Dorians, as in all the heroic states, there was, from time
immemorial, a council of elders. Not only is it utterly
incredible that the Spartan council (called the gerusia, or
senate) was first instituted by Lycurgus, it is not even clear
that he introduced any important alteration in its
constitution or functions. It was composed of thirty members,
corresponding to the number of the 'obes,' a division as
ancient as that of the tribes, which alone would suffice to
refute the legend that the first council was formed of the
thirty who aided Lycurgus in his enterprise, even without the
conclusive fact that two of the 'obes' were represented by the
kings. ... So far as we know, the twenty-eight colleagues of
the kings were always elected by the people, without regard to
any qualification besides age and personal merit. The mode of
election breathes a spirit of primitive simplicity: the
candidates, who were required to have reached the age of
sixty, presented themselves in succession to the assembly, and
were received with applause proportioned to the esteem in
which they were held by their fellow-citizens. These
manifestations of popular feeling were noted by persons
appointed for the purpose, who were shut up in an adjacent
room, where they could hear the shouts, but could not see the
competitors. He who in their judgment had been greeted with
the loudest plaudits, won the prize--the highest dignity in
the commonwealth next to the throne. The senators held their
office for life."
_C. Thirlwall,
History of Greece,
chapter 8 (volume 1)._
{1549}
ALSO IN:
_G. F. Schöman,
Antiquity of Greece: The State,
part 3, chapter 1._
See, also, SPARTA: THE CONSTITUTION, &c.
GES TRIBES, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
TUPI.
GUARANI.
TUPUYAS.
GESITHS.--GESITHCUND.
See COMITATUS;
and ENGLAND: A. D. 958.
GESORIACUM.
The principal Roman port and naval station on the Gallic side
of the English Channel--afterwards called Bononia-modern
Boulogne. "Gesoriacum was the terminus of the great highway,
or military marching road, which had been constructed by
Agrippa across Gaul."
_H. M. Scarth,
Roman Britain,
chapter 4._
GETA, Roman Emperor, A. D. 211-212.
GETÆ, The.
See DACIA; THRACIANS; SARMATIA;
and GOTHS, ORIGIN OF.
GETTYSBURG, Battle of.
See UNITED UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1863 (JUNE-JULY: PENNSYLVANIA).
GETULIANS, The.
See LIBYANS.
GEWISSAS, The.
This was the earlier name of the West Saxons.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 477-527.
GHAZNEVIDES, OR GAZNEVIDES.
See TURKS: A. D. 999-1183.
GHENT: A. D. 1337.
Revolt under Jacques Van Arteveld.
See FLANDERS: A. D. 1335-1337.
GHENT: A. D. 1345.
The end of Jacques Van Arteveld.
See FLANDERS: A. D. 1345.
GHENT: A. D. 1379-1381.
The revolt of the White-Hoods.
The captaincy of Philip Van Arteveld.
See FLANDERS: A. D. 1379-1381.
GHENT: A. D. 1382-1384.
Resistance to the Duke of Burgundy.
See FLANDERS: A. D. 1382.
GHENT: A. D. 1451-1453.
Revolt against the taxes of Philip of Burgundy.
In 1450, Philip, Duke of Burgundy, having exhausted his usual
revenues, rich as they were, by the unbounded extravagance of
his court, laid a heavy tax on salt in Flanders. The sturdy
men of Ghent were little disposed to submit to an imposition
so hateful as the French "gabelle"; still less when, the next
year, a new duty on grain was demanded from them. They rose in
revolt, put on their white hoods, and prepared for war. It was
an unfortunate contest for them. They were defeated in nearly
every engagement; each encounter was a massacre, with no
quarter given on either side; the surrounding country was laid
waste and depopulated. A final battle, fought at Gavre, or
Gaveren, July 22, 1453, went against them so murderously that
they submitted and went on their knees to the duke--not
metaphorically, but actually. "The citizens were deprived of
the banners of their guilds; and the duke was henceforward to
have an equal voice with them in the appointment of their
magistrates, whose judicial authority was considerably
abridged; the inhabitants likewise bound themselves to
liquidate the expenses of the war, and to pay the gabelle for
the future." The Hollanders and Zealanders lent their
assistance to the duke against Ghent, and were rewarded by
some important concessions.
