origin of the Freemasons, and the idea has prevailed that the
only secret purpose of the latter was the reestablishment of
the suppressed order. Jacques de Molai, while a prisoner in
Paris, is said to have created four new lodges, and the day
after his execution, eight knights, disguised as masons, are
said to have gone to gather up the ashes of their late Grand
Master. To conceal their designs, the new Templars assumed the
symbols of the trade, but took, it is said, the name of Francs
'Maçons' to distinguish themselves from ordinary craftsmen,
and also in memory of the general appellation given to them in
Palestine. Even the allegories of Freemasonry, and the ceremonies
of its initiations, have been explained by a reference to the
history of the persecutions of the Templars. The Abbé Barruel
says, that 'every thing--the signs, the language, the names of
grand master, of knight, of temple--all, in a word, betray the
Freemasons as descendants of the proscribed knights.' Lessing,
in Germany, gave some authority to this opinion, by asserting
positively that 'the lodges of the Templars were in the very
highest repute in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and
that out of such a lodge, which had been constantly kept up in
London, was established the society of Freemasons, in the
seventeenth century, by Sir Christopher Wren.'
{1406}
Lessing is of opinion that the name Mason has nothing to do
with the English meaning of the word, but comes from
Massonney, a 'lodge' of the Knights Templars. This idea may
have caused the Freemasons to amalgamate the external ritual
of the Templars with their own, and to found the higher French
degrees which have given colour to the very hypothesis which
gave rise to their introduction. But the whole story appears
to be most improbable, and only rests upon the slight
foundation of fancied or accidental analogies. Attempts have
also been made to show that the Freemasons are only a
continuation of the fraternities of architects which are
supposed to have originated at the time of the building of
Solomon's Temple. The Egyptian priests are supposed to have
taught those who were initiated a secret and sacred system of
architecture; this is said to have been transmitted to the
Dionysiac architects, of whom the first historical traces are
to be found in Asia Minor, where they were organized into a
secret fraternity. ... It is, however; a mere matter of
speculation whether the Jewish and Dionysiac architects were
closely connected, but there is some analogy between the
latter and the Roman guilds, which Numa is said to have first
introduced, and which were probably the prototypes of the
later associations of masons which flourished until the end of
the Roman Empire. The hordes of barbarians which then
ruthlessly swept away whatever bore the semblance of luxury
and elegance, did not spare the noblest specimens of art, and
it was only when they became converted to Christianity, that
the guilds were re-established. During the Lombard rule they
became numerous in Italy. ... As their numbers increased,
Lombardy no longer sufficed for the exercise of their art, and
they travelled into all the countries where Christianity, only
recently established, required religious buildings. ... These
associations, however, became nearly crushed by the power of
the monastic institutions, so that in the early part of the
Middle Ages the words artist and priest became nearly
synonymous; but in the twelfth century they emancipated
themselves, and sprang into new life. The names of the authors
of the great architectural creations of this period are almost
all unknown; for these were not the work of individuals, but
of fraternities. ... In England guilds of masons are said to
have existed in the year 926, but this tradition is not
supported by history; in Scotland similar associations were
established towards the end of the fifteenth century. The Abbé
Grandidier regards Freemasonry as nothing more than a servile
imitation of the ancient and useful fraternity of true masons
established during the building of the Cathedral of Strasburg,
one of the masterpieces of Gothic architecture, and which caused
the fame of its builders to spread throughout Europe. In many
towns similar fraternities were established. ... The origin of
the Freemasons of the present day is not to be attributed to
these fraternities, but to the Rosicrucians [see ROSICRUCIANS]
who first appeared at the beginning of the seventeenth
century."
_A. P. Marras,
Secret Fraternities of the Middle Ages,
chapters 7-8._
ALSO IN:
_J. G. Findel,
History of Freemasonry._
_C. W. Heckethorn,
Secret Societies of all Ages and Countries,
book 8 (volume 1)._
FREE-SOIL PARTY, The.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1848.
FREE SPIRIT, Brethren and Sisters of the.
See BEGUINES.
FREE TRADE IN ENGLAND.
See TARIFF LEGISLATION (ENGLAND): A. D. 1836-1839;
1842; 1845-1846; and 1846-1879.
FREEDMEN OF THE SOUTH.
The emancipated slaves of the United States of America.
FREEDMEN'S BUREAU, The.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1865-1866.
FREEDOM OF THE PRESS: A. D. 1695.
Expiration of the Censorship law in England.
See PRINTING: A. D. 1695.
