TABLE OF CONTENTS

A TREATISE OF SCHEMES AND TROPES

by _Richard Sherry_ 1

Introduction 2

Eloquucion 17

Of Evidence and Plainness 19

Of the Three Kyndes of Style 21

Scheme and Figure 25

Faute 32

Garnyshyng and His Kyndes 38

Figures of Sentence 62

Proves 78

THE EDUCATION OF CHILDREN

by _Desiderius Erasmus_ 97

¶ A treatise

of Schemes & Tropes

very profytable

for the better vnderstanding of good

authors, gathered out of the best

Grammarians & Oratours

by Rychard Sherry Lon

doner.

Whervnto is added a declamacion,

That chyldren euen strayt frõ their

infancie should be well and gent-

ly broughte vp in learnynge.

Written fyrst in Latin

by the most excel-

lent and

famous Clearke, Erasmus

of Rotero-

dame.

To the ryght worshyp

ful Master Thomas Brooke

Esquire, Rychard Shyrrey

wysheth health euer-

lastynge.

[Sidenote: The tytle of thys worcke straunge.] I doubt

not but that the title of this treatise all straunge

vnto our Englyshe eares, wil cause some men at the

fyrst syghte to maruayle what the matter of it should

meane: yea, and peraduenture if they be rashe of

iudgement, to cal it some newe fangle, and so casting

it hastily from th[em], wil not once vouchsafe to reade

it: and if they do, yet perceiuynge nothing to be

therin that pleaseth their phansy, wyl count it but a

tryfle, & a tale of Robynhoode. But of thys sorte as I

doubte not to fynde manye, so perhaps there wyll be

other, whiche moued with the noueltye thereof, wyll

thynke it worthye to be looked vpon, and se what is

contained therin. [Sidenote: Sheme and Trope.] These

words, _Scheme_ and _Trope_, are not vsed in our

Englishe tongue, neither bene they Englyshe wordes.

[Sidenote: Vse maketh stra[un]ge thinges familier.] No

more be manye whiche nowe in oure tyme be made by

continual vse, very familier to most men, and come so

often in speakyng, that aswel is knowen amongest vs

the meanyng of them, as if they had bene of oure owne

natiue broode. Who hath not in hys mouthe nowe thys

worde Paraphrasis, homelies, vsurped, abolyshed, wyth

manye other lyke? And what maruail is it if these

words haue not bene vsed heretofore, seynge there was

no suche thynge in oure Englishe tõgue where vnto they

shuld be applyed? Good cause haue we therefore to gyue

thankes vnto certayne godlye and well learned men,

whych by their greate studye enrychynge our tongue

both wyth matter and wordes, haue endeuoured to make

it so copyous and plentyfull that therein it maye

compare wyth anye other whiche so euer is the best.

[Sidenote: Oure language falsely accused of

barbarousnes.] It is not vnknowen that oure language

for the barbarousnes and lacke of eloquence hathe bene

complayned of, and yet not trewely, for anye defaut in

the toungue it selfe, but rather for slackenes of our

co[un]trimen, whiche haue alwayes set lyght by searchyng

out the elegance and proper speaches that be ful many

in it: as plainly doth appere not only by the most

excellent monumentes of our a[un]ci[en]t forewriters,

[Sidenote: Gower. Chawcer. Lidgate.] Gower, Chawcer

and Lydgate, but also by the famous workes of many

other later: [Sidenote: Syr Thomas Elyot.] inespeciall

of y^e ryght worshipful knyght syr Thomas Eliot, which

first in hys dictionarye as it were generallye

searchinge oute the copye of oure language in all

kynde of wordes and phrases, after that setting abrode

goodlye monumentes of hys wytte, lernynge and

industrye, aswell in historycall knowledge, as of

eyther the Philosophies, hathe herebi declared the

plentyfulnes of our mother to[un]ge, loue toward hys

country, hys tyme not spent in vanitye and tryfles.

What shuld I speake of that ornamente Syr Thomas Wyat?

which beside most excellente gyftes bothe of fortune

and bodye, so flouryshed in the eloquence of hys

natiue tongue, that as he passed therin those wyth

whome he lyued, so was he lykelye to haue bene equal

wyth anye other before hym, had not enuious death to

hastely beriued vs of thys iewel: teachyng al men

verely, no filicitie in thys worlde to be so suer and

stable, but that quicklye it may be ouerthrowen and

broughte to the grounde. Manye other there be yet

lyuynge whose excellente wrytynges do testifye wyth vs

to be wordes apte and mete elogantly to declare oure

myndes in al kindes of Sciences: and that, what

sentence soeuer we conceiue, the same to haue Englyshe

oracion natural, and holp[en] by art, wherby it may most

eloqu[en]tly be vttered. [Sidenote: The occasion of thys

treatise.] Of the whych thynge as I fortuned to talke

wyth you, Master Brooke, among other matters this

present argument of Schemes and Tropes came in place,

and offered it selfe, demed to be bothe profitable and

pleasaunte if they were gathered together, and

handsomelye set in a playne ordre, and wyth theire

descriptions hansomely put into our Englishe tongue.

And bicause longe ago, I was well acquaynted with

them, when I red them to other in y^e Latin, and that

they holpe me verye muche in the exposicion of goode

authores, I was so muche the more ready to make them

speak English, partli to renew the pleasure of mine

old studies, and partelye to satysfy your request.

¶ [Sidenote: Rodulphus Agricola.] Beside this, I was

moued also wyth the authorytye of that famous clarke

Rodulphus Agricola, whyche in a certeine epistle

wryten vnto a frynde of hys, exhorteth m[en] what soeuer

they reade in straunge tongues, diligently to

translate the same into their owne language: because

that in it we sonar perceiue if there be any faute in

our speaking, and howe euerye thynge eyther rightly

hangeth together or is darkely, ruggishly, and

superfluously wrytt[en]. No lerned nacion hath there

bene but y^e learned in it haue written of schemes &

fygures, which thei wold not haue don, except thei had

perceyued the valewe.

¶ Wherefore after theyr example obtaynyng a lytle

lesure, I red ouer sundrye treatises, as wel of those

which wrot long ago, as of other now in our daies:

fyndynge amonge them some to haue wrytten ouer

brieflye, some confuselye, and falselye some.

[Sidenote: Mosellain.] Mosellane hathe in hys tables

shewed a fewe fygures of grammer, and so hathe

confo[un]ded them together, that his second order called

of Loquucion pertayneth rather to the rhetoricians

then to hys purpose. [Sidenote: Quintilian.]

Quintilian briefly hathe wrytten bothe of the

Gramatical and rhetorical Shemes, but so that you may

soone perceyue he did it by the waye, as muche as

serued hys purpose. [Sidenote: Cicero.] Cicero in hys

boke of an oratour with hys incompetable eloquence

hathe so hid the preceptes, that scarselye they may be

tryed oute by theyr names, or by theyr exãples.

