THE PEDRAIL: A WALKING STEAM-ENGINE
Have you ever watched carefully a steam-roller's action on the road
when it is working on newly laid stones? If you have, you noticed that
the stones, gravel, etc., in front of the roller moved with a wave-like
motion, so that the engine was practically climbing a never-ending
hill. No wonder then that the mechanism of such a machine needs to be
very strong, and its power multiplied by means of suitable gearing.
Again, suppose that an iron-tyred vehicle, travelling at a rapid pace,
meets a large stone, what happens? Either the stone is forced into the
ground or the wheel must rise over it. In either case there will be a
jar to the vehicle and a loss of propulsive power. Do not all cyclists
know the fatigue of riding over a bumpy road--fatigue to both muscles
and nerves?
As regards motors and cycles the vibration trouble has been largely
reduced by the employment of pneumatic tyres, which _lap over_ small
objects, and when they strike large ones minimise the shock by their
buffer-like nature. Yet there is still a great loss of power, and
if pneumatic-tyred vehicles suffer, what must happen to the solid,
snorting, inelastic traction-engine? On hard roads it rattles and
bumps along, pulverising stones, crushing the surface. When soft ground
is encountered, in sink the wheels, because their bearing surface must
be increased until it is sufficient to carry the engine's weight. But
by the time that they are six inches below the surface there will be a
continuous vertical belt of earth six inches deep to be crushed down
incessantly by their advance.
How much more favourably situated is the railway locomotive or truck.
_Their_ wheels touch metal at a point but a fraction of an inch in
length; consequently there is nothing to hamper their progression. So
great is the difference between the rail and the road that experiment
has shown that, whereas a pull of from 8 to 10 lbs. will move a ton on
rails, an equal weight requires a tractive force of 50 to 100 lbs. on
the ordinary turnpike.
In order to obviate this great wastage of power, various attempts
have been made to provide a road locomotive with means for laying
its own rail track as it proceeds. About forty years ago Mr. Boydell
constructed a wheel which took its own rail with it, the rails being
arranged about the wheel like a hexagon round a circle, so that as the
wheel moved it always rested on one of the hexagon's sides, itself flat
on the ground. This device had two serious drawbacks. In the first
place, the plates made a rattling noise which has been compared to the
reports of a Maxim gun; secondly, though the contrivance acted fairly
well on level ground, it failed when uneven surfaces were encountered.
Thus, if a brick lay across the path, one end of a plate rested on the
brick, the other on the ground behind, and the unsupported centre
had to carry a sudden, severe strain. Furthermore, the plates, being
connected at the angles of the hexagon, could not tilt sideways, with
the result that breakages were frequent.
Of late years another inventor, Mr. J. B. Diplock, has come forward
with an invention which bids fair to revolutionise heavy road traffic.
At present, though it has reached a practical stage and undergone many
tests satisfactorily, it has not been made absolutely perfect, for the
simple reason that no great invention jumps to finality all at once.
Are not engineers still improving the locomotive?
The Pedrail, as it has been named, signifies a rail moving on feet.
Mr. Diplock, observing that a horse has for its weight a tractive
force much in excess of the traction-engine, took a hint from nature,
and conceived the idea of copying the horse's foot action. The reader
must not imagine that here is a return to the abortive and rather
ludicrous attempts at a walking locomotive made many years ago, when
some engineers considered it proper that a railway engine should be
_propelled_ by legs. Mr. Diplock's device not merely propels, but
also steps, _i.e._ selects the spot on the ground which shall be the
momentary point at which propulsive force shall be exerted. To make
this clearer, consider the action of a wheel. First, we will suppose
that the spokes, any number you please, are connected at their outer
ends by flat plates. As each angle is passed the wheel falls flop on to
the next plate. The greater the number of the spokes, the less will be
each successive jar (or step); and consequently the perfect wheel is
theoretically one in which the sides have been so much multiplied as
to be infinitely short.
A horse has practically two wheels, its front legs one, its back legs
the other. The shoulder and hip joints form the axles, and the legs
the spokes. As the animal pulls, the leg on the ground advances at the
shoulder past the vertical position, and the horse would fall forwards
were it not for the other leg which has been advanced simultaneously.
Each step corresponds to our many-sided wheel falling on to a flat
side--and the "hammer, hammer, hammer on the hard high road" is the
horsey counterpart of the metallic rattle.
On rough ground a horse has a great advantage over a wheeled tractor,
because it can put its feet down _on the top_ of objects of different
elevations, and _still pull_. A wheel cannot do this, and, as we have
seen, a loss of power results. Our inventor, therefore, created in his
pedrail a compromise between the railway smoothness and ease of running
and the selective and accommodating powers of a quadruped.