FREEDOM OF THE PRESS: A. D. 1734.
Zenger's trial at New York.
Vindication of the rights of the colonial Press.
See NEW YORK: A. D. 1720-1734.
FREEDOM OF THE PRESS: A. D. 1755.
Liberty attained in Massachusetts.
See PRINTING: A. D. 1535-1709.
FREEDOM OF THE PRESS: A. D. 1762-1764.
Prosecution of John Wilkes.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1762-1764.
FREEDOM OF THE PRESS: A. D. 1771.
Last contest of the British Parliament with the Press.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1771.
FREEDOM OF THE PRESS: A. D. 1817.
The trials of William Hone.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1816-1820.
----------FREEDOM OF THE PRESS: End----------
FREEHOLD.
See FEUDAL TENURES.
FREEMAN'S FARM, Battle of.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1777 (JULY-OCTOBER).
FREGELLÆ.
Fregellæ, a Latin colony, founded by the Romans, B. C. 329, in
the Volscian territory, on the Liris, revolted in B. C. 125.
and was totally destroyed. A Roman colony, named Fabrateria,
was founded near the site.
_G. Long,
Decline of the Roman Republic,
volume 1, chapter 17._
FREIBURG (in the Breisgau).
Freiburg became a free city in 1120, but lost its freedom a
century later, and passed, in 1368, under the domination of
the Hapsburgs.
FREIBURG: A. D. 1638.
Capture by Duke Bernhard.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1634-1639.
FREIBURG: A. D. 1644.
Siege and capture by the Imperialists.
Attempted recovery by Condé and Turenne.
The three days battle.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1643-1644.
FREIBURG: A. D. 1677.
Taken by the French.
See NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND): A. D. 1674-1678.
FREIBURG: A. D. 1679.
Retained by France.
See NIMEGUEN, THE PEACE OF.
FREIBURG: A. D. 1697.
Restored to Germany.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1697.
FREIBURG: A. D. 1713-1714.
Taken and given up by the French.
See UTRECHT: A. D. 1712-1714.
FREIBURG: A. D. 1744-1748.
Taken by the French and restored to Germany.
See AUSTRIA: A. D. 1744-1745;
and AIX-LA-CHAPELLE: THE CONGRESS.
----------FREIBURG: End----------
FREJUS, Origin of.
See FORUM JULII.
FREMONT, General John C.,
The conquest of California.
See CALIFORNIA: A. D. 1846-1847.
Defeat in Presidential election.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1856.
Command in the west.
Proclamation of Freedom.
Removal.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1861 (JULY-SEPTEMBER: MISSOURI),
and (AUGUST-OCTOBER: MISSOURI).
Command in West Virginia.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862. (MAY-JUNE: VIRGINIA).
{1407}
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR.
The four intercolonial wars of the 17th and 18th centuries, in
America, commonly known, respectively, as "King William's
War," "Queen Anne's War," "King George's War," and the French
and Indian War, were all of them conflicts with the French and
Indians of Canada, or New France; but the last of the series
(coincident with the "Seven Years War" in Europe) became
especially characterized in the colonies by that designation.
Its causes and chief events are to be found related under the
following headings:
CANADA: A.D. 1750-1753,1755, 1756, 1756-1757, 1758,
1759,1760;
NOVA SCOTIA: A. D.1749-1755, 1755;
OHIO (VALLEY): A. D. 1748-1754, 1754, 1755;
CAPE BRETON ISLAND: A. D. 1758-1760;
also, for an account of the accompanying Cherokee War,
SOUTH CAROLINA: A. D. 1759-1761.
FRENCH FURY, The.
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1581-1584.
FRENCH SPOLIATION CLAIMS.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1800.
FRENCHTOWN (now Monroe, Mich.), Battle at.
See
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1812-1813.
HARRISON'S NORTHWESTERN CAMPAIGN.
FRENTANIANS, The.
See SABINES.
FRIARS.
"Carmelite Friars,"
"White Friars."
See CARMELITE FRIARS.
Austin Friars;
See AUSTIN CANONS.
"Preaching Friars,"
"Begging Friars,"
"Minor Friars,"
"Black Friars,"
"Grey Friars."
See MENDICANT ORDERS.
FRIEDLAND, Battle of.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1807 (FEBRUARY-JUNE).
FRIEDLINGEN, Battle of.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1702.
FRIENDS, The Society of.
See QUAKERS.
FRIENDS OF THE PEOPLE; The Society of the.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1830-1840.
FRIESLAND.
