As we continued our journey, we were at leisure to extend our
speculations, and to investigate the reason of those peculiarities by
which such rugged regions as these before us are generally distinguished.
Mountainous countries commonly contain the original, at least the oldest
race of inhabitants, for they are not easily conquered, because they must
be entered by narrow ways, exposed to every power of mischief from those
that occupy the heights; and every new ridge is a new fortress, where the
defendants have again the same advantages. If the assailants either
force the strait, or storm the summit, they gain only so much ground;
their enemies are fled to take possession of the next rock, and the
pursuers stand at gaze, knowing neither where the ways of escape wind
among the steeps, nor where the bog has firmness to sustain them: besides
that, mountaineers have an agility in climbing and descending distinct
from strength or courage, and attainable only by use.
If the war be not soon concluded, the invaders are dislodged by hunger;
for in those anxious and toilsome marches, provisions cannot easily be
carried, and are never to be found. The wealth of mountains is cattle,
which, while the men stand in the passes, the women drive away. Such
lands at last cannot repay the expence of conquest, and therefore perhaps
have not been so often invaded by the mere ambition of dominion; as by
resentment of robberies and insults, or the desire of enjoying in
security the more fruitful provinces.
As mountains are long before they are conquered, they are likewise long
before they are civilized. Men are softened by intercourse mutually
profitable, and instructed by comparing their own notions with those of
others. Thus Caesar found the maritime parts of Britain made less
barbarous by their commerce with the Gauls. Into a barren and rough
tract no stranger is brought either by the hope of gain or of pleasure.
The inhabitants having neither commodities for sale, nor money for
purchase, seldom visit more polished places, or if they do visit them,
seldom return.
It sometimes happens that by conquest, intermixture, or gradual
refinement, the cultivated parts of a country change their language. The
mountaineers then become a distinct nation, cut off by dissimilitude of
speech from conversation with their neighbours. Thus in Biscay, the
original Cantabrian, and in Dalecarlia, the old Swedish still subsists.
Thus Wales and the Highlands speak the tongue of the first inhabitants of
Britain, while the other parts have received first the Saxon, and in some
degree afterwards the French, and then formed a third language between
them.
That the primitive manners are continued where the primitive language is
spoken, no nation will desire me to suppose, for the manners of
mountaineers are commonly savage, but they are rather produced by their
situation than derived from their ancestors.
Such seems to be the disposition of man, that whatever makes a
distinction produces rivalry. England, before other causes of enmity
were found, was disturbed for some centuries by the contests of the
northern and southern counties; so that at Oxford, the peace of study
could for a long time be preserved only by chusing annually one of the
Proctors from each side of the Trent. A tract intersected by many ridges
of mountains, naturally divides its inhabitants into petty nations, which
are made by a thousand causes enemies to each other. Each will exalt its
own chiefs, each will boast the valour of its men, or the beauty of its
women, and every claim of superiority irritates competition; injuries
will sometimes be done, and be more injuriously defended; retaliation
will sometimes be attempted, and the debt exacted with too much interest.
In the Highlands it was a law, that if a robber was sheltered from
justice, any man of the same clan might be taken in his place. This was
a kind of irregular justice, which, though necessary in savage times,
could hardly fail to end in a feud, and a feud once kindled among an idle
people with no variety of pursuits to divert their thoughts, burnt on for
ages either sullenly glowing in secret mischief, or openly blazing into
public violence. Of the effects of this violent judicature, there are
not wanting memorials. The cave is now to be seen to which one of the
Campbells, who had injured the Macdonalds, retired with a body of his own
clan. The Macdonalds required the offender, and being refused, made a
fire at the mouth of the cave, by which he and his adherents were
suffocated together.
Mountaineers are warlike, because by their feuds and competitions they
consider themselves as surrounded with enemies, and are always prepared
to repel incursions, or to make them. Like the Greeks in their
unpolished state, described by Thucydides, the Highlanders, till lately,
went always armed, and carried their weapons to visits, and to church.
