captured Washington, and, in
obedience to infamous orders from home, burned the Capitol and other
public buildings. No more disgraceful act stains the history of the
time. It proved as impossible for England to defend as for America to
forget. The war ended at last, after the commerce of both countries
had been gravely injured, in a grotesque treaty of peace, signed at
Ghent, in which the principal cause of the war, the impressment of
American sailors by English ships, was not even alluded to. But as the
impressment was abandoned by England, the war had not been waged wholly
in vain.
In the year that followed upon the Battle of Waterloo, Sheridan died.
He had outlived by ten years his great contemporaries Pitt and Fox, by
nearly twenty years his greatest contemporary Burke, and by more than
thirty years his great contemporary Johnson. The pompous funeral that
carried his remains to Westminster Abbey was the funeral not merely of
a man but of an age. He was almost the last of the great heroic
figures that made the eighteenth century famous. He had long outlived
all the friends, heroes, rivals of his glorious prime: he could talk to
the children of the dawning century of Johnson, and Goldsmith, and Sir
Joshua Reynolds; of Burke, and Pitt, and Fox; of poets and painters,
players, and politicians, who seemed to his listeners to belong to a
departed Age of Gold. Two years later, in the November of 1818,
England, and indeed the whole civilized world, received a sudden and
painful shock by the death, under conditions peculiarly harrowing, of
Sir Samuel Romilly, the great lawyer, social reformer, and
philanthropist. Romilly had been deeply attached to his wife, and on
her death in October of that year, it would seem that he must have lost
his reason, for, in the following month, he committed suicide. Romilly
was a man of the highest principles, and the most austere conscience,
and although the loss of his much-loved wife must have made the world
but a mere {347} ruin to him, it is not believed that, if his mind had
not suddenly given away, he would have done himself to death with his
own hand. To Napoleon, then fretting in exile in St. Helena, the deed
appeared to be one curiously characteristic of the English people.
"The English character is superior to ours. Conceive Romilly, one of
the leaders of a great party, committing suicide at fifty because he
had lost his wife. They are in everything more practical than we are;
they emigrate, they marry, they kill themselves with less indecision
than we display in going to the opera." Napoleon was wrong in his
estimate of Romilly's age. Romilly was sixty-one when he died. He was
one of the greatest legal and social reformers of his age. His father
was a Huguenot watchmaker who had settled in London, and the young
Samuel Romilly had only an imperfect education to begin with. By
intense study he became possessed of wide and varied culture. He
studied for the bar, became distinguished in Chancery practice, made
his way in public life, sat in the House of Commons for several years,
and finally represented Westminster. During successive visits to
France he had made the acquaintance of Diderot and D'Alembert, and
became the friend of Mirabeau. He won a noble fame by his persistent
endeavors to mitigate the cruelties of the criminal laws, to introduce
the principles of a free country into political prosecutions, to
abolish the odious spy system, and to put an end to slavery at home and
abroad. His name will be remembered forever in the history of
political and social reform.
The Houses of Death and of Birth were busy for the royal family in the
closing scenes of the King's tragedy. There had been very little
happiness for George the Third in his long reign and his longer life.
His childhood had been darkened by the shadow of a family feud that
seemed traditional in his line. His marriage, indeed, fortunate if
unromantic, the sequel of more than one unfortunate romance, gave him a
companion whose tastes were as simple, and whose purposes were as
upright as his own. But his private domesticity was not destined to be
less troubled than his public fortunes. The grim tradition asserted
{348} itself again for him whose childhood and manhood had been only
too devoted to the influence of his mother. Few of his children were a
cause of joy to him; some were a source of very poignant sorrow. He
might have known content in a private station under conditions better
fitted to strengthen his virtues and to lessen the force of his
defects. If Farmer George had really been but Farmer George, his
existence might tranquilly have followed the courses of the seasons
through a prosperous manhood to a peaceable old age. But the curse of
kingship was upon him very heavily, and his later years are very
pitiful in their loneliness and their pain. Of the course of events
about him he, in the awful visitation of his infirmities, had long been
unconscious. Blind and deaf and mad, he seems to have been haunted by
the ghastly fancy that he was already dead. "I must have a suit of
black," he is reported to have said, "in memory of George the Third,
for whom I know there is a general mourning." George the Third was
dead in life, and about him those he loved were dying fast. On
November 6, 1817, the Princess Charlotte died, the only child of the
Prince Regent. She was very popular, was in the direct succession to
the throne; she hoped to be queen, and many shared her hope. The
prisoner of St. Helena believed that in her lay his best chance of
liberation. She married Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg on May 2, 1816,
and died after giving birth to a still-born child in the following
year. She was not quite twenty-two years old. The news of her death
greatly affected the old queen, her grandmother. Her health, that had
long been weak, grew weaker, and she died on November 17, 1818. She
had lived her simple, honest, narrow, upright life for seventy-four
years. On May 24, 1819, a daughter was born to the Duchess of Kent,
the wife of Edward, Duke of Kent, the fourth son of George the Third.
On January 23, 1820, the Duke of Kent died. Six days later the King
ceased to exist. He was in the eighty-second year of his age and the
sixtieth year of his reign. The most devoted loyalist could not have
wished for the unhappy King another hour of life. "Vex not his ghost
O! Let {349} him pass; he hates him that would upon the rack of this
rough world stretch him out longer."
[Sidenote: 1760-1820--Progress under George the Third]
The reign that had ended was certainly the longest and perhaps the most
remarkable then known to English history. The King's granddaughter,
the Princess Victoria, born so short a time before his death, was
destined to a reign at once longer and more remarkable than the reign
of George the Third. The England of 1820 was not nearly so far removed
from the England of 1760 as the England of the last year of the
nineteenth century was removed from 1837. But the changes that took
place in England in the sixty years of the reign of the third George
were changes of vast moment and vast importance. If England's
political fortunes fell and rose in startling contrast, the progress of
civilization was steady and significant. The social England of 1820
was widely different from the social England of 1760. The advance of
population, the growth of great towns, the increase of means of
intercourse between one part of the country and another by highways and
waterways, the engineering triumphs that bridged rivers and cut canals,
the marvels of industrial invention that facilitated labor, the patient
pains of science on the edge of great discoveries, the slowly
increasing spirit of toleration, pity, and humanity, the gradual spread
of education, the widening realms of knowledge, the increasing
appreciation of the decencies and amenities of life--all these things
make the reign of George the Third the hopeful preface to the reign of
greater length, greater glory, greater promise and greater fulfilment
that was to dawn when two more sovereigns of the House of Hanover had
ceased to reign over England. If George the Third had been a wiser man
his reign would have been happier for the country he ruled; but the
country at least was happy in this, that he was, as kings went, and
according to his lights, a good man.
END OF THE THIRD VOLUME.
{350}
INDEX.
Abernethy, Dr., death, iv. 282.
Act for better securing the Dependency of Ireland, i. 177.
Act of Settlement, i. 4.
Act of Union passed, iii. 327, 330.
Acts of Trade, iii. 82, 84, 86, 105.