Absorbed in the dominions of the House of Burgundy (1430).
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1417-1430.
FRIGIDUS, Battle of the (A. D. 394).
See ROME: A. D. 379-395.
FRILING, The.
See LÆTI.
FRIMAIRE, The month.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1793 (OCTOBER).
FRISIANS, The.
"Beyond the Batavians, upon the north, dwelt the great Frisian
family, occupying the regions between the Rhine and Ems. The
Zuyder Zee and the Dollart, both caused by the terrific
inundations of the 13th century, and not existing at this
period [the early Roman Empire], did not then interpose
boundaries between kindred tribes."
_J. L. Motley,
Rise of the Dutch Republic,
introduction, section. 2._
"The Frisians, adjoining [the Batavi] ... in the coast
district that is still named after them, as far as the lower
Ems, submitted to Drusus and obtained a position similar to
that of the Batavi. There was imposed on them instead of
tribute simply the delivery of a number of bullocks' hides for
the wants of the army; on the other hand they had to furnish
comparatively large numbers of men for the Roman service. They
were the most faithful allies of Drusus as afterwards of
Germanicus."
_T. Mommsen,
History of Rome,
book 8, chapter 4._
FRISIANS: A. D. 528-729.
Struggles against the Frank dominion, before Charlemagne.
See GERMANY: A. D. 481-768.
FRITH-GUILDS.
See GUILDS, MEDIÆVAL.
FROEBEL AND THE KINDERGARTEN.
See EDUCATION, MODERN: REFORMS &c.: 1816-1892.
FROG'S POINT, Battle At.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1776 (SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER).
FRONDE, FRONDEURS, The.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1647-1648, 1649, 1650-1651, 1651-1653;
and BORDEAUX: A. D. 1652-1653.
FRONT ROYAL, Stonewall Jackson's capture of.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (MAY-JUNE: VIRGINIA).
FRONTENAC, Count, in New France.
See CANADA: A. D. 1669-1687, to 1696.
FRONTENAC, Fort.
See KINGSTON, CANADA.
FRUCTIDOR, The Month.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1793 (OCTOBER).
FRUCTIDOR: The Coup d'Etat of the Eighteenth of.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1797 (SEPTEMBER).
FRUELA I.,
King of Leon and the Asturias, or Oviedo, A. D. 757-768.
Fruela II., King of Leon and the Asturias, or Oviedo,
A. D. 923-925.
FRUMENTARIAN LAW, The First.
See ROME: B. C. 133-121.
FUEGIANS, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PATAGONIANS.
FUENTES D'ONORO, Battle of (1811).
See SPAIN: A. D. 1810-1812.
FUFIAN LAW, The.
See ÆLIAN AND FUFIAN LAWS.
FUGGERS, The.
"Hans Fugger was the founder of the Fugger family, whose
members still possess extensive estates and authority as
princes and counts in Bavaria and Wurtemburg. He came to
Augsburg in 1365 as a poor but energetic weaver's apprentice,
acquired citizenship by marrying a burgher's daughter, and,
after completing an excellent masterpiece, was admitted into
the guild of weavers. ... Hans Fugger died in 1409, leaving
behind him a fortune of 3,000 florins, which he had made by
his skill and diligence. This was a considerable sum in those
days, for the gold mines of the New World had not yet been
opened up, and the necessaries of life sold for very low
prices. The sons carried on their father's business, and with
so much skill and success that they were always called the
rich Fuggers. The importance and wealth of the family
increased every day. By the year 1500 it was not easy to find
a frequented route by sea or land where Fugger's wares were
not to be seen. On one occasion the powerful Hanseatic league
seized twenty of their ships, which were sailing with a cargo
of Hungarian copper, down the Vistula to Cracow and Dantzic.
Below ground the miner worked for Fugger, above it the
artisan. In 1448 they lent 150,000 florins to the then
Archdukes of Austria, the Emperor Frederick the Third (father
of Maximilian) and his brother Albert. In 1509 a century had
passed since the weaver Hans Fugger had died leaving his
fortune of 3,000 florins, acquired by his laborious industry.
His grand-children were now the richest merchants in Europe;
without the aid of their money the mightiest princes of the
continent could not complete any important enterprise, and
their family was connected with the noblest houses by the ties
of relationship. They were raised to the rank of noblemen and
endowed with honourable privileges by the Emperor Maximilian
the First."
_A. W. Grube,
Heroes of History and Legend,
chapter 13._
{1408}
FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW, AND ITS REPEAL.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1850, and 1864 (JUNE).
