HELPING BEFORE THE DOCTOR COMES
=The Need of Quick Help.=--In many places in the country, or when out
camping, it is impossible to get a doctor in less than two or three
hours. Unless some one at hand can give aid before the doctor comes,
much suffering and even death may result when a simple accident
occurs. For this reason every one should know how to help in case of
such accidents as burns, bleeding, choking, and sunstroke.
=Clothing on Fire.=--Children should never play about an open fire. A
single spark lighting on a cotton dress may cause it to burst into a
blaze so that within a few minutes the child is enveloped in flames.
The quickest way to put out such a fire is to wrap the child in a
blanket, a piece of carpet, a coat, or any part of your clothing
quickly removed. If nothing is at hand to wrap the sufferer in, roll
him over and over in the dirt or weeds until the flames are smothered.
When your clothing is on fire, you must not run, because this fans the
fire and makes it burn.
=Burns and Scalds.=--If there is clothing on the part burned, it
should be taken off slowly so as not to tear the skin. If the clothing
sticks, soak it in oil a few minutes until it gets loose. Cover the
burned part as quickly as possible with vaseline or a clean cloth
soaked in a quart of boiled water containing a cup of washing soda.
Let nothing dirty touch the burned surface and keep it well wrapped.
=Bleeding.=--A person can lose a quart of blood without danger of
death and may live after more than two quarts have been lost, but it
is wise to try to stop any flow of blood as quickly as possible. Tying
a clean cloth folded several times over the cut will in most cases
stop the flow. This will help a clot to form and will also close the
ends of the cut vessels if the bandage is twisted tight with a stick.
If the cut is on a limb and the blood comes out in spurts, a bandage
tied about the limb between the cut and the body may be twisted tight
with a stick so as to press upon the artery and close it. A piece of
wood or folded cloth placed over the artery under the bandage before
it is tightened is helpful.
=Nosebleed.=--Some persons are troubled frequently with bleeding from
the nose. The least knock may cause it to bleed for more than an hour.
It may generally be stopped without sending for a doctor.
Sit up straight to keep the blood out of the head and press the
middle part of the nose firmly between the fingers. Apply a cold wet
cloth or a lump of ice wrapped in a cloth to the back of the neck. Put
a bag of pounded ice on the root of the nose. If it does not stop in a
half hour, wet a soft rag or a piece of cotton with cold tea or alum
water and put it gently into the bleeding nostril so as to entirely
close it. Do not blow the nose for several hours after the bleeding
has stopped as this may start it again.
=Fainting.=--Fainting may be caused by bad air, an overheated room, by
fear, or by some other excitement. A fainting person falls down and
appears to be asleep. The lips are pale and there may be cold sweat on
the forehead. There is too little blood in the brain, and the heart is
weak.
A fainting person should be laid flat on the floor or on a couch, and
all doors and windows opened wide. Loosen all tight clothing and apply
to the forehead a cloth wet with cold water. A faint usually lasts
only a few minutes.
=Sunstroke.=--A person with sunstroke becomes giddy, sick at the
stomach, and weak. He then gets drowsy and may seem as if asleep, but
he cannot be aroused. The skin is hot and dry instead of being cold
and pale, as in fainting. The doctor should be sent for at once.
The first aid for sunstroke is to put the patient in a cool cellar or
an icehouse, raise the head, and wet the head, neck, and back of the
chest with cold water. As soon as he wakens put him in a cool room.
=Frostbite.=--When out in very cold weather, the end of the nose, the
tips of the ears, and the toes and fingers are sometimes frozen. If a
person comes into a warm room, these frozen parts will give much pain.
The parts should be rubbed with snow or ice water until a tingling
sensation is felt.
=Breaks in the Skin.=--A small cut or tear in the skin may become very
sore and cause much trouble if not cared for so as to keep the germs
out. If there is dirt in the wound, as when made with a rusty nail or
by the bite of a dog, it should be squeezed and washed with boiled
water to make it perfectly clean. It may then be bound up in a clean
cloth. A little turpentine poured on the wound will help kill the
germs which may make it sore. If the dog is thought to be mad or the
wound is too deep to be easily washed out to the bottom, a doctor
should be called.
