ANTIMONIAL COMPOUNDS.
In its metallic state antimony is not regarded as poisonous. Two of its
preparations, however, claim attention; namely, tartar emetic, and
chloride of antimony.
TARTAR EMETIC (_Tartrated_ or _Tartarised Antimony_, _Potassio-Tartrate
of Antimony_, _Tartar Emetic_).--Since the trials of Palmer, Dove,
Smethurst, and Pritchard, poisoning by this compound has attracted much
attention. In large doses it has been administered without any serious
result, a circumstance which may be accounted for by the promptitude
with which it excites vomiting and purging. Given in small doses,
frequently repeated, the effects of tartar emetic may be made to
simulate, in some degree, those due to natural disease.
Three quarters of a grain killed a child; and a dose of two grains has
destroyed an adult, under circumstances which favored its action. Dr.
Taylor says that from ten to twenty grains taken at once might prove
fatal to an adult; while in divided doses a smaller quantity might
suffice. It is plain, therefore, that the quantity necessary to cause
death must vary with the condition of the patient.
_Symptoms._--In acute poisoning by this agent there is a metallic taste,
nausea, and violent vomiting, burning heat with pain in the stomach, and
purging. Difficulty in swallowing, thirst, cramps, cold perspiration,
and great debility soon set in. Should the case terminate fatally, death
may be preceded by giddiness, insensibility, difficult respiration,
utter prostration, with violent spasms, tonic or clonic; but even when
matters appear to be most critical, symptoms of improvement are often
manifested, and recovery gradually follows.
The effects of _chronic_ poisoning are, constant nausea, frequent
attacks of vomiting and purging, a loathing for food, a weak frequent
pulse, loss of muscular power, cold clammy sweats and fatal exhaustion.
The symptoms are of course aggravated after each administration of the
poison, whether given in food or medicine.
Tartar emetic ointment applied to the skin produces a pustular eruption
like that of smallpox; while, if much be absorbed, there will be nausea,
sickness, &c. Sometimes this same eruption appears in the throat and on
the skin after swallowing a large dose.
_Post-mortem Appearances._--The most common are inflammation of the
throat, stomach, and intestines. Sometimes the mucous membrane of the
stomach is softened and infiltrated with blood. The caecum and large
intestine are also inflamed, especially if life has been prolonged after
the dose, as in chronic poisoning. The brain and lungs have been found
congested.
_Treatment._--Vomiting should be encouraged by warm greasy water, milk,
&c. Liquids containing tannin, as tea without milk or sugar, decoction
of oak bark, &c., must be freely given. Cinchona bark in tincture or
powder may be advantageously prescribed. Afterwards opiates may be
administered.
_Tests._--Tartar emetic is soluble in water but not in alcohol.
In solution tartar emetic may be thus detected:
1. A drop evaporated on a glass slide leaves microscopic crystals,
either tetrahedra or cubes, with the edges bevelled off.
2. The solution may further be proved to contain antimony by passing
through it sulphuretted hydrogen or adding to it sulphide of ammonium,
either of which throws down an orange-red precipitate of sulphide of
antimony. This precipitate is soluble in strong hydrochloric acid, which
being diluted, throws down a white precipitate.
3. The three dilute mineral acids (nitric is best) throw down a white
precipitate with tartar emetic, which is soluble in excess of the acid
used or in tartaric acid.
The metal may be separated from organic substances by Marsh's or
Reinsch's process.
CHLORIDE OF ANTIMONY (_Terchloride_ or _Butter of Antimony_) is a
powerfully corrosive liquid. It produces violent inflammation and
corrosion of the whole intestinal canal; occasionally also drowsiness,
as from the use of a narcotic.
Dr. Taylor has collected the histories of four cases of poisoning by
butter of antimony, three of which recovered. The fourth, in which a
gentleman took from two to three ounces, proved fatal in ten hours and a
half, after producing great prostration, nausea, violent griping pain,
and tenesmus, followed by a tendency to sleep. On inspection, the whole
of the inside of the alimentary canal was blackened, as if it had been
charred; there was but little mucous membrane remaining, and the parts
were much softened.
_Treatment._--Magnesia must be administered in milk, together with the
remedies recommended in poisoning by tartar emetic.