_The Care of the Belgian Civil Authorities to Collect Firearms from
Civilians and to Warn them against taking part in the Hostilities._
[Sidenote: 7]
The Belgian King and Government were aware of the danger which would
confront the civilian population of the country if it were tempted to
take part in the work of national defence. Orders were accordingly
issued by the civil governors of provinces, and by the burgomasters
of towns, that the civilian inhabitants were to take no part in
hostilities, and to offer no provocation to the invaders. That no
excuse might be furnished for severities, the populations of many
important towns were instructed to surrender all firearms into the
hands of the local officials.
_The Kindness extended to the Invading Germans by the Civil Population
of Belgium._
[Sidenote: 26]
Letters written to their homes, which have been found on the bodies of
dead Germans, bear witness, in a way that now sounds pathetic, to the
kindness with which they were received by the civil population. Their
evident surprise at this reception was due to the stories which had
been dinned into their ears of soldiers with their eyes gouged out,
treacherous murders and poisoned food.
_Outbreak of Atrocities from the Moment the German Army crossed the
Frontier._
[Sidenote: 25]
Murder, rape, arson and pillage began from the moment when the German
Army crossed the frontier. For the first fortnight of the war, the
towns and villages near Liège were the chief sufferers.... There is a
certain significance in the fact that the outrages round Liège coincide
with the unexpected resistance of the Belgian Army in that district,
and that the slaughter which reigned from August 19th to the end of the
month is contemporaneous with the period when the German Army's need
for a quick passage through Belgium at all costs was deemed imperative.
Article 46 of the Second International Peace Conference (Convention
concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land), held at the Hague
in 1907, reads as follows:--
_Family honour and rights, individual life, and private property,
as well as religious convictions and worship, must be respected._
_Private property may not be confiscated._
_Instances from Herve and Melen._
[Sidenote: 7]
"On the 4th of August," says one witness, "at Herve" (a village not
far from the frontier), "I saw at about 2 o'clock in the afternoon,
near the station, five Uhlans [German cavalry]; these were the first
German troops I had seen. They were followed by a German officer and
some soldiers in a motor car. The men in the car called out to a couple
of young fellows who were standing about 30 yards away. The young men,
being afraid, ran off, and then the Germans fired and killed one of
them named D----." The murder of this innocent fugitive civilian was a
prelude to the burning and pillage of Herve and of other villages in
the neighbourhood, to the indiscriminate shooting of civilians of both
sexes, and to the organised military execution of batches of selected
males. Thus at Herve some 50 men escaping from the burning houses were
seized, taken outside the town and shot. At Melen, a hamlet west of
Herve, 40 men were shot. In one household alone the father and mother
(names given) were shot, the daughter died after being outraged, and
the son was wounded.
_The Slaughter of Civilians speedily became a Custom._
The burning of the villages in this neighbourhood, and the wholesale
slaughter of civilians, such as occurred at Herve, Micheroux and
Soumagne appear to be connected with the exasperation caused by the
resistance of Fort Fléron, whose guns barred the main road from
Aix-la-Chapelle to Liège. Enraged by the losses which they had
sustained, suspicious of the temper of the civilian population, and
probably thinking that by exceptional severities at the outset they
could cow the spirit of the Belgian nation, the German officers and men
speedily accustomed themselves to the slaughter of civilians.
_No Official German Denial of Atrocities._
[Sidenote: 25]
Citizens of neutral states who visited Belgium in December and January
report that the German authorities do not deny that non-combatants were
systematically killed in large numbers during the first weeks of the
invasion, and this, so far as we know, has never been officially denied.
_Flight of Belgian Refugees without Parallel._
[Sidenote: 25]
If it were denied, the flight and continued voluntary exile of
thousands of Belgian refugees would go far to contradict a denial, for
there is no historical parallel in modern times for the flight of a
large part of a nation before an invader.
_German Government seek to justify Severities, but no Proof given of
Alleged Firing by Civilians._
[Sidenote: 25]
The German Government have, however, sought to justify their severities
on the grounds of military necessity, and have excused them as
retaliation for cases in which civilians fired on German troops. There
may have been cases in which such firing occurred, but no proof has
ever been given, or, to our knowledge, attempted to be given, of such
cases, nor of the allegations of shocking outrages perpetrated by
Belgian men and women on German soldiers.
