Section 5. It shall be unlawful to cut, destroy, injure, deface or

break any ornamental, nut bearing, food producing or shade tree

upon any public highway or place, except where such trees shall

interfere with the proper construction or maintenance of such

highways. It shall be unlawful to affix to any such tree any

picture, announcement, play-bill, notice or advertisement, or to

paint or mark such tree, except for the purpose of protecting it,

or to negligently permit any animal to break down, injure or

destroy any such tree within the limits of any public highway. Any

person violating any of the provisions of this act shall be guilty

of a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a

fine of not less than one dollar or more than twenty-five dollars,

and in default of payment of any such fine may be imprisoned in the

county jail for a period not exceeding thirty days. Such person

shall be liable to the owner of the trees for treble the amount of

damages sustained.

LUREN D. DICKINSON,

Lieutenant Governor, President of the Senate.

TOM REED,

Speaker of the House of Representatives.

Approved, March 28, 1919.

ALBERT E. SLEEPER,

Governor.

MR. C. A. REED: Mr. Chairman, I _move_ that before adjournment

the chairman appoint a committee of three members of this association to

carefully review this bill and either report in favor of any suggestions

that they may wish to make in regard to its amendment or give approval

of the bill as it stands.

MR. LINTON: I support the motion.

PRESIDENT REED: It is moved and seconded that the chairman

appoint a committee of three to carry out the recommendations. All in

favor say Aye; contrary, No. It is CARRIED.

SENATOR PENNEY: That law is adjusted to the laws of Michigan

and any other state proposed would have to adjust it to fit their laws.

PRESIDENT REED: I would like to have Mr. C. A. Reed on that

committee, Mr. Olcott and Dr. Morris.

C. A. REED: Then, Mr. President, in addition to that we are

going to take the liberty of adding an _ex officio_ member, Mr.

Littlepage, an ex-president and also a good thoroughgoing nut.

MR. JONES: My understanding is the provision for six-ft. trees.

Six foot nut trees unless they have been transplanted several times will

hardly succeed. I would say use small trees along the highway.

PRESIDENT REED: I think that would need to be worked out. I

think a six foot tree is a little dangerous in some varieties. The

committee might find it wise to offer some suggestions in that line.

VOICE: If you plant a tree six feet high, you are sure of

having a tree there.

PRESIDENT REED: I believe Dr. Kellogg is about ready now, and

we will hear from Dr. Kellogg whom you are all acquainted with.

THE SOY BEAN

DR. J. H. KELLOGG, BATTLE CREEK, MICHIGAN

It is evident that the live stock industry is shriveling up. The

livestock inhabitants of the country--the pigs, sheep and cattle--are

much smaller in population at the present time than they were

twenty-five or thirty years ago, and are getting smaller all the time.

The price of meat is high and is going to continue to climb. It is away

out of reach of the average laboring man even at the present time. I

heard Dr. Charley Mayo say at a clinic not long ago that meat is so high

he could not afford to eat it and he didn't see how anybody could; and

as a matter of fact, he didn't need it anyhow, and so we could easily

get along without it. As a matter of fact, as Mr. Bill said some years

ago it is not really so much the high cost of living as it is the cost

of high living; and the use of meat is such an extravagant and expensive

thing it is very important that people should know how to get along

without meat.

The experimenters of the agricultural experiment stations have shown us

that it takes thirty-three pounds of dry digestible food substance to

make one pound of beef--31 or 32 pounds to make a pound of beef, and 33

or 34 pounds to make a pound of mutton. Seven pounds of digestible food

substance will make a pound of dry milk. So we can readily see that

there is an enormous waste of foodstuff. Only about ten per cent of the

corn raised is used for feeding human beings. The rest is fed to animals

and a large part of it is wasted.

So it is exceedingly important, it seems to me, that this nut industry

should be encouraged in every way. A half million acres of nut trees

well advanced and producing would produce all of the fat and more

digestible fat, and all the protein and more digestible protein, than we

are now using in the entire country. We are producing more than enough

food in corn and other foodstuffs to feed nearly three times our present

population, and most of it is wasted in the energy which the hog, the

steer and other animals use up in running around and keeping warm. That

is where the great loss comes. In nuts we have a choice foodstuff as

digestible as any other foodstuff, and Prof. Torrey and Prof. Mendel and

others who have recently made experiments have shown that the protein of

the nut and the protein of vegetables in general is not so putrescible

as the protein of meats. There are good reasons for it. It does not

undergo putrefaction so readily any way, and besides meat carries along

with it the bacteria which produce putrefaction.

Meat is the filthiest thing that goes upon our tables. If the number of

bacteria in milk was as great as the number of bacteria in meat, nobody

would think of eating it. If the bacteria in water were as numerous as

in milk, no one would be willing to drink the water. It is a very

curious thing that we permit in milk and in meat a condition of things

we would not tolerate in air or water for a moment. Every morsel of meat

a person eats contains some billions of the bacteria of the very worst

sort. Bacteria found in meat are those which produce colitis,

appendicitis, abscesses of the teeth and diseased conditions of the

tonsils. They predispose to a good many infectious diseases of the

intestine, and no doubt predispose to cancer. It is pretty well

established at the present time that cancer is a disease of meat eating

men and animals. About one cow in fifty has cancer, whereas every

seventh dog taken to a hospital sick is found to have cancer. Dr. Mayo

recently gathered some statistics on this matter, and he told me and

some other doctors that dogs under eight years of age, every fourth one

has cancer; every third one of dogs ten years of age has cancer, and

half of all the dogs over twelve years of age have cancer and would die

of it if left to themselves. These statements were based on laboratory

animals that were killed when they were well and not sick, so the

observation ought to be fairly reliable.

I was to say particularly a few words about the soy bean. I am not going

to try to tell you very much about it, because I do not know very much

about it. If you want to learn all about it, you can easily do so by

writing to Mr. W. J. Morse, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S.

Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Farmers' Bulletin 973, one

of the very best on this subject, tells all about the culture of this

exceedingly useful legume. The soy bean is really the beefsteak of China

and Japan. In those oriental countries, soy beans have been used for

centuries. It is more nearly like a nut than a bean. Perhaps I better

show you the pictures first, and then have the curtains raised so we can

get a better inspection of the beans.

The composition of the soy bean is very remarkably different from that

of the ordinary bean. It contains forty per cent of fat, on the average

and about forty per cent of protein--sometimes more than forty per cent.

The protein is sixty per cent more than in our best ordinary foods; and

the fat is five or six times as much as that found in the ordinary bean.

A thousand different varieties of the soy bean have been gathered by the

Bureau of Plant Industry of the Department of Agriculture at Washington.

Five hundred of these varieties have been tested, and thirty or forty of

them have been found to be adapted to this country, and very useful. You

can see in this picture the great mass of pods to be found growing on

the plant. This slide shows how unusually well they grow in the field.

You can see the pods scattered all through the plant. A large part of

the foliage is made up of pods. This is one of our own fields of the

beans that we raised this year. It is rather difficult to raise the bean

in this latitude, because it requires a long time to mature. It requires

about 110 days for some varieties. We have, however, a variety we raised

here that we got from the agricultural department of Ontario. We found

it matured very well indeed in 120 days. We planted the bean here the

first week in May and harvested it the first week in September; so its

season was about 120 days. I found this particular bean was new to the

agricultural department at Washington, and have sent them some of the

seed, and I think they are going to make some trial of it.

This is a view of a field of the Hahto variety which is a particularly

fine variety for use as a shelled bean. In China the soy bean is very

little used as we use beans. They do not cook the bean and eat it as we

do; but instead they make it into a cheese which they call tofu, and

this cheese is made by soaking the beans, grinding them into a pulp,

then boiling for ten or fifteen minutes with about five volumes of

water; then the milky mass is precipitated with sulphate of magnesia or

citric acid, a very small amount because they use it as a curd. I have

here a sample of the curd which I will pass around in a moment for you

to see. This picture shows this curd pressed in large cakes. The soy

bean curd is stored on wooden trays in a dark room. It is also stored in

large earthen jars. They cure it and make cheese out of it which very

closely resembles our American milk cheese. They also use the beans for

sprouting.

