Mommsen was thinking, toward the end of his long study of Roman history
and institutions, when he wrote: “If an angel of the Lord were to
strike the balance whether the domain ruled by Severus Antoninus was
governed with the greater intelligence and the greater humanity at
that time or in the present day, whether civilization and national
prosperity generally have since that time advanced or retrograded, it
is very doubtful whether the decision would prove to be in favor of the
present.”
NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
NOTES
[1] The arrangements which Rome made with the several cities of Sicily
are outlined by Cicero in his oration _In Verrem_, III. 12-14.
[2] The traditional story of the Decemvirate and its codification of
the _Laws of the Twelve Tables_ is told graphically by Livy, III.
32-54. Some of the extant fragments of these laws may be seen in F. D.
Allen’s _Remnants of Early Latin_, Boston, 1899, pp. 84-92.
[3] On the activities of the censors, cf. Heitland, _The Roman
Republic_, _passim_.
[4] On the government of the provinces under the Republic one may read
Arnold-Shuckburgh, C. III.
[5] There is an interesting discussion of the motives and policy of C.
Gracchus by W. W. Fowler in his _Roman Essays and Interpretations_,
Oxford, 1920, pp. 99-110.
[6] A brilliant analysis of the political policies of Pompey and Caesar
may be found in E. Meyer’s _Caesars Monarchie und das Principat des
Pompejus_, Stuttgart, 1919.
[7] On the legal basis of the principate of Augustus, see Abbott,
_Roman Political Institutions_, pp. 267-273.
[8] For the provinces under Augustus, see Arnold-Shuckburgh, chapter
IV. For a list of them, cf. Sandys, pp. 401 ff.
[9] Five municipal charters are given in an English translation by E.
G. Hardy in his _Six Roman Laws and Three Spanish Charters_, Oxford,
1911-12.
[10] The famous edict of Caracalla, to which reference is made in the
_Code_ of Justinian and elsewhere, may now be seen in no. 40 of the
_Griechische Papyri im Museum des Oberhessischen Geschichtsverein zu
Giessen_, E. Kornemann and P. M. Meyer, Leipzig, 1910.
[11] For the bureaux of Hadrian and his successors, see Hirschfeld.
[12] The most convenient edition of the _Code_ of Justinian is to
be found in the _Corpus Iuris Civilis_, 3 vols., ed. by Mommsen and
others. Berlin, 1895.
[13] The Latin text of the constitution of Vespasian may be found in K.
E. Bruns, _Fontes Iuris Romani Antiqui_, Leipzig, 1893,^7 no. 56.
[14] Cf. F. F. Abbott, on “The Referendum and the Recall Among the
Ancient Romans,” in _The Sewanee Review_, XXIII. 84-94 (1915).
[15] For Professor Frank’s discussion of these wars, see chapters V,
VI, and XIII. Cf., also, Livy, XXI. 4. 1.
[16] For the comparison of the Roman Senate and the Senate of the U. S.
see the chapter on “The Story of Two Oligarchies.”
[17] For a fuller discussion of representative government among the
Romans under the Republic, see Frank’s _Roman Imperialism_, pp. 45,
209, 299, 301.
[18] The oath of the Fascisti may be found in the _London Times_
of Jan. 2, 1923. The best literature at present on the movement is
_Discorsi Politici_, Benito Mussolini (Milan; _Essercizio Tipografico
del “Popolo d’Italia,”_ 1922). _Il Fascismo nella Vita Italiana_,
Pietro Gorgolini. Preface by B. Mussolini (Turin; Anonima Libraria
Italiana). _Fascismo Liberatore_, Cipriano Giachetti (Florence;
Bemporad).
[19] For the praetor’s court see Abbott, _Roman Political
Institutions_, pp. 105 ff.
[20] A striking illustration of the looseness of procedure in Roman
courts is given by Cicero in a letter to Atticus (_ad Atticum_, I. 16.
3-6), translated by E. O. Winstedt, _Letters to Atticus_, 3 vols., New
York, 1919, in _The Loeb Classical Library_. On the course of a trial
in a Roman court, cf. A. H. J. Greenidge, _The Legal Procedure of
Cicero’s Time_, Oxford, 1901, pp. 456-504.