[Sidenote: Erasmus.] Erasmus in hys double copye of

words and thynges, hath made as y^e tytle declareth

but a comentarye of them bothe, and as it wer a litle

bil of remembra[un]ce. Wherefore to make these thinges

more playne to y^e students that lyst to reade them in

oure tongue, I haue taken a lytle payne, more

thorowelye to try the definicions, to apply the

examples more aptly, & to make things defused more

plaine, as in dede it shal ryght wel apere to the

dylygente. I haue not translated them orderly out of

anye one author, but runninge as I sayde thorowe many,

and vsyng myne owne iudgement, haue broughte them into

this body as you se, and set them in so playne an

order, that redelye maye be founde the figure, and the

vse wherevnto it serueth. Thoughe vnto greate wittes

occupyed with weightye matters, they do not greatelye

pertayne, yet to such as percha[un]ce shal not haue

perfecte instructoures, they may be commodious to

helpe them selues for y^e better vnderstandynge of

such good authors as they reade. ¶ For thys darre I

saye, no eloquente wryter maye be perceiued as he

shulde be, wythoute the knowledge of them: for asmuche

as al togethers they belonge to Eloquucion, whyche is

the thyrde and pryncipall parte of rhetorique. The

common scholemasters be wont in readynge, to saye vnto

their scholers: _Hic est figura_: and sometyme to axe

them, _Per quam figuram?_ But what profit is herein if

they go no further? In speakynge and wrytynge nothyng

is more folyshe than to affecte or fondly to laboure

to speake darkelye for the nonce, sithe the proper vse

of speach is to vtter the meaning of our mynd with as

playne wordes as maye be. [Sidenote: A figure not to

be vsed but for a cause.] But syth it so chaunseth y^t

somtyme ether of necessitie, or to set out the matter

more pla[in]ly we be compelled to speake otherwyse then

after common facion, onles we wil be ignorante in the

sence or meaninge of the mater that excellente authors

do wryghte of, we muste nedes runne to the helpe of

schemes & fygures: which verely come no sildomer in

the writing and speaking of eloquente english men,

then either of Grecians or Latins. Many thinges might

I brynge in to proue not onely a great profyt to be in

them but that they are to be learned euen of

necessitie, for as muche as not only prophane authors

wythout them may not be wel vnderstand, but that also

they greatelye profit vs in the readinge of holye

scripture, where if you be ignoraunte in the

fyguratiue speches and Tropes, you are lyke in manye

greate doubtes to make but a slender solucion:

[Sidenote: Westimerus] as ryght wyll do testefy

_Castelio Vestimerus_ and [Sidenote: Augustinus] y^t

noble doctor saint Augustine. I confesse I haue not

made the matter here so perfecte as my wyll and desyer

is it shoulde haue ben, and that I haue but brieflye

touched, and as it were with my litle fynger poynted

to these thinges, which require a l[en]ger declaracion.

For what can be hasted, and absolute to? But if God

spare me lyfe, I truste hereafter to make it an

introducciõ, wherbi our youth not onlye shall saue

that moste precious Iewell, Time, whyle they wander by

them selues, readynge at all aduentures sundry and

varyous authors: but that also thei shalbe able better

to vnderstande and iudge of the goodlye gyftes and

ornamentes in mooste famous and eloquente oratoures.

[Sidenote: And apte similitude.] For as lyke plesure

is not to him whiche gooeth into a goodlye garden

garnyshed wyth dyuers kindes of herbes and flowers,

and that there doeth no more but beholde them, of

whome it maye be sayde that he wente in for nothynge

but that he wold come out, and to hym which besyde the

corporall eie pleasure, knoeth of eueri one the name &

propertye: so verelye much difference is there in

readynge good authors, and in sundrye sortes of menne

that do it: and muche more pleasure, and profit hathe

he whiche vseth arte and iudgement, then the other,

whiche wyth greate studye in dede turneth them ouer

but for lacke of the knowledge of preceptes wanteth

also the fruite and delectacyon that he more amplye

myghte obtayne. The lyuynge God from whome all good

giftes do procede, gyue vs grace so to order all oure

words and speache, that it may be to his honour and

glory for euer and euer. Amen.

¶ Geuen at London the.

xiii. day of Decembre.

Anno .M.D.L.

¶ A briefe note of eloquciõ, the third

parte of Rhetoricke, wherunto

all Figures and Tropes be

referred.

[Sidenote: Eloquucion] _Eloquucion_, which the Greekes

call Phrase, whereof also the name of eloquence dothe

ryse, as of al partes it is the goodlyest, so also is

it the most profitable and hardeste: in the whyche is

seene that diuine myghte and vertue of an oratoure,

whych as Cicero in hys oratorie particions defineth,

is nothyng else but wisedom speakyng eloquently. For

vnto the maruelous greate inuencion of all thynges,

bothe it addeth a fulnes, and varietie: it setteth

oute & garnysheth wyth lyghtes of eloquent speche,

the thinges that be spoken of and also wyth very graue

sentences, choyse wordes, proper, aptly translated,

and wel soundyng, it bryngeth that greate fludde of

eloquence vnto a certein kynd of stile and indyghtyng.

And oute of thys greate streame of eloquucion, not

only must we chose apte, and mete wordes, but also

take hede of placinge, and settinge them in order.

For the myghte and power of eloquucion consisteth in

wordes considered by them selues, and when they be

ioyned together. Apt wordes by searchyng muste be

founde oute, and after by diligence conueniently

coupled. For there is a garnyshynge, euen when they be

pure and fyne by them selues, and an other, wh[en] they

be ioyned together. To chose th[em] oute finely, and

handsomlye to bestow them in their places, after the

mynde of Cicero and Quintilian, is no easy thynge. So

Marcus Antonius was wonte to say, that he had knowen

many wel spoken men, but none eloquente. ¶ Tullye and

Quintilian thoughte that inuencion and disposiciõ were

the partes of a wytty and prudent man, but eloquence

of an oratour. For howe to finde out matter, and set

it in order, may be comen to all men, whyche eyther

make abridgementes of the excellent workes of

aunciente wryters, and put histories in rem[em]braunce,

or that speake of anye matter them selues: but to

vtter the mynde aptely, distinctly, and ornately, is a

gyft geuen to very fewe. And because we haue deuided

eloquucion into two partes, that is, wordes symple,

or considered by them selues, and compound or ioyned

together in speache, accordyng to thys we saye, that

euerye eloquente oracion must haue in it thre poyntes:

euidence, which belongeth to the fyrst parte of

eloquucion, composicion & dignitie, which belongeth to

the other.

Of Euidence and plainenes.

Of these thynges that we put in eloquucion, lette thys

be the fyrste care, to speake euidentlye after the

dignitye and nature of thynges, and to vtter suche

wordes, whych as Cicero sayth in hys oratour, no man

may iustely reprehende. The playne and euident speche

is learned of Gramarians, and it keepeth the oracion

pure, and without all faute, and maketh that euerye

thyng may seme to be spoken purelye apertlye, and

clerelye. Euerye speche standeth by vsuall wordes that

be in vse of daylye talke, and proper wordes that

belonge to the thinge, of the which we shal speke.