The bean lacks only two things. It lacks lime and the fat-soluble

vitamines. It contains a considerable amount of the fat-soluble

vitamines. It is one of the very few seeds that is found to contain a

sufficient amount of the fat-soluble vitamine to promote growth, so that

animals will grow and develop normally on the bean alone without any

other sort of fat-soluble vitamine. If the bean is sprouted, a large

amount of this fat-soluble vitamine is produced by the plant itself.

This is also found to be a valuable means of preventing scurvy--by

sprouting the beans in this way and using the sprouts as a salad. The

sprouts are used as a green vegetable. It is an easy way of getting

green vegetables at any season of the year. It takes the place of

ordinary greens.

Here is a courtyard full of pots in which the fermented soy beans are

placed. This is a very interesting scheme they have for making a

substitute for meat extract. By this means they prepare an extract which

closely resembles extract of beef. In fact, it is rather a finer

flavored product than meat extracts. It is made by first cooking the

beans, spreading them out in the yard on trays and allowing a fungus to

grow, and after two or three weeks the whole mass is put into pots of

brine in the yard and allowed to remain there for a year or more, and at

the end of that time the brine has become soy sauce.

This shows a mass of soy roots. It has been suggested it might be very

useful to nut growers as a means of fertilizing the soil, a crop which

will fertilize the soil for the trees and at the same time give a

valuable return for the labor and expense. The little nodules on the

roots are very numerous and show well here. They produce nitrogen,

concentrated nitrogen from the air as do the nodules on the roots of

alfalfa. The _Scientific American_ recently stated that the soy bean is

one of the most promising of vegetables. It provides food for man and

beast. Given enough soy beans and granted the art of preparing them so

that they might be served as food having sufficient diversity and

palatableness, neither meat nor fish nor fat would be needed. In this

respect the Germans did not prepare for war. If they had had the soy

bean industry well developed it might have helped them through, and the

map of the world might have been seriously changed from what it now is.

I think one of the finest of the soy beans is the Hahto variety. They

grow one or two in a pod. I saw some of these beans in the market in

Jerusalem forty years ago. When about three quarters grown and used as

shelled beans they are exceedingly palatable. If at the dinner table

today you will call for a soy bean omelet, you will be quite surprised.

Dr. Morris tried it this morning and was kind enough to say it was the

finest he ever ate.

The soy bean is the best of a large part of the cookery of the orient.

We have been introducing it here the last few months, and it is very

palatable, very digestible, and our patients like it very much. If you

are interested in the soy bean, write, to W. J. Morse, or to the

Agricultural Department, Bureau of Plant Industry, and they will give

you a lot of interesting information about it. In starting the planting

of the bean, it is necessary to inoculate the soil as in the starting of

a planting of alfalfa.

PRESIDENT REED: Mr. Bixby has prepared a paper on "Judging

Nuts" which there is not now time for him to read. It will be inserted

in the proceedings at this point.

JUDGING NUTS

WILLARD G. BIXBY, BALDWIN, NASSAU CO., N. Y.

That there are differences in nuts is apparent to everybody. The

selecting of the best nuts out of a lot of two or three usually presents

no difficulty, and, when the number of nuts to be judged amounts to a

dozen or so, it is generally possible to pick out the best, but, when

one has before him nuts from several hundred trees, the problem becomes

a very different one, and the person who tries to pick out the best from

such a lot soon becomes aware of his own limitations. If, in addition,

he has sufficient respect for consistency to try to be so exact in his

judgment as to be able to go over a large lot of nuts today, we will

say, and several months hence go over the same lot again and render the

same verdict on each one of them, he will doubtless give the matter up

as an impossibility, and yet that is just what is wanted and expected of

those who judge the nuts which are sent in to the annual contests, which

contests have resulted in bringing to the attention of the nut growing

world the nuts of so many fine trees.

The experience of the last two or three years in being one of the judges

who passed on the nuts which were sent in to the contests convinced me,

almost at the start, of the desirability of getting methods where it

would be possible to go over a large lot of nuts now and several months

hence, and render the same verdict on each one of them, but now how to

do it was not at first apparent, and the methods for doing it which will

be outlined are the results of much work, many attempts, and the

discarding of many of the methods tried.

Considering the methods used in judging fruit, animals and fowl has

helped to some extent, but this assistance did not go far. The beginning

of improved methods of judging any of the above, is the establishment of

a score card, as it is called, which is nothing more than an enumeration

of the characteristics and a decision as to the relative value of each

one. Usually the values assigned to each characteristic are such that

when added up the total will be 100 points. Score cards of this

character are in general use.

The first attempt to make a score card for use in judging the nuts to

which the Northern Nut Growers' Association gives its attention, so so

far as I am aware, was that of a committee of the Northern Nut Growers'

Association, which reported at the Fifth Annual Meeting at Evansville,

Ind., 1914, and which report will be found on page 20 of the report of

that meeting. Prof. E. R. Lake was chairman of the committee. The score

card for butternuts, black walnuts and hickories which it recommended is

noted below:

General Values Points

Size 10

Form 5

Color 5

Shell Values

Thinness 15

Cracking 20

Kernel Values

Color 10

Plumpness 5

Flavor 10

Quality 20

___

Total 100

This score card has served as a basis for all the work that has been

done in judging nuts since that work has largely fallen to me. It was

early found desirable, however, to change the score card in one or two

respects, and it has since been changed two or three times as the

experience gained in judging nuts saw it was desirable. The score card

now in use is noted below:

General Values

Weight 10

Form 5

Color 5

Shell Values

Husking Quality 5

Thinness 10

Cracking Quality 20

Kernel Values

Color 5

Proportion of kernel 20

Quality and Flavor 20

___

Total 100

The first time one attempts to judge a large number of nuts whether with

the aid of such a score card as that proposed by Prof. Lake's Committee

or without it, he gets into practical difficulties at once. These

difficulties are not with the score card but in its use. Take for

example the characteristic, size, the first one on Prof. Lake's score

card. How can a person tell from the nuts of a hundred hickory trees

which is the largest and which is the smallest and which are

intermediate; in short how can he arrange them in order of size, the

largest at one end of the line and the smallest at the other with a

uniform graduation in between. Anyone who tries to do such a thing

quickly finds that it is impossible to do this correctly if one has only

his eye to aid him in determining size. The inability to do so quickly

becomes apparent if a person tries to arrange such a lot of nuts in

order of size at one time and then several days later tries to arrange

the same lot of nuts in order of size again. It is almost certain that

they will not get arranged the same both times. The differences between

the nuts are usually so minute, and, what is more important, the

difficulties of correctly estimating size by the eye alone are so great

that it is practically impossible to do it. An expert on this point can

do it of course much better than one who is not, but even the expert is

only too well aware of his limitations and of the impossibility of

properly doing the above. The same difficulty is apparent with every

characteristic on the list and while judging by experts with the aid of

a score card, is, so far as I am aware, the method used in judging

fruit, farm animals, poultry, etc., the crudeness of this method is only

too evident to the experts themselves. Two or three years ago it seemed

very far inferior to what actually measuring these characteristics would

be, although such measurement at first seemed difficult, not to say

almost impossible. Much work has been done on this, and it is very

gratifying to say that this measurement has been found possible to an

extent that was not dreamed of before the work was started. Before

outlining the methods worked out to do this a little discussion will be

given on Prof. Lake's score card, the characteristics which it pointed

out, and the reason shown for changing some of them.

Size is a characteristic which is apparent to everyone, yet the actual

measurement of size in the case of a large lot of nuts presents

difficulties which seem practically insurmountable. A serious attempt

was made to measure the length, breadth and height of the nuts examined

and gauges were made which should do this exactly and quickly. These

were finely discarded and the characteristic "weight" adopted in place

of size. This has to quite an extent replaced size in considering farm

products. When we used to buy potatoes by the bushel we used to get a

bushel basket full, now we get the legal weight of a bushel of potatoes

and instances of this kind might be multiplied almost indefinitely.

While weight and size are not exactly the same thing, yet they are so to

a large extent in the case of a given commodity, such as nuts of one

species, and weight can be accurately and rapidly determined.

Plumpness is another characteristic which we all understand as far as

the difference between a nut with a plump well filled kernel is

concerned, and one with a shriveled up kernel, but when it comes to

arranging the kernels of a lot of nuts in order of their plumpness, the

one who tries to do it becomes ready to give up before he really gets

started. It was found that the ratio of the weight of kernel to the

weight of the entire nut which is termed "proportion of kernel" was

never large in the case of a nut with shriveled kernel. It was small in

the case of a nut with a thick shell and a plump well filled kernel,

but, as stated above it was never large in the case of a nut with a

shriveled kernel and a good deal of work on the subject convinced me

that the characteristic "proportion of kernel" could be very well

substituted for plumpness.