Adams, John:
Conduct towards Colonel Preston, iii. 152.
Opposes dominion of England, iii. 85.
Adams, Samuel, protests against Stamp Act, iii. 90.
Addington, Henry, Viscount Sidmouth, Prime Minister, iii. 337.
Addison, Joseph:
M. P. for Malmesbury, i. 52.
Secretary of State; circular letter to English Ministers, ii. 109.
Sketch of, i. 37, 180.
Address (1715), i. 102.
Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, wife of William IV., iv. 97.
Supposed attitude towards Reform, iv. 172.
Agrarian crime, iv. 84, 106.
Agriculture in Scotland (1714), i. 87, 89.
Agriculture in 1721, i. 229.
Aislabie, John:
Chancellor of Exchequer, i. 188, 190.
Committed to Tower, i. 199.
Impeaches Lord Strafford, i. 109, 110.
Treasurer of Navy, i. 105.
Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of, ii. 260, 280.
Akerman, Keeper of Newgate, attitude towards mob, iii. 203.
Albany, Countess of, wife of Charles Stuart, ii. 233.
Alberoni, Giulio:
Policy, i. 159.
Sketch of, i. 158.
Ale-tax in Scotland, i. 249.
Ali Vardi Khan, death of, ii. 265.
Allan, killed in riot (1768), iii. 120.
Allen, Ethan, iii. 179.
Almanza, battle of, ii. 35.
Althorp, Lord (_see_ Spencer, John Charles, Earl).
Amelia, daughter of George III., death of, iii. 341.
Amelia, Princess (_see_ Emily, Princess).
American Colonies:
Discontent in, iii. 147 _seqq._
Grievances, iii. 82.
Proclaim their Independence, iii. 183.
Report on, i. 310.
Sketch of history, iii. 74.
Systems of governing, i. 310.
American Republic acknowledged, iii. 184.
Influence on France, iii. 290, 292.
American War of Independence, iii. 173 _seqq._
American War, Second, iii. 344.
Amherst, Jeffrey, Baron:
Commander-in-Chief, iii. 207.
Commands troops in Canada, ii. 287.
Amhurst, Nicholas (Caleb d'Anvers), edits _Craftsman_, i. 261.
Anaverdi Khan, Nabob of Carnatic, ii. 201.
André, Major, death as spy, iii. 184.
Anglesey, Marquis of, Viceroy of Ireland, attitude towards
Catholic Emancipation, iv. 73, 74.
Anne, Princess of Orange, ii. 38.
Illness, ii. 71, 76.
Marriage, ii. 42.
Anne, Queen:
Character, i. 1, 13.
Death, i. 47.
Declining health, i. 1.
Scheme to reduce expenses, i. 281.
"Annual Register":
Description of mob in London, iii. 205.
Founded by Edmund Burke, iii. 99.
Anti-Irish riots, ii. 45.
"Anti-Jacobin," iv. 33.
Arbuthnot, John:
History of John Bull, i. 97.
Sketch of, ii. 20.
Arcot, Siege of, ii. 263.
Arden, Richard Pepper, iii. 236.
Argyll, John Campbell, Duke of, i. 42.
Commander-in-Chief for Scotland, i. 98, 123.
Sketch of, i. 44.
Speech on Convention, ii. 166.
Aristotle on administration, ii. 246.
Arnold, Benedict, iii. 179.
Treason, iii. 184.
Ashe, Bishop of Clogher, ii. 293.
Ashley, Lord (_see_ Shaftesbury, Earl of).
Association of United Irishmen, iii. 309, 313, 319.
Atterbury, Francis, Bishop of Rochester, i. 48.
Arrested and committed to Tower, i. 212.
Banished, i. 222.
Evidence against, i. 219, 220, 222.
On condition of church, ii. 129.
Opposes Septennial Act, i. 146.
Sketch of, i. 214.
_Auditor_, iii. 15, 55.
Augusta, Princess of Saxe-Gotha, wife of Frederick,
Prince of Wales, ii. 46, 47; iii. 6, 7.
Birth of first child, ii. 104-107.
Regency Bill and, iii. 73.
Augustus, Elector of Saxony, ii. 23.
Augustus II. of Poland, ii. 23.
Aurungzebe, Empire on death of, ii. 257.
Austerlitz, Battle of, iii. 338, 339.
Austria in 1716, i. 154.
Bailly, Mayor of Paris, iii. 298.
Ballot system, iv. 131.
Balmerino, Lord, trial, ii. 228.
Bank of England:
Attacked by rioters, iii. 207.
Charter renewed, iv. 232.
Imitates South Sea Company, i. 189.
Barber, John:
Letter to Swift, i. 48.
On Arbuthnot, ii. 20.
Barnard, Sir John:
Abandons seceders, ii. 174.
On Convention, ii. 162.
On grievances against Spaniards, ii. 154, 157.
On Walpole's Excise scheme, i. 315.
Barré, Colonel, iii. 131, 133, 136.
Barry, Richard, Lord Barrymore, iii. 244.
Supports Young Pretender, ii. 221.
Barry, Sir Charles, designs new Houses of Parliament, iv. 270, 272.
Bartholomew Fair, i. 73.
Barwell, Richard, iii. 260.
Supports Hastings, iii. 260, 261, 264.
Bastile captured, iii. 294.
Bath in 1714, i. 79.
Bathurst, Lord, demands prosecution of rioters, iii. 201.
Beaconsfield, Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of:
On Lord John Russell, iv. 126.
Philippics against Sir Robert Peel, i. 287.
Beaux and requisites, i. 76.
Bedford, Duke of:
Opposes Pitt, iii. 26.
Patron of Rigby, iii. 37.
Presents petition against Convention, ii. 164.
Bellingham, John, shot Spencer Perceval, iii. 341.
Benares annexed, iii. 258.
Benares, Chait Singh, Rajah of, iii. 269.
Bentham, Jeremy, theories of, iv. 281.
Béranger, "King of Yvetot," iv. 119.
Berkeley, George Bishop:
Character, ii. 296.
Lives in Rhode Island, ii. 295.
Scheme of Settlement in Bermuda, ii. 294.
Sketch of, ii. 292.
Berkeley, Lord, of Stratton, describes duel between Colonel
Chudleigh and Charles Aldworth, i. 58.
Bermuda, Scheme for Settlement in, ii. 294.
Bernard, Francis, Governor of Massachusetts, iii. 106, 148.
Dissolves Massachusetts Legislature, iii. 150.
Recalled, iii. 151.
Berwick, James FitzJames, Duke of:
Sketch of, ii. 34.
Takes Kehl, ii. 24.
Bill for Catholic Relief, iii. 190, 191.
Bill for Princess Anne's dowry, ii. 43.
Bill for strengthening Protestant interest, i. 171, 172.
Bill of Rights, i. 3.
Bill to adjust affairs of South Sea Company, i. 203, 205.
Bill to suspend Habeas Corpus Act, i. 213.
Birmingham, iv. 99.
Bismarck, Prince, Peace policy, ii. 147.