[21] On taxation in the provinces, see Arnold-Shuckburgh, chapter VI.
On the customs duties, see R. L. V. Cagnat, _Étude Historique sur les
Impôts Indirects chez les Romains_, Paris, 1882.
[22] On Diocletian’s tax system, see Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll, III. 1513
ff.; Daremberg-Saglio, V. 434 ff.
[23] “Rome’s First Coinage,” in _Classical Philology_, XIV. 314-327
(1919).
[24] On life in the provinces see Bouchier’s books cited in the
Bibliography.
[25] The road-systems in the provinces may be seen in Murray’s _Small
Classical Atlas_, or in H. S. Jones’ _Companion to Roman History_,
Oxford, 1912, map 4.
[26] See Reid, pp. 279 ff.
[27] See Chapters I and II in the _Common People of Ancient Rome_.
[28] A detailed account of the method of founding Colonies and a list
of them may be found in Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll, IV. 510 ff.
[29] For an account of the Idaho Colony, see Albert Shaw, “From New
York to Idaho,” in _The American Review of Reviews_, LXIV. 177-182
(1921).
[30] See the chapter on trade-guilds and corporations in Abbott’s
_Common People of Ancient Rome_.
[30a] This statement does not apply to Asia Minor where we do know
of industrial strikes in Roman times at Ephesus, Pergamum, Miletus,
and Sardis. That of the bakers at Ephesus (Kern, _Die Inschriften von
Magnesia_, no. 114, an inscription which we now know is from Ephesus)
took place in the second century A.D. The other strikes are those
of builders, one in the second century A.D. at Miletus on the Roman
theatre (_Sitz. Berl. Ak._ 1904, p. 83); for Pergamum, cf. _Athen.
Mitt._ XXIV, 1899, p. 199 (also second cent.); for Sardis _C.I.G._
3647. An article by W. H. Buckler on _Labor Disputes in the Province of
Asia_ which will soon appear in _Anatolian Studies in Honor of Sir W.
M. Ramsay_, Manchester, 1923, discusses this question. [D. M. R.]
[31] On the failure of “big business” to determine the policy of the
Roman state, see Frank’s _Roman Imperialism_. For a different view, cf.
Ferrero.
[32] “Race Mixture In The Roman Empire,” in _The American Historical
Review_, XXI. 689-708 (1916).
[33] Among the executives who have appealed directly to the voters may
be mentioned Governor Hughes of New York State and Presidents Roosevelt
and Wilson.
[34] Augustus mentions his gratuities to soldiers in chapter 17 of
his _Res Gestae Divi Augusti_; translated into English, _The Deeds of
Augustus_, by W. Fairley, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
1898.
[35] On methods of calculating the population of the city of Rome,
see J. Beloch’s _Bevölkerung der griechisch-römischen Welt_, Leipzig,
1886, chapter IX. sec. 2 and “Die Bevölkerung Italiens im Altertum,” in
_Klio_, III. 471-490 (1903).
[36] On Diocletian’s edict see the chapter on “Diocletian’s Edict and
the High Cost of Living” in Abbott’s _Common People of Ancient Rome_.
[37] See the _Theodosian Code_, (_Theodosiani Libri XVI_ ed. Th.
Mommsen, Berlin, 1905), 10, 19, 1. 2. 8.
[38] On compulsion to work in the mines, see the _Theodosian Code_, 10,
19, 5. 6. 7. and 15.
[39] For Pliny’s inquiries see the _Epistulae ad Traianum_, 39; cf. 31
on work in the mines.
[40] For the influx into Italy and the West of men of Oriental
extraction see T. Frank, in _The American Historical Review_, XXI.
689-708 (1916) and Frank’s _Economic History of Rome_, pp. 154 ff. _et
passim_.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
I. GENERAL HISTORIES OF ROME
BOAK, A. E. R., _A History of Rome to 565 A.D._ New York, 1921.
FERRERO, G., _The Greatness and Decline of Rome_. 5 vols. New York,
1909.
FOWLER, W. WARDE, _Rome_ (Home University Library). London, 1912.
FRANK, T., _Roman Imperialism_. New York, 1914.
FRANK, T., _A History of Rome_. New York, 1923.