_C. M. Davies,
History of Holland,
part 2, chapter 1 (volume 1)._
"The city lost her jurisdiction, her dominion over the
surrounding country. She had no longer any subjects, was
reduced to a commune, and a commune, too, in ward two gates,
walled up forever, were to remind her of this grave change of
state. The sovereign banner of Ghent, and the trades' banners,
were handed over to Toison d'Or, who unceremoniously thrust
them into a sack and carried them off."
_J. Michelet,
History of France,
book 12, chapter 1 (volume 2)._
GHENT: A. D. 1482-1488.
In trouble with the Austrian ducal guardian.
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1482-1493.
GHENT: A. D. 1539-1540.
The last peal of the great bell Roland.
Once more, in 1539, Ghent became the scene of a memorable
rising of the people against the oppressive exactions of their
foreign masters. "The origin of the present dispute between
the Ghenters and the court was the subsidy of 1,200,000
guilders, demanded by the governess [sister of the emperor
Charles V.] in 1536, which ... it was found impossible to levy
by a general tax throughout the provinces. It was therefore
divided in proportional shares to each; that of Flanders being
fixed at 400,000 guilders, or one-third of the whole. ... The
citizens of Ghent ... persisted in refusing the demand,
offering, instead, to serve the emperor as of old time, with
their own troops assembled under the great standard of the
town. ... The other cities of Flanders showed themselves
unwilling to espouse the cause of the Ghenters, who, finding
they had no hope of support from them, or of redress from the
emperor, took up arms, possessed themselves of the forts in
the vicinity of Ghent, and despatched an embassy to Paris to
offer the sovereignty of their city to the king." The French
king, Francis I., not only gave them no encouragement, but
permitted the emperor, then in Spain, to pass through France,
in order to reach the scene of disturbance more promptly. In
the winter of 1540, the latter presented himself before Ghent,
at the head of a German army, and the unhappy city could do
nothing but yield itself to him.
_C. M. Davies,
History of Holland,
part 2, chapter 5 (volume 1)._
At the time of this unsuccessful revolt and the submission of
the city to Charles V., "Ghent was, in all respects, one of
the most important cities in Europe. Erasmus, who, as a
Hollander and a courtier, was not likely to be partial to the
turbulent Flemings, asserted that there was no town in all
Christendom to be compared to it for size, power, political
constitution, or the culture of its inhabitants. It was, said
one of its inhabitants at the epoch of the insurrection,
rather a country than a city. ... Its streets and squares were
spacious and elegant, its churches and other public buildings
numerous and splendid. The sumptuous church of Saint John or
Saint Bavon, where Charles V. had been baptized, the ancient
castle whither Baldwin Bras de Fer had brought the daughter of
Charles the Bald [see FLANDERS: A. D. 863], the city hall with
its graceful Moorish front, the well-known belfry, where for
three centuries had perched the dragon sent by the Emperor
Baldwin of Flanders from Constantinople, and where swung the
famous Roland, whose iron tongue had called the citizens,
generation after generation, to arms, whether to win battles
over foreign kings at the head of their chivalry, or to plunge
their swords in each others' breasts, were all conspicuous in
the city and celebrated in the land. Especially the great bell
was the object of the burghers' affection, and, generally, of
the sovereign's hatred; while to all it seemed, as it were, a
living historical personage, endowed with the human powers and
passions which it had so long directed and inflamed. ...
Charles allowed a month of awful suspense to intervene between
his arrival and his vengeance.
{1550}
Despair and hope alternated during the interval. On the 17th
of March, the spell was broken by the execution of 19 persons,
who were beheaded as ringleaders. On the 29th of April, he
pronounced sentence upon the city. ... It annulled all the
charters, privileges, and laws of Ghent. It confiscated all
its public property, rents, revenues, houses, artillery,
munitions of war, and in general everything which the
corporation, or the traders, each and all, possessed in
common. In particular, the great bell Roland was condemned and
sentenced to immediate removal. It was decreed that the
400,000 florins, which had caused the revolt, should forthwith
be paid, together with an additional fine by Ghent of 150,000,
besides 6,000 a year, forever after."
_J. L. Motley,
The Rise of the Dutch Republic,
introduction, section 11._
GHENT: A. D. 1576.
The Spanish Fury.
The treaty of the "Pacification of Ghent."
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1575-1577.
GHENT: A. D. 1584.
Disgraceful surrender to the Spaniards.
Decline of the city.
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1584-1585.
GHENT: A. D. 1678.
Siege and capture by the French.
See NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND): A. D. 1674-1678.
GHENT: A. D. 1678.
Restored to Spain.
See NIMEGUEN, PEACE OF.
GHENT: A. D. 1706.
Occupied by Marlborough.
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1706-1707.
GHENT: A. D. 1708-1709.
Taken by the French and retaken by the Allies.
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1708-1709.
GHENT: A. D. 1745-1748.
Surrendered to the French, and restored to Austria.
See NETHERLANDS (AUSTRIAN PROVINCES): A. D.1745;
and AIX-LA-CHAPELLE: A. D. 1748.
GHENT: A. D. 1814.
Negotiation of the Treaty of Peace between Great Britain and
the United States.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A.D. 1814 (DECEMBER).
----------GHENT: End----------
GHERIAH, Battle of (1763).
See INDIA: A. D. 1757-1772.
GHIBELINS.
See GUELFS AND GHIBELLINES.
GHILDE.
See GUILDS.
GHORKAS, OR GOORKAS, English war with the.
See INDIA: A. D. 1805-1816.
GIAN GALEAZZO,
Lord of Milan, A. D. 1378-1396;
Duke, 1396-1402.
Gian Galeazzo II., Duke of Milan, 1476-1494.
GIBBORIM, The.
King David's chosen band of six hundred, his heroes, his
"mighty men," his standing army.
_H. Ewald,
History of Israel,
book 3._
GIBEON, Battle of.
See BETH-HORON, BATTLES OF.
GIBEONITES, The.
The Gibeonites were a "remnant of the Amorites, and the
children of Israel had sworn unto them" (ii Samuel xxi., 2).
Saul violated the pledged faith of his nation to these people
and "sought to slay them." After Saul's death there came a
famine which was attributed to his crime against the
Gibeonites; whereupon David sought to make atonement to them.
They would accept nothing but the execution of vengeance upon
seven of Saul's family, and David gave up to them two sons of
Saul's concubine, Rizpah, and five sons of Michel, the
daughter of Saul, whom they hanged.
_H. Ewald,
History of Israel,
book 3._
GIBRALTAR, Origin of the name.
See SPAIN: A. D. 711-713.
GIBRALTAR: A. D. 1309-1460.
Taken by the Christians, recovered by the Moors, and finally
wrested from them, after several sieges.
See SPAIN: A. D. 1273-1460.
GIBRALTAR: A. D. 1704.
Capture by the English.
See SPAIN: A. D. 1703-1704.
GIBRALTAR: A. D. 1713.
Ceded by Spain to England.
See UTRECHT: A. D. 1712-1714.
GIBRALTAR: A. D. 1727.
Abortive siege by the Spaniards.
The lines of San Roque.
See SPAIN: A. D. 1726-1731.
GIBRALTAR: A. D. 1780-1782.
Unsuccessful siege by the Spaniards and French.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1780-1782.
----------GIBRALTAR: End----------
GILBERT, Sir Humphrey:
Expedition to Newfoundland.
See AMERICA: A. D. 1583.
GILBOA, Battles of.
See MEGIDDO.
GILDO, Revolt of.
See ROME: A. D. 396-398.
GILDS.
See GUILDS.
GILEAD.
See JEWS: ISRAEL UNDER THE JUDGES.
GILLMORE, General Q. A.
Siege and reduction of Fort Pulaski.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (FEBRUARY-APRIL: GEORGIA-FLORIDA).
The siege of Charleston.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1863 (JULY: S. CAROLINA),
and (AUGUST-DECEMBER: SOUTH CAROLINA).
GIOVANNA.
See JOANNA.
GIOVANNI MARIA, Duke of Milan, A. D. 1402-1412.
GIPSIES.
See GYPSIES.
GIRONDINS.-GIRONDISTS, The.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1791 (OCTOBER); 1791-1792;
1792 (JUNE-AUGUST), (AUGUST), (SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER);
1793 (MARCH-JUNE), (JUNE), (JULY-DECEMBER),
(SEPTEMBER-DECEMBER); 1793-1794 (OCTOBER-APRIL).
GIRTON COLLEGE.
See EDUCATION, MODERN: REFORMS, &c.: 1865-1883.
GITANOS.
See GYPSIES.
GIURGEVO, Battle of (1595).
See BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES,
14TH-18TH CENTURIES (ROUMANIA, ETC.).
GLADIATORS, Revolt of the.