_On the contrary, Civilians were Warned after the Invasion._
[Sidenote: 26]
The inherent improbability of the German contention is shown by the
fact that after the first few days of the invasion every possible
precaution had been taken by the Belgian authorities, by way of
placards and handbills, to warn the civilian population not to
intervene in hostilities.
_Civilians Shot Indiscriminately and without any Inquiry._
[Sidenote: 26]
An invading army may be entitled to shoot at sight a civilian caught
red-handed, or anyone who though not caught red-handed is proved guilty
on inquiry. But this was not the practice followed by the German
troops. They do not seem to have made any inquiry. They seized the
civilians of the village indiscriminately and killed them, or such as
they selected from among them, without the least regard to guilt or
innocence. The mere cry "Civilisten haben geschossen" ("Civilians have
been shooting") was enough to hand over a whole village or district,
and even outlying places, to ruthless slaughter.
_Killing of Civilians on Scale without any Parallel in Modern Warfare
between Civilised Powers._
[Sidenote: 25]
In the present war--and this is the gravest charge against the German
Army--the evidence shows that the killing of non-combatants was carried
out to an extent for which no previous war between nations claiming to
be civilised furnishes any precedent.
_Mass of Evidence convinced Committee of its Truth._
[Sidenote: 27]
That these acts should have been perpetrated on the peaceful population
of an unoffending country which was not at war with its invaders, but
merely defending its own neutrality, guaranteed by the invading Power,
may excite amazement and even incredulity. It was with amazement and
almost with incredulity that the Committee first read the depositions
relating to such acts. But when the evidence regarding Liège was
followed by that regarding Aerschot, Louvain, Andenne, Dinant and the
other towns and villages, the cumulative effect of such a mass of
concurrent testimony became irresistible, and the Committee were driven
to the conclusion that the things described had really happened.
_Killing of Civilians deliberately planned by the Higher Military
Authorities and carried out methodically._
[Sidenote: 27]
The excesses recently committed in Belgium were, moreover, too
widespread and too uniform in their character to be mere sporadic
outbursts of passion or rapacity.
[Sidenote: 25]
That this killing was done as part of a deliberate plan is clear from
the facts set forth regarding Louvain, Aerschot, Dinant and other
towns. The killing was done under orders in each place. It began at a
certain fixed date, and stopped (with some few exceptions) at another
fixed date.
_German Army Disciplined to Obey._
[Sidenote: 27]
The discipline of the German Army is proverbially stringent, and its
obedience implicit.
[Sidenote: 23]
It was to the discipline rather than the want of discipline in the Army
that these outrages, which we are obliged to describe as systematic,
were due, and the special official notices posted on certain houses
that they were not to be destroyed show the fate which had been decreed
for the others which were not so marked.
_A few German Officers showed Feelings of Humanity._
[Sidenote: 27]
The Committee gladly record the instances where the evidence shows
that humanity had not wholly disappeared from some members of the
German Army, and that they realised that the responsible heads of that
organisation were employing them, not in war, but in butchery. "I am
merely executing orders, and I should be shot if I did not execute
them," said an officer to a witness at Louvain. At Brussels another
officer said: "I have not done one hundredth part of what we have been
ordered to do by the High German military authorities."
[Sidenote: 30]
A humane German officer, witnessing the ruin of Aerschot, exclaimed in
disgust: "I am a father myself, and I cannot bear this. It is not war,
but butchery."
_Drink Responsible for many of the Worst Outrages._
[Sidenote: 25]
[Sidenote: 30]
Many of the worst outrages appear to have been perpetrated by men under
the influence of drink. Unfortunately, little seems to have been done
to repress this source of danger.... Officers as well as men succumbed
to the temptation of drink.
_The German Army is Responsible for Crimes which it did not Check._
[Sidenote: 27]
When an army is directed or permitted to kill non-combatants on a large
scale, the ferocity of the worse natures springs into fuller life,
and both lust and the thirst of blood become more widespread and more
formidable. Had less licence been allowed to the soldiers, and had they
not been set to work to slaughter civilians, there would have been
fewer of those painful cases in which a depraved and morbid cruelty
appears.
_The Taking and Murder of Hostages._
[Sidenote: 27]
Two classes of murders in particular require special mention, because
one of them is almost new, and the other altogether unprecedented. The
former is the seizure of peaceful citizens as so-called hostages to
be kept as a pledge for the conduct of the civil population, or as a
means to secure some military advantage, or to compel the payment of a
contribution, the hostages being shot if the condition imposed by the
arbitrary will of the invader is not fulfilled. Such hostage taking ...
is opposed both to the rules of war and to every principle of justice
and humanity.