Black Hole of Calcutta, ii. 266, 267; iii. 249.
Blackstone, Speech on Middlesex Election Petition, iii. 131.
Bland-Burges Papers, ii. 217.
Bland-Burges, Sir James, defends Warren Hastings, iii. 277, 278.
Bloomfield, patronized by Duke of Grafton, iii. 35.
Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Viscount, i. 22, 115.
Advises secession from Commons, ii. 172.
Alliance with Pulteney, i. 260; ii. 17.
At St. Germains, i. 116.
Attitude towards restoration of Stuarts, i. 39, 48, 107.
Character, i. 116; ii. 18, 279.
Correspondence with James Stuart, ii. 18.
Dismissed by James, i. 131.
Dreams of Coalition Ministry, ii. 194.
Flight, i. 103.
Impeached of high treason, i. 108, 110.
Inspires _Craftsman_, i. 290.
Leaves England for France, ii. 17, 18.
Letter to Swift, i. 47.
Name erased from roll of peers, i. 114.
On Duke of Berwick, ii. 34.
On Duke of Shrewsbury, i. 42.
On Wyndham's death, ii. 179.
Petition to Lords, i. 258.
Removed from Secretaryship of State, i. 101.
Returns to England, i. 222, 258.
Scheme of Opposition, i. 287.
Sketch of, i. 26; later life, i. 133; ii. 278, 279.
Style as speaker and writer, i. 27.
Walpole's portrait of, ii. 15, 16.
Bombay, dower of Catherine of Braganza, iii. 248.
Boston:
Evacuated, iii. 182.
Hostile to British, iii. 151.
Invested, iii. 175, 181.
Life in 1765, iii. 77.
Massacre, iii. 151.
Protests against Stamp Act, iii. 90.
Tea thrown into harbor, ii. 43; iii. 160.
Boston, Lord, in hands of mob, iii. 197.
Boston Port Bill, iii. 163; copies circulated, iii. 165.
Boswell, James:
Johnson and, iii. 44.
On Alexander Wedderburn, iii. 158.
Bourbon family:
Aims of, ii. 28.
Compacts, ii. 26.
Bourne, Vincent, at Westminster School, iii. 53.
Braddock, General, defeat and death, ii. 286; iii. 79, 180.
Bradley on reform of Calendar, ii. 275.
Breed Hill battle, iii. 176.
Bremen ceded to Hanover, i. 160, 161.
Brewster, Sir David:
British Association and, iv. 262.
On Newton, i. 273.
Bright, John, doctrine of non-intervention, iv. 62.
Bristol:
Growth of, i. 78.
Reform riot at, iv. 171.
British Admirals of Eighteenth Century, iii. 336.
British Association founded, iv. 262.
British garrison proposed for America, iii. 84, 86.
British sailor (1797), iii. 334.
_Briton_, iii. 51, 55.
"Broad-bottomed Ministry," ii. 245, 246.
Bromley, William, motion on Septennial Act, ii. 10, 12.
"Brothers" Club, i. 74.
Brougham, Henry, Lord Brougham and Vaux:
Advice to Queen Caroline, iv. 5.
Attitude towards electoral reform, iv. 52.
Attitude towards Poor Relief, iv. 223.
Attitude towards West Indian Slavery, iv. 192, 193.
British Association and, iv. 262.
Character, iv. 251.
Defends Queen Caroline, iv. 6, 8.
Evidence in Cobbett's prosecution, iv. 156.
Leader of Opposition, iv. 103.
Lord Chancellor, iv. 124.
Motion on Reform, iv. 104, 110, 111.
Motions against Slavery, iv. 194, 195.
Negotiates with King on creation of new peers, iv. 180.
On Parliamentary Reform, iv. 85.
Oratory, iv. 104, 174.
"Penny Cyclopaedia" and, iv. 262.
Persuades William IV. to dissolve Parliament, iv. 151.
Power as Reformer, iv. 122, 125.
Retires from Ministerial life, iv. 251.
Scheme for national education, iv. 22.
Speech on Catholic Emancipation, iv. 74.
Brunswick family, i. 5.
Buchanan, messenger of Young Pretender, ii. 205.
Buckingham, Earl of, iii. 338.
Buckingham House, i. 66.
Buckingham Palace, iv. 93.
Bunbury, Sir Thomas Charles, marries Lady Sarah Lennox, iii. 10.
Burdett, Sir Francis, resolution on Catholic Emancipation, iv. 73.
Burgoyne at Boston, iii. 175, 182.
Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga, iii. 183.
Burke, Edmund:
Alliance with Fox and North, iii. 226.
Attitude on American Independence, iii. 87.
Attitude towards French Revolution, iii. 285.
Career, iii. 96 _seqq._
Character, iii. 227.
Crusade against French Revolution, iii. 296, 298.
Denunciation of French Revolution, i. 96.
"Essay on the Sublime and Beautiful," iii. 98.
Friend of Goldsmith, iii. 168.
Impeaches Warren Hastings, iii. 281, 285.
Indian policy, iii. 273.
Influence on generation, iii. 96, 100.
Maiden speech, iii. 100.
Marriage, iii. 98.
On Ballot system, iv. 131.
Boston exploit, iii. 161.
Chesterfield's rule in Ireland, ii. 251.
Ministry and Wilkes's riots, iii. 121, 122.
Townshend, iii. 111.
Walpole's opposition to war party, ii. 181.
War with Spain, ii. 184.
Warren Hastings, iii. 258, 259.
Wilkes's reception in London, iii. 116; in Middlesex, iii. 117.
Opinion of George IV., iv. 90.
Oratory, iii. 100.
Passion for justice, iii. 272.
Paymaster-General, iii. 224, 228.
Praises of Pitt, iii. 223.
Private Secretary to Lord Rockingham, iii. 99.
Reproves Charles James Fox, iii. 141.
Speech against American war, iii. 188.
Speech on Middlesex Election Petition, iii. 132.
Vindication of Natural Society, iii. 98.
Burke, William, iii. 99.
Burnet, Bishop, on:
Condition of Church, ii. 129.
Duke of Marlborough, i. 23.
High and Low Church, i. 17.
Queen Anne, i. 2.
Burney, Miss, in Burke's arraignment of Hastings, iii. 286.
Burns, Robert, on William IV. and Mrs. Jordan, iv. 97.
Bury Street, price of lodgings in, in 1714, i. 70.
Bute, Lord:
Bribery under, iii. 28, 30.
Cabals against Pitt, iii. 26.
Character, iii. 7, 28.
Foreign policy, iii. 28, 29.
House besieged, iii. 117.
Influence over Princess of Wales and her son, iii. 8.
Prime Minister, iii. 28.
Proposes cider tax, iii. 30, 32.
Resigns office, iii. 32.
Secretary of State, iii. 8.
Sketch of, iii. 7.
Unpopular, iii. 28, 32.
Buxton, Fowell, West Indian slavery and, iv. 190, 191, 194, 195.
Byng, Admiral:
Fails to relieve Minorca, ii. 297.