We must now plunge into the mechanical details of the pedrail, which
is, strictly speaking, a term confined to the wheel alone. Our
illustration will aid the reader to follow the working of the various
parts.
In a railway we have (a) sleepers, on the ground, (b) rails
attached to the sleepers, (c) wheels rolling over the rails. In the
pedrail the order, reckoning upwards, is altered. On the ground is the
_ped_, or movable sleeper, carrying wheels, over which a rail attached
to the moving vehicle glides continuously. The _principle_ is used by
anyone who puts wooden rollers down to help him move heavy furniture
about.
Of course, the peds cannot be put on the ground and left behind; they
must accompany their rollers and rails. We will endeavour to explain in
simple words how this is effected.
To the axles of the locomotive is attached firmly a flat, vertical
plate, parallel to the sides of the fire-box. Pivoted to it, top and
bottom, at their centres, are two horizontal rocking arms; and these
have their extremities connected by two bow-shaped bars, or cams, their
convex edges pointing outwards, away from the axle. Powerful springs
also join the rocking arms, and tend to keep them in a horizontal
position. Thus we have a powerful frame, which can oscillate up and
down at either end. The bottom arm is the rail on which the whole
weight of the axle rests.
The rotating and moving parts consist of a large, flat, circular
case, the sides of which are a few inches apart. Its circumference is
pierced by fourteen openings, provided with guides, to accommodate as
many short sliding spokes, which are in no way attached to the main
axle. Each spoke is shaped somewhat like a tuning-fork. In the V is a
roller-wheel, and at the tip is a "ped," or foot. As the case revolves,
the tuning-fork spokes pass, as it were, with a leg on each side of
the framework referred to above; the wheel of each spoke being the
only part which comes into contact with the frame. Strong springs hold
the spokes and rollers normally at an equal distance from the wheel's
centre.
It must now be stated that the object of the framework is to thrust
the rollers outwards as they approach the ground, and slide them below
the rail. The side-pieces of the frame are, as will be noticed (see
Fig. 3), eccentric, _i.e._ points on their surfaces are at different
distances from the axle centre. This is to meet the fact that the
distance from the axle to the ground is greater in an oblique direction
than it is vertically, and therefore for three spokes to be carrying
the weight at once, two of them must be more extended than the third.
So then a spoke is moved outward by the frame till its roller gets
under the rail, and as it passes off it it gradually slides inwards
again.
It will be obvious to the reader that, if the "peds" were attached
inflexibly to the ends of their spokes they would strike the ground at
an angle, and, of course, be badly strained. Now, Mr. Diplock meant
his "peds" to be as like feet as possible, and come down _flat_. He
therefore furnished them with ankles, that is, ball-and-socket joints,
so that they could move loosely on their spokes in all directions;
and as such a contrivance must be protected from dust and dirt, the
inventor produced what has been called a "crustacean joint," on account
of the resemblance it bears to the overlapping armour-plates of a
lobster's tail. The plates, which suggest very thin quoits, are made of
copper, and can be renewed at small cost when badly worn. An elastic
spring collar at the top takes up all wear automatically, and renders
the plates noiseless. This detail cost its inventor much work. The
first joint made represented an expenditure of £6; but now, thanks to
automatic machinery, any number can be turned out at 3s. 6d. each.
A word about the feet. A wheel has fourteen of these. They are eleven
inches in diameter at the tread, and soled with rubber in eight
segments, with strips of wood between the segments to prevent suction
in clay soil. The segments are held together by a malleable cast-iron
ring around the periphery of the feet and a tightening core in the
centre. These wearing parts, being separate from the rest of the foot,
are easily and cheaply renewed, and repairs can be quickly effected,
if necessary, when on the road. The surface in contact with the ground
being composed of the three substances--metal, wood, and rubber, which
all take a bearing, provides a combination of materials adapted to the
best adhesion and wear on any class of road, or even on no road at all.
[Illustration: FIG. 3]
Motive power is transmitted by the machinery to the wheel axle, from
that to the casing, from the casing to the sliding spokes. As there
are alternately two and three feet simultaneously in contact with the
ground, the power of adhesion is very great--much greater than that
of an ordinary traction-engine. This is what Professor Hele-Shaw says
in a report on a pedrail tractor: "The weight of the engine is spread
over no less than twelve feet, each one of which presses upon the
ground with an area immensely greater--probably as much as ten times
greater--than that of all the wheels (of an ordinary traction-engine)
taken together on a hard road. Upon a soft road all comparison between
wheels and the action of these feet ceases. The contact of each of the
feet of the Pedrail is absolutely free from all slipping action, and
attains the absolute ideal of working, being merely placed in position
without sliding to take up the load, and then lifted up again without
any sliding to be carried to a new position on the road."