Neyther be properties to be referred onely to the name

of the thing, but much more to the strength and power

of the significacion: & must be considered not by

hearyng, but by vnderstandyng. So translacion in the

whych comonly is the greatest vse of eloquuciõ,

applieth wordes not the selfe proper thinges. But yet

an vnvsed worde or poetical, hath also somtyme in the

oracion hys dignitie, and beyng put in place (as

Cicero sayeth) oftentymes the oracion may seme

greater, and of more antiquitie, for that Poetes do

speake in a maner as it were in another tonge, it is

righte sone perceiued. Finally two fautes are cõmitted

in euerye language, whereby it is not pure:

Barbarisme, and Solecisme. Of the whych, that on is

committed, when anye worde is fautely spoken or

writen: that other, when in many wordes ioyned

together, the worde that foloweth is not wel applyed

to that that goeth before. Of composicion and

dygnitye, we wyll speake here after, when we come to

the figures of rethoryque.

Of the three kyndes of style or endyghtynge.

Before we come to the precepts of garnishing an

oraciõ, we thinke good, bryeflye, to shewe you of the

thre kyndes of stile or endyghting, in the whych all

the eloquucion of an oratoure is occupied. For that

there be thre sundry kyndes, called of the Grekes

characters, of vs figures, I trowe there is no man,

though he be meanlye learned, but he knoweth, namely

when we se so manye wryters of sciences, bothe Greke

and latine, whych haue ben before tyme, to haue

folowed for the mooste parte sundrye sortes of

wrytyng, the one vnlyke to the other. And there hath

bene marked inespecially thre kyndes of endightynge:

The greate, the small, the meane.

The greate kynde.

The greate, the noble, the mightye, and the full kynde

of endyghtynge, wyth an incredible, & a certen diuine

power of oracion, is vsed in wayghty causes: for it

hathe wyth an ample maiestye verye garnyshed wordes,

proper, translated, & graue sentences, whych ar

handled in amplificacion, and commiseracion, and it

hathe exornations bothe of woordes and sentences,

wherunto in oracions they ascribe verye great strength

and grauitie. And they that vse thys kynde, bee

vehement, various, copious, graue, appoynted and

readye thorowlye to moue and turne mens myndes.

Thys kynd dyd Cicero vse in the oracion for Aulus

Cluencius, for Sylla, for Titus Annius Milo, for Caius

Rabirius: agaynste Catiline, agaynste Verres, agaynste

Piso. But they that can not skyll of it oftentimes

fall into fautes, when vnto them that seemeth a graue

oracion, whych swelleth, and is puffed vp, whych vseth

straunge wordes hardelye translated, or to olde, and

that be nowe longe sythens lefte of from vse of daylye

talke, or more graue then the thing requyreth.

The small kynde.

The small kynde of indighting, is in a subtile,

pressed, and fyled oracion, meete for causes that be a

lytel sharper then are in the comon vse of speakynge.

For it is a kynde of oracion that is lette downe euen

to the mooste vsed custume of pure and clere speakyng.

It hathe fyne sentences, subtile, sharpe, teachyng all

thynges, and makynge them more playne, not more ample.

¶ And in the same kynde (as Cicero sayeth in hys

oratoure) some bee craftye, but vnpolyshed, and of

purpose lyke the rude and vnskylfull: Other in that

leaues are trymme, that is somwhat floryshynge also

and garnyshed. Cicero vsed thys kynde in hys

philosophicall disputacions, in the oraciõ for

Quincius for Roscius y^e Comedy plaier, & Ter[en]ce,

& Plautus in their Comedies. Such as cã not hãdsomly

vse them selues in that mery conceyted slendernes of

wordes, fall into a drye and feble kynde of oracion.

The meane kynde.

The mean and temperate kynd of indyghting standeth of

the lower, and yet not of the loweste, and moste comen

wordes and sent[en]ces. And it is ryghtyly called the

temperate kynde of speakyng, because it is very nygh

vnto the small, and to the greate kynde, folowyng a

moderacion and temper betwyxt th[em]. And it foloweth as

we saye in one tenour, distinguyshyng all the oracion

wyth small ornamentes both of wordes, and sentences.

Cicero vseth thys for the lawe of Manilius, for Aulus

Cecinna, for Marcus Marcellus, and moste of all in hys

bookes of offices. In this it is fautye to come to the

kynd that is nye vnto it, whyche is called dissolute,

because it waueth hyther and thyther, as it were

wythout senowes and ioyntes, standyng surely in no

poynte. And suche an oracion can not cause the hearer

to take anye heede, when it goeth so in and out, and

comprehendeth not any thyng wyth perfecte wordes.

Of Schemes and Tropes.

[Sidenote: Scheme] Scheme is a Greke worde, and

signifyeth properlye the maner of gesture that

daunsers vse to make, wh[en] they haue won the best game,

but by translacion is taken for the fourme, fashion,

and shape of anye thynge expressed in wrytynge or

payntinge: and is taken here now of vs for the fashion

of a word, sayynge, or sentence, otherwyse wrytten or

spoken then after the vulgar and comen vsage, and that

thre s[un]dry waies: by figure, faute, vertue.

Figure.

Fygure, of Scheme y^e fyrst part, is a behaueoure,

maner, or fashion eyther of sentence, oracion, or

wordes after some new wyse, other th[en] men do commenlye

vse to wryte or speake: and is of two sortes.

Dianoias, that is of sentence, and Lexeos of worde.

Figure of Dianoias, or sentence, because it properlye

belongeth to oratoures, we wyll speake of it hereafter

in place conuenient, now wyll we entrete of the figure

Lexeos, or of worde, as it perteyneth to the

Gramarians.

Figure of worde.

Figure Lexeos, or of worde, is when in speakyng or

wrytyng any thynge touchynge the wordes is made newe

or straunge, otherwyse then after y^e comen custume:

& is of .ii. kyndes; diccion, & construccion.

Figure of Diccion.

Figure of diccion is the transformacion of one word,

either written or prono[un]ced: & hath these partes.

[Sidenote: Prosthesis.] _Appositio_, apposiciõ,

the putting to, eyther of letter or sillable at the

begynnyng of a worde, as: He all to bewretched hym.

[Sidenote: Apheresis] _Ablatio_, the takynge awaye of

a letter or sillable from the begynnynge of a worde,

of a letter, when we say: The p[en]thesis of thys house

is to low, for the epenthesis. Wher note this y^e word

p[en]thesis is a greke worde, & yet is vsed as an

englishe, as many mo be, and is called a pentis by

these figures, Sincope and Apheresis, the whole word

beynge as is before, epenthesis, so called because it

is betwyxt y^e lyght & vs, as in al occupiers shops

cõmenli it is.

[Sidenote: Epenthesis.] _Interpositio_, when a letter

is added betwene the fyrste sillable of a word and the

laste, as: Relligiõ for religion, relliques for

reliques.

[Sidenote: Syncope.] _Consicio_, contrary to

Epenthesis, is when somewhat is cutte of from the

myddeste of the worde, as: Idolatry for Idololatry.

