P. 427, c. 1—“Vsĕv´ō-lōd.”
P. 427, c. 1—“Tor´jōk.”
P. 427, c. 1—“Merchants.” The corn for Novgorod was brought from the
south by the Volga.
P. 427, c. 1—“Smolensk,” smo-lensk´, or smo-len´sko. A fortified town
about two hundred and fifty miles southwest of Moscow. It is one of the
oldest cities of Russia, lying in a very fertile province. On his march
to Moscow, in 1812, Napoleon passed through Smolensk, and the Russians
were defeated there.
P. 427, c. 1—“Lip´etsh.” A town of Southern Central Russia, two hundred
and thirty miles southeast of Moscow, with a present population of
about 15,000.
P. 427, c. 1—“Vetch´é;” pronounced as spelled. The Vetché was a
legislative or executive assembly composed of representatives of the
people.
P. 427, c. 2—“St. Sophia.” Not, as commonly supposed, the name of a
saint, but the second person of the trinity, the spirit of wisdom;
taken from the Greek, _Hagia Sophia_ (holy wisdom).
P. 427, c. 2—“Eucharist,” yu´ka-rĭst. A word signifying, in the Greek,
giving of thanks; a name for the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper.
P. 427, c. 2—“Nĭ-kĭ´tā.”
P. 427, c. 2—“Nē´va.” A river of Russia, emptying into the Gulf of
Cronstadt. It is but forty miles in length, but very important in
Russian commerce. St. Petersburg lies on the Neva, nine miles of whose
length are within the city. An immense traffic is carried on by its
waters, both from the interior and the Baltic.
P. 427, c. 2—“In´gri-an.” An inhabitant of Ingria, a strip of land
lying on either side of the Neva, and formerly inhabited by a Finnish
tribe. It now belongs to the government of St. Petersburg.
P. 427, c. 2—“Boris and Gleb” were sons of Saint Vladimir (CHAUTAUQUAN
for Nov., ’82, p. 62, col. 1), put to death by his nephew, Sviatopolk,
who wrested for himself the principality of Kief. Their memory is
cherished and revered among the saints of the Russian Church.
P. 427, c. 2—“Burger,” bur´ger (g hard).
P. 427, c. 2—“Skuilaf,” sku´ĭ-laf.
P. 427, c. 2—“Galley.” A low vessel with one deck, navigated by oars
and sails.
P. 427, c. 2—“Lake Peïpus,” pā´e-poos. A lake of Russia located on the
map of Russia in THE CHAUTAUQUAN for April, but not marked. It lies
midway between Novgorod the Great and the Baltic Sea.
P. 428, c. 1—“Redoubtable,” re-dout´a-ble. Formidable to foes, hence
valiant.
P. 428, c. 1—“Ri´ga”—An important seaport of Russia, near the mouth of
the Dwina River.
P. 428, c. 1—“Reprisals,” re-priz´als (_re_, again, and _prehendere_,
to lay hold of). To retaliate on an enemy by seizing property or
inflicting suffering upon them in some way.
P. 428, c. 1—“Posadnik,” pos-ad´nik. Chief magistrate, along with the
prince. He combined the functions of mayor and general.
P. 428, c. 1—“Bäs´käks.”
P. 428, c. 1—“Burghers,” bür´gers. Members of a borough enjoying all
its privileges.
P. 428, c. 1—“Contingent.” Suitable share, proportion.
P. 428, c. 1—“Mĕt-ro-pŏl-i´tan.” The bishop of a metropolis, or
mother city, upon which other cities are dependent. In England the
archbishops of York and Canterbury are metropolitans. The word is more
commonly used as an adjective, meaning to have the characteristics of a
metropolis, or the chief city of a country.
P. 428, c. 2—“Lauras.” From the Greek for monastery. A collection of
hermitages, the inhabitants of which are lodged in separate cells, but
under the same superior.
P. 428, c. 2—“Ap´pan-age.” Literally, the word means to furnish with
bread. That portion of land given by a sovereign for the sustenance of
a younger son.
P. 428, c. 2—“Mŏs´kō-va.” The river upon which Moscow is built.
P. 428, c. 2—“Kreml,” or “kremlin.” One of the five quarters of Moscow.
It is the ancient citadel, is surrounded by a wall from twenty-eight
to fifty feet in height, and about one and a quarter miles in circuit,
with massive towers and battlements. It is entered by five gates, and
within are some of the finest public buildings and monuments of Moscow,
besides churches, cathedrals, palaces and monasteries.
P. 428, c. 2—“Enjoying the chase.” This khan was Usbeck. The
descriptions of this expedition, taken from the annals of the time,
are almost beyond credence. Several hundred thousand soldiers were in
motion, equipped gorgeously, and mounted on fine horses, the train
presenting the appearance, when encamped, of a beautiful and populous
city.
P. 428, c. 2—“Cau´ca-sŭs.” The Caucasus provinces are in that arm of
Southern Russia which runs between the Black and Caspian Seas to the
boundary of Asia.
P. 428, c. 2—“Pilloried.” To be punished by the pillory, an ancient
instrument of torture, consisting of a framework of wood, upon which
was put movable boards with holes for head and arms, into which the
guilty were fastened.
P. 428, c. 2—“Da-ghes-tan´.” A province of what is called Asiatic
Russia, lying between Caucasus and the Caspian Sea.
P. 428, c. 2—“Käv-gäd´i.”
P. 429, c. 1—“Russ.” A Russian; also used as an adjective, and for the
Russian language.
P. 429, c. 1—“Pōl-tï-räs.”
P. 429, c. 1—“Uspenski sobor,” us-pen´ski so´bor.