Tried and shot, ii. 298.
Byrne, Miles:
Career, iii. 321.
Memoirs, iii. 321.
Byron, Lord:
Assists Greeks, iv. 48.
Death at Missolonghi, iv. 50.
On George IV., iii. 242.
On Grattan, iii. 307.
Scorn of O'Connell's loyalty, iv. 23, 27.
Verses on Castlereagh's death, iv. 37.
Cabot, John and Sebastian, discover Canada, ii. 283.
Calder, Admiral Sir Robert, iii. 336.
Calendar, reform of, ii. 275.
Campbell, John, Baron, on Lord Harcourt, i. 51.
Campeachy logwood question, i. 294, 295; ii. 160.
Camperdown, battle of, iii. 318, 336.
Canada:
French and English colonies in, ii. 283, 284.
Sketch of history, ii. 283 _seqq._
"Canter of Coltbrigg," ii. 213-215.
Canterbury, Archbishop of, attends Queen Caroline, ii. 121.
Canning, George:
Accepts Governor-Generalship of India, iv. 35.
Attitude towards Free Trade and Parliamentary reform, iv. 52, 62.
Character, iv. 60, 65.
Death, iv. 61.
Duel with Lord Castlereagh, iv. 34.
Foreign Secretary, iv. 38.
Funeral in Westminster Abbey, iv. 62.
Monroe doctrine and, iv. 44.
Opponents in House of Lords, iv. 59.
Oratory, iv. 33, 34, 64.
Policy, iv. 34, 38, 41, 42, 43, 52, 55.
Summary of, iv. 62.
Prime Minister, iv. 55, 58.
Resigns office, iv. 7, 31, 34.
Sketch of career, iv. 31 _seqq._, 62.
Supports Queen Caroline, iv. 5, 7.
Sympathy with Greece, iv. 49, 52.
Canning, Stratford, iv. 32.
"Canningites," iv. 65, 72.
Carew, Sir George, builds Chichester House, Dublin, i. 80.
Caricature in political controversy, i. 52.
Caricatures during Hastings's trial, iii. 288.
Caricatures of Napoleon Bonaparte, iii. 333.
Carnwath, Earl of, a prisoner, i. 137, 138.
Caroline, Amelia Elizabeth, Princess of Brunswick, wife of
George IV., iii. 244.
Character, iv. 11.
Demands to be crowned, iv. 8, 10.
Divorce bill, iv. 6; abandoned, iv. 8.
Illness and death, iv. 10, 11.
Italian witnesses against, iv. 7.
Returns to England on accession of George IV., iv. 5, 6.
Caroline, Princess, ii. 38, 71, 79, 105.
Attends on Queen, ii. 118, 124.
Dislikes Walpole, ii. 126.
Caroline, Wilhelmina Dorothea, wife of George II., i. 303.
Action towards Porteous, ii. 62, 66.
Acts as Regent, ii. 49.
Alarmed for King's safety, ii. 71, 72.
Character, i. 276; ii. 77.
Death-bed, ii. 114 _seqq._
Family, ii. 38.
Godmother to her granddaughter, ii. 108.
Hates Prince of Wales, ii. 40, 50, 71, 76, 118.
Lampoons on, ii. 102.
Carteret, John, Earl of Granville:
Attacks Ministry and Convention, ii. 165.
Character, ii. 240, 241; iii. 38.
Death, iii. 38.
Denounces Convention, ii. 163.
Enmity to Walpole, ii. 159, 160, 185.
Foreign Policy, ii. 177, 240, 241.
Hatred of Pulteney, ii. 192.
Knowledge of German, i. 235.
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, i. 239; iii. 38.
Motion on Petition against Convention, ii. 164.
Moves motion for removal of Walpole, ii. 185.
Proclamation against "Drapier's Letters," i. 247.
Proposes address on Prince of Wales's allowance, ii. 89.
Resigns, ii. 244.
Secretary of State, ii. 191.
Sketch of career, i. 233.
Speech on Salt Tax, i. 314.
Cartier, Jacques, ascends St. Lawrence, ii. 283.
Castlereagh, Viscount (Marquis of Londonderry):
Character, iv. 36.
Death, iv. 36.
Duel with Canning, iv. 34.
Policy, iv. 34, 39, 41.
Catalans and Peace of Utrecht, i. 94.
"Catholic" and "Protestant" Ministers, iv. 54.
Catholic Association formed, iv. 21.
Catholic disabilities, iii. 307.
Catholic emancipation question, iv. 52, 67 _seqq._
Catholic Relief Bill passed, iv. 78.
Catholics, feeling against, i. 143.
Catholics, penalty against, i. 216.
Cato Street Conspiracy, iv. 2, 15.
Censorship for stage and press discussed, ii. 96 _seqq._
Chadwick, Sir Edwin, on Poor Law Commission, iv. 225, 227.
Chait Singh, Rajah of Benares, and Warren Hastings, ii. 269.
Chambord, Count de, i. 40.
Charing Cross in 1714, i. 68.
Charles II. of Spain:
Character, i. 61.
Will of, ii. 27.
Charles VI., Emperor, ii. 23.
Death, ii. 182.
Denounces Walpole, ii. 25.
Pragmatic sanction, i. 228.
Charles X. deposed, iv. 98.
Charles XII. of Sweden:
Action in Poland, ii. 23.
Sketch of, i. 160, 162.
Charles River, English fleet in, iii. 173, 182.
Charleston in 1765, iii. 77.
Charleston, tea landed at, iii. 161.
Charlotte, Princess:
Death, iii. 348.
Marries Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, iii. 348.
Charlotte Sophia of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, wife of George
III., iii. 10.
Character and personal appearance, iii. 12, 14.
Death, iii. 348.
Chartists demand vote by ballot, iv. 131.
Chaworth, Mary, Mrs. Musters, iv. 170.
Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of:
Administration in Ireland, ii. 249.
Advice to Prince of Wales, ii. 78.
Attitude on Penal Laws, ii. 249.
Character, ii. 6.
Conduct to Johnson, iii. 44.
Enmity to Walpole, ii. 159, 160, 185.
Irish policy, ii. 7.
Moves address on Accession of George II., ii. 7.
On Bolingbroke, i. 117.
Bute's nationality, iii. 30.
Carteret, i. 235.
Lord Cowper, i. 98.
Recalled from Ireland, ii. 252.
Retires from public life, ii. 274.
Secretary of State, ii. 252.
Sketch of, ii. 4 _seqq._
Speech on Convention, ii. 164.
Speech on Playhouse Bill, ii. 100.
Speech on Reform of Calendar, ii. 275.
Viceroy of Ireland, ii. 246, 247.
Chichester, Sir Arthur, i. 80.
China trade and East India Company, iv. 231.
Chippenham election petition, ii. 189, 190.
Chiswick, Mr., sends Warren Hastings to Calcutta, iii. 247.
Cholmondeley, Earl of, moves address on Convention, ii. 164.
Chudleigh, Colonel, quarrels with Charles Aldworth, i. 58.