[Sidenote: Proparalepsis.] _Preassumpcio_, when a

sillable is added to a word, the significacion of the

worde therby nothyng altered, as: He vseth to slacken

his matters, for to slacke his matters.

[Sidenote: Apocope.] _Absissio_, y^e cuttyng away of a

letter or sillable frõ the end of a word, as: She is a

wel fayr may, for maid.

[Sidenote: Ectasis.] _Extensio_, the making lõg of a

sillable whych by nature is short, as: This was

ordeined by acte, for ordined.

[Sidenote: Systole.] _Contractio_, the makynge short

of a sillable which bi nature is lõg, as He is a man

of good perseuera[un]ce: wher some men cõmit .ii. fautes

at once, one y^t they take perseuera[un]ce for

knoweledge, which signifieth alwais cõtinuance, an

other y^t they make this sillable (ue) short, where it

is euer longe: and so do they erre in thys worde,

adherentes, also, makyng (he) short, when it is

alwayes longe, as when they saye: I defye hym, and all

his adherentes.

[Sidenote: Synolephe.] _Delecio_, puttynge oute, when

.ii. vowels comyng together, the first is as it were

put out: as thone and thother, for the one and the

other.

[Sidenote: Antisthecon.] _Littera pro littera._ One

letter for an other, as akecorne for okecorne.

_Transposicio._ Transposing of letters in wrytynge,

as chambre, for chamber.

Figure of construccion.

Figure of construccion is when the order of

construccion is otherwyse then after the comen maner.

And the kyndes be these.

[Sidenote: Prolepsis.] _Presumpcio_, a takynge before,

or generall speakynge of those thynges whych

afterwardes be declared more perticulerlye: as, in the

meane seasõ that kyng Henry rode royally to Calais on

a sumpteous courser, Lewes in a gorgeous chariot was

caried to Boloygne.

[Sidenote: Zeugma.] _Iunctio_, ioynyng, as Linacer

sayeth, is when in lyke sentences a certen comen thyng

that is put in the one, and not chaunged in the other

is not expressed, but lefte out: as in Vyrgyll. Before

I forget Cesar, eyther the Parthian shall drynke of

the flud Araris, or Germany of Tigris: here is left

out, shall drynke. Or to define it more playnelye.

¶ _Iniunctio_, is when the verbe in diuerse lyke

sentences is referred to one: and that thre maner of

waies.

[Sidenote: Presozeugma.] Fyrste when it is set before,

and is called _preiunctio_, as: There dyd ouercome in

hym, lechery, his chastitie, saucines his feare,

madnesse hys reason.

[Sidenote: Mesozeugma.] Secondlye when it is set in

the middes, & is called, _Media iunctio_, as bewtye,

eyther by age decaieth, or by syckenes.

[Sidenote: Hypozeugma.] Thyrdly wh[en] it is put in the

end and is called _Postiunctio_, as bewtie by

syckenes, by sorowe, or by age decayeth.

[Sidenote: Diazeugma.] _Disiunctio_, disiunccion, when

of those thynges of whych we speake, eyther both, or

eche one of them is concluded with their certen verbe,

thus: The people of Rome destroyed Numance, ouerthrew

Cartage, cast downe Corinth, and raced Fregels.

Couetousnes hurteth the bodye, and corrupteth the

mynd.

[Sidenote: Silepsis.] _Concepcio_, when in vnlike

clauses a certeyn cõmon thynge that is put in one of

th[em], can not agre with the other, excepte it be

chaunged. But thys is more playne in the latine

because of the concordes, albeit in englyshe for the

verbe we may vse this example. The Nobles and the

Kynge was taken. Hys head and hys handes were cutte

of: In the whyche sentences the verbe agreeth wyth the

nexte.

[Sidenote: Epergesis.] _Appositio_, when two

substãtiues are put together immediatly withoute any

verbe betwyxt, the one to declare the other, as in

Vyrgyll. ¶ Coridõ loued faire Alexis his masters

darlynge.

[Sidenote: Hyperbaton] _Transgressio_, when the

ryghte order of wordes is troubled, & hath these

kyndes.

[Sidenote: Anastrophe.] _Reuersio_, a preposterous

order of the woordes contrarye to the good order of

speakyng, as: He fell from of the wall, for he fel of

from the walle.

[Sidenote: Hysterologia.] _Prepostera loquutio_, when

y^t that is done afterwardes, is set in speaking in

the former place, as: plucke of my bootes and spurres.

[Sidenote: Tmesis] _Dissectio_, a cutting, when the

ioynyng of a compound worde is losed by putting

somewhat betwixt, as: Hys saying was true, as here

shal appere after, for hereafter. He shal by punyshed

what man so euer off[en]deth, for whatsoeuer man.

[Sidenote: Parenthesis] _Interpositio_, Interposicion,

is a dissoluciõ of the order of the words by putting a

sentence betwixt, as: The man (I speke it for no

harme) wyl somtime haue his owne wyll.

[Sidenote: Eclipsis.] _Defectus_, when somewhat

lacketh in speakyng, but cõmenlye vsed to be

vnderstand, as: Good morowe, good nyght.

[Sidenote: Antiptosis.] _Casus pro casu_, when one

case is putte for another, as me thynke it is so.

Faute.

Of Scheme, the second parte is in speach as it were a

faute, which though it be pardoned in Poetes, yet in

prose it is not to be suffered. The kyndes bee these:

obscure, inordinate, barbarous.

Obscure and hys partes.

Obscure is, when ther is a darknes thorow faut, eyther

of the wordes, or of the settynge of them, and these

ben the partes.

[Sidenote: Acyrologia.] _Improprietas_, when a worde

nothynge at all in hys proper significacion is

broughte into a sentence as a cloude: as you shall

haue syxe strypes you longe for.

[Sidenote: Pleonasmus.] _Superabundancia_, when y^e

sentence is laden with superfluous wordes, as, he

spake it wyth his mouthe, he sawe it wyth hys eyes.

[Sidenote: Perissologia.] _Sermo superfluus_, when a

sent[en]ce is added, y^e matter therby made neuer the

waightyer, as y^e Embassadours obteining no peace,

returned backe home, frõ wh[en]ce they came.

[Sidenote: Tautologia.] _Inutilis repeticio eiusdem_,

is a vayne repeting agayn of one word or moe in all

one sentence, whyche faute by takyng lytle heede,

Cicero also fell into, as in the oracion for Aulus

Cluencius. Therefore that iudgem[en]t was not lyke a

iudgem[en]t O Iudges.

[Sidenote: Homiologia.] _Sermo ubique sui similis_,

a greater faute then the other, is when the whole

matter is all alyke, and hath no varietie to auoyde

tediousnes, as: He came thither to y^e bath, yet he

saide afterwardes. Here one seruaunt bet me.

Afterwardes he sayde vnto hym: I wyll consider.

Afterwardes he chyd wyth hym, & cryed more and more

when manye were presente. Suche a folyshe tellyng of a

tale shall you heare in many simple & halfe folyshe

persons.