Mountaineers are thievish, because they are poor, and having neither
manufactures nor commerce, can grow richer only by robbery. They
regularly plunder their neighbours, for their neighbours are commonly
their enemies; and having lost that reverence for property, by which the
order of civil life is preserved, soon consider all as enemies, whom they
do not reckon as friends, and think themselves licensed to invade
whatever they are not obliged to protect.
By a strict administration of the laws, since the laws have been
introduced into the Highlands, this disposition to thievery is very much
represt. Thirty years ago no herd had ever been conducted through the
mountains, without paying tribute in the night, to some of the clans; but
cattle are now driven, and passengers travel without danger, fear, or
molestation.
Among a warlike people, the quality of highest esteem is personal
courage, and with the ostentatious display of courage are closely
connected promptitude of offence and quickness of resentment. The
Highlanders, before they were disarmed, were so addicted to quarrels,
that the boys used to follow any publick procession or ceremony, however
festive, or however solemn, in expectation of the battle, which was sure
to happen before the company dispersed.
Mountainous regions are sometimes so remote from the seat of government,
and so difficult of access, that they are very little under the influence
of the sovereign, or within the reach of national justice. Law is
nothing without power; and the sentence of a distant court could not be
easily executed, nor perhaps very safely promulgated, among men
ignorantly proud and habitually violent, unconnected with the general
system, and accustomed to reverence only their own lords. It has
therefore been necessary to erect many particular jurisdictions, and
commit the punishment of crimes, and the decision of right to the
proprietors of the country who could enforce their own decrees. It
immediately appears that such judges will be often ignorant, and often
partial; but in the immaturity of political establishments no better
expedient could be found. As government advances towards perfection,
provincial judicature is perhaps in every empire gradually abolished.
Those who had thus the dispensation of law, were by consequence
themselves lawless. Their vassals had no shelter from outrages and
oppressions; but were condemned to endure, without resistance, the
caprices of wantonness, and the rage of cruelty.
In the Highlands, some great lords had an hereditary jurisdiction over
counties; and some chieftains over their own lands; till the final
conquest of the Highlands afforded an opportunity of crushing all the
local courts, and of extending the general benefits of equal law to the
low and the high, in the deepest recesses and obscurest corners.
While the chiefs had this resemblance of royalty, they had little
inclination to appeal, on any question, to superior judicatures. A claim
of lands between two powerful lairds was decided like a contest for
dominion between sovereign powers. They drew their forces into the
field, and right attended on the strongest. This was, in ruder times,
the common practice, which the kings of Scotland could seldom control.
Even so lately as in the last years of King William, a battle was fought
at Mull Roy, on a plain a few miles to the south of Inverness, between
the clans of Mackintosh and Macdonald of Keppoch. Col. Macdonald, the
head of a small clan, refused to pay the dues demanded from him by
Mackintosh, as his superior lord. They disdained the interposition of
judges and laws, and calling each his followers to maintain the dignity
of the clan, fought a formal battle, in which several considerable men
fell on the side of Mackintosh, without a complete victory to either.
This is said to have been the last open war made between the clans by
their own authority.
The Highland lords made treaties, and formed alliances, of which some
traces may still be found, and some consequences still remain as lasting
evidences of petty regality. The terms of one of these confederacies
were, that each should support the other in the right, or in the wrong,
except against the king.
The inhabitants of mountains form distinct races, and are careful to
preserve their genealogies. Men in a small district necessarily mingle
blood by intermarriages, and combine at last into one family, with a
common interest in the honour and disgrace of every individual. Then
begins that union of affections, and co-operation of endeavours, that
constitute a clan. They who consider themselves as ennobled by their
family, will think highly of their progenitors, and they who through
successive generations live always together in the same place, will
preserve local stories and hereditary prejudices. Thus every Highlander
can talk of his ancestors, and recount the outrages which they suffered
from the wicked inhabitants of the next valley.
Such are the effects of habitation among mountains, and such were the
qualities of the Highlanders, while their rocks secluded them from the
rest of mankind, and kept them an unaltered and discriminated race. They
are now losing their distinction, and hastening to mingle with the
general community.