Chunar fortress, iii. 270.
Chunda Sahib:
Besieges Trichinopoly, ii. 262.
Captured and put to death, ii. 264.
Invades Carnatic, ii. 261.
Church of England, condition in 1738, ii. 129, 132.
Churchill, Charles:
Character, iii. 52.
Death, iii. 69.
Denunciation of Hogarth, iii. 63.
Flight, iii. 59.
"Rosciad," iii. 54.
Satires, iv. 69.
Wilkes and, iii. 55.
Cider tax proposed, iii. 30.
Claimants to throne (1714), i. 3 _seqq._
Clare Election (1828), iv. 70, 78.
Clarence, Duke of (_see_ William IV.).
Clarendon, Lord, bears tidings of Queen Anne's death to
George, i. 56.
Clarke, Adam, death, iv. 284.
Clarke, George, killed in riot, iii. 129.
Clarkson, Thomas, West Indian Slavery and, iv. 195, 200.
Clavering, General Francis, iii. 260, 261.
Death, iii. 264.
Clement, Pope, interview with Charles Stuart, ii. 202.
Clerk, Lord Justice, i. 130.
Clerkenwell Prison broken open, iii. 203.
Cleveland, Duchess of, i. 23.
Clifton, engagement at, ii. 223.
Clinton at Boston, iii. 175.
Clive, Richard, ii. 254.
Clive, Robert, ii. 253.
Advances against Suraj ud Dowlah, ii. 268.
Captures Arcot, ii. 262.
Character, ii. 255.
Discerns Warren Hastings's talent, iii. 250, 252.
Escapes from Madras, ii. 260.
Forges Admiral Watson's signature, ii. 270.
Governor of Fort St. David, ii. 265.
Marries, ii. 264.
Negotiates with Suraj ud Dowlah, ii. 269.
Protests against Indian Administration, iii. 251.
Returns to England, ii. 264, 273.
Returns to India, iii. 253.
Sketch of career, ii. 256 _seqq._
Clonmel, State trials at, iv. 179.
Clubs in 1714, i. 73.
Coalition Ministry (1783), iii. 225, 229
Fall of, iii. 235, 237.
Cobbett, William:
Death, iv. 282.
Prosecution, iv. 154.
Sketch of career, iv. 155.
Cobden, R., doctrine of non-intervention, iv. 62.
Cochrane, Thomas, Earl of Dundonald, assists Greeks, iv. 48.
"Cocoa Tree" coffee-house, i. 76.
Code Napoléon, iii. 332.
Codrington, Sir Edward, commands at Navarino, iv. 50, 96.
Coffee-houses, i. 75, 76.
Coke's description of Raleigh, iii. 286.
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, death, iv. 283.
Colonial Administration System (1765), iii. 80.
Committee of Secrecy, i. 104, 168.
Compton, Sir Spencer, Lord Wilmington, ii. 107, 189.
Character, i. 275.
Death, ii. 240.
Prime Minister, ii. 191.
Speaker of House of Commons, i. 212.
Concord, battle and retreat from, iii. 174.
Congress of Verona and Vienna (_see_ Verona and Vienna Congress).
Congreve, William, sketch of, i. 299.
Coningsby, Lord, i. 105.
Impeaches Oxford, i. 108.
Convention between England and Spain (1739), ii. 161, 168.
Petition against, ii. 163.
Conway, Circular letter to governors of colonies, iii. 105.
Cooke, George, Tory candidate for Middlesex, iii. 117.
Death, iii. 124.
Coote, Major Eyre, ii. 272.
Cope, Sir John, Scottish Commander-in-Chief, ii. 210.
Defeated at Preston Pans, ii. 214, 215.
Copley, Sir John (_see_ Lyndhurst, Baron).
Cork Hill, Dublin, i. 82.
Cork in 1714, i. 83.
Cornwallis, Charles, Marquis:
Commands royal troops in Ireland, iii. 323.
Surrenders at Yorktown, iii. 184.
Corporation Act repealed, iv. 52, 67.
Corstorphine, Dragoons at, ii. 212.
Cottenham, Lord Chancellor, iv. 252.
Court Street Conspiracy, iii. 160.
Covent Garden in 1714, i. 68.
Cowper, Spencer, i. 105.
Cowper, William, Earl, Lord Chancellor:
Condemns South Sea Bill, i. 190.
Evidence against, i. 219.
Opposes taxing Catholics, i. 216.
Sketch of, i. 98.
Coxe, Archdeacon, on:
Division on Prince of Wales's allowance, ii. 88.
Duke of Newcastle, ii. 33.
Crabbe, George:
Account of taking of Newgate, iii. 203.
Death, iv. 282.
_Craftsman_:
Objects of, i. 290, 291.
On Walpole's excise scheme, i. 318.
Picture of Walpole, ii. 14.
"Sedition and defamation displayed," i. 306.
Series of pamphlets, i. 286.
Started, i. 260.
Craggs, Father and Son, i. 197.
Crawford, Earl of, on Princess Anne's dowry, ii. 44.
Croix, Petit de la, Persian Tales, iii. 254.
Croker, John Wilson, ii. 107.
Obstructs Reform Bill, iv. 163.
Cromarty, Lord, trial, ii. 228.
Cromwell, Elizabeth, death, ii. 3.
Cruden, Alexander, dislike to Wilkes, iii. 135.
Culloden, Battle of, ii. 224.
Prisoners, ii. 232.
Cumberland, Ernest Augustus, Duke of:
Orange Association and, iv. 276, 278.
Supports Irish Church, iv. 219.
Unpopularity, iv. 102.
Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of (Butcher), ii. 38.
Army at Stafford, ii. 217.
Character, ii. 223.
Commands English troops at Lauffeld, ii. 239.
Conduct after Culloden, ii. 226.
Invites Pitt to return to office, iii. 73, 93.
Queen Caroline's advice to, ii. 118.
Curran, John Philpot:
Appeal on behalf of Wolfe Tone, iii. 326.
Description of Ireland, iv. 27.
Curran, Sarah, and Robert Emmet, iii. 329.
"Daily Advertiser," iii. 128.
_Daily Post_, iii. 128.
Dalton, Sir Charles, Gentleman Usher of Black Rod, i. 278.
Dashwood, Francis, Lord Le Despencer, iii. 33, 65.
Chancellor of Exchequer, iii. 48.
Founds brotherhood of Medmenham, iii. 46.
Davy, Sir Humphry, iv. 93.
Dawson, James, supports Young Pretender, ii. 221, 229.
Dawson Street, Dublin, i. 81.
Daylesford Manor, Worcestershire, iii. 245, 247.
D'Espremesnil, Duval, Governor of Madras, ii. 261.
De Launay decapitated, iii. 294.
De Quincey, iii. 44.
Deccan, Nizam of, sends diamond to George III., iii. 281.
Declaration of Rights, Philadelphia, iii. 173.
Declaratory Act, iii. 104, 105.
Defoe, Daniel, "Robinson Crusoe," ii. 1.