FULAHS, The.
See AFRICA: THE INHABITING RACES.
FULFORD, Battle of.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1066 (SEPTEMBER).
FULTON'S FIRST STEAMBOAT.
See STEAM NAVIGATION: THE BEGINNINGS.
FUNDAMENTAL AGREEMENT OF NEW HAVEN.
See CONNECTICUT: A. D. 1639.
FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS OF CONNECTICUT.
See CONNECTICUT: A. D. 1636-1639.
FUORUSCITI.
In Italy, during the Guelf and Ghibelline contests of the 13th
and 14th centuries (see ITALY: A. D. 1215-1293), "almost every
city had its body of 'fuorusciti';--literally, 'those who had
gone out';--proscripts and exiles, in fact, who represented
the minorities ... in the different communities;--Ghibelline
fuorusciti from Guelph cities, and Guelph fuorusciti from
Ghibelline cities."
_T. A. Trollope,
History of the Commonwealth of Florence,
volume 1, page 380._
FÜRST.
Prince; the equivalent German title.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1125-1152.
FURY, The French.
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1581-1584.
FURY, The Spanish.
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1575-1577.
FUSILLADES.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1793-1794 (OCTOBER-APRIL).
FUTTEH ALI SHAH,
Shah of Persia, A. D. 1798-1834.
FUTTEHPORE, Battle of (1857).
See INDIA: A. D. 1857-1858 (JULY-JUNE).
FYLFOT-CROSS, The.
See TRI-SKELION.
FYRD, The.
"The one national army [in Saxon England, before the Norman
Conquest] was the fyrd, a force which had already received in
the Karolingian legislation the name of landwehr by which the
German knows it still. The fyrd was in fact composed of the
whole mass of free landowners who formed the folk: and to the
last it could only be summoned by the voice of the folk-moot.
In theory therefore such a host represented the whole
available force of the country. But in actual warfare its
attendance at the king's war-call was limited by practical
difficulties. Arms were costly; and the greater part of the
fyrd came equipped with bludgeons and hedge-stakes, which
could do little to meet the spear and battleaxe of the
invader."
_J. R. Green,
The Conquest of England,
p. 133._
G.
GA, The.
See GAU.
GABELLE The.
"In the spring of the year 1343, the king [Philip de Valois,
king of France] published an ordinance by which no one was
allowed to sell salt in France unless he bought it from the
store-houses of the crown, which gave him the power of
committing any degree of extortion in an article that was of
the utmost necessity to his subjects. This obnoxious tax,
which at a subsequent period became one of the chief sources
of the revenue of the crown of France, was termed a gabelle, a
word of Frankish or Teutonic origin, which had been in use
from the earliest period to signify a tax in general, but
which was from this time almost restricted to the
extraordinary duty on salt. ... This word gabelle is the same
as the Anglo-Saxon word 'gafol,' a tax."
_T. Wright,
History of France,
volume 1, page 364, and foot-note._
See, also, TAILEE AND GABELLE.
GABINIAN LAW, The.
See ROME: B.C. 69-63.
GACHUPINES AND GUADALUPES.
In the last days of Spanish rule in Mexico, the Spanish
official party bore the name of Gachupines, while the native
party, which prepared for revolution, were called Guadalupes.
_E. J. Payne,
History of European Colonies,
p. 303._
The name of the Guadalupes was adopted by the Mexicans "in
honour of 'Our Lady of Guadalupe,' the tutelar protectress of
Mexico;" while that of the Gachupines "was a sobriquet
gratuitously bestowed upon the Spanish faction."
_W. H. Chynoweth,
The Fall of Maximilian,
page 3._
GADEBUSCH, Battle of (1712).
See SCANDINAVIAN STATES (SWEDEN): A. D. 1707-1718.
GADENI, The.
See BRITAIN, CELTIC TRIBES.
GADES (Modern Cadiz); Ancient commerce of.
"At this period [early in the last century before Christ]
Gades was undoubtedly one of the most important emporiums of
trade in the world: her citizens having absorbed a large part
of the commerce that had previously belonged to Carthage. In
the time of Strabo they still retained almost the whole trade
with the Outer Sea, or Atlantic coasts."
_E. H. Bunbury,
History of Ancient Geography,
chapter 18, section 6 (volume 2)._
See, also, UTICA.
GADSDEN PURCHASE, The.
See ARIZONA: A. D. 1853.
GAEL.
See CELTS.
GAETA: A. D. 1805-1806.
Siege and Capture by the French.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1805-1806 (DECEMBER-SEPTEMBER).