There seemed at the present time little use for separating flavor and

quality as there seemed to be some question as to what was intended by

the terms separately and so they were considered together. I would like

to state here that little consideration has so far been given as to

whether the number of points awarded for each characteristic are such as

to cause the nut that will ultimately be considered of most value

commercially to get the first prize or not. The score card of Prof.

Lake's seemed so good that it was thought far more important at present

to develop methods of measuring these characteristics. A careful study

of the nuts sent in to the contests, it was thought, would point out

most parts of the score card where improvement could be made, and this

has already proved to be so to a considerable extent. The methods of

quantitatively measuring the different characteristics and determining

the number of points to be awarded for each will be outlined one at a

time.

WEIGHT: This is determined by an accurate scale, one weighing

to 1/10 gram was used, and the same scale was used directly or

indirectly for determining six out of the nine characteristics

considered. In determining weight, five average nuts (as far as could be

determined by appearance) were weighed and the average weight

determined. Having at hand the weights of the largest and smallest nuts

of the species under examination, the largest nut was awarded 10 points

and the smallest 0 and the nuts of intermediate weight were awarded

intermediate figures. The method of doing this will best be seen by

taking a specific instance e. g. the Lutz black walnut, the average

weight of which is 26.4g. The Alley black walnut, the average weight of

which is 10.0g is the smallest good black walnut which has come to our

attention, while the Armknecht black walnut which weighs 28.9g is the

largest one of which we know. The Armknecht black walnut would be

awarded 10 points for weight and the Alley 0 points and a table would be

made up for use in determining the number of points to be awarded for

intermediate weights as noted below:

BLACK WALNUTS--WEIGHT

Heaviest Armknecht 28.9 grams; Lightest Alley 10.0 grams.

Weight of nut. Points.

28 grams and less than 30 grams 10

26 " " " " 28 " 9

24 " " " " 26 " 8

22 " " " " 24 " 6

20 " " " " 22 " 5

18 " " " " 20 " 4

16 " " " " 18 " 3

14 " " " " 16 " 2

12 " " " " 14 " 1

10 " " " " 12 " 0

After the average weight of five nuts of a given variety has been

determined, an inspection of the table shows at a glance the number of

points to be awarded for weight, which, in the case of the Lutz Black

walnut, is 9. In case a nut should be entered which was very much larger

or smaller than provided for, the table can be extended for use

temporarily. The table, however, should be revised before being used the

next year. For example, had a nut come in weighing 30.5 grams this might

have been awarded 11 points, and had one weighing 8.5 grams come in this

would have been awarded-1 point in order to give each nut full credit,

for excellence in size or to penalize it for lack of it. It will be

noticed that by the method outlined the size of a nut is determined

exactly and the same number of points for size (or weight) would be

awarded today, next week, next month, or next year, barring of course

real changes, e. g. those caused by actual loss of moisture, etc.

FORM: It was only recently that a method of measuring this

characteristic has been suggested and this has been tried out only

experimentally. By form is meant attractive appearing shape which has

been held to be absence of hollows, ridges, angles, etc. A round, smooth

nut would be held to have perfect form in distinction from nuts that are

rough and full of ridges or edges. The only method of measuring that

has been suggested and which it is believed will work out satisfactorily

is to first select an average nut and weigh, then fill up the hollows in

the surface of the nut with wax just covering the ridges till the

surface is smooth, and weigh. This will give the weight of the nut plus

the weight of the wax needed to fill up the hollows on the surface. As

the specific gravity of the wax is 4/5 that of the nut the figure

actually used is weight of nut plus 5/4 weight of the wax, which gives

the weight of a nut of the size of the sample with the hollows in the

shell filled up or the weight of a nut of perfect form of the size of

the sample. The measurement of form is then the weight of the average

nut divided by the weight of a nut of the same size of perfect shape,

that is without hollows or ridges.

A measurement of form of a black walnut gave the following:

Weight of nut 22.5 grams

Weight of nut and wax 24.6 "

Weight of wax 2.1 "

Weight of 5-4 wax 2.6 "

Weight of nut and 5-4 wax 25.1 "

Form 22.5÷25.1=89.7%

When a nut has perfect form there will be no hollows to fill and no wax

will be needed and the weight of nut and 5/4 of the wax will be the same

as the weight of the nut and therefore its form figure will be 100%. The

number of points to be awarded for any measurement of form would be

determined by making up a table as was made up for awarding points for

weight, but such a table cannot be made up till after an examination of

form values for a large number of nuts. This will be done later.

COLOR: The color of shell was measured by making up samples of

water colors of all gradations of color between the lightest shell and

the darkest. From these, five were selected as showing in five steps the

differences noted, the lightest being marked 5, the next 4 and so on

down to the darkest which was marked 0. With these color standards in

front of the one judging, it was only necessary to take the nut to be

judged and lay it on the standards of color and the figure on the shade

which the nut most nearly matched was the figure awarded for color.

HUSKING QUALITY: This represents the ease with which the husk

can be removed. In view of the well known fact that husks of all nuts do

not come off with equal facility the need of such is apparent. Its

measurement will be the proportion of husk removed by a standard husking

operation.

THINNESS OF SHELL: This was measured by providing a means for

bringing two metal surfaces together, keeping them always parallel. The

nut to be cracked was placed between these surfaces and an arrangement

of scale levers provided so that the pressure exerted on the nut could

be weighed. The surfaces were brought together till the nut was cracked

and the pressure required was noted. This measures the thinness of the

shell or more properly the strength of the shell, the weakest shell of

course being the one that takes the least pressure to crack. This

pressure was measured in kilograms for by doing so it was possible to

utilize some stock apparatus. After the pressure required to crack has

been noted a reference to the table below will tell the number of points

to be awarded. We will take for an example the the same nut as taken to

illustrate weight e. g. the Lutz black walnut whose average cracking

pressure is 312kg and which therefore would be awarded 2 points for

thinness of shell. In this connection it should be stated that this

table would seem not to be made out on the plan followed heretofore by

taking the thinnest shelled nut of which we know, the Alley, as the low

limit of the table. While the Alley black walnut takes the least

cracking pressure of any we know which we can identify as from a

particular tree, one black walnut was cracked which I believe came from

the Ten Eyck tree which had a cracking pressure below 80kg and hence the

table was made of sufficient extent to include this. It is my intention

to get additional Ten Eyck nuts this year and check the matter up.

BLACK WALNUTS--THINNESS OF SHELL

Weight required to crack: Thinnest, Alley 110kg; thickest, Triplett

348kg.

Weight in kg. Points

50 and less than 80 10

80 and less than 110 9

110 and less than 140 8

170 and less than 200 6

200 and less than 230 5

230 and less than 260 4

260 and less than 290 3

290 and less than 320 2

320 and less than 350 1

350 and less than 380 0

+-------------------------------------------------------+

|Transcribers note: point 7 was missing in the original.|

+-------------------------------------------------------+

CRACKING QUALITY: This characteristic is perhaps the one which

seems to most people the most difficult to measure, but, while it was

some time before methods of measuring it did occur to anyone, its

measurement is effected very easily. In cracking nuts a part of the

kernel will usually drop right out, some times it is a large part,

occasionally all, and sometimes it is but a small portion. A perfect

cracker is one where the entire kernel drops out after cracking. This

would have 100% cracking quality. When 4/5 of the kernel drops out after

cracking and the remaining 1/5 can be extracted only by recracking or

by picking out, the nut is said to have 80% cracking quality. In other

words, the cracking quality is the ratio of the weight of the kernel

which drops out after cracking to the entire kernel. The operations of

determining cracking quality in practice are first, selecting five

average nuts; second, cracking them and weighing the part of the kernels

which drop out after cracking; third, extracting the balance of the

kernels and getting the weight of all the kernels; fourth, dividing the

weight of the part of the kernels which drop out after cracking by the

total weight of the kernels, and the result is the cracking quality.