=Snakebite.=--The scratches made by the little teeth of most snakes,
such as the milk snake, garter snake, and black snake, do no more harm
than the scratch of a pin. The _copperhead_, the _southern moccasin_,
and the _rattlesnake_ have a pair of long teeth called _fangs_ in the
upper jaw. These teeth have little canals in them through which the
snake presses poison into the bite.
[Illustration: FIG. 98.--Photograph of a copperhead snake whose bite
may cause death.]
If a person is bitten by one of these snakes, the doctor must be sent
for and help given at once. Put a bandage above the bite and twist it
tight with a stick. Make two or three deep cuts into the bitten place
to let out the poisoned blood. Suck the wound to draw out the poison
and apply ammonia.
=Choking.=--A hard piece of meat, a bone, or a peach seed may slip
back into the throat and press so hard on the windpipe as to cut off
the air from the lungs. If the object is not far back in the throat,
it may be seized with the first finger. A few smart slaps on the upper
part of the back while the body is bent forward may drive enough air
out of the lungs to push the object outward.
=Drowning.=--Every one should learn to swim while young, but no one
should venture in deep water. Stiffening of the muscles called cramps
often causes the best swimmer to drown.
After a person has been under the water two or three minutes he
appears lifeless. He may, however, be brought to life if laid face
downward, his clothes loosened, and the lungs made to breathe. A heavy
folded coat, a piece of sod, or a bunch of weeds should be put under
the chest. Then standing astride of him place the hands on the lower
ribs and bend forward gradually so as to press on the ribs and push
the air out of the lungs. Then straighten your body and slowly lessen
pressure on the patient's ribs so that the air will run into the
lungs. In this way make the air go in and out of the lungs about
fifteen times each minute.
=Poisoning.=--Whenever a person has taken poison, a physician should
be sent for at once. In most cases an effort should be made to get the
poison out of the stomach by causing vomiting. A glass or two of weak,
warm soapsuds, a pint of water with a tablespoonful of mustard, or a
glass of water with two tablespoonfuls of salt may be taken to make
the stomach throw out the poison. Tickling the throat back of the
tongue will help cause vomiting.
If a strong acid such as carbolic acid or a strong alkali such as
ammonia has been taken, do not cause vomiting. For acids give chalk in
warm water and a pint of milk. For an alkali give vinegar in water.
INDEX
Ab do'men, 15.
Ad'e noids, 105, 106.
Air and health, 111-116.
Air sacs, 102, 103.
Air tubes, 103.
Alcohol, 20, 35.
and blood, 124, 125.
and blood vessels, 126.
and brain, 158-162.
and clothing, 98, 99.
and crime, 160, 161.
and digestion, 57, 58.
and health, 74, 75.
and kidneys, 93.
and lungs, 109, 110.
and muscles, 146-148.
and senses, 172.
and skin, 92, 93.
Alcoholic drinks, 68-73.
as food, 27, 29.
A or'ta, 16.
Appetite, 58, 59.
Arteries, 19, 119.
Backbone, 16.
Bac te'ria, 36, 39.
of disease, 175-177.
of milk, 43.
Bathing, 91.
Beans, 24.
Bedbugs and disease, 134, 178.
Beef tea, 31.
Beer and digestion, 57, 58.
as a food, 27, 35.
and heart, 125.
making of, 70.
Bile, 52, 55.
Blackdeath, 11.
Bleeding, to stop, 123, 124, 184, 185.
Blood, 17, 117, 118.
Blood vessels, 19, 118-122.
Body, parts of, 15-19.
Bones, 135-139.
Bowels, 47, 52, 53.
Brain, 149-153.
Brain, use of, 18.
Brandy, 72.
Bread, 23.
Breathing, 100-107.
Building foods, 22, 23.
Burns and scalds, 184.
Butter, 41.
Capillaries, 119, 120.
Carbon dioxide, 102, 111.
Cells, 20.
Cereals, 33.
Cer'e brum, 150, 151.
Chest, 15.
Chewing and health, 49-50.
Choking, 187.
Cholera, 175.
Cider, 40.
Cigarettes, 82, 162.
Cleanliness, 44, 91.
Clothing, 94-99.
Co'ca ine, 162.
Coffee, 82, 83, 164.
Colds, 180.
