THE ELECTRIC ORRERY.
"Half-moon Junction! Change here for Venus, Mercury, the Earth, Mars,
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune!"
So I called in the style of a Clapham railway porter, as I entered the
observatory of Professor Gazen on the following night.
"What is the matter?" said he with a smile. "Are you imitating the
officials of the Universal Navigation Company in the distant future?"
"Not so distant as you may imagine," I responded significantly; and then
I told him all that I had seen and heard of the new flying machine.
The professor listened with serious attention, but manifested neither
astonishment nor scepticism.
"What do you think about it?" I asked. "What should I do in the case?"
"Well, I hardly know," he replied doubtfully. "It is rather out of my
line, and after my experience with Mars the other night, I am not
inclined to dogmatise. At all events, I should like to see and try the
machine before giving an opinion."
"I will arrange for that with the inventor."
"Possibly I can find out something about him from my American
friends--if he is genuine. What's his name again?"
"Carmichael--Nasmyth Carmichael."
"Nasmyth Carmichael," repeated Gazen, musingly. "It seems to me I've
heard the name somewhere. Yes, now I recollect. When I was a student at
Cambridge, I remember reading a textbook on physics by Professor Nasmyth
Carmichael, an American, and a capital book it was--beautifully simple,
clear, and profound like Nature herself. Professors, as a rule, and
especially professors of science, are not the best writers in the world.
Pity they can't teach the economy of energy without wasting that of
their readers. Carmichael's book was not a dead system of mathematics
and figures, but rather a living tale, with illustrations drawn from
every part of the world. I got far more help from it than the prescribed
treatises, and the best of that was a liking for the subject. I believe
I should have been plucked without it."
"The very man, no doubt."
"He was remarkably sane when he wrote that book, whatever he is now. As
to his character, that is another question. Given a work of science, to
find the character of the author. Problem."
"I shall proceed cautiously in the affair. Before I commit myself, I
must be satisfied by inspection and trial that there is neither trickery
nor self-delusion on his part. We can make some trial trips, and gain
experience before we attempt to leave the world."
"If you take my advice you will keep to the earth altogether."
"Surely, if we can ascend into the higher regions of the atmosphere, we
can traverse empty space. You would have me stop within sight of the
goal. The end of travel is to reach the other planets."
"Why not say the fixed stars when you are about it?"
"That's impossible."
"On the contrary, with a vessel large enough to contain the necessaries
of life, a select party of ladies and gentlemen might start for the
Milky Way, and if all went right, their descendants would arrive there
in the course of a few million years."
"Rather a long journey, I'm afraid."
"What would you have? A million years quotha! nay, not so much. It
depends on the speed and the direction taken. If they were able to
cover, say, the distance from Liverpool to New York in a tenth of a
second, they would get to Alpha in the constellation Centaur, perhaps
the nearest of the fixed stars, in twenty or thirty years--a mere
bagatelle. But why should we stop there?" went on Gazen. "Why should we
not build large vessels for the navigation of the ether--artificial
planets in fact--and go cruising about in space, from universe to
universe, on a celestial Cook's excursion--"
"We are doing that now, I believe."
"Yes, but in tow of the Sun. Not at our own sweet will, like gipsies in
a caravan. Independent, free of rent and taxes, these hollow planetoids
would serve for schools, hotels, dwelling-houses--"
"And lunatic asylums."
"They would relieve the surplus population of the globe," continued
Gazen, warming to his theme. "It is an idea of the first political
importance--especially to British statesmen. The Empire is only in its
infancy. With a fleet of ethereal gunboats we might colonise the solar
system, and annex the stars. What a stroke of business!"
"Another illusion gone," I observed "Think of Manchester cotton in the
Pleiades! Of Scotch whiskey in Orion! However, I am afraid your policy
would lead to international complications. The French would set up a
claim for 'Ancient Lights.' The Germans would discover a nebulous
Hinterland under their protection. The Americans would protest in the
name of the Monroe Doctrine. It is necessary to be modest. Let us return
to our muttons."