[Sidenote: Amphibologia.] _Ambiguitas_, when thorow

faute of ioynyng the wordes, it is doutefull to whych

the verbe belongeth, as: Hys father loueth hym better

then hys mother.

[Sidenote: Periergia.] _Sedulitas superflua_, when

ther is in speakyng to much diligence and curiositye,

and the sentence ouerladen with superfluous wordes,

whiche faute is the same, or verye lyke to that,

[Sidenote: Macrologia] that is called _Macrologia_,

whych is when the sentence vpon desyre to seme fyne

and eloquent, is longer then it shulde be.

Inordinate and his partes.

Inordinate is, when eyther order or dignitie lacketh

in the wordes: and the kyndes ben these:

[Sidenote: Tapinosis.] _Humiliatio_, when the dygnitye

of the thyng is diminyshed by basenes of the worde: as

if we shuld say to a greate prynce or a kynge: If it

please your mastershyp.

[Sidenote: Aschrologia.] _Turpis loquutio_, when the

words be spoken, or ioyned together, that they may be

wronge into a fylthye sence. Of thys it nedeth not to

put any example, when lewde wanton persons wyl soone

fynde inowe.

[Sidenote: Cacozelia.] _Mala affectatio_, euyll

affectaciõ or leude folowyng, when the wytte lacketh

iudgement, and fondlye folowyng a good maner of

speaking, runne into a faute, as when affectyng copy,

we fall into a vaine bablynge, or laboryng to be

brief, wax bare & drye. Also if we shuld saye:

a phrase of building, or an audi[en]ce of shepe, as a

cert[en] homely felow dyd.

[Sidenote: Aschematistõ] _Male figuratum_, when the

oracion is all playne and symple, & lacketh his

figures, wherby as it wer wyth starres it might shyne:

which faute is counted of wryters, not amonge the

leaste.

[Sidenote: Cacosintheton.] _Male collocatum_, when

wordes be naughtelye ioyned together, or set in a

place wher thei shuld not be.

[Sidenote: Soraismus.] _Cumulatio_, a mynglyng and

heapyng together of wordes of diuerse languages into

one speche: as of Frenche, welche, spanyshe, into

englyshe: and an vsynge of wordes be they pure or

barbarous. And although great authors somtyme in long

workes vse some of these fautes, yet must not their

examples be folowed, nor brought into a cõmon vsage of

speakyng.

Barbarie and hys partes.

Barbarie is a faute, whych turneth the speche frõ his

purenes, and maketh it foule and rude, and the partes

be these.

[Sidenote: Barbarismus.] Barbarismus is, when a worde

is either naughtely wrytten or prono[un]ced cõtrary to

the ryght law & maner of speakynge. And it is done by

addicion, detracciõ, chaunging, transposynge, eyther

of a letter, a syllable, tyme, accent or aspiraciõ.

Hereof we haue shewed exampels partly wher they be

called figures, and partly, doute ye not, but both the

speakynge and wrytyng of barbarouse men wyll gyue you

inow. Hytherto be referred the fautes of euil

pronouncing certein letters, & of to much gapyng,

or contrarye of speakyng in the mouth.

[Sidenote: Solecismus.] _Inconueniens structura_,

is an vnmete and vnconuenient ioynynge together the

partes of spech in construccion, whych is marked by

all thynges that belong to the partes of speche: as

when one parte is put for another, when gender for

gender, case for case, tyme for tyme, mode for mode,

number for number, aduerbe for aduerbe, preposicion

for preposiciõ, whych because it is vsed of famous

authores, instede of fautes, be called figures.

Vertue.

Vertue, or as we saye, a grace & dygnitye in

speakynge, the thyrde kynde of Scheme, is when the

sentence is bewtyfied and lyfte vp aboue the comen

maner of speaking of the people. Of it be two kyndes:

Proprietie and garnyshyng.

Proprietie and his partes.

Proprietie is when in wryting and pronunciacion ther

be no fautes committed, but thynges done as they

shulde be. The partes bee proposicion, and accenting.

[Sidenote: Analogia.] _Proportio_, proporcion is,

whereby the maner of true wrytynge is conserued. By

thys the barbarous tonge is seperated from the verye

true and naturall speche, as be the fyne metals from

the grosser. To speke is no faute, but an obseruacion

or markyng, not leanyng vpõ cause, but vpon example.

For in eloquence, the iudgement of excell[en]t men

standeth for reason, as saythe Quintilian in hys fyrst

boke.

[Sidenote: Tasis.] _Extensio_, is that wherby a swete

and pleasaunt modulacion or tunablenes of wordes is

kepte, because some are spoken wyth a sharpe tenure or

accent, some wyth a flatte, some strayned out. This

grace specially perteineth to a turnyng of y^e voyce

in pleasaunte pronunciation.

Garnyshyng and his kyndes.

Garnishyng as the word it selfe declareth, is wh[en] the

oraciõ is gaylye set oute and floryshed w^t diuerse

goodly figures, causyng much pleasauntnes and

delectaciõ to the hearer: and hath two kyndes,

composicion, and exornacion.

[Sidenote: Sinthesis.] Composicion is an apte settinge

together of wordes, whych causeth all the partes of an

oracion to bee trymmed al alyke. And in it muste be

considered that we so order our wordes, that the

sentence decrease not by puttynge a weaker word after

a stronger, but that it styl go vpwarde and increase.

There is also a naturall order, as to saye: men &

women, daye and nyght, easte, and weste, rather then

backewardes. In thys muste be auoyded also to often

comyng together of vowels, which make the oracion wyde

and gapyng. To muche repetyng of all one letter in the

beginning of wordes, to much repeting of one word,

and that they ende not to much all alyke, that the

sentence be not held on to longe, which werieth the

hearer, and the speaker: nor that manye consonãtes run

not to harshely together, wyth many other, which

Cicero speaketh of in hys thyrde booke of hys oratour,

and Quintilian in hys nynth, wherof here to put

examples were to longe.

Exornacion is a fyne polyshinge of wordes and

sentences by disseueryng th[em] w^t diuerse goodly

colours and tropes or cha[un]gings of speach.

Tropes.

Emonge authors manye tymes vnder the name of figures,

Tropes also be comprehended: Neuerthelesse ther

is a notable difference betwixt th[em]. In figure

is no alteracion in the wordes frõ their proper

significacions, but only is the oracion & s[en]tence

made by th[em] more plesa[un]t, sharpe & vehem[en]t,

after y^e affecciõ of him that speketh or writeth:

to y^e which vse although tropes also do serue, yet

properlye be they so called, because in them for

necessitye or garnyshynge, there is a mouynge and

chaungynge of a worde and sentence, from theyr owne

significaciõ into another, whych may agre wyth it by

a similitude. The former partes ben these.

[Sidenote: Metaphora.] _Translatio_, translacion, that

is a worde translated from the thynge that it

properlye signifieth, vnto another whych may agre

with it by a similitude. And amonge all vertues

of speche, this is the chyefe. ¶ None perswadeth more

effecteouslye, none sheweth the thyng before oure eyes

more euidently, none moueth more mightily the

affeccions, none maketh the oraciõ more goodlye,

pleasaunt, nor copious.