After an examination of the figures of a large number of nuts, the table

below was made up from which the number of points to be awarded for any

given cracking quality is readily obtained. Taking the Lutz black walnut

as an example again we find that the weight of the kernels which dropped

out after cracking was 24 grams while the total weight of kernels was

32.5 grams which gives a cracking quality of 73.8% which would be

awarded 13 points for cracking quality.

BLACK WALNUTS--CRACKING QUALITY

Percentage of kernel that drops out after cracking.

Highest, Alley[4], 100%; Lowest, Butler, 22.9%.

Cracking Quality. Points.

100% 20

96% and all higher percentages under 100% 19

92% and all higher percentages under 96% 18

88% and all higher percentages under 92% 17

84% and all higher percentages under 88% 16

80% and all higher percentages under 84% 15

76% and all higher percentages under 80% 14

72% and all higher percentages under 76% 13

68% and all higher percentages under 72% 12

64% and all higher percentages under 68% 11

60% and all higher percentages under 64% 10

56% and all higher percentages under 60% 9

52% and all higher percentages under 56% 8

48% and all higher percentages under 52% 7

44% and all higher percentages under 48% 6

40% and all higher percentages under 44% 5

36% and all higher percentages under 40% 4

32% and all higher percentages under 36% 3

28% and all higher percentages under 32% 2

24% and all higher percentages under 28% 1

20% and all higher percentages under 24% 0

COLOR OF KERNEL: This is determined in the same way as the

color of the shell by comparing with a standard color scale, and the

step of the scale whose color most nearly matches the color of the

kernel being examined gives the figure to be awarded.

PROPORTION OF KERNEL: This is the ratio of the weight of the

kernels of five average nuts to the entire weight of such average nuts.

After this has been determined a comparison with the table below which

was made up after an examination of the proportion of kernel of a large

number of nuts, the number of points to be awarded is readily

determined. If we take for example the Lutz black walnuts again we find

the weight of five average nuts 132.0 grams and the weight of the

kernels of these nuts 32.5 grams which gives for the proportion of

kernel 24.0% which would be awarded 8 points.

BLACK WALNUTS--PROPORTION OF KERNEL

Ratio of weight of kernel to weight of entire nut (without husk)

Highest, Ten Eyck 36.4%; Lowest, Seefeldt, 16%.

Percent of Kernel. Points

36% and less than 37% 20

35% and less than 36% 19

34% and less than 35% 18

33% and less than 34% 17

32% and less than 33% 16

31% and less than 32% 15

30% and less than 31% 14

29% and less than 30% 13

28% and less than 29% 12

27% and less than 28% 11

26% and less than 27% 10

25% and less than 26% 9

24% and less than 25% 8

23% and less than 24% 7

22% and less than 23% 6

21% and less than 22% 5

20% and less than 21% 4

19% and less than 20% 3

18% and less than 19% 2

17% and less than 18% 1

16% and less than 17% 0

QUALITY AND FLAVOR: Absolutely no progress has so far been made

in measuring this characteristic or more correctly these characteristics

for, strictly speaking, there are a number of them instead of one and

the only method available at present is tasting by experts. It is very

much to be desired that methods for measuring this be worked out and

several lines on which to work in order to accomplish it have been

thought of but as yet no definite progress has been made.

While the characteristic as yet unmeasured is one of the most important

and most difficult even for experts to estimate correctly when there are

large numbers of nuts to be examined, the fact that it is possible to

measure the other eight is a matter of a good deal of satisfaction and

this satisfaction is the greater because with the methods that have been

worked out it is possible for any ordinarily careful person to do the

work about as well as it is for an expert and, as the work of judging a

large number of nuts is very considerable, the elimination of a large

part of the need for expert services is very gratifying. The services

for example of such experts as Dr. Morris and Capt. Deming are

obtainable only occasionally and for a short period. Now that the nuts

sent in are rapidly increasing, it would have been impossible to have

handled the contests without some improvements in the methods used.

While the same score card has been used for butternuts, black walnuts,

and hickories it seemingly can be used quite well for English walnuts,

Japan walnuts and pecans also, in short, for all nuts belonging to the

botanical family Juglandaceae and perhaps for hazels. Separate ones will

evidently be required for beechnuts, and chestnuts. The tables for

determining the number of points to be awarded for a given value of any

characteristic are likely to vary for each species. Inasmuch as there

are fourteen species of hickories exclusive of the pecan that have to be

considered and apparently even more species of walnuts not to mention

beechnuts, chestnuts and hazels, one might think that nearly 100 tables

would be required. A study of the matter, however, has shown that the

number really needed is very much less, and the more that nuts are

examined the more it seems possible to make one table answer for a

number of species and have the number of points a nut receives indicate

to a certain extent its value as a nut to grow, and not simply the value

of a given variety of a certain species.

The hickories and the walnuts require a word in passing. There are at

least nine species of hickory either native in the northeastern United

States or that will grow there and it is quite possible that further

study of the hickories will add to this number. Seven of these

belong to the scale bud class, _Eucarya_, the shagbark, _Carya ovata_,

the shellbark, _Carya laciniosa_, the scaly bark, _Carya

Carolinae-septentrionalis_, the mockernut, _Carya alba_, and the

close-bark pignut, _Carya glabra_, the loose-bark pignut,

_Carya-ovalis_, and the pallid hickory, _Carya pallida_; while two

belong to the open bud class, _Apocarya_, the pecan, _Carya pecan_, and

the bitternut, _Carya cordiformis_. Hybrids between many of these

species are found occurring naturally and seemingly hybrids between any

two are possible, and the fact of many of them being hybrids is not

evident on an inspection of the nuts. It is a noteworthy fact that quite

a proportion of fine hickories that are being propagated are evidently

hybrids and the number of our fine hickories which are evidently hybrids

increases as they are studied more carefully. In many ways it would be

desirable in the contest to offer prizes for the best nuts of each

species of hickories, but the difficulty of determining the species from

the nut alone, and the fact of such a proportion of our finest nuts

being hybrids is sufficient to discourage the attempt. What was done in

the 1918 contest, and what would seem to be the best thing that can be

done is to offer the prizes for hickory nuts simply. Most of the prizes

are taken by shagbarks but when a nut not a shagbark gets into the prize

winning class, we make a class that would include it. For example, in

the 1918 Contest, three shellbarks and one mockernut came into the prize

winning class, whereupon a special lot of prizes for shellbarks and

mockernuts were given. This enables us to do what would be accomplished

in offering prizes for best nuts of each species of hickories. The same

score card and tables therefore are used for each of these species. It

is convenient, in judging nuts, to differentiate between the pecan on

the one hand and the other hickories on the other, although study

recently put on the matter would seem to show that this distinction is

not exact and that some nuts, for example, which apparently are pure

pecans are really pecan hickory hybrids.

The differences between the structure of the shell of the nuts of

certain of the walnuts is greater than between the shell structure of

the hickories and the walnuts may be divided into three classes. Hybrids

between a number of species are found which have been formed naturally,

and seemingly hybrids between all species are possible. It is convenient

in judging nuts to differentiate between English walnuts, black walnuts,

and butternuts, which nuts are representative of the three walnut

classes and to include with the butternuts, the Japan walnuts. This will

strike many people as a strange classification, i. e. to include the

butternut and Japan walnut, but I feel sure that no one who has given

the matter much study will so consider it. Whenever the two grow in

proximity they hybridize so freely that one may be almost certain of not

getting pure species if he plants nuts and raises seedlings. Indeed I

have received many such hybrids which have been called either butternuts

or Japan walnuts. As a matter of fact the same difficulty exists in

distinguishing butternuts and Japan walnuts that exists in

distinguishing hickories. There is no name which includes the butternut

and Japan walnut as there is to include the various species of

hickories, and, as such a name is urgently needed, I have used the word

"butterjaps." This includes butternuts, Japan walnuts and hybrids

between them. While it doubtless will be convenient to continue the

names butternut and Japan walnut it should be understood that usually

they will mean simply nuts which, as far as appearance is concerned,

would seem to be one or the other, but very likely may be hybrids

between the two species and might be more properly called by some name

e. g. "butterjaps," which would include the two species and hybrids

between them.

At this point the Convention took a recess to enable a photograph to be

taken and immediately after reassembled for a business session.

FOOTNOTE:

[4] An additional lot of Alley Black Walnuts received several months

after the one entered in the 1918 contest did not show 100% cracking

quality.