Demerara, "Insurrection" of slaves, iv. 193.
Denman, Thomas, Lord Chief Justice:
Defends Queen Caroline, iv. 6, 7, 8.
Denmark, King of:
Character, i. 3.
Treaty with George I., i. 161.
Treaty with George II., ii. 176.
Derby, Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, Earl of:
Letter to Peel declining office, iv. 238.
Political principles, iv. 217.
Secretary to Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, iv. 127.
Speech on Emancipation of Slaves, iv. 196.
Speech on Irish State Church, iv. 217, 246.
Derby, Reform riot at, iv. 170.
Derwentwater, Earl of, i. 137.
Executed, i. 142.
Dettingen, battle of, ii. 182.
Devonshire, Duke of, Premier of Coalition Ministry, ii. 298.
D'Iberville on Whigs, i. 18.
Dickens, Charles, iv. 286.
Dinner hour, changes in, iii. 18.
Dinwiddie, Governor of Virginia, ii. 285.
Disarmament of clans, ii. 208, 232.
Disarming Act (1716), result of, ii. 209.
Disraeli (_see_ Beaconsfield, Lord).
Divorce Bill (1820), iv. 6.
Abandoned, iv. 8.
Don Carlos:
Compact to protect (1733), ii. 26.
Heir to Parma and Placentia, ii. 28.
Dorset, Duke of, English ambassador to France, iii. 295.
Drake, Governor, in Fulta Island, iii. 249.
Draper, Sir William, replies to letters of Junius, iii. 129.
Drapier's letters, i. 240, 242.
Drummond, Lord James, supports Young Pretender, ii. 221.
Dublin coffee-houses, i. 82.
Dublin in 1714, i. 80.
Dubois, Abbé, Sketch of, i. 155.
Duddington, Lieutenant, Commands "Gaspee," iii. 152.
Dumouriez and Duke of Wellington, i. 129.
Duncan, Admiral (Lord Camperdown):
Deserted by squadron, iii. 335.
Victory of Camperdown, iii. 318, 336.
Duncannon, Lord, Commissioner of Woods and Forests, iv. 127.
Dundas, Henry, Viscount Melville:
Catholic Relief Bill for Scotland, iii. 195.
Fall of, iii. 338.
Sketch of, iii. 232.
Dundonald, Admiral, last of sea-kings, iii. 336.
Dunleary (_see_ Kingstown).
Dunoyer, dancing-master and spy, ii. 106.
Dupleix, Governor of S. India, ii. 261.
Dreams of French empire in India, ii. 258.
Founds Chandernagor, ii. 258.
Indian policy, iii. 249.
Recalled to France, ii. 262.
Refuses to ratify Convention and pillages Madras, ii. 259.
Duplicity universal, i. 30.
Durham, Earl of, iv. 291.
Efforts for Parliamentary reform, iv. 22.
Lord Privy Seal, iv. 127.
Manners, iv. 121.
Sketch of, iv. 127.
Suggestions on Reform Bill, iv. 129.
Dutch (Batavian) expedition to Ireland, iii. 317.
Dymoke, King's champion, iii. 13.
East India Companies, ii. 254, 260.
East India Company:
Charter renewed, iv. 230, 232.
Clamors for revenge, iii. 163.
Forces tea on America, iii. 161.
Policy, iii. 248 _seqq._
Semi-regal authority, iii. 230.
Edgeworth, Talbot, i. 82.
Edinburgh:
Bill, ii. 66, 68.
City guard, ii. 60.
Condition in 1745, ii. 210.
In 1714, i. 84.
Life in, i. 85.
Edinburgh Castle:
Jacobite plan to capture, i. 129.
Reduction abandoned by Young Pretender, ii. 216.
Edwards, spy in Cato Street conspiracy, iv. 17, 19.
Effingham, Lord, Earl Marshal, iii. 13.
Egremont, Lord, iii. 59, 63.
House besieged, iii. 117.
Wilkes before, iii. 60.
Elcho, Lord, ii. 227.
Eldon, Earl of, Lord Chancellor, iv. 3.
Attitude on Catholic Emancipation, iv. 69.
Attitude towards death penalty for stealing, iv. 21.
Resigns office, iv. 57.
Toryism, iv. 3.
Elizabeth, Electress Palatine of the Rhine, i. 5.
Elizabeth of Parma, wife of Philip V., ii. 28.
Ellis, relations with Nawab Mir Kasim, iii. 251.
Emerson prophesies rise of Orientalism in England, iii. 254.
Emily, Princess:
At her father's death-bed, ii. 304.
Attends on Queen, ii. 117, 122, 123.
Dislikes Walpole, ii. 126.
Emmet, Robert, iii. 313, 314; iv. 206.
Projects for Independence of Ireland, iii. 327.
Emmet, Thomas Addis, iii. 313, 314.
England:
American Colonies and Advantages of union between, iii. 80.
Declares war against Spain, ii. 178.
Politics of Continent, and, i. 154, 225.
Protests against War of Independence, iii. 183, 184.
Recuperates, iii. 187.
Spain and, trade disputes, ii. 150.
English Copper Company and South Sea Company, i. 193.
English Protestant Association, iii. 192, 195.
Meeting in St. George's Fields, iii. 169.
English substituted for Latin in indictments, etc., i. 302.
Entinck, John, Editor of _Monitor_, iii. 51.
Eon, Chevalier d', present to Wilkes, iii. 134.
Erskine, Thomas, Lord:
Defends Lord George Gordon, iii. 210.
On Coronation oath, iv. 54.
Eugene, Prince, of Savoy, ii. 24, 35.
Excise Bill (1733), i. 317.
Abandoned, i. 320.
Excise Reform, i. 311.
Exeter in 1714, i. 79.
Factories Act (1833), iv. 202, 204.
Factory labor and State, iv. 201, 202.
Fairman, Colonel, Orange lodges and, iv. 278.
Falkirk, Hawley defeated at, ii. 223.
"Family compacts," ii. 26; iii. 27.
Famines in Scotland, i. 89.
"Fancy Franchises," iv. 183.
Fane, British Envoy at Florence, ii. 202.
Fashions in 1760, iii. 16.
Ferguson, on Edinburgh City Guard, ii. 60.
Fielding, Henry:
On mob in London, iii. 123.
Satires on Pretender, ii. 219.
Fielding, Sir John, house sacked, iii. 203.
Finch, Lord, presents Bolingbroke's petition to Lords, i. 258.
Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, iii. 309, 314; iv. 206.
Death, iii. 323.
Marriage, iii. 220.
Sketch of career, iii. 312.
Withdraws from Dublin Parliament, iii. 319.
Fitzgerald, Vesey, defeated by O'Connell, iv. 74.
Fitzherbert, Mrs.:
Death, iv. 289.
George IV. and, iii. 242; iv. 88.
Fitzwilliam, Earl, Viceroy of Ireland, iii. 308.
Flaxman, John, iv. 93.
Fleet ditch, i. 72.
Fleet marriages, ii. 279.
Fleming, Sir Michael, and Lord George Gordon, iii. 199.
