1. _For what is Europe celebrated?_ 2. What are its principal
divisions? 3. How is Denmark[7] bounded? 4 to 19. How is each of the
other divisions bounded? 20. In what part of Europe is Russia? 21.
Spain? 22. Norway?[8]
23. Where are the Ural mountains? 24. What mountains are in Italy? 25.
In Switzerland? 26. In Austria? 27. Where are the Pyrenees? 23. How are
the Hæmus mountains situated? 29. The Dofrafeld mountains? 30. _What
Volcano is on the island Sicily?_ 31. Where is Mount Hecla, another
volcano?
32. Where is lake Constance? 33. What lakes in Russia lie between the
Gulf of Finland and the White sea? 34. Where is lake Ilmen? 35. Lake
Wener?
36. Between what countries is the Gulf of Bothnia? 37. What bay is
north from Spain? 38. What gulf lies between Italy and Austria? 39. How
is the Gulf of Taranto situated? 40. Gulf of Riga?
41. What seas between Europe and Asia? 42. What sea south from Europe?
43. How is the Baltic situated? 44. The White sea?
45. The Ural river rises in the Ural mountains, and forms, in part, the
eastern boundary of Russia; into what sea does it flow? 46. What rivers
rise in Spain, and flow through Portugal? 47. What other rivers rise
in Spain? 48. What rivers intersect the Netherlands? 49. What river of
France flows south into the Mediterranean?
50. In what country is the Volga river? 51. Into what does it flow? 52.
What city is at its mouth? 53. What rivers in Prussia? 54. What rivers
flow into the White sea? 55. Into the Bay of Biscay?
56. What connects the Mediterranean sea with the Atlantic ocean? 57.
The Sea of Marmora with the Archipelago? 58. With the Black sea? 59.
Where are the Straits of Caffa? 60. Where is Skager Rack?
61. Where is North Cape? 62. Cape La Hogue? 63. Cape Matapan? 64. What
capes of Spain are on the coast of the Mediterranean? 65. Which is more
northwardly, Cape Ortegal or Finisterre? 66. What cape is the southwest
part of Portugal? 67. What is the latitude of the Rock of Lisbon?
68. What islands in the Mediterranean between Italy and Spain? 69.
What island lies south from the Archipelago sea? 70. What island lies
northeast from Greece? 71. Where is the island Cyprus? 72. Where are
Ushant and Bellisle islands?
73. Which way from Ireland is Iceland? 74. What islands on the coast
of Norway? 75. Which way from Spain are the British Isles? 76. What
islands lie in the Baltic sea? 77. Where are the Shetland and Feroe
islands?
78. What peninsula extends from the southern part of Russia into the
Black sea? 79. Where is the peninsula, called The Morea? 80. What
countries in the south of Europe constitute peninsulas? 81. What
countries in the north constitute peninsulas?
82. How is St. Petersburg situated? 83. What is its latitude? 84. New
York is situated about 41 degrees latitude, north; what city of Spain
is in about the same latitude? 85. How can a person go by water from
St. Petersburg to Venice?
86. In what part of Europe is Lapland? 87. Finland? 88. Hungary? 89.
How is Paris situated? 90. Madrid? 91. Rome? 92. Constantinople? 93.
Copenhagen? 94. Bergen? 95. Konigsburg? 96. Amsterdam? 97. Hamburg? 98.
Stockholm? 99. Vienna? 100. Lisbon? 101. Geneva?
102. What direct communication is there between the Bay of Biscay
and the Mediterranean sea? 103. Where is the Maelstrom, a formidable
whirlpool? 104. West from what countries of Europe is England? 105.
What countries of Europe are south from England?
106. In what zone does Europe principally lie? 107. What countries
north from the 50th parallel of latitude? 108. What south? 109.
Which of the countries of Europe has no sea coast? 110. Which of the
countries of Europe is divided into two parts by Germany?[9]
[Illustration: LAPLANDERS. RUSSIANS.]
Europe is peculiarly favored in its natural advantages for commerce,
there being many bays and inland seas extending in such manner into
the interior that there is scarcely a town more than four hundred
miles from some navigable bay or sea. It has also many navigable
rivers. These advantages have contributed to the growth of the inland
cities, which are far in advance of those of our own country in size,
population, and elegance.
The climate is excessively cold in the northern parts, especially in
Lapland and the northern parts of Norway, Sweden, and Russia. In this
cold region the rein-deer is the principal support of the inhabitants.
Its flesh affords them food; its skin, clothes; and its sinews, twine
and thread. It is used also as horses and oxen are in this country, for
draught and travelling. It is capable of travelling two hundred miles
in a day.
The southern parts of _Norway_ and _Sweden_ have a broken and sandy
soil; the harvests are precarious, and the rearing of cattle is
practised with considerable success. These countries are celebrated for
their forests, which produce vast quantities of pine and fir lumber for
exportation. Tar, pitch, hemp, tobacco, and flax are produced.
_Russia_ is the largest empire in the world. It is a level country. The
climate and soil are necessarily various. The northern parts are cold
and barren, and the southern, peculiarly fertile. Hemp, flax, grain,
iron, tar, and furs, are exported in large quantities.
_Poland_ was formerly a powerful independent nation; but in the year
1772 it was unjustly divided between Russia, Austria, and Prussia.
Russian Poland has lately made a brave but unsuccessful attempt to
regain its independence, and is now again under the tyrannical power of
Russia.
The central part of Europe, comprising _Denmark_, _Prussia_, _Germany_,
_The Netherlands_, _Switzerland_, and _Austria_ is a fertile and
healthy country, producing a great variety of the necessaries and
luxuries of life. A large part is adapted to grazing. Grain, wine,
flax, madder, amber, gold, silver, and copper, are produced. Poland has
a noted salt mine, which is represented on page 3.
_Italy_ and _Turkey_, being situated in the southern part of Europe,
possess a warm and healthy climate and fertile soil, producing vines,
grain, olives, wheat, figs, and oil. The former is one of the most
delightful countries in the world, and was once the seat of the arts
and sciences. The latter, comprising Greece, was in ancient times, the
parent of learning and the arts, but is now in a state of servitude to
tyrannical rulers.
_France_ is a fertile and beautiful country. Its productions are
grain, wines, olives, and various fruits. The country is noted for its
manufactures of silk and wool, which form the chief exports of the
nation. Paris, the capital, is esteemed one of the most luxurious and
refined cities in the world, and takes the lead in fashion. France is
honored as being the birth-place of LAFAYETTE, the companion and friend
of Washington.
_Spain_ and _Portugal_ are so favored by nature, that by industry and
good government, they would soon be the most productive countries
in the world; but through the indolence of the inhabitants, and the
government of despotic rulers, they are degraded, weak, and ignorant.
Wheat, rice, silk, hemp, olives, oranges, lemons, figs, &c. are
produced.