See SPARTACUS.
GLADSTONE MINISTRIES.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1868-1870; 1873-1880 to 1885;
1885-1886; and 1892-1893.
GLATZ, Capture of.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1760.
GLENCO, Massacre of.
See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1692.
GLENDALE, Battle of.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (JUNE-JULY: VIRGINIA).
GLENDOWER'S REBELLION.
See WALES: A. D. 1402-1413.
GLENMALURE, Battle of (1580).
See IRELAND: A. D. 1559-1603.
GLEVUM.
Glevum was a large colonial city of the Romans in Britain,
represented by the modern city of Gloucester. It "was a town
of great importance, as standing not only on the Severn, near
the place where it opened out into the Bristol Channel, but
also as being close to the great Roman iron district of the
Forest of Dean."
_T. Wright,
Celt, Roman and Saxon,
chapter 5._
{1551}
GLOGAU, The storming of (1642).
See GERMANY: A. D. 1640-1645.
GLOSSATORS, The.
See BOLOGNA: 11TH CENTURY.--SCHOOL OF LAW.
GLOUCESTER, Origin of.
See GLEVUM.
GLOUCESTER: A. D. 1643.
Siege of.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1643 (AUGUST-SEPTEMBER).
GLYCERIUS, Roman Emperor (Western), A. D. 473-474.
GNOSTICS-GNOSTICISM.
"In a word ... Gnosticism was a philosophy of religion; but in
what sense was it this? The name of Gnosticism--Gnosis--does
not belong exclusively to the group of phenomena with whose
historical explanation we are here concerned. Gnosis is a
general idea; it is only as defined in one particular manner
that it signifies Christian Gnosticism in a special sense:
Gnosis is higher Knowledge, Knowledge that has a clear
perception of the foundations on which it rests, and the
manner in which its structure has been built up; a Knowledge
that is completely that which, as Knowledge, it is called to
be. In this sense it forms the natural antithesis to Pistis,
Faith [whence Pistics, believing Christians]: if it is desired
to denote Knowledge in its specific difference from faith, no
word will mark the distinction more significantly than Gnosis.
But we find that, even in this general sense, the Knowledge
termed Gnosis is a religious Knowledge rather than any other;
for it is not speculative Knowledge in general, but only such
as is concerned with religion. ... In its form and contents
Christian Gnosticism is the expansion and development of
Alexandrian religious philosophy; which was itself an offshoot
of Greek philosophy. ... The fundamental character of
Gnosticism in all its forms is dualistic. It is its
sharply-defined, all-pervading dualism that, more than
anything else, marks it directly for an offspring of paganism.
... In Gnosticism the two principles, spirit and matter, form
the great and general antithesis, within the bounds of which
the systems move with all that they contain. ... A further
leading Gnostic conception is the Demiurgus. The two highest
principles being spirit and matter, and the true conception of
a creation of the world being thus excluded, it follows in the
Gnostic systems, and is a characteristic feature of them, that
they separate the creator of the world from the supreme God,
and give him a position subordinate to the latter. He is
therefore rather the artificer than the creator of the world.
... The oldest Gnostic sects are without doubt those whose
name is not derived from a special founder, but only stand for
the general notion of Gnosticism. Such a name is that of the
Ophites or Naassenes. The Gnostics are called Ophites,
brethren of the Serpent, not after the serpent with which the
fathers compared Gnosticism, meaning to indicate the dangerous
poison of its doctrine, and to suggest that it was the hydra,
which as soon as it lost one head at once put forth another;
but because the serpent was the accepted symbol of their lofty
Knowledge. ... The first priests and supporters of the dogma
were, according to the author of the Philosophoumena, the
so-caned Naassenes--a name derived from the Hebrew name of
the serpent. They afterwards called themselves Gnostics,
because they asserted that they alone knew the things that are
deepest. From this root the one heresy divided into various
branches; for though these heretics all taught a like
doctrine, their dogmas were various."
_F. C. Baur,
The Church History of the First Three Centuries,
volume 1, pages 187-202._
"Bigotry has destroyed their [the Gnostics'] writings so
thoroughly, that we know little of them except from hostile
sources. They called themselves Christians, but cared little
for the authority of bishops or apostles, and borrowed freely
from cabalists, Parsees, astrologers, and Greek philosophers,
in building up their fantastic systems. ... Much as we may
fear that the Gnostic literature was more remarkable for
boldness in speculation than for, clearness of reasoning or
respect for facts, it is a great pity that it should have been
almost entirely destroyed by ecclesiastical bigotry."