"Everybody will be able to pick a world that suits him," pursued Gazen,
still on the trail of his thought. "If he grows tired of one he can look
round for a better. Criminals will be weeded out and sent to Coventry, I
mean transplanted into a worse. When a planet is dying of old age, the
inhabitants will flit to another."
"Seriously, if Carmichael's machine turns out all right, will you join
me in a trip?"
"Thanks, no. I believe I shall wait and see how you get on first."
"And where would you advise me to go, Mars or Venus?"
The professor smiled, but I was quite in earnest.
"Well," he replied, "Mars is evidently inhabited; but so is Venus,
probably, and of the two I think you will find her the more hospitable
and the nearest. When do you propose to start?"
"Perhaps within six months."
"We must consider their relative distances from the earth. By the way,
I don't think you have seen my new electrical orrery."
"An electrical orrery," I exclaimed. "Surely that is something new!"
"So far as I am aware; but you never know in these days. There is
nothing new under the sun, or even above it."
So saying, he opened a small door in the side of the observatory, and,
ushering me into a very dark apartment, closed it behind us.
"Follow me, there is no danger," said he, taking me by the arm, and
guiding me for several paces into the darkness.
At length we halted, and I looked all around me, but was unable to
perceive a single object.
"Where are we?" I enquired; "in the realms of Chaos and Old Night?"
"You are now in the centre of the Universe," replied Gazen; "or, to
speak more correctly, at a point in space overlooking the solar system."
"Well, I can't see it," said I. "Have you got such a thing as a match
about you?"
"Let there be light!" responded Gazen in a reverent manner, and
instantly a soft, weird radiance was over all. The contrast of that
sudden illumination with the preceding darkness was electrical in more
senses than one, and I could not repress a cry of genuine admiration.
A kind of twilight still reigned, and after the first moment of
surprise, I perceived that we were standing on a light metal gangway in
the middle of a great hollow cell of a luminous black or dark blue
colour, relieved by innumerable bright points, and resembling the night
sky in miniature.
"I need hardly say that is a model of the celestial sphere," whispered
Gazen, indicating the starry vault.
"It is a wonderful imitation," I responded, my awestruck eyes wandering
over the mysterious tracts of the Milky Way and the familiar
constellations of the mimic heavens. "May I ask how it is done--how you
produce that impression of infinite distance?"
"By means of translucent shells illuminated from behind. The stars, of
course, are electric lamps, and some of them, as you see, have a tinge
of red or blue."
Most of the light, however, came from a brilliant globe of a bluish
lustre, which appeared to occupy the centre of the crystal sphere, and
was surrounded by a number of smaller and fainter orbs that shone by its
reflected rays.
"This, again, is a model of the solar system," said Gazen. "The central
luminary is, of course, the sun, and the others are the planets with
their satellites."
"They seem to float in air."
"That is because their supports are invisible, or nearly so. Both their
lights and periodic motions are produced by the electric current."
"Surely they are not moving now?"
"Oh, yes, and with velocities proportionate to those of the real bodies;
but you know that whilst the actual movements of the sun and planets are
so rapid, the dimensions of the system are so vast that if you could
survey the whole from a standpoint in space, as we are supposed to do,
it would appear at rest. Let us look at them a little closer."
I followed Gazen along the gangway which encircled the orrery, and
allowed us to survey each of the planets closer at hand.
"This kind of place would make a good theatre for a class in astronomy,"
said I, "or for the meetings of the Interplanetary Congress of
Astronomers, in the year 2000. You can turn on the stars and planets
when you please. I wish you would give me a lecture on the subject now.
My knowledge is a little the worse for wear, and a man ought to know
something of the worlds around him--especially if he intends to visit
them."
"I should only bore you with an old story."
"Not at all. You cannot be too simple and elementary. Regard me as a
small boy in the stage of
"'Twinkle, twinkle, little star,
How I wonder what you are!'"
"Very well, my little man, have you any idea how many stars you can see
on a clear night?"
"Billions."
"No, Tommy. You are wrong, my dear boy. Go to the foot of your class.