_Murder in the Villages._
[Sidenote: 27]
The latter kind of murder is the killing of the innocent inhabitants of
a village because shots have been fired, or are alleged to have been
fired, on the troops by someone in the village. For this practice no
previous example and no justification has been or can be pleaded.... In
Belgium large bodies of men, sometimes including the burgomaster and
the priest, were seized, marched by officers to a spot chosen for the
purpose, and there shot in cold blood, without any attempt at trial
or even enquiry, under the pretence of inflicting punishment upon the
village, though these unhappy victims were not even charged with having
themselves committed any wrongful act.
[Sidenote: 16]
The Committee is specially impressed by the character of the outrages
committed in the smaller villages.
_Aerschot and District_ (August 25th).--Immediately after the battle of
Malines ... a long series of murders were committed either just before
or during the retreat of the army. Many of the inhabitants who were
unarmed, including women and young children, were killed--some of them
under revolting circumstances.
Evidence given goes to show that the death of these villagers was due,
not to accident, but to deliberate purpose.
_A Death-stricken Area._
[Sidenote: 14]
The quadrangle of territory bounded by the towns of Aerschot, Malines,
Vilvorde, and Louvain, is a rich agricultural tract, studded with small
villages and comprising two considerable cities, Louvain and Malines.
This district on August 19th passed into the hands of the Germans, and,
owing perhaps to its proximity to Antwerp, then the seat of the Belgian
Government and headquarters of the Belgian Army, it became from that
date a scene of chronic outrage, with respect to which the Committee
has received a great mass of evidence.
_Systematic Massacres._
[Sidenote: 14]
The arrival of the Germans in the district on August 19th was marked by
systematic massacres and other outrages at Aerschot itself, Gelrode and
some other villages.
_Sudden Outburst of Cruelty follows Belgian Victory._
[Sidenote: 14]
On August 25th the Belgians, sallying out of the defences of Antwerp,
attacked the German positions at Malines, drove the enemy from the
town and re-occupied many of the villages in the neighbourhood. And
just as numerous outrages against the civilian population had been the
immediate consequence of the temporary repulse of the German vanguard
from Fort Fléron, so a large body of depositions testify to the fact
that a sudden outburst of cruelty was the response of the German Army
to the Belgian victory at Malines.
_A Reign of Terror._
[Sidenote: 14]
The battle of Malines ... was the occasion of numerous murders
committed by the German Army in retreating through the villages of
Sempst, Hofstade, Eppeghem, Elewyt and elsewhere. In the second place
it led ... to the massacres, plunderings and burnings at Louvain, the
signal for which was provided by shots exchanged between the German
Army, retreating after its repulse at Malines, and some members of the
German garrison of Louvain, who mistook their fellow countrymen for
Belgians. Lastly, the encounter at Malines seems to have stung the
Germans into establishing a reign of terror in so much of the district
comprised in the quadrangle as remained in their power.
_Louvain Peacefully Occupied by Germans for Six Days._
[Sidenote: 19]
_Louvain and District._--The events spoken to as having occurred in and
around Louvain between August 19th and 25th deserve close attention.
For six days the Germans were in peaceful occupation of the city. No
houses were set on fire--no citizens killed. There was a certain amount
of looting of empty houses, but otherwise discipline was effectively
maintained. The condition of Louvain during these days was one of
relative peace and quietude, presenting a striking contrast to the
previous and contemporaneous conduct of the German Army elsewhere.
_A Sudden Change--Murder of Civilians and Destruction of Property._
[Sidenote: 19]
On the evening of August 25th a sudden change took place. The Germans,
on that day repulsed by the Belgians, had retreated to and re-occupied
Louvain. Immediately the devastation of that city and the destruction
by fire of its population began.
_Defeated Germans Revenge themselves on Civilians._
[Sidenote: 19]
The inference is irresistible that the Army as a whole wreaked its
vengeance on the civilian population and the buildings of the city in
revenge for the setback which the Belgian arms had inflicted on them.
A subsidiary cause alleged was the assertion, often made before, that
civilians had fired upon the German Army.
The depositions which relate to Louvain are numerous, and are believed
by the Committee to present a true and fairly complete picture of the
events of August 25th and 26th and subsequent days.