_F. M. Holland,
The Rise of Intellectual Liberty,
chapter 3, section 6._
ALSO IN:
_J. L. von Mosheim,
Historical Commentaries on the State of Christianity,
century 1,
sections 60-70, century 2, sections 41-65._
_C. W. King,
The Gnostics and their Remains._
_A. Neander,
General History of the Christian Religion and Church,
volume 2._
See, also, DOCETISM.
GOA, Acquisition by the Portuguese (1510).
See INDIA: A. D. 1498-1580.
GODERICH MINISTRY, The.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1827-1828.
GODFREY DE BOUILLON:
His crusade and his kingdom of Jerusalem.
See CRUSADES: A. D. 1096-1099;
and JERUSALEM: A. D. 1099, and 1099-1144.
GODOLO, Battle of (1849).
See AUSTRIA: A. D. 1848-1849.
GODOLPHIN AND THE ENGLISH TREASURY.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1710-1712.
GODWINE, Earl: Ascendancy in England.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1042-1066.
GOIDEL, The.
See CELTS, THE.
GOITO, Battles of(1848).
See ITALY: A. D. 1848-1849.
GOLD DISCOVERY IN AUSTRALIA.
See AUSTRALIA: A. D. 1839-1855.
GOLD DISCOVERY IN CALIFORNIA.
See CALIFORNIA: A. D. 1848-1849.
GOLDEN BIBLE, The.
See MORMONISM: A. D. 1805-1830.
GOLDEN BOOK OF VENICE.
See VENICE: A. D. 1032-1319.
GOLDEN BOUGH, The.
See ARICIAN GROVE.
GOLDEN BULL, Byzantine.
A document to which the emperor attached his golden seal was
called by the Byzantines, for that reason, a chrysobulum or
golden bull. The term was adopted in the Western or Holy Roman
Empire.
_G. Finlay,
History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires,
page 190._
GOLDEN BULL OF CHARLES IV., The.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1347-1493;
and 13TH CENTURY.
GOLDEN BULL OF HUNGARY.
See HUNGARY: A. D. 1114-1301.
GOLDEN CHERSONESE.
See CHRYSE.
{1552}
GOLDEN CIRCLE, Knights of the.
David Christy published his 'Cotton is King' in the year
[1856] in which Buchanan was elected [President of the United
States], and the Knights of the Golden Circle appear to have
organized about the same time. The Golden Circle had its
centre at Havana, Cuba, and with a radius of sixteen degrees
(about 1,200 miles) its circumference took in Baltimore, St.
Louis, about half of Mexico, all of Central America, and the
best portions of the coast along the Caribbean Sea. The
project was, to establish an empire with this circle for its
territory, and by controlling four great staples--rice,
tobacco, sugar, and cotton--practically govern the
commercial world. Just how great a part this secret
organization played in the scheme of secession, nobody that
was not in its counsels can say; but it is certain that it
boasted, probably with truth, a membership of many
thousands."
_Rossiter Johnson,
Short History of the War of Secession,
page 24._
During the American Civil War, the Order of the Knights of
the Golden Circle was extended (1862-1864) through the
Northern States, as a secret treasonable organization, in aid
of the Southern Rebellion.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1864 (OCTOBER).
GOLDEN FLEECE, Knights of the Order of the.
"It was on the occasion of his marriage [A. D. 1430] that
Philip [Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, Count of Flanders,
etc.], desirous of instituting a national order of knighthood,
chose for its insignia a 'golden fleece,' with the motto,
'Pretium non vile laborum,'--not to be condemned is the reward
of labour. ... For the first time labour was given heraldic
honours. The pride of the country had become laden with
industrial recollections, its hope full of industrial
triumphs; if feudalism would keep its hold, it must adopt or
affect the national feeling. No longer despised was the
recompense of toil; upon the honour of knighthood it should so
be sworn; nay knighthood would henceforth wear appended to its
collar of gold no other emblem than its earliest and most
valued object--a golden fleece."