GAETA: A. D. 1848.
The refuge of Pope Pius IX.
See ITALY: A.. D. 1848-1849.
GAFOL.
A payment in money, or kind, or work, rendered in the way of
rent by a villein-tenant to his lord, among the Saxons and
early English. The word signified tribute.
_F. Seebohm,
English Village Community,
chapters 2 and 5._
GAG, The Atherton.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1836.
GAGE, General Thomas, in the command and government at Boston.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1774 (MARCH-APRIL);
1775 (APRIL), (APRIL-MAY), and (JUNE).
GAI SABER, El.
See PROVENCE: A. D. 1179-1207.
GAINAS, The.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 547-633.
GAINES' MILL, Battle of.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (JUNE-JULY: VIRGINIA).
GALATA, The Genoese colony.
See GENOA: A. D. 1261-1299;
also CONSTANTINOPLE: A. D. 1261-1453, and 1348-1355.
{1409}
GALATÆ, The.
See GAULS.
GALATIA.-GALATIANS.
In 280 B. C. a body of Gauls, or Celts, invaded Greece, under
Brennus, and in the following year three tribes of them
crossed into Asia Minor. There, as in Greece, they committed
terrible ravages, and were a desolating scourge to the land,
sometimes employed as mercenaries by one and another of the
princes who fought over the fragments of Alexander's Empire,
and sometimes roaming for plunder on their own account.
Antiochus, son of Seleueus, of Syria, is said to have won a
great victory over them; but it was not until 239 B. C. that
they were seriously checked by Attalus, King of Pergamus, who
defeated them in a great battle and forced them to settle in
the part of ancient Phrygia which afterwards took its name
from them, being called Galatia, or Gallo-Græcia, or Eastern
Gaul. When the Romans subjugated Asia Minor they found the
Galatæ among their most formidable enemies. The latter were
permitted for a time to retain a certain degree of
independence, under tetrarchs, and afterwards under kings of
their own. But finally Galatia became a Roman province. "When
St. Paul preached among them, they seemed fused into the
Hellenistic world, speaking Greek like the rest of Asia; yet
the Celtic language long lingered among them and St. Jerome
says he found the country people still using it in his day
(fourth century A. D.)."
_J. P. Mahaffy,
Story of Alexander's Empire,
chapter 8._
See, also, GAULS: B. C. 280-279.
INVASION OF GREECE.
GALBA, Roman Emperor, A. D. 68-69.
GALEAZZO MARIO, Duke of Milan, A.D. 1466-1476.
GALERIUS, Roman Emperor, A. D. 305-311.
GALICIA (Spain), Settlement of Sueves and Vandals in.
See SPAIN: A. D. 409-414.
GALILEE.
The Hebrew name Galil, applied originally to a little section
of country, became in the Roman age, as Galilæa, the name of
the whole region in Palestine north of Samaria and west of the
river Jordan and the Sea of Galilee. Ewald interprets the name
as meaning the "march" or frontier land; but in Smith's
"Dictionary of the Bible" it is said to signify a "circle" or
"circuit." It had many heathen inhabitants and was called
Galilee of the Gentiles.
_H. Ewald,
History of Israel,
book 5, section 1._
GALLAS, The.
See AFRICA: THE INHABITING RACES;
and ABYSSINIA: 15th-19th CENTURIES.
GALLATIN, Albert, Negotiation of the Treaty of Ghent.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1814 (DECEMBER).
GALLDACHT.
See PALE, THE ENGLISH.
GALLEON OR GALEON.--GALERA.--GALEAZA.--GALEASSES.
See CARAVELS;
also, ENGLAND: A. D. 1588;
also, PERU: A. D. 1550-1816.
GALLI, The.
See GAULS.
GALLIA.
See GAUL.
GALLIA BRACCATA, COMATA AND TOGATA.
"The antient historians make some allusion to another division
of Gaul, perhaps introduced by the soldiers, for it was
founded solely upon the costume of the inhabitants. Gallia
Togata, near the Rhone, comprehended the Gauls who had adopted
the toga and the Roman manners. In Gallia Comata, to the north
of the Loire, the inhabitants wore long plaited hair, which we
find to this day among the Bas Britons. Gallia Bracata, to the
south of the Loire, wore, for the national costume, trousers
reaching from the hips to the ancles, called 'braccæ.'"
_J. C. L. S. de Sismondi,
The French under the Merovingians,
translated by Bellingham,
chapter 2, note._
GALLIA CISALPINA.