It is necessary that the feet should come down flat on the ground.
If they struck it at all edgeways they would "sprain their ankles";
otherwise, probably break off at the ball joint. Mechanism was,
therefore, introduced by which the feet would be turned over as they
approached the ground, and be held at the proper angle ready for the
"step." Without the aid of a special diagram it would be difficult to
explain in detail how this is managed; and it must suffice to say that
the chief feature is a friction-clutch worked by the roller of the
foot's spoke.
To the onlooker the manner in which the pedrail crawls over obstacles
is almost weird. The writer was shown a small working model of a
pedrail, propelled along a board covered with bits of cork, wood, etc.
The axle of the wheel scarcely moved upwards at all, and had he not
actually seen the obstacles he would have been inclined to doubt their
existence. An ordinary wheel of equal diameter took the obstructions
with a series of bumps and bounds that made the contrast very striking.
[Illustration: FIG. 4]
An extreme instance of the pedrail's capacity would be afforded by the
ascent of a flight of steps (see Fig. 4). In such a case the three
"peds" carrying the weight of an axle would not be on the same level.
That makes no difference, because the frame merely tilts on its top
and bottom pivots, the front of the rail rising to a higher level than
the back end, and the back spokes being projected by the rail much
further than those in front, so that the engine is simply levered over
its rollers up an inclined plane. Similarly, in descending, the front
spokes are thrust out the furthest, and the reverse action takes place.
With so many moving parts everything must be well lubricated, or the
wear would soon become serious. The feet are kept properly greased
by being filled with a mixture of blacklead and grease of suitable
quality, which requires renewal at long intervals only. The sliding
spokes, rollers, and friction-clutches are all lubricated from one
central oil-chamber, through a beautiful system of oil-tubes, which
provides a circulation of the oil throughout all the moving parts. The
central oil-chamber is filled from one orifice, and holds a sufficient
supply of oil for a long journey.
We may now turn for a moment from the pedrail itself to the vehicles
to which it is attached. Here, again, we are met by novelties, for in
his engines Mr. Diplock has so arranged matters, that not only can
both front and back pairs of wheels be used as drivers, but both also
take part in the steering. As may be imagined, many difficulties had
to be surmounted before this innovation was complete. But that it was
worth while is evident from the small space in which a double-steering
tractor can turn, thanks to both its axles being movable, and from the
increased power. Another important feature must also be noticed, viz.
that the axles can both tip vertically, so that when the front left
wheel is higher than its fellow, the left back wheel may be lower than
the right back wheel. In short, _flexibility_ and power are the ideals
which Mr. Diplock has striven to reach. How far he has been successful
may be gathered from the reports of experts. Professor Hele-Shaw,
F.R.S., says: "The Pedrail constitutes, in my belief, the successful
solution of a walking machine, which, whilst obviating the chief
objections to the ordinary wheel running upon the road, can be made
to travel anywhere where an ordinary wheel can go, and in many places
where it cannot. At the same time it has the mechanical advantages
which have made the railway system such a phenomenal success. It
constitutes, in my belief, the solution of one of the most difficult
mechanical problems, and deserves to be considered as an invention
quite apart from any particular means by which it is actuated, whether
it is placed upon a self-propelled carriage or a vehicle drawn by any
agency, mechanical or otherwise.... The way in which all four wheels
are driven simultaneously so as to give the maximum pulling effect
by means of elastic connection is in itself sufficient to mark the
engine as a most valuable departure from common practice. Hitherto this
driving of four wheels has never been successfully achieved, partly
because of the difficulty of turning the steering-wheels, and partly
because, until the present invention of Mr. Diplock, the front and hind
wheels would act against each other, a defect at first experienced and
overcome by the inventor in his first engine."
[Illustration: A PEDRAIL TRACTOR ENGAGED IN WAR OFFICE TRIALS
The inventor, Mr. J. B. Diplock, is standing on the left of the group.
Observe the manner in which the feet gradually assume a horizontal
position as they approach the ground.]
On January 8th, 1902, Mr. Diplock tried an engine fitted with two
ordinary wheels behind and two pedrails in front. The authority quoted
above was present at the trials, and his opinion will therefore be
interesting. "The points which struck me immediately were (1) the
marvellous ease with which it started into action, (2) the little
noise with which it worked.... Another thing which I noticed was the
difference in the behaviour of the feet and wheels. The feet did not
in any way seem to affect the surface of the road. Throwing down large
stones the size of the fist into their path, the feet simply set
themselves to an angle in passing over the stones, and did not crush
them; whereas, the wheel coming after invariably crushed the stones,
and, moreover, distorted the road surface.