Consumption, 109, 180-181.
Cooking of eggs, 34.
of meat, 30, 31.
Corns, 98.
Cotton, 96.
Cream, 41.
Deafness, 171.
Diaphragm (_di'a fram_), 16, 104
Digestion, organs of, 47-52.
Diphtheria, 175, 178.
Disease, cause of, 25-27.
from alcohol, 76, 77.
from bad air, 114.
from drinking cup, 108, 177.
from dust, 108, 109.
of eyes, 169.
from flies, 108.
from insects, 127-134.
from milk, 43-46, 178.
prevention of, 174-182.
Disease, from spit, 107, 108, 178, 179.
victory over, 12.
Dis til la'tion, 73.
Drinking cup and disease, 108, 177.
Drowning, 187.
Drunkards, cause of, 14.
Dust and disease, 37, 108, 109.
Dys pep'si a, 50.
Ear, 169-171.
Eggs, 23, 33, 34.
Epidermis, 85, 86.
Exercise, 144-146.
Eye, 165-168.
Fainting, 185.
Fat, 24.
Fats, 22, 23.
Feeding of body, 21.
Feeling, 172.
Feet, care of, 98.
Fish as food, 30.
Fleas and disease, 134.
Flies and disease, 45-46, 108, 132-134, 176, 178.
Food, amount needed, 27.
and health, 30-35.
digestion of, 47-55.
entrance to blood, 52, 54.
Foods, 22.
Freckles, 87.
Frostbite, 186.
Fruits, 33, 34.
Fuel foods, 23, 24.
Gastric juice, 51.
Germs, 36-40.
of disease, 175, 176.
of milk, 43.
of spit, 107.
Glands, 47-49.
Growth of body, 20.
Gullet, 16, 53.
Habit, 133, 154.
Habits, 14.
Hair, 88-90.
Headache, 55.
Hearing, 170.
Heart, 16, 100, 118, 122.
Hookworm disease, 181, 182.
Hookworms, 175.
Hy'gi ene, 10.
Insects and health, 129-134.
Intestine, 16.
Intestines, 47, 52, 53.
Joints, 139, 140.
Kidney, 16.
Kidneys, 17, 92.
Larynx (_lar'inks_), 102.
Leprosy, 134.
Life, length of, 9.
Ligaments, 135, 139, 140.
Linen, 95.
Liver, 16, 53, 54, 55, 100.
Lung, 16.
Lungs, 100-101.
Malaria, 175.
Measles, 175.
Meat, 23.
cooking of, 30.
spoiling of, 38, 39.
Meats, 30.
Mi'crobes, 36, 37.
Milk, 23, 29, 41-46.
and scarlet fever, 176.
as a food, 31.
souring of, 39.
Mineral foods, 24.
Mold, 37, 38.
Morphine, 83, 84, 162, 163.
Mosquitoes and disease, 127-132.
Mouth, 60-67.
Muscles, 140-143.
Muscles and health, 144-148.
Nails, 87, 88.
Nar cot'ics, 158-164.
Nerves, 19, 149, 151, 152.
Nose, 104-106, 171.
Nose bleed, 181.
Opium, 83, 84, 162, 163.
Organ, 18.
Organs of body, 16.
Oxygen, 22.
Oysters as a food, 30.
Painkillers, 163.
Pan'cre as, 16, 48, 52, 53.
Pa ral'y sis, 155.
Patent medicines, 84.
Pharynx (_far'inks_), 47.
Plague, 134, 175.
Poisoning, 188.
Pro'te ids, 22.
Pus, 123.
Radius, 137.
Ribs, 137.
Rum, 73.
Sa li'va, 48, 49.
Salt, 34.
Scarlet fever, 175, 176, 178.
Sense organs, 165-173.
Shoes, 98.
Sick, number of, 9.
Sickness, how caused, 11.
prevention of, 174-182.
Silk, 95.
Skin, 85-93.
senses of, 172.
Skull, 136.
Sleep, 156, 157.
and disease, 113, 114.
Sleeping sickness, 134.
Slops, care of, 175.
Smallpox, 12, 178-180.
Smell, 171.
Smoking, 57.
Snakebites, 186, 187.
Sore throat, 175.
Soups, 31.