BUSINESS SESSION

PRESIDENT W. C. REED IN THE CHAIR

PRESIDENT REED: If Mr. Patterson is in the room, we will be

glad to hear from him at this time. He has a matter he wants to bring

before us.

MR. PATTERSON: Mr. President and Gentlemen: The National Nut

Growers Association for some three years have had a standing committee

on federal aid for the nut industry. Two years ago through the

instrumentality of that committee, the appropriation for investigational

work was increased by some fifteen thousand dollars from the previous

appropriation. The total appropriation along this line now is thirty

thousand to thirty-five thousand dollars. During the past year the

almond growers felt the need of some encouragement and help from the

Department of Agriculture, and the last appropriation was increased but

was not made specific for the pecan industry, but for the nut industry

in general in the United States which was entirely agreeable to the

pecan people. And now I appear before you especially to call your

attention to this movement and to suggest that this association should

appoint a committee to co-operate with a committee from the National Nut

Growers' Association and the Almond Growers' Association, and the nut

growers of Washington and Oregon in an effort to secure an appropriation

from the Department of Agriculture which would commensurate with the

needs of the great nut industry in the United States. As we all know, it

is entirely in its infancy as a commercial proposition and I doubt not

we all agree as to its wonderful possibilities. The recommendation from

the Secretary of the Department of Agriculture has gone to the House

committee this year without any increase over the appropriation of last

year; so that it will be necessary if any increased allowance is made,

that pressure shall be brought to bear upon the House committee of

agriculture, or the Senate committee (the bill is before the House

committee at present), to get them to appreciate the importance of this

appropriation. I might say I am on my way to Washington now to see if I

can do anything in co-operation with the California Almond Growers

Association and such other co-operation as we can get to see if we can

get an increase in the appropriation over and above the appropriation

recommended by the Secretary of Agriculture. The Secretary is not

opposed to a higher appropriation, but he has had orders from higher up

not to recommend any increase. I thank you for the privilege of bringing

this matter to the attention of the Association with the suggestion

that, if it meets with your approval you appoint a committee to

co-operate with the other committees already appointed by these other

associations.

PRESIDENT REED: You have heard the suggestion by Mr. Patterson.

Are there any remarks?

MR. BIXBY: I move, Mr President, that a committee on Federal

Aid be appointed for that purpose, to co-operate with the other

associations for the purpose of securing for the nut industry an

appropriation sufficient or at least somewhere near sufficient for the

work in hand. There is much work to be done that should be done now.

MR. OLCOTT: I second the motion, Mr. President.

PRESIDENT REED: You have heard the motion. It is moved that a

committee be appointed for this work, as suggested. All in favor of the

motion say Aye. Contrary same sign. It is CARRIED. I think it

would be well to leave that committee to the incoming president. That

was your idea, Mr. Bixby, was it?

MR. BIXBY: I didn't think that far.

PRESIDENT REED: That won't be far off, and I think it would be

well to leave the appointment of that committee to the incoming

president. I think also, it would be well, before appointing that

committee, to confer a little bit to see who could possibly attend,

could go to Washington, and would have the time to give to it.

PRESIDENT REED: We will now have the report of the nominating

committee.

REPORT OF THE NOMINATING COMMITTEE

Your committee on Nominations, having in mind the rapidly expanding

interest in Nut Culture and the need of the Northern Nut Growers

Association for a board of officers especially equipped for extending

development on broad lines, respectfully submit the following

nominations:

_For President_--WILLIAM S. LINTON, Saginaw, Michigan.

_For Vice-President_--JAMES S. MCGLENNON, Rochester, New York.

_For Secretary-Treasurer_--WILLARD G. BIXBY, Baldwin, New York.

_For Acting Secretary_--DR. W. C. DEMING, Wilton, Connecticut.

_For Executive Committee_--MESSRS. LINTON, MCGLENNON, BIXBY,

W. C. REED, AND J. RUSSELL SMITH.

(Signed) Ralph T Olcott

James S. McGlennon

Robert T Morris

William S. Linton

J. F. Jones

MR. OLCOTT: Secretary-Treasurer Bixby has suggested that the

work of his office be divided, he to look after the financial affairs

and the nut contests, Dr. Deming to assume the work of the Secretary

proper. The constitution provides that the three principal officers and

the last two retiring presidents be the executive committee. As the

constitution specifically provides regarding this matter, the committee

suggests the position of acting secretary for Dr. Deming until such

action may be taken as will conform to the constitution.

PRESIDENT REED: You have heard the report of the committee.

What is your pleasure?

MR. C. A. REED: I move that this report of the committee be

unanimously adopted and the officers be elected, and the secretary so

cast the ballot.

MR. SMEDLEY: I second the motion.

PRESIDENT REED: All in favor of that vote say Aye. Opposed, No.

CARRIED. I hereby instruct the secretary to cast the unanimous

ballot of the Association for the list of officers as read.

The Secretary then cast a ballot for the persons on the report of the

Nominating Committee, and declared the following elected:

_President_--WILLIAM S. LINTON, Saginaw, Mich.

_Vice-President_--JAMES S. MCGLENNON, Rochester, N. Y.

_Secretary-Treasurer_--WILLARD G. BIXBY, Baldwin, New York.

_Executive Committee_--The above three and W. C. REED, Vincennes,

Ind., and J. RUSSELL SMITH, Swarthmore, Penn.

_Acting Secretary_--DR. W. C. DEMING, Wilton, Conn.

PRESIDENT REED: In regard to the change in the constitution,

that will have to go over until next year.

MR. OLCOTT: The constitution provides that notice be given to

this convention for action to be taken a year from now; or that thirty

days before action is taken, the notice be sent to the members. It seems

to me that inasmuch as the action proposed is fully understood, that

Dr. Deming is available, and Mr. Bixby kindly consented while Dr. Deming

was tied up in the war work to look after this work, that there really

is enough for two, and as both are agreeable, this is the time to take

that action to become effective a year from now unless you can bring it

about quicker.

PRESIDENT REED: I should think it is only necessary to take the

action on that. If there is some one better posted on parliamentary law,

who thinks entire action better be taken at this time, I will entertain

a motion. If not, we will let it stand as it is at present.

MR. OLCOTT: I move that it is the sentiment of this convention,

and that the members should be notified through the annual report and

the regular proceedings, that that action is contemplated--to divide the

office of Secretary-Treasurer at the next annual meeting, and that the

constitution be changed as follows:

That Article IV, _Officers_, be changed as follows: There shall be a

president, a vice-president, a treasurer and a secretary, who shall be

elected at the annual meeting; and an executive committee of six persons

of which the president, two last retiring presidents, vice-president,

treasurer and secretary shall be members. There shall be a state

vice-president from each state, dependency, or county represented in the

membership of the association, who shall be appointed by the president.

That Article VII, _Quorum_, be changed as follows: Ten members of the

association shall constitution a quorum, but must include a majority of

the executive committee, or two of the four elected officers.

VOICE: I second the motion.

PRESIDENT REED: It is moved and seconded that this matter come

up at the next annual meeting to be voted on as presented by Mr. Olcott.

All in favor say Aye; opposed, No. CARRIED. I believe we have a

report of the auditing committee that should come up.

MR. C. A. REED: Mr. Chairman, I believe I am the sole member of

the Auditing Committee who is present. I have to report that the

committee has not acted, but I think we can do this if agreeable: If you

will leave it to the committee to audit the account, and if the

committee finds the account is not accurate, to report to that effect

next year and bring Mr. Bixby to time, then; otherwise say nothing about

it.

PRESIDENT REED: I think we are willing to do it on that basis.

Mr. Secretary, are there any other things that ought to come up that you

think of?

MR. BIXBY: I have a resolution here if this is in order now.

This resolution is sent from Mr. Littlepage.