With the naked eye we can only distinguish three or four thousand, but
with the telescope we are able to count at least fifty millions. They
are thickest in the Milky Way, which, as you can see, runs all round the
heavens, over your head, and under your feet, like an irregular tract of
hazy light, a girdle of stars in short. Of course we cannot tell how
many more there are beyond the range of vision, or what other galaxies
may be scattered in the depths of space. The stars are suns, larger or
smaller than our own, and of various colours--white, blue, yellow,
green, and red. Some are single, but others are held together in pairs
or groups by the force of gravitation. From their immense distance they
appear fixed to us, but in reality they are flying in all directions at
enormous velocities. Alpha, of the constellation Cygnus, for example, is
coming towards us at a speed of 500 million leagues per annum, and some
move a great deal faster. Most of them probably have planets circling
round them in different stages of growth, but these are invisible to us.
Here and there amongst them we find luminous patches or 'nebulæ,' which
prove to be either clusters of stars or stupendous clouds of glowing
gases. Our sun is a solitary blue star on the verge of the Milky Way, 20
billion miles from Alpha Centauri his next-door neighbour. He is
travelling in a straight line towards the constellation Hercules at the
rate of 20,000 miles an hour, much quicker than a rifle bullet; and,
nevertheless, he will take more than a million years to cover the
distance. Eight large or major planets, with their satellites, and a
flock of minor planets or planetoids, are revolving round him as their
common centre and luminary at various distances, but all in the same
direction. The orbits, or paths, about the sun are ovals or ellipses,
almost circular, of which the sun occupies one focus, and they are so
nearly in one plane, or at one level, that if seen from the sun, they
would appear to wander along a narrow belt of the heavens, called the
zodiac, which extends a few degrees on each side of the Elliptic or
apparent course of the sun against the stars. The planets are all
globes, more or less flat at the poles, like an orange, and each is
turning and swaying on its axis, thus exposing every part to the light
and warmth of the sun. They are divided by the planetoids into an inner
and an outer band. The inner four are Mercury, Venus, the Earth, and
Mars; the outer four are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Moreover,
a number of comets and swarms of meteoric stones or meteorites are
circulating round the sun in eccentric paths, which cross those of the
planets. Such is the solar system--a lonely archipelago in the ethereal
ocean--a little family of worlds."
"Not without its jars, I'm afraid."
"The sun is chief of the clan," continued Gazen, "and keeps it together
by the mysterious tie of gravitation. While flying through space, he
turns round his own axis like a rifle bullet in 25 or 26 days. His
diameter is 860,000 miles, and although he is not much denser than
sea-water, his mass is over 700 times greater than the combined mass of
all his retinue. Gravity on his surface being 28 times stronger than on
the earth, a piece of timber would be as heavy as gold there, and a
stone let fall would drop 460 feet the first second instead of 16 feet
as here. He is built of the same kind of matter as the earth and other
planets, but is hotter than the hottest electric arc or reverberatory
furnace. Apparently his glowing bulk is made up of several concentric
shells like an onion. First there is a kernel or liquid nucleus,
probably as dense as pitch. Above it is the photosphere, the part we
usually see, a jacket of incandescent clouds, or vapours, which in the
telescope is seen to resemble 'willow leaves,' or 'rice grains in a
plate of soup,' and in the spectroscope to reveal the rays of iron,
manganese, or other heavy elements. What we call 'faculæ' (or little
torches), are brighter streaks, not unlike some kinds of coral. The
'Sunspots' are immense gaps or holes in the photosphere, some of them
150,000 miles in diameter, which afford us a peep at the glowing
interior. There are different theories as to their nature, hence they
provide rival astronomers with an excellent opportunity of spotting each
other's reputations. For instance, I look upon them as eruptions, and
Professor Sylvanus Pettifer Possil (my pet aversion) regards them as
cyclonic storms; consequently we never lose an opportunity of erupting
and storming at each other. Above the photosphere comes a stratum of
cooler vapours and gases, namely, hydrogen and helium, a very light
element recently found on the earth, along with argon, in the rare
mineral cleveite. Tremendous jets of blazing hydrogen are seen to burst
through the clouds of the photosphere, and play about in this higher
region like the flames of a coal fire. These are the famous 'red flames'
or 'prominences,' which are seen during a total eclipse as a ragged
fringe of rosy fire about the black disc of the moon. Some of them rush
through the chromosphere to a height of 80,000 miles in 15 minutes.