Translacions be diuerse.

[Sidenote: i.] Some frõ the body to the mynd, as:

I haue but lately tasted the Hebrue tonge, for newely

begunne it. Also I smell where aboute you go, for I

perceyue.

[Sidenote: ii.] From the reasonable to the

vnresonable, as Vyrgyll in hys Georgexe applyed the

counselles and fashion of warres belongynge to men;

to bees.

[Sidenote: iii.] From the vnreasonable to the

resonable. What whinest thou, what chatterest thou?

That one taken of a wolfe, that other of a pye.

[Sidenote: iiii.] From the liuinge to the not liuyng.

The mouthe of the well, the fatnes of the earth. The

lande wyl spewe them oute.

[Sidenote: v.] From the not lyuynge to the liuyng.

Cicero florisheth in eloqu[en]ce.

[Sidenote: vi.] From the liuyng, to the liuynge.

The iews winched against Moses.

[Sidenote: vii.] From the not liuinge to the not

liuynge. The wordes flewe oute of hys mouth. He is

good for a greue wounde.

[Sidenote: Catachresis.] _Abusio_, when for a certeyne

and proper worde, we abuse a lyke, or that is nie vnto

it, as when we say: longe counsel, lytle talke, smal

matter. Here maye we soone perceyue that by abusion

wee take wordes that be somwhat nye, whych property do

belong to vnlyke thinges.

[Sidenote: Metalepsis.] _Transsumptio_, Transs[um]pcion,

is when by degrees we go to y^t that is shewed as:

he hyd hym selfe in the blacke dennes. By blacke is

vnderstand ful of darkenes & consequently stepe downe

and verye depe.

[Sidenote: Metonomia.] _Metonomya_, Transnominacion,

when a worde that hathe a proper significacion of hys

owne, beynge referred to another thing, hath another:

& this is done diuerse waies.

[Sidenote: i.] When the chiefe master or doar of a

thyng is put for y^e thing it self, as: Put vpon you

the Lorde Iesus Christ. Also: you play Iudas w^t me.

[Sidenote: ii.] When the place, or that that

cõteineth, is put for the thyng that is in it, as: All

the round earthe prayseth God. Oxforth (some say) hath

not forsaken all popery, for the studentes therin.

[Sidenote: iii.] When that that is conteyned is put

for that that doth conteine, as: The fryer Austens is

goodly buylded, for y^e house wher y^e fryers wer.

[Sidenote: iiii.] When the doer is put for that y^t is

done, as: God brought the Israelites out of Egypte

wyth a stretched out arme, and stronge hande. Also:

Is gods hand drawen in? for power and strength.

[Sidenote: v.] When y^t is done is put for y^e doer.

[Sidenote: Synecdoche.] _Intellectio_, Intelleccion

wh[en] one thyng is vnderstand by another y^t is of the

same maner and kynd, and this is done many wayes.

[Sidenote: i.] When of the whole is vnderstãd a parte,

as: Abraham set a calfe before them, for calues

fleshe.

[Sidenote: ii.] By a parte the whole, as: He receyued

the stra[un]gers vnder the succour of hys house rofe, for

into hys house.

[Sidenote: iii.] By one many, as: The Frenchemã in y^e

batail had the ouerthrow.

[Sidenote: iiii.] By a kynd y^e general, as: If thou

se thyne enemies Asse fal vnder his burden, for

cattell.

[Sidenote: v.] By the general the kynd: Eue the mother

of al liuing things, for of al m[en]: Preach to al

creaturs, to al m[en]

[Sidenote: vi.] By that goeth before, the thynge that

foloweth, as: He set hys spurres to hys horse, for he

rode a pace, or fled faste awaye.

[Sidenote: vii.] By that y^t foloweth, the thinge

wente before, as: I got it wyth the swete of my face,

for w^t my labour.

[Sidenote: viii.] By the matter, y^e thynge that is

made of it, as: Fleshe and bloude shewed the not it.

¶ [Sidenote: ix.] By the signe, y^e thyng y^t is

signified as: Lo, naw the toppe of the chymneyes in

the villages smoke a farre of: wherby Vyrgyl

signifieth night to be at hande.

[Sidenote: Pronominacio.] _Antonomasia_ is, whych for

y^e proper name putteth some other word: As: the

Archebyshop confuted the errour, for Cranmer. The

Philosopher lyed that the worlde was eternall, for

Aristotle. The Apostle sayeth wee be iustified by

faythe, for Paule.

[Sidenote: Periphrasis.] _Circuicio_, is a larger

descripcion eyther to garnyshe it, or if it bee foule

to hyde it, or if it be bryefe to make it more playn:

by etimology, by sygnes, by definicion. ¶ Example of

the fyrste: The prouid[en]ce of Scipio ouerthrew y^e

might of Carthage. Here saue onlye for garnyshyng sake

he myghte haue sayde playnlye: Scipio ouerthrew

Carthage. Of the nexte: When Saule was doyng his

busines, Dauid might haue killed hym. Doyng hys

busines, ye wot what it meaneth. Of y^e thyrd, you

haue the larger exposicions vpon the Gospels called by

the name of thys figure.

By Etymologie or shewyng the reasõ of the name. Well

maye he be called a parasite, for a parasite is y^t

loueth other because of his meat.

By sygnes, as when by certeine notes, we describe

anye thynge, as if a man vnderstãdyng anger wyll

saye that it is the boylynge of the mynde, or color

whych bryngeth in palenes into the co[un]tena[un]ce,

fiersenes of the eies, and tr[em]blyng in the members.

By destincion. The arte of well indyghting, for

Rethorique.

The second parte of Trope.

_Allegoria_, the seconde parte of Trope is an

inuersion of wordes, where it is one in wordes,

and another in sentence or meanynge.

[Sidenote: Aenigma.] _Sermo obscurus_, a riddle or

darke allegorie, as: The halfe is more th[en] the hole.

[Sidenote: Paremia.] _Adagium_, a sayinge muche vsed

and notable for some noueltye, as: The wolfe is in our

tale.

[Sidenote: Ironia.] _Dissimulatio_, is a mockyng

whiche is not perceiued by the wordes but eyther by

the pron[un]ciacion, or by the behaueour of the person or

by the nature of the thyng, as You are an honest man

in deede.

[Sidenote: Sarcasmus.] _Amara irrisio_, is a bitter

sporting & mocke of our enemye, of a maner of iestyng

or scoffinge bytynglye, a nyppyng tawnte, as: The

Iewes saide to Christ, he saued other, but he could

not saue hym selfe.

[Sidenote: Astysmus.] _Festiua urbanitas_, is a certen

mery conceyted speakyng, as on a tyme a mery felow

metynge w^t one that had a very whyte head, axed him

if he had lyen in the snowe al nyght.

[Sidenote: Mycterismus.] _Subsannatio_, a skornyng by

some iesture of the face, as by wrythinge the nose,

putting out the tonge, pottyng, or suche lyke.

[Sidenote: Antiphrasis.] _Dictio cõtrari[um]

significans_, when the mock is in a worde by a

contrarye sence, as when we call a fustilugges,

a minion.