_W. T. McCullagh,
Industrial History of Free Nations,
volume 2, chapter 10._
"This order of fraternity, of equality between nobles, in
which the duke was admonished, 'chaptered,' just the same as
any other, this council, to which he pretended to communicate
his affairs, was at bottom a tribunal where the haughtiest
found the duke their judge; he could honour or dishonour them
by a sentence of the order. Their scutcheon answered for them;
hung up in St. Jean's, Ghent, it could either be erased or
blackened. ... The great easily consoled themselves for
degradation at Paris by lawyers, when they were glorified by
the duke of Burgundy in a court of chivalry in which kings
took their seat."
_J. Michelet,
History of France,
book 12, chapter 4._
"The number of the members was originally fixed at 31,
including the sovereign, as the head and chief of the
institution. They were to be: 'Gentilshommes de nom et d'armes
sans reproche.' In 1516, Pope Leo X. consented to increase the
number to 52, including the head. After the accession of
Charles V., in 1556, the Austro-Spanish, or, rather, the
Spanish-Dutch line of the house of Austria, remained in
possession of the Order. In 1700, the Emperor Charles VI. and
King Philip of Spain both laid claim to it. ... It now passes
by the respective names of the Spanish or Austrian. 'Order of
the Golden Fleece,' according to the country where it is
issued."
_Sir B. Burke,
Book of Orders of Knighthood,
page 6._
ALSO IN:
_J. F. Kirk,
History of Charles the Bold,
book 1, chapter 2._
GOLDEN GATE, The.
"The Bay of San Francisco is separated by [from] the sea by
low mountain ranges. Looking from the peaks of the Sierra
Nevada, the coast mountains present an apparently continuous
line, with only a single gap, resembling a mountain pass. This
is the entrance to the great bay. ... On the south, the
bordering mountains come down in a narrow ridge of broken
hills, terminating in a precipitous point, against which the
sea breaks heavily. On the northern side, the mountain
presents a bold promontory, rising in a few miles to a height
of two or three thousand feet. Between these points is the
strait--about one mile broad in the narrowest part, and five
miles long from the sea to the bay. To this Gate I gave the
name of Chrysopylæ, or Golden Gate; for the same reasons that
the harbor of Byzantium (Constantinople afterwards), was
called Chrysoceras, or Golden Horn. Passing through this gate,
the bay opens to the right and left, extending in each
direction about 35 miles, making a total length of more than
70, and a coast of about 275 miles."
_J. C. Fremont,
Memoirs of my life,
volume 1, page 512._
GOLDEN HORDE, The.
See MONGOLS: A. D. 1238-1391.
GOLDEN HORN, The.
See BYZANTIUM.
GOLDEN HORSESHOE, Knights of the.
See VIRGINIA: A. D. 1710-1716.
GOLDEN HOUSE, The.
The imperial palace at Rome, as restored by Nero after the
great fire, was called the Golden House. It was destroyed by
Vespasian.
_C. Merivale,
History of the Romans under the Empire,
chapters 53 and 90._
GOLDEN, OR BORROMEAN, LEAGUE, The.
See SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1579-1630.
GOLDEN SPUR, Order of the.
An order of knighthood instituted in 1550 by Pope Paul III.
GOLDSBORO, General Sherman's march to.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1865
(FEBRUARY-MARCH: THE CAROLINAS),
and (FEBRUARY-MARCH: N. CAROLINA).
GOLIAD, Massacre at (1836).
See TEXAS: A. D. 1824-1836.
GOLOWSTSCHIN, Battle of (1708).
See SCANDINAVIAN STATES (SWEDEN): A. D. 1707-1718.
GOLYMIN, Battle of (1806).
See GERMANY: A. D. 1806-1807.
GOMER, OR OMER, The.
See EPHAH.
GOMERISTS. See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1603-1619.
GOMPHI.
Gomphi, a city on the border of Thessaly, shut its gates
against Cæsar, shortly before the battle of Pharsalia. He
halted one day in his march, stormed the town and gave it up
to his soldiers to be sacked.
_G. Long,
Decline of the Roman Republic,
volume 5, chapter 15._
GONDS, The.
See INDIA: THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS.
GONFALONIERE.
See CARROCCIO.
GONZAGA, The House of.
"The house of Gonzaga held sovereign power at Mantua, first as
captains, then as marquesses, then as dukes, for nearly 400
years" (1328-1708).
_E. A. Freeman,
Historical Geography of Europe,
volume 1, page 243._
GOOD ESTATE OF RIENZI, The.
See ROME: A. D. 1347-1354.
GOOD HOPE, Cape of:
The Discovery and the Name.
See PORTUGAL: A. D.1463-1498.