_Civilians did not Fire._
[Sidenote: 19]
The Committee find no grounds for thinking that the inhabitants fired
upon the German Army on the evening of August 25th. Eye-witnesses
worthy of credence detail exactly when, where and how the firing
commenced. Such firing was by Germans on Germans. No impartial tribunal
could, so the Committee think, come to any other conclusion.
_Harried Villagers._
[Sidenote: 21]
The massacre of civilians at Louvain was not confined to its citizens.
Large crowds of people were brought into Louvain from the surrounding
districts.... Of the hundreds of people taken from the various villages
and brought to Louvain as prisoners, some were massacred there, others
were forced to march along with citizens of Louvain through various
places, some being ultimately sent on the 29th to the Belgian lines at
Malines, others were taken in trucks to Cologne, others were released.
_A Calculated Policy of Cruelty._
[Sidenote: 23]
The Committee are driven to the conclusion that the harrying of the
villages in the district, the burning of a large part of Louvain, the
massacres there, the marching out of the prisoners, and the transport
to Cologne--all done without enquiry as to whether the particular
persons seized or killed had committed any wrongful act--were due to
a calculated policy carried out scientifically and deliberately, not
merely with the sanction but under the direction of higher military
authorities, and were not due to any provocation or resistance by the
civilian population.
_The Tragedy of Beautiful Dinant._
[Sidenote: 13]
Just outside the prison one witness saw three lines of bodies, which he
recognised as being those of neighbours. They were nearly all dead, but
he noticed movement in some of them. There were about 120 bodies....
Unarmed civilians were killed in masses at other places near the
prison. About 90 bodies were seen lying on the top of one another in a
grass square opposite the convent. They included many relatives of a
witness.... It is stated that, beside the 90 corpses referred to above,
60 corpses of civilians were recovered from a hole in the brewery yard,
and that 48 bodies of women and children were found in a garden.
* * * * *
The Committee have no reason to believe that the civilian population
of Dinant gave any provocation, or that any other defence can be put
forward to justify the treatment inflicted upon its citizens.
As regards this town and the advance of the German Army from Dinant
to Rethel on the Aisne, a graphic account is given in the diary of a
Saxon officer. This diary confirms what is clear from the evidence
as a whole both as regards these and other districts--that civilians
were constantly taken as prisoners, often dragged from their homes
and shot under the direction of the authorities without any charge
being made against them. An event of the kind is thus referred to in
a diary entry: "Apparently 200 men were shot. There must have been
some innocent men amongst them. In future we shall have to hold an
enquiry as to their guilt instead of shooting them." The shooting of
inhabitants--women and children as well as men--went on after the
Germans had passed Dinant on their way into France.
Further Examples of the Treatment of Civilians.
[Sidenote: 9]
Entries in a German diary show that on August 19th the German soldiers
gave themselves up to debauchery in the streets of Liège, and on the
night of the 20th (Thursday) a massacre took place in the streets....
The Belgian witnesses vehemently deny that there had been any
provocation given, some stating that many German soldiers were drunk,
others giving evidence which indicates that the affair was planned
beforehand. It is stated that at 5 o'clock in the evening, long before
the shooting, a citizen was warned by a friendly German soldier not to
go out that night.
Though the cause of the massacre is in dispute, the results are known
with certainty.... Many inhabitants were burnt alive in their houses,
their efforts to escape being prevented by rifle fire. Twenty people
were shot while trying to escape, before the eyes of one of the
witnesses.... Thirty-two civilians were killed on that day, the 21st,
in the Place de l'Université alone.
[Sidenote: 20]
_Louvain._--On August 26th (Wednesday) massacre, fire and destruction
went on.... Citizens were shot and others taken prisoners.
Soldiers went through the streets saying "Man hat geschossen." ("They
have been shooting.") One soldier was seen going along shooting in
the air.... Some citizens were shot on opening the doors, others in
endeavouring to escape.
[Sidenote: 21]
These prisoners [civilians] were practically without food from early
morning on the 26th until midnight on the 29th. Of the corpses seen
on the road some had their hands tied behind their backs, others were
burnt, some had been killed by blows.
"I did not dare to look at the dead bodies in the street, there were so
many of them."
[Sidenote: 23]
"The officers were worse than the men.... We had had nothing to eat or
drink since the evening of the day before. A few compassionate soldiers
gave us water to drink, but no official took the trouble to see that we
were fed."