[Sidenote: Charientismus.] _Graciosa nugatio_, when

wordes roughly spok[en] be molified by pleasaunt wordes:

as when we saye to hym that threatneth vs: I praye you

be good master to me.

The fyrst order of the figures Rethoricall.

[Sidenote: Epanaphora] _Repeticio_, repeticion, when

in lyke and diuerse thynges, we take our begynnyng

cõtinually at one & the selfe same word, thus: To you

this thyng is to be ascribed, to you thanke is to be

geuen, to you thys thynge shal be honour. In this

exornacion is much plesantnes, grauitie, and sharpnes,

& it is much vsed of al oratours, & notably setteth

oute, and garnysheth the oracion.

[Sidenote: Antistrophe.] _Conuersio_, conuersion is

whych taketh not hys begynnynges at al one and the

same worde, but w^t all one worde styll closeth vp the

sentence, & it is contrary to that other before, as:

Sence the time y^e cõcord was tak[en] awaye from the

citie, lyberty was tak[en] awai: fidelity was tak[en]

away: fr[en]ship was tak[en] away.

[Sidenote: Symploce.] _Cõplexio_, complexion cõpriseth

both two exornacions, both this, & that whych we

declared before, y^t both all one fyrste worde shulde

be oft[en] repeted, & we shuld turne often to all one

laste word, as: Who toke Sedechias prisoner, & put out

both hys eyes? Nabuchodonozer. Who put Daniell and hys

felowes into the burnyng furnace? Nabuchodonozer. Who

was transformed frõ a man into a beast, & eate haye

wyth oxen? Nabuchodonozer.

[Sidenote: Anadiplosis.] _Reduplicatio_, is a

continent rehearsyng agayne of all one worde, or

wordes, for the more vehemence, and some affect of the

mynde. Cicero agaynst Catiline. Yet he liueth, liueth:

yea commeth also into the counsel house. It is thou,

it is thou that troublest all the houshold. ¶ Also,

dareste thou nowe come into our syght, y^e traitour of

thy cõtrei? Thou traitour I say of thy contrei, darest

thou come into oure syght?

[Sidenote: Epanodus.] _Traduccio_, Traduccion is,

whyche maketh that wh[en] all one word is oftentymes

vsed, that yet it doth not onlye not displease the

mynde, but also make y^e oracion more trim in this

wyse: Suffer ryches to belonge to riche men, but

prefer thou vertue before ryches. For if y^u wylt

compare ryches wyth vertue, thou shalte scarse thynke

them meete to be called ryches, whych ar but

hãdmaydens to vertue. Also, we are vnto God the swete

sauour of Christ. To the one part are we the sauour of

death vnto deathe, and vnto the other part are we the

sauour of lyfe vnto lyfe .ii.Cor.ii.

[Sidenote: Sinonimia] _Nominis cõmunio_, cõmunion of

the word, when we renewe not the selfe same worde by

rehearsyng agayn, but chaunge that that is put wyth an

other word of the same valewe, thus: Thou hast

ouerthrowen the comon wealth euen from the foundacion,

and cast downe the citye, euen from the roote. The

iuste man shall floryshe as the palme tre, and

shall be multiplyed as the Ceder tre. Cicero for

.Q. Ligarius. ¶ Whose syde wolde that poynte of thy

swerd haue pricked? what meaned thy weapons? what was

thy mynde? what meante thyne eyes? handes, that

burning of thy mynd? what desiredst y^u? what

wyshedste thou? Lytle differeth thys figure from the

other before, only because the wordes be cha[un]ged, the

sent[en]ce remayning.

[Sidenote: Sinathrismus.] _Frequentacio_,

frequentacion is, when the thynges that be dispersed

thorowout all the cause, are gathered together into

one place that y^e oracion shulde be the wayghtier,

& rebukefuller, thus: What faute is he without? why

shuld you O Iudges be mynded to deliuer hym? He is an

harlot of hys owne bodye, he lyeth in wayte for

others, gredy, intemperate, wanton, proud, vnnatural

to his parentes, vnkynd to hys frindes, troubleous to

hys kynsefolke, stubborn to hys betters, dysdaynful to

his equals, cruel to hys inferiours, finally,

intollerable to all men.

[Sidenote: Epiphonesis.] _Exclamacio_, exclamaciõ is,

whiche sheweth the signification of sorowe, or of

anger, by callyng vpon eyther a man, a place, or a

thynge? Cicero in hys oratour: O deceitful hope of

men, and frayle fortune: & our vayne contencions,

whych oft[en] tymes are broken in the myd way, rushe

downe, and in the fal ar quite ouerthrowen before they

can se the hauen. Hereunto belõgeth expectaciõ,

obtestaciõ, wishyng, rebuking.

[Sidenote: Areia.] _Execracio_, execracion: O fye vpon

Idolatry, that taketh away the honoure due vnto God

alone, and geueth it to synfull creatures, and Images

made by mans hand.

[Sidenote: Deesis.] _Obtestacio_, obtestacion, wh[en] for

God, or for mannes sake we vehemently desyre to haue

any thynge. As Cicero for Publius Sestius: O I praye

you, & for the Gods sakes most herteli besech you, y^t

as it was your wylles to saue me, so you wyl vouchsaf

to saue th[em] thorew whose helpe you receiued me agayne.

[Sidenote: Euche.] _Votum_, wyshynge: O wolde God that

the adulterer had bene drowned in the ragyng sea, whan

wyth hys nauye of shyppes he sayled to Lacedemonia.

[Sidenote: Epiplexis] _Increpacio_, Cicero agaynst

Catiline: Thynkest thou that thy counselles are not

knowen? and that we knowe not what thou dyddest the

laste nyghte? and what the nyghte before?

[Sidenote: Erotesis.] _Interrogacio_, Euerye

interrogaciõ is not of grauity, neither yet a Scheme,

but thys whyche when those thinges be rehearsed vp

whiche hurte oure aduersaryes cause, strengthneth that

thynge that is gone before, thus seynge then that he

spake all these wordes, and dyd all these thynges,

whether dyd he put away our felowes myndes frõ the

cõmon wealthe or not?

[Sidenote: Erotema.] _Raciocinatio_, raciocinacion is,

by the whych we our selues axe a reason of oure selfe,

wherefore euerye thynge shulde be spoken, & that

oftentymes we demaund of our selues a declaracion of

euery proposicion after thys maner: Thys was well

ordeined of oure elders to depryue no kynge of hys

lyfe whome they had taken in batayl. Why so? for the

power whyche fortune had geuen vs, it to consume in

the punyshement of them whom the same fortune a lytle

before had set in hyeste degree, were agaynste reason.

Yea but he brought a greate army agaynst you? I wyl

not remember it. Why so? For it is the poynte of a

valiaunte man, suche as contend for the vyctorye, them

to count enemyes: suche as be ouercome, those to count

m[en]: so that fortitude maye diminishe war, humanitie

increase peace. But he if he had ouercome, wolde he

haue done so? Verelye he wolde not haue bene so wyse.