"Higher still is the 'corona,' an aureole of silvery beams visible in a
total eclipse, and resembling the star of a decoration. The streamers
have been traced for hundreds of thousands of miles beyond the solar
disc. It appears to consist of meteoric stones, illuminated by the
sunlight as well as of incandescent vapours of 'coronium,' a very light
element unknown on the earth, and probably, too, of electrical
discharges. The 'zodiacal light,' that silvery glow often seen in the
west after sunset, or in the east before sunrise, may be a prolongation
of it."
"I daresay these meteorites are swarming about the sun like midges about
a lamp," said I.
"And just as eager to get burnt up," replied Gazen, with a smile. "Let
us pass now to the planets. The little one next the sun is Mercury, who
can be seen as a rosy-white star soon after sunset or before sunrise. He
is about 36 million miles, more or less, from the sun; travels round his
orbit in 88 days, the length of his year; and spins about his axis in
24 hours, making a day and night. His diameter is 3,000 miles, and his
mass is nearly seven times that of an equal volume of water. The
attraction of gravity on his surface is barely half that on the earth,
and a man would feel very light there. Mercury seems to have a dense
atmosphere, and probably high mountains, if not active volcanoes. The
sunshine is from four to nine times stronger there than on the earth,
and as summer and winter follow each other in six weeks, he is doubtless
rather warm.
"Venus, the 'Shepherd's Star,' and the brightest object in the heavens
after the moon, can sometimes be seen by day, and casts a distinct
shadow at night. She is about 67 million miles from the sun, revolves
round him in 225 days, and rotates on her axis in 23 to 24 hours, or as
Schiaparelli believes, in 224 days. Her diameter is 7,600 miles, and her
mass nearly five times that of an equal volume of water. Gravity is
rather less there than it is here. Like Mercury, she appears to have a
cloudy atmosphere, and very high mountains. On the whole she resembles
the earth, but is, perhaps, a younger as well as a warmer planet.
"The green ball, next to Venus, is, I need hardly say, our own dear
little world. Terra, or the earth, is 93 million miles from the sun,
goes round him in 365 days, and turns on her axis in 24 hours less four
minutes. Her diameter is 7,918 miles, and her density is 5.66 times that
of water. She is attended by a single satellite, the moon, which
revolves round her in 27.3 days, at a distance of 238,000 miles. The
moon rotates on her axis in about the same time, and hence we can only
see one side of her. She is 2,160 miles in diameter, but her mass is
only one-eightieth that of the earth. A pound weight on the moon would
scale six pounds on the earth. Having little or no atmosphere or water,
she is apparently a dead world.
"The red planet beyond the earth is Mars, who appears in the sky as a
ruddy gold or coppery star. He is 141 million miles from the sun,
travels his orbit in 687 days, and wheels round his axis in 24 hours 37
minutes. His diameter is 4,200 miles, and his mass about one-ninth that
of the earth. A body weighing two pounds on the earth would only make
half a pound on Mars. As you know, his atmosphere is clear and thin, his
surface flat, and subject to floods from the melting of the polar snows.
Mars is evidently a colder and more aged planet than the earth.
"He is accompanied by two little moons, Phobos (Fear), which is from ten
to forty miles in diameter, and revolves round him in 7 hours 39
minutes, at a distance of 6,000 miles, a fact unparalleled in astronomy;
and Deimos (Rout), who completes a revolution in 30 hours 18 minutes, at
a distance of 14,500 miles.
"About 400 planetoids have been discovered up to now, but we are always
catching more of them. Medusa, the nearest, is 198 million miles, and
Thule, the farthest, is 396 million miles from the sun. Vesta, the
brightest and probably the largest, a pale yellow, or, as some say,
bluish white orb, visible with the naked eye, is from 200 to 400 miles
in diameter. It is impossible to say which is the smallest. Probably the
mass of the whole is not greater than one quarter that of the earth.