See ROME: B. C. 390-347.
GALLICAN CHURCH: A. D. 1268.
The Pragmatic Sanction of St. Louis.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1268.
GALLICAN CHURCH: A. D. 1438.
The Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VII., affirming some of the
decrees of the reforming Council of Basel.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1438.
GALLICAN CHURCH: A. D. 1515-1518.
Abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction.
The Concordat of Bologna.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1515-1518.
GALLICAN CHURCH: A. D. 1653-1713.
The conflict of Jesuits and Jansenists.
Persecution of the latter.
The Bull Unigenitus and its tyrannical enforcement.
See PORT ROYAL AND THE JANSENISTS.
GALLICAN CHURCH: A. D. 1791-1792.
The civil constitution of the clergy.
The oath prescribed by the National Assembly.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1789-1791; 1790-1791;
and 1791-1792.
GALLICAN CHURCH: A. D. 1793.
Suppression of Christian worship in Paris and other parts of
France.
The worship of Reason.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1793 (NOVEMBER).
GALLICAN CHURCH: A. D. 1802.
The Concordat of Napoleon.
Its Ultramontane influence.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1801-1804.
GALLICAN CHURCH: A. D. 1833-1880.
The Church and the Schools.
See EDUCATION, MODERN: FRANCE: A. D. 1833-1889.
----------GALLICAN CHURCH: End----------
GALLICIA, The kingdom of.
See SPAIN: A. D. 713-737.
GALLIENUS, Roman Emperor, A. D. 253-268.
GALLOGLASSES.
The heavy-armed foot-soldiers of the
Irish in their battles with the
English during the 14th century.
See, also, RAPPAREE.
GALLS.
See IRELAND: 9TH-10TH CENTURIES.
GALLUS, Trebonianus, Roman Emperor, A. D. 251-253.
GAMA, Voyage of Vasco da.
See PORTUGAL: A. D. 1463-1498.
GAMBETTA AND THE DEFENSE OF FRANCE.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1870 (SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER),
and 1870-1871.
GAMMADION, The.
See TRI-SKELION.
GAMORI.
See GEOMORI.
GANAWESE OR KANAWHAS, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.
GANDARIANS, The.
See GEDROSIANS.
GANDASTOGUES, OR CONESTOGAS, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: SUSQUEHANNAS.
GANGANI, The.
See IRELAND, TRIBES OF EARLY CELTIC INHABITANTS.
{1410}
GANGWAY, The.
On the floor of the English House of Commons, "the long lines
of seats rise gradually on each side of the chair--those to
the Speaker's right being occupied by the upholders of the
Government, and those to the left accommodating the
Opposition. One length of seating runs in an unbroken line
beneath each of the side galleries, and these are known as the
'back benches.' The other lengths are divided into two nearly
equal parts by an unseated gap of about a yard wide. This is
'the gangway.' Though nothing more than a convenient means of
access for members, this space has come to be regarded as the
barrier that separates the thick and thin supporters of the
rival leaders from their less fettered colleagues--that is to
say, the steady men from the Radicals, Nationalists, and
free-lances generally."
_Popular Account of Parliamentary Procedure,
page 6._
GAON.-THE GAONATE.
See JEWS: 7th CENTURY.
GARAMANTES, The.
The ancient inhabitants of the north African region now called
Fezzan, were known as the Garamantes.
_E. H. Bunbury,
History of Ancient Geography,
chapter 8, section 1._
GARCIA,
King of Leon and the Asturias, or Oviedo, A. D. 910-914.
Garcia I., King of Navarre, 885-891.
Garcia II., King of Spain, 925-970.
Garcia III., King of Navarre, 1035-1054.
Garcia IV., King of Navarre, 1134-1150.
GARFIELD, General James A.
Campaign in Kentucky.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (JANUARY-FEBRUARY; KENTUCKY-TENNESSEE).
Presidential election.
Administration.
Assassination.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1880, and 1881.
GARIBALD, King of the Lombards, A. D. 672-673.
GARIBALDI'S ITALIAN CAMPAIGNS.
See ITALY; A. D. 1848-:1849; 1856-1859;
1859-1861; 1862-1866; and 1867-1870.
GARIGLIANO, Battle of the (1503).
See ITALY: A. D. 1501-1504.
GARITIES, The.
See AQUITAINE: THE ANCIENT TRIBES.
GARRISON, William Lloyd, and the American Abolitionists.
See SLAVERY, NEGRO: A. D. 1828-1832.
GARTER, Knights of the Order of the.