GIBBON, EDWARD, _The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_ (Edition of
J. B. Bury). 7 vols. London, 1896-1900.
HEITLAND, W. E., _The Roman Republic_. 3 vols. Cambridge, England,
1909.
MOMMSEN, TH., _The History of Rome_ (Translated by W. P. Dickson), 5
vols. New York, 1895.
PELHAM, H. F., _Outlines of Roman History_. New York, 1905.^4
JONES, H. STUART, _The Roman Empire, B.C. 29-A.D. 476_ (The Story of
the Nations). New York, 1908.
SCHILLER, H., _Geschichte der römischen Kaiserzeit_. 2 vols. Gotha,
1883.
II. THE PROVINCES AND MUNICIPALITIES
ARNOLD, W. T., SHUCKBURGH, E. S., _The Roman System of Provincial
Administration_. Oxford and New York, 1914.
LIEBENAM, W., _Städteverwaltung im römischen Kaiserreiche_. Leipzig,
1900.
MARQUARDT, J., _Römische Staatsverwaltung_, vol. I. Leipzig, 1881.
MOMMSEN, TH., _The Provinces of the Roman Empire from Caesar to
Diocletian_ (Translation by W. P. Dickson). 2 vols. New York, 1909.
REID, J. S., _The Municipalities of the Roman Empire_. Cambridge,
England, 1913.
III. POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
ABBOTT, F. F., _A History and Description of Roman Political
Institutions_. Boston, 1911.^3
BOTSFORD, G. W., _The Roman Assemblies_. New York, 1909.
HIRSCHFIELD, O., _Die kaiserlichen Verwaltungsbeamten bis auf
Diocletian_. Berlin, 1905.^2
MOMMSEN, TH., _Römisches Staatsrecht_. 3 vols. Leipzig, 1887.
WILLEMS, P., _Le Droit Public Romain_. Louvain, 1888.^6
WILLEMS, P., _Le Sénat de la République Romaine_. 3 vols. Louvain,
1883.
WILLOUGHBY, W. W., _The Political Theories of the Ancient World_. New
York, 1903.
IV. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LIFE
ABBOTT, F. F., _Society and Politics in Ancient Rome_. New York, 1909.
ABBOTT, F. F., _The Common People of Ancient Rome_. New York, 1911.
BOUCHIER, E. S., _Life and Letters in Roman Africa_. Oxford, 1913.
BOUCHIER, E. S., _Spain under the Roman Empire_. Oxford, 1914.
BOUCHIER, E. S., _Syria as a Roman Province_. Oxford, 1916.
BOUCHIER, E. S., _Sardinia in Ancient Times_. Oxford, 1917.
DILL, S., _Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius_. New York, 1905.
FOWLER, W. W., _Social Life at Rome in the Age of Cicero_. New York,
1909.
FRANK, T., _An Economic History of Rome_. Baltimore, 1920.
FRIEDLÄNDER, L., _Roman Life and Manners under the Early Empire_
(Translation by Freese and Magnus). 4 vols. London and New York,
1908-1913.
V. GENERAL HANDBOOKS
DAREMBERG, CHARLES, ET SAGLIO, M. E., _Dictionnaire des Antiquités
Grecques et Romaines_. 5 vols. Paris, 1875-1919.
JONES, H. STUART, _Companion to Roman History_. Oxford, 1912.
LÜBKER, F., _Reallexikon des klassischen Altertums_. Leipzig, 1914.^8
PAULY, A. F. VON, WISSOWA, GEORG, KROLL, W., _Real-Encyclopaedie der
classischen Altertumswissenschaft_. 11 vols. (incomplete). Stuttgart,
1894-1922.
SANDYS, J. E., _A Companion to Latin Studies_. Cambridge, England,
1921.^3
Our Debt to Greece and Rome
AUTHORS AND TITLES
1. HOMER. John A. Scott, _Northwestern University_.
2. SAPPHO. David M. Robinson, _The Johns Hopkins University_.
3A. EURIPIDES. F. L. Lucas, _King’s College, Cambridge_.
3B. AESCHYLUS AND SOPHOCLES. J. T. Sheppard, _King’s College,
Cambridge_.