"Jupiter, surnamed the 'giant planet,' who almost rivals Venus in her
splendour, is 480 million miles from the sun; travels round his orbit in
12 years less 50 days; and is believed to whirl round his axis in 10
hours. His diameter is 85,000 miles, and his bulk is not only 1,200
times that of the earth, but exceeds that of all the other planets put
together. Nevertheless, his mass is only 200 to 300 times that of the
earth, for his density is not much greater than that of water. What we
see is evidently his vaporous atmosphere, which is marked by coloured
spots and bands or belts, probably caused by storms and currents,
especially in the equatorial regions. Jupiter is thought to be self
luminous, at least in parts, and is, perchance, a cooling star, not yet
entirely crusted over.
"Four or five numbered satellites, about the size of our moon and
upwards, are circulating round him in orbits from 2,000 to 1,000,000
miles distant in periods ranging from 11 hours to 16 days 18 hours.
"Saturn, the 'ringed planet,' who appears as a dull red star of the
first magnitude, is the most interesting of all the planets. He is 884
million miles from the sun; his period of revolution is 29½ years, and
he turns on his axis in 10 hours 14 minutes. His diameter is 75,000
miles, but his mass is only 94 times that of the earth, for he is
lighter than pinewood. His atmosphere is marked with spots and belts,
and on the whole his condition is like that of Jupiter.
"Two flat rings or hoops, divided by a dark space, encircle his ball in
the plane of his equator. The inner ring is over 18,000 miles from the
ball, and nearly 17,000 miles broad. The gap between is 1,750 miles
wide, and the outer ring is over 10,000 miles broad. The rings are
banded, bright or dark, and vary in thickness from 40 to 250 miles. They
consist of innumerable small satellites and meteoric stones, travelling
round the ball in rather more than ten hours, and are brightest in
their densest parts. Of course they form a magnificent object in the
night sky of the planet, and it may be that our own zodiacal light is
the last vestige of a similar ring, and not an extension of the solar
corona.
"Saturn has eight moons outside his rings, the nearest, Mimas, being
115,000, and the farthest, Japetus, 220,400 miles from his ball. With
the exception of Japetus, they revolve round him in the plane of his
rings, and when these are seen edgewise, appear to run along it like
beads on a string.
"Uranus, the next planet visible, is a pale star of the sixth magnitude,
1,770 million miles from the sun, and completes his round in 84 years.
His axis, differing from those of the foregoing planets, lies almost in
the plane of his orbit, but we cannot speak as to his axial rotation. He
is 31,000 miles in diameter, and somewhat heavier, bulk for bulk, than
water. Four satellites revolve round him, the nearest, Ariel, being
103,500, and the farthest, Oberon, 347,500 miles distant. Unlike the
orbits of the foregoing satellites, which are nearly in the same plane
as the orbits of their primaries, those of the satellites of Uranus are
almost perpendicular to his own. They are travelled in periods of two
and a half to thirteen and a half days.
"Neptune, invisible to the naked eye, but seen as a pale blue star in
the telescope, is 2,780 million miles from the sun, and makes a
revolution in 165 years. His diameter is about 35,000 miles, and his
density rather less than that of water.
"Neptune has one satellite, at a distance of 202,000 miles, which, like
those of Uranus, revolves about its primary in an orbit at a
considerable angle to his own in five days twenty-one hours. Both
Neptune and Uranus are probably dying suns.
"Comets of unknown number travel in long elliptical or parabolic orbits
round the sun at great velocities. They seem to consist partly of
glowing vapours, especially hydrogen, and partly of meteoric stones.
'Shooting stars,' that is to say, stones which fall to the earth, are
known to swarm in their wake, and are believed to be as plentiful in
space as fishes in the sea."
"The trash or leavings of creation," said I reflectively.