[Sidenote: 24]
_Louvain_ (German soldier's diary--No. 32).--"180 inhabitants are
stated to have been shot after they had dug their own graves."
[Sidenote: 11]
_Surice._--On August 24th and 25th massacres were carried out in which
many persons belonging to the professional classes as well as others
were killed.
[Sidenote: 11]
_Namur_ was entered on August 24th. The troops signalised their entry
by firing on a crowd of 150 unarmed, unresisting civilians, 10 alone of
whom escaped.... As the inhabitants fled from the burning houses they
were shot by the German troops.
[Sidenote: 11]
In _Tamines_, a large village on the Meuse between Namur and Charleroi,
the advance guard of the German Army appeared in the first fortnight
in August, and in this, as well as in other villages in the district,
it is proved that a large number of civilians, among them aged people,
women and children, were deliberately killed by the soldiers.
[Sidenote: 21]
_Tirlemont._--The prisoners, of whom there are said to have been
thousands, were not allowed even to have water to drink, although
there were streams on the way from which the soldiers drank. Witness
was given some milk at a farm, but as she raised it to her lips it was
taken away from her.
[Sidenote: 22]
_Journeys from Louvain to Cologne._--Some of the trucks were abominably
filthy. Prisoners were not allowed to leave to obey the calls of
nature.... They were, in all, eight days in the train, crowded and
almost without food. Two of the men went mad.
[Sidenote: 23]
_Termonde._--About 70 prisoners ... were taken to Lebbeke, where there
were in all 300 prisoners, and there they were locked up in the church
for three days and with scarcely any food.
[Sidenote: 23]
_Ermeton_ (Diary No. 19).--The exact translation of the extract, grim
in its brevity, is as follows: "August 24/14. We took about 1,000
prisoners; at least 500 were shot. The village was burnt because
inhabitants had also shot. Two civilians were shot at once."
[Sidenote: 9]
_Wandre_ (Diary of German soldier--Eitel Anders).--"In one house
a whole collection of weapons was found. The inhabitants without
exception were brought out and shot. This shooting was heart-breaking,
as they all knelt down and prayed; but that was no ground for mercy. A
few shots rang out, and they fell back into the green grass and slept
for ever."
[Sidenote: 10]
_Andenne._--Almost immediately, the slaughter of these inhabitants
began, and continued for over two hours, and intermittently during the
night. Machine guns were brought into play. The German troops were said
to be for the most part drunk, and they certainly murdered and ravaged
unchecked.
[Sidenote: 11]
About 400 people lost their lives in this massacre.... Eight men
belonging to one family were murdered. Another man was placed close to
a machine gun, which was fired through him. His wife brought his body
home on a wheelbarrow. The Germans broke into her house and ransacked
it, and piled up all the eatables in a heap on the floor and relieved
themselves upon it. A hair-dresser was murdered in his kitchen, where
he was sitting with a child on each knee.
[Sidenote: 12]
_Montigny-sur-Sambre._--On the Monday morning 27 civilians from one
parish alone were seen lying dead in the hospital.
[Sidenote: 12]
At _Monceau-sur-Sambre_, on August 21st, a young man of 18 was shot
in his garden. His father and brother were seized in their house and
shot in the courtyard of a neighbouring country house. The son was shot
first. The father was compelled to stand close to the feet of his son's
corpse and to fix his eyes upon him while he himself was shot.
[Sidenote: 11]
At _Temploux_, on August 23rd, a Professor of Modern Languages at the
College of Namur was shot at his front door by a German officer. Before
he died he asked the officer the reason for this brutality, and the
officer replied that he had lost his temper because some civilians had
fired upon the Germans as they entered the village. This allegation was
not proved.... After the murder the house was burnt.
[Sidenote: 17]
_Elewyt._--A man's naked body was tied up to a ring in the wall in the
backyard of a house. He was dead, and his corpse was mutilated in a
manner too horrible to record. A woman's naked body was also found in a
stable abutting on the same backyard.
[Sidenote: 24]
Bombardier Wetzel, of the 2nd Mounted Battery, 1st Kurhessian Field
Artillery Regiment, No. 11, records an incident which happened in
French territory near Lille on October 11th: "We had no fight, but we
caught about 20 men and shot them." By this time killing not in a fight
would seem to have passed into a habit.