Fletcher, Andrew, in Edinburgh in 1745, ii. 211.
Fleury, Cardinal, Prime Minister of France, i. 264, 291.
Florida and Carolina, dispute as to boundaries, ii. 160.
Fontenoy, Battle of, ii. 210.
Foote, on Alexander Wedderburn, iii. 158.
Forbes, Duncan, in Edinburgh in 1745, ii. 62.
Foreign aid for America, iii. 183.
Forster, Thomas:
Escapes, i. 142.
In Newgate, i. 137.
Fort Duquesne built, ii. 286.
Fort Duquesne taken, iii. 180.
Fort St. David, Olive at, ii. 260, 263.
Fort Ticonderoga taken, iii. 79.
"Forty-five," Account of Rebellion, ii. 203 _seqq._
Forty-shilling freeholders, iv. 179.
Fowke, charged with conspiracy, iii. 261.
Fox, Charles James, i. 28.
Acquainted with Paris, iii. 293.
Antagonism to Pitt, iii. 225.
As Leader of Opposition, i. 287.
Attitude on Regency, iii. 243.
Attitude towards French Revolution, iii. 296, 299.
Attitude towards Pitt, iii. 339.
Character, iii. 227.
Coalition with North, iii. 225.
Contracted with Pitt, iii. 212
Death, iii. 340; iv. 61.
Early life, iii. 142.
Foreign Secretary and Leader of Commons, iii. 340.
Friend to Ireland, iii. 319; iv. 23.
India Bill, iii. 230 _seqq._
On Henry Grattan, iii. 307.
Parliamentary career, iii. 141, 143.
Praises of Pitt, iii. 223.
Prince of Wales's conduct to, iii. 243.
Resigns office, iii. 225.
Scholarship, iii. 143.
Secretary of State, iii. 224.
Speech on Middlesex Election Petition, iii. 132.
Fox, Henry (_see_ Holland, Lord).
Fox's Martyrs, iii. 237.
France:
Acknowledges independence of America, iii. 183.
Condition before Revolution, iii. 291.
Declares war (1793), iii. 303.
In 1716, i. 154, 155.
Spain and, Alliance between, ii. 25, 26, 182.
Spanish policy, iv. 42.
Francis, Philip:
Character, iii. 260.
Duel with Hastings, iii. 267.
Hostile to Hastings, iii. 280.
Probable author of "Letters of Junius," iii. 39.
Franklin, Benjamin:
At Bar of House, iii. 103, 156.
Gala suit, iii. 156, 184.
Letters of Hutchinson and Oliver and, iii. 153, 155.
On Whitefield's eloquence, ii. 139.
On Wilkes's candidature for Parliament, iii. 116, 132.
Signs Peace in Paris, iii. 184.
Sketch of, iii. 102.
Frazer, Under Secretary of State, iii. 235.
Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales, ii. 38.
Attempts to see his mother, ii. 118.
Banished from King's palaces, ii. 108.
Bids for popularity, ii. 71.
Carries off his wife to London, ii. 106.
Character, ii. 71, 72, 74, 77.
Claims independent allowance, ii. 77.
Conduct on declaration of war, ii. 178.
Death, ii. 276.
Epitaphs, ii. 276.
Income, ii. 87.
Marries Princess Augusta, ii. 47.
Patriots and, ii. 50, 108, 110.
Relations with George II., ii. 39, 50, 76, 91, 104.
Sketch of, ii. 39.
Votes against address on Convention, ii. 169.
Frederick II. of Prussia (the Great), ii. 280.
Account of abandonment of Excise Bill, i. 320.
Description of George I., i. 270.
Occupies Silesia, ii. 182.
Frederick William, King of Prussia, and George II., ii. 45.
Free Trade, movement towards, iv. 93.
Free Trade, Walpole and, i. 317.
Freedom of City, origin of, iv. 256.
French aims in America, ii. 285.
French expeditions to Ireland, iii. 315, 323, 325.
French in Canada, ii. 283.
French Revolution, iii. 284, 293 _seqq._
Condition of France before, iii. 291.
England and, iii. 302, 306.
French Revolution of 1830, iv. 98.
Fuseli, Henry, iv. 93.
Gage, General:
Arrives in Massachusetts, iii. 165.
Raid upon stores in Concord, iii. 174.
Galland, version of "Arabian Nights," iii. 254.
Game Laws, severity of, iv. 84.
Garrick, David, and Samuel Johnson, iii. 42.
Gascoigne, General, amendment to Reform Bill, iv. 150.
"Gaspee," iii. 152.
Gates, General Horatio, iii. 179.
Traitor, iii. 184.
Gay, John;
"Beggar's Opera," i. 302; ii. 95.
Lampoons, ii. 102.
"Polly," ii. 95.
Secretary to Lord Clarendon, i. 38.
Sketch of, ii. 3.
_Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser_, iii. 128.
George I. (George Louis, Elector of Hanover):
Attitude towards Prince of Wales, i. 153, 256, 274.
Character, i. 6, 8, 58, 91, 269.
Conduct during 1715, i. 136.
Coronation, i. 101.
Death, i. 266.
Descent, i. 6.
Directions about Czar, i. 163.
Distrusts Marlborough, i. 54.
Entry into London, i. 58.
Extent of Empire, i. 89.
Journey to England, i. 56.
Letter to King of Spain on Gibraltar, i. 296.
New Lords Justices, i. 54.
Principles of government, i. 91.
Proclaimed King, i. 47, 49.
Project for kidnapping Prince of Wales, ii. 109, 110.
Stories of later years, i. 266.
Treatment of Oxford and Bolingbroke, i. 101.
Visits Hanover, i. 152, 236, 265.
Will, i. 269.
George II.:
At Dettingen, ii. 182.
Character, i. 274; ii. 46, 48, 76, 117, 123, 304.
Consults Walpole, ii. 195.
Death, ii. 303.
Godfather to his grand-daughter, ii. 108.
Guardian of the Realm and Lieutenant, i. 153.
His family, ii. 38.
In danger through storms, ii. 69.
Income, ii. 89.
Letter to Queen, ii. 76.
On Handel, ii. 52.
Opens Parliament (1728), i. 282.
Negotiates with Carteret and Pulteney, ii. 244.
Party when Prince of Wales, i. 257.
Proposes allowance to Prince of Wales, ii. 81, 86.
Proposes duel with Frederick William of Prussia, ii. 46.
Relations with George I., i. 153, 256, 274; ii. 109.
Relations with Prince of Wales, ii. 40, 50, 76, 104 _seqq._, 118.
Royal speech (1727), i. 278.
Speech from throne (1735), ii. 22.
Sympathy with his mother, i. 153.
Unpopular, ii. 69.
Visits Hanover, ii. 47, 49, 210.
George III.:
Accession, iii. 2.
Attitude towards Catholic Emancipation, iv. 53.
Attitude towards French Revolution, iii. 301.
Attitude towards Wilkes, iii. 17, 119, 132.
Birth, ii. 278.