"And the raw material, for nothing is lost," rejoined Gazen. "Now, in
spite of all its diversity, there is a remarkable symmetry in the solar
system. The planets are all moving round the sun in one direction along
circular paths. As a rule each is nearly as far again from the sun as
the next within it. Thus, if we take Mercury as ¾ inch from the sun,
Venus is about 1¼ inches, the Earth 2¼, Mars 2, the planetoids 5¼,
Jupiter 9¾, Saturn 14, Uranus 36, and Neptune 60 inches. On the same
scale, by the way, Enckes' comet at Aphelion, its farthest distance from
the sun, would be about 12 feet; Donatis almost a mile; and Alpha
Centauri, a near star in the Milky Way, some ten miles.
"The stately march of the planets in their orbits becomes slower the
farther they are from the sun. The velocity of Mercury in its orbit is
thirty, that of Jupiter is eight, and that of Neptune is only three
miles a second. On the other hand, the inner planets, as a rule, take
some twenty-four hours, and the outer only ten hours to spin round their
axis. The inner planets are small in comparison with the outer. If we
represent the sun by a gourd, 20 inches in diameter, Mercury will seem a
bilberry (⅟₁₆ inch) Venus, a white currant, the Earth a black currant
(¼ inch), Mars a red currant (⅛ inch), the planetoids as fine seed,
Jupiter an orange or peach (2 inches), Saturn a nectarine or greengage
(1 inch), Uranus a red cherry (¾ inch), and Neptune a white cherry
(barely 1 inch in diameter). By putting the sun and planets in a row,
and drawing a contour of the whole, we obtain the figure of a dirk, a
bodkin, or an Indian club, in which the sun stands for the knob
(disproportionately big), the inner planets for the handle, and the
outer for the blade or body. Again, the average density of the inner
planets exceeds that of the outer by nearly five to one, but the mass of
any planet is greater than the combined masses of all which are smaller
than it. The inner planets derive all their light and heat from the sun,
and have few or no satellites; whereas the outer, to all appearance, are
secondary suns, and have their own retinue of worlds. On the similitude
of a clan or house we may regard the inner planets as the immediate
retainers of the chief, and the outer as the chieftains of their own
septs or families."
"How do you account for the symmetrical arrangement?" I enquired.
"The origin of the solar system is, you know, a mystery," replied the
astronomer. "According to the nebular hypothesis we may imagine that two
or more dark suns, perhaps encircled with planets, have come into
collision. Burst into atoms by the stupendous shock they would fill the
surrounding region with a vast nebula of incandescent gases in a state
of violent agitation. Its luminous fringes would fly immeasurably beyond
the present orbit of Neptune, and then rush inwards to the centre, only
to be driven outwards again. Surging out and in, the fluid mass would
expand and contract alternately, until in course of ages the fiery
tides would cease to ebb and flow. If the impact had been somewhat
indirect it would rotate slowly on its axis, and under the influence of
gravity and centrifugal force acquire a globular shape which would
gradually flatten to a lenticular disc. As it cooled and shrank in
volume it would whirl the faster round its axis, and grow the denser
towards its heart. By and by, as the centrifugal force overcame gravity,
the nebula would part, and the lighter outskirts would be shed one after
another in concentric rings to mould the planets. The inner rings, being
relatively small and heavy, would probably condense much sooner than the
large, light, outer rings. The planetoids are apparently the rubbish of
a ring which has failed to condense into one body, perhaps through its
uniformity or thinness. The separation of so big a mass as Jupiter might
well attenuate the border."
"If the planetoids were born of a single small ring, might not several
planets be condensed from a large one?"
"I see nothing to hinder it. A large ring might split into smaller
rings, or condense in several centres."
"Because it seems to me that might explain the distinction between the
inner and the outer planets. Perhaps the outer were first thrown off in
one immense ring, and then the inner in a smaller ring. Before
separation the nebula viewed edgewise might resemble your Indian club."