"Coming to the top of the hill, I made the Pedrail walk first over
3-inch planks, then 6-inch, and finally over a 9-inch balk.... One
could scarcely believe, on witnessing these experiments, that the
whole structure was not permanently distorted and strained, whereas
it was evidently within the limits of play allowed by the mechanism.
As a proof of this the Diplock engine walked down to the works, and
I then witnessed its ascent of a lane, beside the engineering works,
which had ruts eight or ten inches deep, and was a steep slope. This
lane was composed in places of the softest mud, and whereas the
wheels squeezed out the ground in all directions, the feet of the
Pedrails set themselves at the angles of the rut where it was hard, or
walked through the soft and yielding mud without making the slightest
disturbance of the surrounding ground.... I came away from that
trial with the firm conviction that I had seen what I believe to be the
dawn of a new era in mechanical transport."
Mr. Diplock does not regard the pedrail as an end in itself so much as
a means to an end, viz. the development of road-borne traffic. For very
long distances which must be covered in a minimum of time the railway
will hold its own. But there is a growing feeling that unless the
railways can be fed by subsidiary methods of transport more effectively
than at present, and unless remote country districts, whither it
would not pay to carry even a light railway, are brought into closer
touch with the busier parts, our communications cannot be considered
satisfactory, and we are not getting the best value out of our roads.
For many classes of goods _cheapness_ of transportation is of more
importance than _speed_; witness the fact that coal is so often sent by
canal rather than by rail.
Here, then, is the chance for the pedrail tractor and its long train
of vehicles fitted with pedrail wheels, which will tend to improve the
road surfaces they travel over. Mr. Diplock sets out in his interesting
book, _A New System of Heavy Goods Transport on Common Roads_, a scheme
for collecting goods from "branch" routes on to "main" routes, where a
number of cars will be coupled up and towed by powerful tractors. With
ordinary four-wheeled trucks it is difficult to take a number round
a sharp corner, since each truck describes a more sudden circle than
its predecessor, the last often endeavouring to climb the pavement.
Four-wheeled would therefore be replaced by two-wheeled trucks,
provided with special couplings to prevent the cars tilting, while
allowing them to turn. Cars so connected would follow the same track
round a curve.
The body of the car would be removable, and of a standard size. It
could be attached to a simple horse frame for transport into the
fields. There the farmer would load his produce, and when the body was
full it would be returned to the road, picked up by a crane attached
to the tractor, swung on to its carriage and wheels, and taken away
to join other cars. By making the bodies of such dimensions as to fit
three into an ordinary railway truck, they could be entrained easily.
On reaching their destination another tractor would lift them out, fit
them to wheels, and trundle them off to the consumer. By this method
there would be no "breaking bulk" of goods required from the time it
was first loaded till it was exposed in the market for sale.
These things are, of course, in the future. Of more present importance
is the fact that the War Office has from the first taken great interest
in the new invention, which promises to be of value for military
transport over ground either rough or boggy. Trials have been made
by the authorities with encouraging results. That daring writer, Mr.
H. G. Wells, has in his _Land Ironclads_ pictured the pedrail taking
an offensive part in warfare. Huge steel-plated forts, mounted on
pedrails, and full of heavy artillery and machine guns, sweep slowly
across the country towards where the enemy has entrenched himself. The
forts are impervious alike to shell and bullet, but as they cross ditch
or hillock in their gigantic stride, their artillery works havoc among
their opponents, who are finally forced to an unconditional surrender.
Even if the pedrail is not made to carry weapons of destruction, we
can, after our experiences with horseflesh in the Boer War, understand
how important it may become for commissariat purposes. The feats which
it has already performed mark it as just the locomotive to tackle the
rough country in which baggage trains often find themselves.
To conclude with a more peaceful use for it. When fresh country is
opened up, years must often pass before a proper high road can be made,
yet there is great need of an organised system of transport. Whither
ordinary traction-engines, or carts, even horses, could scarcely
penetrate, the pedrail tractor, thanks to its big, flat feet, which
give it, as someone has remarked, the appearance of "a cross between a
traction-engine and an elephant," will be able to push its way at the
forefront of advancing civilisation.
At home we shall have good reason to welcome the pedrail if it frees us
from those terrible corrugated tracks so dreaded by the cyclist, and to
bless it if it actually beats our roads down into a greater smoothness
than they now can boast.