"Whereas this Association is justly jealous of its character and

standing among the nut-growing public of this western continent and

especially among the northern nut culturists, amateur or professional;

and

"Whereas this Association views with distrust and some alarm the growing

and questionable practice of selling seedling pecan trees to the general

public; and

"Whereas it developed at a recent meeting of the Southern Nurserymen's

Association held at Atlanta, Georgia, that seedling pecan trees from the

gulf states were being distributed in the territory north of the Ohio

River; and

"Whereas this practice, if continued, will work a distinct disadvantage

to the industry in general as well as to the planters in particular;

"Therefore be it RESOLVED, That this Association now and here

vigorously record its view on this question as follows: That we protest

against the above named practice and urge upon the nurserymen of the

United States the importance of discouraging the practice of planting

seedling pecan trees for orchard purposes in particular; and further

that especially shall extreme caution be used to prevent the shipment of

southern seedling pecan trees for planting in the territory north of the

Ohio and Potomac Rivers, and further be it

"RESOLVED, That the secretary communicate a _copy_ of these

resolutions to the President of the American Association of Nurserymen

with the request that his organization take cognizance of this condition

and take such steps as are compatible with its authority and sentiment

to repress such reprehensible practice on the part of the American

nursery trade."

I will introduce this as a resolution.

VOICE: I second the motion.

PRESIDENT REED: You have heard the resolution which has been

seconded. Are there any remarks?

MR. C. A. REED: I would like to add a word of explanation.

There are only two or three nurserymen in the South engaged in that

practice. There are several northern men who are in the nursery business

in the South who have raised the question as to the propriety of that

practice, and the question has been discussed at the meetings of this

southern association with a good deal of heat and vigor. The southern

people will not plant seedling pecan trees at all, but these few

nurserymen do a few hundred dollars' worth of business every year by

sending their product to big nurseries here in the North, general

fruit-tree nurseries and they in turn distribute these trees through the

North. These northern friends of ours who are now in the South, put

through a resolution asking that the matter be discussed at their

meeting this year at Atlanta, the meeting held in August, by myself

representing the Department of Agriculture. I was unable to be present,

but I sent down a paper which was read by my associate in the office,

and he tells us that ninety per cent of the southern nurserymen were

with us in opposing that practice; that it is only those two or three

and their associates who practice it. And it is as a result of that

situation that this resolution has been proposed. Prof. Lake, secretary

of the American Pomological Society, has been in the South working on

pecans and is quite familiar with the situation, and he drew up this

resolution. It is something that by all means should be stopped if

possible. The southern pecan does not succeed in the North anyhow, and

even it did, we do not want the kind of pecan tree up here that the

southerners would not plant themselves.

PRESIDENT REED: Are you ready for the question? All in favor of

adopting the resolution as read, say Aye. Contrary, same sign. It is so

CARRIED.

MR. C. A. REED: I would like to suggest that a copy of these

resolutions be sent to the secretary of the Southern Nurserymen's

Association, Mr. O. Joe Howard, Hickory, N. C.

MR. BIXBY: I have a telegram from Mr. Littlepage which I will

read. "I regret exceedingly it is impossible to attend the meeting this

year. Signed, T. P. Littlepage."

MR. J. F. JONES: I make a motion that Dr. Walter Van Fleet be

made an honorary member of this Association for his valuable work in nut

culture and hybridizing.

MR. OLCOTT: I second the motion.

PRESIDENT REED: It has been moved and seconded that Dr. Walter

Van Fleet be made an honorary member of this Association for his

valuable work in nut culture. All in favor say Aye. Contrary, No. It is

CARRIED.

MR. BIXBY: The place of the next meeting is decided before the

meeting adjourns, I think, or else provision made for it.

PRESIDENT REED: As I understand it, it is either decided or you

vote to put it in the hands of the executive committee.

MR. BIXBY: Provision in some way is made for it. On that

subject I would like to say a word. We have an invitation from Mr.

Littlepage, and in considering the place of the 1919 meeting there were

really three different locations spoken of--one Washington, D. C., one

New York City or some point near there, and one Lancaster, Pa.

Heretofore we have practically decided the place of the meeting on

consideration of being able to see near there nut trees of interest. I

think every meeting has been decided with that idea in mind. This year

each of the three places offered promise of being very attractive in a

year or two, but not in 1919. In the case of the meeting at Washington,

we could see Mr. Littlepage's orchard of pecans, thirty acres in extent,

which year before last put out a few flowers, and this year quite a

number, and he expects nuts next year. There are also the many things to

be seen around Washington,--the Department of Agriculture, and Dr. Van

Fleet's work besides a number of other things. And at Lancaster, Pa.,

there has been a chance the past year to see some remarkable work on top

worked hickories, that is, the early bearing of crops of fine nuts. Then

again very soon on Capt. Deming's place at Georgetown, Conn., is going

to be the greatest opportunity for topworked hickories anywhere to be

seen. He has more young seedling hickories top worked to fine varieties

than any one else that I know of. As a matter of suggestion it would

seem to me well--this is only a suggestion, of course--that the matter

be left with the executive committee, and next spring or summer when it

is possible to get an idea as to which of these three places offers the

most to see in the line of nut trees, then they could decide where it is

best to go. That would be the suggestion that I would make.

MR. MCGLENNON: One of the suggestions was Rochester, N. Y. I

think there are things worth while there in nut culture to be seen, and

I know that we who are interested in nut culture would like to have the

convention there; and I know also our Chamber of Commerce in the city

would be very happy to have it there. So that in considering the place

for the next meeting, I hope Rochester, N Y., will be incorporated in

the thought.

MR. POMEROY: Mr. President, I would also suggest you might come

to Lockport, N. Y. Out northeast of Buffalo there were shipped eighteen

hundred pounds of walnuts to the Buffalo market this fall. North of

Lockport is a man who supplies the country stores with English walnuts.

As long as there are any of these walnuts in the baskets exposed for

sale, those which were purchased from the wholesalers from California

are left unsold. I went into one store and the store-keeper had some

home grown English walnuts out in the back room. I said, "Why do you

keep them out here?" He said, "I have three bushels of California

walnuts, and I keep these here until the others are sold. If I put these

out in front, I would not sell the others at all."

MR. BIXBY: I would be glad to include Rochester, or Lockport,

or any other place suggested, and leave it to the executive committee

with the power to act.

MR. C. A. REED: Mr. President, we know pretty nearly what could

be seen at most of these places next year. There is not going to be a

great change in what there has been this year, and it seems to me the

sooner we can definitely decide upon this thing and get it a matter of

record, and plan for it, the better it will be. We can go around from

one place to another. We want to go to all these places during the next

three or four years, and we have a definite invitation from Mr.

Littlepage; and while he didn't so state in his telegram, in

conversation with him on Friday by telephone, he said he would like to

have them come there the latter part of August or first of September;

and to make the matter definite and know where we stand early in the

game, I move we accept Mr. Littlepage's invitation for a meeting about

the first of September.

MR. OLCOTT: I second that motion, and add that at the Stamford

convention, that is the very argument I made. Before that meeting it had

always been left to the executive committee. It had been the custom of

Dr. Deming, the secretary, to defer the matter of the place of meeting

until a few weeks before the date for it. Nobody knew, and the committee

decided, and the time was too short to get anything like the attendance

we should have. If we should publish in the American Nut Journal for a

year where the meeting is to be, you would get a year's advertising of

that matter, and could plan better thereby.

PRESIDENT REED: You have heard the motion.

MR. BIXBY: The only reason I had in making the suggestion I

did, was the possibility of one place or the other showing more

importance but as Mr. Reed said, we want to do all these places

mentioned at some time. It does not make much difference which we do

first. We should like to take first the place where there is most to be

seen, of course.

PRESIDENT REED: If there is no further discussion, all in favor

of accepting Mr. Littlepage's invitation for Washington for the next

meeting say Aye. Contrary, No. It is CARRIED.

J. F. JONES: The reason I did not push Lancaster is that some

experiments on spraying are being conducted there and it will be a year

before that will show up. The nut growers could see that better the year

following.

PRESIDENT REED: If there is nothing else, I believe we are

ready to turn over the gavel to our new president.

MR. C. A. REED: Mr. President, there is an important committee

you have not appointed. I was out of the room when Mr. Patterson

suggested this morning that a committee be appointed. Has that been

attended to?

PRESIDENT REED: I expected to let the incoming president

appoint that committee before we adjourn.

MR. SMEDLEY: I will make a motion that Mr. Patterson represent

us and have the endorsement of this Association as to demanding more

appropriations for the work in hand.

J. F. JONES: I second the motion.

PRESIDENT REED: It is moved and seconded that Mr. Patterson be

appointed to represent us before congress in connection with the

appropriation.

MR. PATTERSON: If everyone on the committee could go to

Washington as soon as we can get at the House committee for a hearing,

that would be the way to get action on the matter. Of course, the

endorsement of the Association is good, and if you could get a committee

of some one who could go down and help re-enforce it, there, we would

appreciate it very much.