"A 'dumb-bell nebula,' like those we find in the heavens," observed
Gazen. "Be that as it may, the rings would collect into balls, and some
of these, especially the outer, would cast off rings which would
condense into moons, always excepting the rings of Saturn, which, like
the planetoids, are evidently a failure. The solar system would then
appear as a group of suns, a cluster of stars, in short, a
constellation. Each would be what we call a 'nebulous star,' not unlike
the sun at present; that is to say, it would be surrounded by a glowing
atmosphere of vapours, and perhaps meteoric matter. Under the action of
gravity, centrifugal force, and tidal retardation, their orbits would
become more circular, they would gradually move further apart, rotate
more slowly on their axes, and assume the shapes they have now. In
cooling down, new chemical compounds, and probably elements would be
formed, since the so-called elements are perhaps mere combinations of a
primordial substance which have been produced at various temperatures.
The heavier elements, such as platinum, gold, and iron, would sink
towards the core; and the lighter, such as carbon, silicon, oxygen,
nitrogen, and hydrogen, would rise towards the surface. A crust would
form, and portions of it breaking in or bursting out together with
eruptions and floods of molten lava, would disturb the poise of the
planet, and give rise to inequalities of surface, to continents, and
mountains. When the crust was sufficiently stable, sound, and cool, the
mists and clouds would condense into rivers, lakes, or seas, and the
atmosphere would become clear. In due course life would make its
appearance."
"Can you account for that mystery?"
"No. Science is bound in honour, no doubt, to explain all it can without
calling in a special act of creation; but the origin of life and
intelligence seems to go beyond it, so far. Spontaneous generation from
dead matter is ruled out of court at present. We believe that life only
proceeds from life. As for the hypothesis that meteoric stones, the
'moss-grown fragments of another world' may have brought life to the
earth, I hardly know what to think of it."
"Has life ever been found on a meteoric stone?"
"Not that I know. Carbon, at all events in the state of graphite and
diamond, has been got from them. They arc generally a kind of slag,
containing nodules or crystals of iron, nickle, and other metals, and
look to me as if they had solidified from a liquid or vapour. Are they
ruins of an earlier cosmos--the crumbs of an exploded world--matter
ejected from the sun--the snow of a nebulous ring--frozen spray from the
fiery surge of a nebula? we cannot tell; but, according to the meteoric
as distinguished from the nebular hypothesis of the solar system, the
sun, planets, and comets, as well as the stars and nebula were all
generated by the clash of meteorites; and not as I have supposed, of
dead globes."
"Which hypothesis do you believe?"
"There may be some truth in both," replied Gazen. "The two processes
might even go on together. What if meteorites are simply frozen nebula?
It is certain that the earth is still growing a little from the fall of
meteoric stones, and that part of the sun's heat comes from meteoric
fuel. Most of it, however, arises from the shrinkage of his bulk. Five
or ten million years ago the sun was double the size he is now. Twenty
or thirty million years ago he was rather a nebula than a sun. In five
or ten million more he will probably be as Jupiter is now--a smoking
cinder."
"And the earth--how long is it since she was crusted over?"
"Anything from ten to several hundred million years. In that time the
stratified rocks have been deposited under water, the land and sea have
taken their present configurations; the atmosphere has been purified;
plants and animals have spread all over the surface. Man has probably
been from twenty to a hundred thousand years or more on the earth, but
his civilization is a thing of yesterday."
"How long will the earth continue fit for life?"
"Perhaps five or ten million years. The entire solar system is gradually
losing its internal heat, and must inevitably die of sheer inanition.
The time is coming when the sun will drift through space, a black star
in the midst of dead worlds. Perhaps the system will fall together,
perhaps it will run against a star. In either case there would probably
be a 'new heaven and a new earth.'"
"Born like a phoenix from the ashes of the old," said I, feeling the
justice of the well-worn simile.
"I daresay the process goes on to all eternity."
"Like enough."
The sublime idea, with its prospect of the infinite, held us for a time
in silence. At length my thoughts reverted to the original question
which had been forgotten.
"Now, whether should I go to Mars or Venus?" I enquired, fixing my eyes
on these planets and trying to estimate their relative distances from
the earth.
Gazen made a mental computation, and replied with decision,
"Venus."
"All right," I responded. "Venus let it be."