4. ARISTOPHANES. Louis E. Lord, _Oberlin College_.
5. DEMOSTHENES. Charles D. Adams, _Dartmouth College_.
6. ARISTOTLE’S POETICS. Lane Cooper, _Cornell University_.
7. GREEK HISTORIANS. Alfred E. Zimmern, _University of Wales_.
8. LUCIAN. Francis G. Allinson, _Brown University_.
9 PLAUTUS AND TERENCE. Charles Knapp, _Barnard College_, _Columbia
University_.
10A. CICERO. John C. Rolfe, _University of Pennsylvania_.
10B. CICERO AS PHILOSOPHER. Nelson G. McCrea, _Columbia University_.
11. CATULLUS. Karl P. Harrington, _Wesleyan University_.
12. LUCRETIUS AND EPICUREANISM. George Depue Hadzsits, _University of
Pennsylvania_.
13. OVID. Edward K. Rand, _Harvard University_.
14. HORACE. Grant Showerman, _University of Wisconsin_.
15. VIRGIL. John William Mackail, _Balliol College, Oxford_.
16. SENECA. Richard Mott Gummere, _The William Penn Charter School_.
17. ROMAN HISTORIANS. G. Ferrero, _Florence_.
18. MARTIAL. Paul Nixon, _Bowdoin College_.
19. PLATONISM. Alfred Edward Taylor, _St. Andrew’s University_.
20. ARISTOTELIANISM. John L. Stocks, _St. John’s College, Oxford_.
21. STOICISM. Robert Mark Wenley, _University of Michigan_.
22. LANGUAGE AND PHILOLOGY. Roland G. Kent, _University of
Pennsylvania_.
23. RHETORIC AND LITERARY CRITICISM.
24. GREEK RELIGION. Walter W. Hyde, _University of Pennsylvania_.
25. ROMAN RELIGION. Gordon J. Laing, _McGill University_.
26. MYTHOLOGIES. Jane Ellen Harrison, _Newnham College, Cambridge_.
27. THEORIES REGARDING THE IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL. Clifford H. Moore,
_Harvard University_.
28. STAGE ANTIQUITIES. James T. Allen, _University of California_.
29. GREEK POLITICS. Ernest Barker, _King’s College, University of
London_.
30. ROMAN POLITICS. Frank Frost Abbott, _Princeton University_.
31. ROMAN LAW. Roscoe Pound, _Harvard Law School_.
32. ECONOMICS AND SOCIETY. M. T. Rostovtzeff, _University of
Wisconsin_.
33. WARFARE BY LAND AND SEA. E. S. McCartney, _University of Michigan_.
34. THE GREEK FATHERS. Roy J. Deferrari, _The Catholic University of
America_.
35. BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. Henry Osborn Taylor, _New York_.
36. MATHEMATICS. David Eugene Smith, _Teachers’ College, Columbia
University_.
37. LOVE OF NATURE. H. R. Fairclough, _Leland Stanford Junior
University_.
38. ASTRONOMY AND ASTROLOGY. Franz Cumont, _Brussels_.
39. THE FINE ARTS. Arthur Fairbanks, _Museum of Fine Arts, Boston_.
40. ARCHITECTURE. Alfred M. Brooks, _Swarthmore College_.
41. ENGINEERING. Alexander P. Gest, _Philadelphia_.
42. GREEK PRIVATE LIFE, ITS SURVIVALS. Charles Burton Gulick, _Harvard
University_.
43. ROMAN PRIVATE LIFE, ITS SURVIVALS. Walton B. McDaniel, _University
of Pennsylvania_.
44. FOLK LORE. Campbell Bonner, _University of Michigan_.
45. GREEK AND ROMAN EDUCATION.
46. CHRISTIAN LATIN WRITERS. Andrew F. West, _Princeton University_.
47. ROMAN POETRY AND ITS INFLUENCE UPON EUROPEAN CULTURE. Paul Shorey,
_University of Chicago_.
48. PSYCHOLOGY.
49. MUSIC.
50. ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. Rodolfo Lanciani, _Rome_.
Transcriber’s Notes
Page 19: “the nobilty” changed to “the nobility”
Page 56: “is dissatified” changed to “is dissatisfied”
Page 57: “similiar contempt” changed to “similar contempt”
Page 74: “Branches of Goverment” changed to “Branches of Government”
Page 147: “niggardly apropriations” changed to “niggardly
appropriations”