PRESIDENT REED: I think the incoming president will be one who

will be going down. If he will come forward, I am ready to turn over the

gavel.

At this point, Mr. Linton, the newly elected president, took the chair.

PRESIDENT LINTON: Ladies and Gentlemen I am sure that you will

all concede that I have not sought official position, and no one could

have been more surprised than I, when I was presented with the report of

your committee. I have been much interested in the work that is being

carried on by this association; and of course if I can be of any value

to the association or to the cause in the position of president during

this particular year, why I accept that duty. But I would like to impose

one or two conditions. I know that your hearty co-operation will be

given. That would be one condition. But I am sure that each and every

one of you can assist in adding greatly to the membership of this

organization. We should at least have fifty members in each state within

our jurisdiction. That would mean, perhaps one-half of the states in the

Union. That would mean one thousand members. Now, in accepting this

position, I am going to ask each and every active member through his

friends and acquaintances to solicit and secure twenty-five members.

Now, I will double that amount, and agree during the year, to add fifty

good members to the association. That means over one thousand during the

year, and that is one goal that I hope we can reach during this

particular year, 1920. So far as the growing of nuts is concerned, so

far as the details connected with the work that you have been engaged in

is concerned, I propose leaving those things to those whom I consider

experts, Dr. Morris, our friend Reed from Washington, and others that I

might name; but the particular lines that I would like to follow this

year, gentlemen, and what I hope to receive your earnest support in is

an addition to your membership so that it may exceed a thousand; and

assistance in legislation throughout the country along the line that we

have worked out in our peninsular state of Michigan. I am glad that you

decided upon Washington as the place of the next meeting, and as I have

intimated in my remarks heretofore, I believe we have there a Michigan

Senator who will assist in national legislation along the lines that we

desire, because they are right ones; and in his position as chairman of

the committee on post offices and post roads of the country, being at

the head of the highway legislation, there is no man in the United

States as competent to help us along that line, and I feel sure that we

will get that assistance and support. With these few lines I will close,

and I sincerely hope you have not made any mistake at this session; and

when we have rounded up our year's work, that we can all say it has been

a successful one. I thank you. (Applause). The committee on Federal Aid

that the incoming president was to appoint, I will name as follows: J.

M. Patterson, Dr. Morris, Dr. Kellogg, Mr. Littlepage, Mr. Bixby, Mr.

Jones and Mr. McGlennon.

MR. BIXBY: Senator Penney would like to say a word.

SENATOR PENNEY: I hadn't any intention of saying a word. But I

am particularly pleased that you elected my friend, Mr. Linton, as

president of the organization. I have known him a good many years, and I

know he is an industrious worker. In anything that he undertakes to do,

you will always see results. I am sure that in the lines which he has

expressed himself as being anxious to cover, your membership, the

matter of legislation, I am sure that you will see some results that

will be very gratifying to the Association. I do not know as there is

anything further I wish to say. But I have been very interested in these

meetings. I am not a nut grower, and I hardly know one nut from another,

excepting that I am like the squirrel, if I get hold of a good nut I

like to eat it; but I have certainly learned a lot of things from this

association, and I am very pleased to be present.

PRESIDENT LINTON: I am going to ask Senator Penney to become a

member of this association.

MR. BIXBY: He is a member.

SENATOR PENNEY: I have gotten two since I have been here, so I

am going to pledge myself for two or three more for the next year.

MR. OLCOTT: I think one subject should not be overlooked, and

that is the matter of resolutions. There is Dr. Kellogg's very courteous

offer and treatment to be remembered, and perhaps some other things. If

there is not such a committee, I think some one ought to be appointed on

it to report very soon before we close. I move that a committee on

resolutions be appointed.

C. A. REED: I second the motion.

PRESIDENT LINTON: Gentlemen, you have heard the motion made by

Mr. Olcott. Are you ready for the question? Those who favor the motion

say Aye; opposed, No. The resolution is ADOPTED. I appoint Mr.

Olcott, Mr. Bixby, Senator Penney, Mr. Jones and Mr. Patterson.

C. A. REED: There is a little bit of news I would like to tell

the members of the association. Yesterday afternoon, a gentleman who is

a patient across the street at the sanitarium, came down to the nut

exhibit in a wheelchair and looked on with interest at what was shown

there, and presently he called Mrs. Reed over to talk with her a little

and ask something about who was connected with that exhibit; and the

next thing he asked me to sit down by him. He was not able to get

around, to stand, and he told me this: that four years ago he met a Mr.

Page from Tulsa, Oklahoma, a man who is evidently a man of a good deal

of means in the oil business there, who is very philanthropic in his

activities, a man who has adopted two hundred children, I believe it is;

and he proposed to this gentleman, who was Mr. Dow of Jamestown, N. Y.,

that he go to Oklahoma to establish a nut arboretum. He was willing to

set aside two hundred acres of land and to endow it with $200,000 if

this Mr. Dow would go and take charge of it. He also offered to build a

$23,000 house on the place. But Mr. Dow is director of the Leadsworth

Forest Arboretum, some sixty miles up the Genesee River from Rochester,

and of course he did not feel that he could leave the work he was doing

there and devote his energies to a new work. I thought that was

something that we northerners would be very much interested in, and I

think we ought to see if that offer could not be taken advantage of.

MR. BIXBY: Can any one here tell me where seedlings of the big

western shellback, Carya laciniosa, can be obtained? I would like to get

100 of them.

C. A. REED: Probably the best place to get that information

would be from the U. S. Forest Service. That bureau keeps in touch with

such information. They have catalogs and they have lists of nurserymen

having various trees including nut trees; the U. S. Forest Service,

Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

PRESIDENT LINTON: Mr. Reed informs me that it is the intention

to close this session at this time.

J. F. JONES: I don't think we ought to close without passing a

resolution of thanks to Dr. Kellogg for the nice entertainment here, the

free service, the rooms, etc.

VOICE: I support the motion.

PRESIDENT LINTON: You have heard the motion offered by Mr.

Jones. We can take a recess and adjourn after we take the trip through

the buildings.

C. A. REED: If there is no one there but the president,

officers and the committee, they would still have the authority to adopt

these resolutions, and then properly adjourn.

PRESIDENT LINTON: If that is the consensus of opinion, we will

take a recess until called to order again by the chair following the

trip through the buildings.

C. A. REED: The idea was to take a recess until after our trip

this afternoon and adjourn then. At that time this committee will be

prepared with its resolutions.

PRESIDENT LINTON: We can not fix a definite time. It will be

following the afternoon session with Dr. Kellogg. If there is nothing

more to come before us at this time, a recess will be taken until after

that time.

The convention then took a recess and reassembled at 2 p. m. at which

time an old fashioned straw sleigh ride was taken to the buildings of

the Kellogg Pure Food Company. Here Dr. Kellogg met the party and

conducted them through, explaining the various products made and the

processes by which they were made, and also that the large plant of the

company was a growth from a very humble beginning, started originally

for the purpose of providing food for the Sanitarium that was impossible

to procure any other way. Persons who had been guests of the Sanitarium,

after leaving it, have wished to get some of the food products they had

had when there, and in that way, a demand was made which had grown, till

many of them were supplied to the jobbing trade. A most enjoyable lunch

enabled the party to sample many of the products.

From the Kellogg Pure Food Company, the sleigh took the party back to

the Sanitarium through which they were conducted and shown the

remarkable facilities for providing the guests with every kind of

medical treatment that had proved valuable. It would be difficult to

find a place where apparatus for treating every form of disease is equal

to that of the Battle Creek Sanitarium or where such facilities exist

for providing patients with all means for their comfort and for the

recovery of their health. A most interesting talk illustrated with

lantern slides, showed the growth of this institution from a modest

beginning in a dwelling house, 54 years ago. After this the convention

reassembled and adjourned at 5 p. m.

THE 1919 NUT CONTEST

WILLARD G. BIXBY, BALDWIN, NASSAU CO., N. Y.