Character, iii. 4, 241; iv. 91.
Coronation, iii. 12.
Courage during Gordon riots, iii. 206.
Death, iii. 348.
Dislikes Fox and North, iii. 225.
Dislikes Pitt, iii. 3, 26.
Dismisses Fox and North, iii. 235.
Grenville and, iii. 71, 72, 93.
Ideal of governing, iii. 23, 25, 80.
Illnesses, iii. 72, 243, 341.
Improvements during reign, iii. 349.
Letter to Temple on India Bills, iii. 234.
Ministry of all the talents and, iii. 340.
Personal appearance, iii. 3.
Policy towards American colonies, iii. 78, 79, 153, 164.
Private life, iii. 19.
Speech from throne (1760), iii. 22.
George IV. (Augustus Frederick):
Accession and illness, iv. 1.
Attitude towards Canning, iv. 31, 37, 46, 48, 55, 65.
Attitude towards Catholic Emancipation, iv. 54, 55, 76.
Attitude towards Lord Grey, iv. 76.
Character, iii. 241; iv. 24, 28, 30, 89 _seqq._
Coronation, iv. 9.
Death, iv. 87.
Endeavors to obtain divorce, iv. 3, 4, 6, 8.
Friend of Fox and Sheridan, iii. 242; iv. 23.
Illness, iv. 86.
In opposition, iii. 242.
Interview with Wellington, Lyndhurst, and Peel, iv. 77.
Letters to Lord Liverpool, iv. 27, 37.
Marries Princess Caroline of Brunswick, iii. 244.
Mrs. Fitzherbert and, iii. 242; iv. 88.
Regent, iii. 341.
Visits Hanover, iv. 28.
Visits Ireland, iv. 23 _seqq._
Visits Scotland, iv. 29.
Georgia, John Wesley visits, ii. 127, 134.
Georgian drama, ii. 94.
Georgian literature, iii. 171.
Gheriah, Pirate stronghold, ii. 265.
Gibbon on Gordon riots, iii. 196.
Gibraltar:
Besieged (1727), i. 228.
Debate on restitution of, i. 296.
Gin riots, ii. 56.
Gladsmuir (_see_ Preston Pans, battle of).
Gladstone, John, entertains George Canning, iv. 35.
Gladstone, William Ewart, iv. 35.
Junior Lord of Treasury, iv. 239.
On "Drapier's Letters," i. 245.
Speech on Irish Church revenues, iv. 247.
Glasgow in 1714, i. 86.
Gloucester, Duke of, death, i. 3.
Glynn, Serjeant, M. P. for Middlesex, iii. 124.
Goderich, Viscount:
Colonial and War Secretary, iv. 58.
Prime Minister, iv. 65.
"Prosperity Robinson," iv. 65.
Resigns office, iv. 67.
Sketch of, iv. 65.
Godolphin, Countess of, i. 210.
Godolphin, Earl of, Lord Privy Seal, ii. 107.
Goethe, referred to, iii. 144, 145.
"Sorrows of Werther," iii. 167.
Goldsmith, Oliver:
Plays, iii. 170.
Sketch of career and writings, iii. 167, 171.
Gordon, Colonel, threatens rioters, iii. 199.
Gordon, Elizabeth, Duchess of, improves Scotch agriculture, i. 88.
Gordon, Lord George:
Acquitted, iii. 210.
Arrested, iii. 209.
Death in Newgate, iii. 210.
Denounces Burke, iii. 199.
Presents petition to Commons, iii. 198.
Sketch of, iii. 192.
Gordon riots, iii. 196 _seqq._
Gordon, Sir John, ii. 223.
Government by party, i. 284.
Graeme, Colonel, mission, iii. 11.
Grafton, Duke of (I.), killed in Cork, i. 83.
Grafton, Duke of (II.), Bill to suspend Habeas Corpus Act, i. 213.
Grafton (Augustus Henry Fitzroy), Duke of (III.):
Junius's indictment of, iii. 129.
Resigns place in Rockingham ministry, iii. 108.
Sketch of, iii. 35.
Graham, Sir James:
First Lord of Admiralty, iv. 127.
Refuses office in Peel's ministry, iv. 238.
Resigns office, iv. 218.
Speech on Irish Church revenues, iv. 246.
Granard, Lord, tells King James of conspiracy, i. 24.
Grant, Sir Archibald, interest in road-making, i. 88.
Granville, Earl of (_see_ Carteret, John).
Grattan, Henry:
Buried in Westminster Abbey, iv. 23.
Leader of Irish, iii. 307.
Withdraws from Dublin Parliament, iii. 319.
Gray, "Elegy in a Country Church-yard," ii. 289.
Great Seal stolen, iii. 237.
"Grecian" coffee-house, i. 76.
Greece: struggle for independence, iv. 40, 48.
Green, J. B., on "Family Compact," ii. 31.
Greene, Nathaniel, iii. 176, 179.
Gregory XIII. reforms calendar, ii. 275.
Grenville, George, iii. 26, 57.
Colonial policy, iii. 84, 87.
Prime minister, iii. 72.
Proposes tax to maintain garrison in America, iii. 87.
Regency Bill and, iii. 72.
Sketch of, iii. 31.
Speech on Middlesex election petition, iii. 131.
Stamp Act, iii. 87, 90.
Grenville, James, iii. 26.
Grenville, William Wyndham, Lord, Ministry of
all the talents, iii. 340.
Greville, Charles, on:
Duel between Wellington and Winchilsea, iv. 83.
Edmund Burke, iii. 96.
George IV.'s illness, iv. 86.
James and John Stuart Mill, iv. 281.
Meeting Macaulay, iv. 185.
Princess Victoria, iv. 290, 291.
William IV., iv. 114, 115.
William IV. and Whig ministers, iv. 175.
Grey, Charles, Earl:
Appeal to archbishops and bishops on Reform Bill, iv. 171.
Appeals to country, iv. 152.
Attacks Canning, iv. 59.
Attitude towards electoral reform, iv. 52, 59.
Attitude towards Irish State Church, iv. 218, 220.
Catholic Emancipation and, iv. 76.
Character, iv. 120.
Introduces third Reform Bill, iv. 173.
Irish grievances and, iv. 207.
Leader of Opposition, iv. 103.
Motion on speech from throne, iv. 104.
Prime Minister, iv. 122.
Resigns office, iv. 233.
Scheme for creating new peers, iv. 176, 180.
Speech on reform, iv. 108.
Speech on Reform Bill (second), iv. 168.
Grey, Earl:
Committed to Tower, i. 214.
Condemns South Sea Bill, i. 190.
Grey, Sir George, Under-Secretary of Colonies, iv. 252.
Grosvenor, Sir Richard, names squares and streets, i. 68.
Grote, George:
On Irish State Church system, iv. 210.
Motion for ballot in municipal elections, iv. 259.
Sketch of, iv. 215.
Speech on Ward's motion on Irish Church, iv. 216, 217.
Guelf, history of family, i. 5.
Guildhall banquet rumors, iv. 112.