Spinal cord, 16, 19, 151, 154, 155.
Spit, care of, 175, 178.
Spitting and health, 107, 108.
Spleen, 54.
Starch, 23, 24.
Stimulants, 158, 164.
Stomach, 16, 47, 50-53, 100.
Sugars, 22, 23.
Sunstroke, 185.
Sweeping and health, 37.
Sweetbread, 48.
Swimming, 145, 146, 187.
Sym pa thet'ic nerves, 155.
Taste, 171, 172.
Tea, 82, 83, 164.
Teeth, 60-67.
Thigh, 15.
Tissue, 18.
Tobacco, 20.
and air, 116.
and blood, 125.
and brain, 162.
and digestion, 56, 57.
as food, 34, 35.
and health, 78-82.
and heart, 126.
and lungs, 110.
and muscles, 148.
and senses, 172, 173.
Tonsil, 105, 106.
Toothache, 62, 63.
Tuberculosis, 107, 108, 175.
and bad air, 114, 115.
cause of, 178, 180.
prevention of, 107-109, 111-116, 180-181.
Trunk, 15.
Typhoid fever, 175.
how caused, 25-27, 28, 134.
Vaccination, 179, 180.
Vegetables as food, 32, 33.
Veins, 28, 121.
Ventilation, 111-115.
Villi, 54.
Vocal cords, 105, 106.
Voice, 106, 107.
Voice box, 102.
War, deaths from, 11.
Waste, giving out of, 17.
Water, use of, 24, 92.
Water and health, 25-27, 28.
Water in food, 25.
Whisky, 72, 73.
Whooping cough, 175.
Wigglers, 130-131.
Windpipe, 16, 102, 103.
Wine, 27, 28.
and digestion, 58.
making of, 70-71.
Wounds, 186.
Yeast, 39, 40, 69.
Yellow fever, 12, 13, 129, 130.
BALDWIN AND BENDER'S READERS
Reading with Expression
By JAMES BALDWIN, Author of Baldwin's School Readers, Harper's
Readers, etc. and IDA C. BENDER, Supervisor of Primary Grades,
Buffalo, New York.
AN EIGHT BOOK SERIES or A FIVE BOOK SERIES
The authorship of this series is conclusive evidence of its rare
worth, of its happy union of the ideal and the practical. The chief
design of the books is to help pupils to acquire the art and habit of
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selections have, to a large extent, been chosen for this purpose.
** These readers are very teachable and readable, and are unusually
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** The First Reader may be used with any method of teaching reading,
for it combines the best ideas of each. A number of helpful new
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preceding left-hand page.
** The illustrations constitute the finest and most attractive
collection ever brought together in a series of readers. There are
over 600 in all, every one made especially for these books by an
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AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
HICKS'S CHAMPION SPELLING BOOK
By WARREN E. HICKS, Assistant Superintendent of Schools, Cleveland, Ohio
Complete, $0.25--Part One, $0.18--Part Two, $0.18
This book embodies the method that enabled the pupils in the Cleveland
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** By this method a spelling lesson of ten words is given each day from
the spoken vocabulary of the pupil. Of these ten words two are
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word building. The words have been selected from lists, supplied by
grade teachers of Cleveland schools, of words ordinarily misspelled by
the pupils of their respective grades.
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SPENCERS' PRACTICAL WRITING
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SPENCERS' PRACTICAL WRITING has been devised because of the distinct and
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MAXWELL'S NEW GRAMMARS
By WILLIAM H. MAXWELL, Ph.D., LL.D. Superintendent of Schools, City of
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Elementary Grammar $0.40
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The ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR presents in very small space all the grammar
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** It gives the pupil an insight into the general forms in which
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** The SCHOOL GRAMMAR contains everything needed by students in upper
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** The book treats of grammar only, and presents many exercises which
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Transcriber's Note:
* Inconsistent hyphenation in the word "skinlike" retained.
* Pg 91 Added period after "Clean" located in "Keeping the Skin
Clean".
* Pg 182 Added period after "sickness" located in "animals which
carry sickness".
* Pg 188 Removed extraneous comma after "back" located in "throat
back, of the tongue".
* Pg 190 Index page reference "47" amended to "67" located in "Mouth,
60-47".