The nuts sent in to the 1919 contest have been finished at last but the

date is only a few days ahead of the date last year when the 1918

contest was finished, which is to me a matter of a good deal of chagrin

as it was last year. No attempt was made to examine the nuts received

till after the first of the year as the experience of last year showed

this to be a waste of time. Several things seemed, this year, to

conspire to prevent getting started on the examination. The number of

nuts received was large and the time taken for examination quite

considerable for no attempt as yet has been made to have but one person

work on it. But the thing that has caused the greater part of the delay

was the wide variation between the results in the tests of those nuts

which were sent into both the 1918 and 1919 contests, and my

unwillingness to have these results appear in print until the reasons

for these discrepancies could be stated with certainty.

Had the methods used been those in use for some time and whose

correctness had been proven, these differences would have caused little

concern, but inasmuch as the methods for measuring most of the nut

characteristics were used for the first time in 1918, and their had been

devised by me, I could not help feeling that there was a possibility of

the discrepancies being due to imperfections in methods for, at first,

it would seem likely that nuts borne by a given tree one year would be

like those borne the next year. I considered therefore that it was for

me to prove beyond question that the methods used were sound and that

the differences noted were real. The amount of time needed to do this at

a period when my time was well occupied with other things has been more

than I wish it had been. While many efforts were made to see if there

were imperfections in the methods used for measuring the various

characteristics, no such imperfections were found, and, for a

considerable period, all efforts made to explain the differences in

tests made on nuts borne by the same trees in different years were

unproductive of results. Finally the matter was settled to my

satisfaction as is noted in the next paragraph.

The Clark hickory received 79 points last year when it took the first

prize. It tested out 11 points less this year when first tested which

put it entirely out of the prize winning class. Repetition of this

year's tests gave results agreeing fairly well with the first ones made

but still not all comparable to those of last year. This was decidedly

disconcerting when one of the principal results expected of the adoption

of methods of measuring nut characteristics was the possibility of

testing a given nut now and several months hence and obtaining the same

verdict. After much work designed to see if the methods of measuring nut

characteristics were faulty and nothing wrong had been found with them,

a visit was made to the tree. Mr. Clark said that it bore a good crop

every other year and but few nuts in the intervening years, and that the

nuts were much better the years when a good crop was borne than they

were in the other years. This was interesting information but I could

not help realizing the difficulty of carrying in one's mind, from one

year to the next, the merits of hickory nuts, and felt that, unless the

matter could be proven, I had not as yet done very much to solve the

problem at hand. Mr. Clark, however, gave me practically all the nuts of

the 1919 crop which he had and I returned feeling that this trip had not

done much to solve the problem as to why the tests on the 1918 nuts and

1919 nuts should be so different. Very careful examination was made of

the few Clark hickory nuts remaining in my possession of the 1918 crop

and they were compared with those of the 1919 crop. Slight differences

in shape were noted and finally one nut was found seemingly just like

the nuts that won the prize in 1918. When this nut was tested it gave

substantially the same results as those tested in 1918. Another like it

was afterward found where the result was repeated. This proved

definitely that the trouble was not with the methods, and that, in off

years, with the Clark hickory at least, some few nuts were borne that

would test out as well as those borne in good years. The results of the

tests on these good nuts borne in 1919 were substituted for those on the

inferior nuts previously tested for in contests it is always the

intention of those sending in nuts to send in the best.

It will be noted that the number of points finally awarded the Clark

hickory for example this year is less than awarded last year. This

difference is due to the method of scoring. In a matter as new as

methods for measuring nut characteristics, the constants which have to

be determined by experience must change somewhat at first. The method

used this year in testing nuts sent in to the contest was to judge them

on the basis used in 1918, redetermine the constants that required it,

and work out the results again. An example will help to make this

clear.

Take the matter of proportion of kernel, the highest award for which was

15 points in 1918 and also in 1919. Up to the time the 1918 contest was

decided the hickory with the largest proportion of kernel was the Beam,

Nut No. 3, of the 1918 contest with over 50% of kernel and the lowest

was the Brown mockernut of the 1918 contest with 18% of kernel. On the

basis of the difference between the highest and lowest the number of

points to be awarded each was worked out. On this basis the Clark

hickory was awarded, in 1918, 10 points for a proportion of kernel of

40.8%. In the case of the 1919 contest nuts with larger proportion of

kernel were found, the Hatch bitternut with 65%, and the Halesite

bitternuts with 69% kernel. A mockernut from Sliding Hill, Jackson, S.

C. with only 14% kernel was also found and the figures for awarding

points for proportion of kernel were recalculated as follows:

Points Points

69% and over 15 65.3% to 68.9% inclusive 14

61.7% to 65.2% inclusive 13 58.0% to 61.6% inclusive 12

54.3% to 57.9% inclusive 11 50.7% to 54.2% inclusive 10

47.0% to 50.6% inclusive 9 43.3% to 46.9% inclusive 8

39.7% to 43.2% inclusive 7 36.0% to 39.6% inclusive 6

32.3% to 35.9% inclusive 5 28.7% to 32.2% inclusive 4

25.0% to 28.6% inclusive 3 21.3% to 24.9% inclusive 2

17.7% to 21.2% inclusive 1 14.0% to 17.6% inclusive 0

On this basis the Clark hickory was awarded but 7 points for the same

proportion of kernel in 1919 instead of 10 as in 1918. This accounts for

3 out of the 5 points difference between the 79 points awarded in 1918

and the 74% in 1919. The other two points can be similarly explained.

There are bound to be similar changes in the tables for awarding points

from year to year, but they will be less and less as time goes on. For

example, the Wasson butternut of the 1915 contest which weighed 18.8g

was the largest butternut received until 1919 when two larger came in,

one weighing 19.5g and the other weighing 22.6g. The Mott shellbark

hickory which weighs 29.6g which was discovered by Dr. Morris before the

founding of the Association is still the largest hickory of which we

know. On the other hand the black walnut record for size was exceeded in

1918 and also in 1919.

The nuts received were gone over carefully and all characteristics

measured where this was possible, then the other characteristics were

passed on by me. Then the best nuts were brought to the attention of Dr.

Morris and Dr. Deming and the three of us passed on those

characteristics where methods of measurement had not been worked out.

The results of this contest are noted in considerable detail as it is

believed that they may have value as matters of record. While an attempt

has been made to give the species of each nut tested as such information

is useful, it must be understood that the notations of species are

tentative and subject to change should further knowledge require it. It

is, frequently, difficult to positively identify a nut as to species

without having leaves, buds, bark and husk for examination and in most

instances the judges did not have these. No nut is noted as a hybrid

unless it has been proven so by evidence which it is believed is beyond

question, yet there are a number of nuts noted as pure species which

later may be proved to be hybrids. This is particularly so in the case

of the hickories.

In explanation of the tables it should be noted that weights of nuts and

kernels are expressed in grams, while cracking pressures are expressed

in kilograms. The methods used for measuring the various characteristics

are noted in detail in the article "Judging Nuts" on pages 122 to 132

inclusive.

The two items cracking quality need a little explanation. Last year 20

points were awarded for cracking quality and 5 points for plumpness of

kernel. Plumpness was very difficult of estimation. It means the reverse

of shrivelled. To assign values for this can only be done by appearance

and it seemed impossible of measurement. A study of the nuts of the 1918

contest which were awarded high values for plumpness and those which

were awarded low values showed that in no case was a nut which had a

shrivelled kernel awarded a high value for proportion of kernel.

Sometimes a nut with a plump kernel had a very thick shell and a low

proportion of kernel but in no instance did a nut with a shrivelled

kernel have a high proportion of kernel, so it was thought that for

practical purposes the figure for proportion of kernel would answer very

well to represent excellence in both characteristics. It was also

evident that the ratio of the weight of the portion of the kernel which,

after cracking, could be easily picked out with the fingers to the total

weight of the kernel, which was taken to represent cracking quality last

year, was capable of more refinement for it was noticed that of those

nuts where the entire kernel could be easily picked out with the fingers

after cracking that some were better crackers than others, for, in some

instances, the entire kernel fell out. As the proportion of the kernel

which could be picked out easily with the fingers is seemingly the most

important this was still given 20 points and called "cracking quality

commercial," and the figure representing the proportion of kernel which

dropped out after cracking was called "cracking quality absolute," and

awarded the 5 points formerly awarded to plumpness.

In the case of the hazel which generally has a cracking quality both

absolute and commercial of 100% the item "freedom from fibre" was

substituted for "cracking quality absolute." The hazel seems to be the

only nut where this characteristic must be considered.