Why shulde ye spare hym then? because such foly I am

wont to despise, not to folowe.

[Sidenote: Prosapodosis.] _Subiectio_, when we axe of

oure selfe what can be saide agaynst vs, and answere

to our selues thus: ¶ Shall we tary in synne? God

forbyd. Or compell our aduersarye to answer thus:

O Iewes, what can you say for denyall of Christe. Wyl

you saye that you haue not youre Messias? but your

prophets say the contrarye. Your Types are confo[un]ded.

Whom wyl you be iudged by? by Hystories? Oures declare

that you be out of the way, & shall come agayne to

Christ.

[Sidenote: Antiphora.] _Tacite obiectioni responsio._

wh[en] we make answere to a thynge that myght priuely be

obiected agaynst vs, as in the fyrst epystle of Ouide,

Penelope wylling her husband Vlysses to come home

hymselfe, and wryte nothyng vnto her. Wher he myght

haue layed for hys tarying the warres, she priuely

toke away y^t excuse, saying: Troy is destroied.

[Sidenote: Aporia.] _Dubitatio_, Dubitacion; when wee

doute of two thynges, or of many, which we shuld

inespecially speke of. Much hurted the cõmonwealth at

that tyme, whether I shuld saye the folyshenesse of

the consolles, or the malyce, or bothe, I can not

tell.

[Sidenote: Apophasis.] _Expeditio_, expedicion, when

many reasons rehearsed vp, wherby a thynge myghte be

done or not, the other are taken away, and one left

that we entende, thus: It muste needes bee that thys

controuersie touching the sacrament must stand eyther

vpon the much pressyng and rigour of the wordes; or

vpon the meanynge and vnderstandynge of them. The

wordes as they stande, brynge wyth them greate

inconuenience, to wytte, to expositoures, and the

other textes. The meaning doth not so but auoydeth al

these incõueniences, & satisfieth reason, expositours,

& texts of the scripture, wherfore wyt, expositour,

& scripture thinketh it better to take the sentence,

then the worde.

[Sidenote: Epilogus.] _Conclusio_, conclusiõ is, which

by a brief argum[en]tacion of these thinges that be

spoken before or done, inferreth that thynge that

necessarilye shulde folowe, thus: And if a reuelacion

wer geuen to the Troianes, y^t Troy myght not be taken

without y^e arowes of Philectetes, and thei did

nothing else but strike Alexander to kyl him that in

dede was Troy to be taken.

[Sidenote: Epitrope.] _Permissio_, permission, when we

shew y^t we geue & gra[un]t any thyng altogether to a

mans wyll, thus: ¶ Because al thynges tak[en] away, only

is left vnto me my body & mynd, these thynges, whych

only ar lefte vnto me of many, I graunte th[em] to you

and to your power.

[Sidenote: Anacinosis.] _Cõmunicacio_, cõmunicacion

is, when we leaue sumwhat to y^e Iudges to be estemed,

thus: I leaue vnto you o iudges to be thought what

hurt y^e cõmõ welth shal take hereof _Diuisio_,

[Sidenote: Dialisis.] diuision is which diuiding one

thyng frõ another, endeth th[em] both by shewing a reasõ,

thus: why shuld I lay ani thing to thi charge? if y^u

bee good, y^u haste not deserued it, if thou be

naught, thou carest not for it. Also, what shuld I

speake of myne owne good turnes towarde the. If thou

do remember them, I shuld but trouble you: If you haue

forgotten them, when by deede I haue profited nothyng,

what good can I do in wordes?

[Sidenote: Antitheton.] _Contentio_, contencion, when

the reason stãdeth by contrary wordes or contraries be

rehearsed by cõparison, thus: Flattery hath pleasa[un]t

begynnynges, but the same hathe verye bytter endynges.

Cicero agaynst Catiline: when they coulde not lyue

honestlye, they had rather dye shamefully. They that

be after the fleshe, care for these thynges y^t be of

the fleshe. They that be after the spirite, care for

the thynges of the spirite.

[Sidenote: Antithesis.] _Contrarium_, contrary is,

that of two diuerse thynges confirmeth y^e one

bryefely and easelye, thus: For he that alwayes wyll

be an enemy to hys owne rekenyngs, how shuld a man

trust that he wold be a frind to other mens matters?

He that in familiare cõmunicacion and company of hys

friendes wyl neuer say truth, thinkest th[en] y^t he wil

absteine from a lye in a cõmon audience.

[Sidenote: Colon.] _Membrum oracionis_, a m[em]ber of the

reasõ is so called when a thinge is shewed perfitely

in fewe wordes the whole sentence not shewed, but

receyued agayne w^t an other parte, thus: Thou dyddest

bothe profite thyne enemie, and hurte thy frynd. Thys

exornacion may be made of two partes only, but the

perfiteste is made of thre, thus: Thou diddest profite

thine enemy, hurt thi frind, and dydst no good to thy

selfe.

[Sidenote: Dialyton.] _Articulus_, article is, when

eche word is set asunder by cutting the oracion thus.

By sharpnes, voyce, countenaunce, thou madeste thyne

enemyes afrayd. Thou destroyedst thyne enemyes wyth

enuye, wronges, power, falsehead.

[Sidenote: Isocolon.] _Compar_, euen or equall, is

when the oracion hath in it the partes of the whyche

we spake before, & that they be made of euen number of

sillables: but thys equalitie must not stand by

numbrynge of them, but by perceyuyng of it in y^e

mynd. Christe afore the Iudge was led, & on hys head a

croune of thorne was putte, in token that in dede, the

kynge of Iews he was borne. Here be some mo wordes in

on m[em]ber then in an other, yet sound they to the eare

of lyke lengthe.

[Sidenote: Homioptotõ] _Similiter cadens_, fallyng al

alike is, when in the same construccion of wordes ther

be two wordes or mo which be spoken alyke in the selfe

same cases, thus: Thou praysest a man nedye of vertue,

plenteful of money. Cicero for Flaccus: There is in

th[em] no varietie of opinion, none of wyll, none of

talke.

[Sidenote: Homoteleto.] _Similiter desinens_, endynge

al alyke, when words or sent[en]ces haue alyke endyng,

as: Thou dareste do fylthely, and studiest to speke

baudely. Content thy selfe w^t thy state, in thy herte

do no man hate, be not the cause of stryfe and bate.

[Sidenote: Climax.] _Gradacio_, is, when we rehearse

again the word y^t goth next before, & desc[en]d to other

thinges by degrees thus: To Affrican industry gat

vertue, vertue glory, glory hatered. [Sidenote:

Orismus.] _Definicio_, definiciõ, wher by y^e proper

effect of any thynge is declared briefely & absolutely

in this wyse: This is not dilig[en]ce but couetousnes,

because y^t dilig[en]ce is a nedy sauing of thine own:

couetousnes is a wrongful desyre of other mens.

¶ [Sidenote: Metabasis.] _Transicio_, transiciõ is,

wherby briefly we monyshe what hath ben spoken, & what

may folowe, as: What he hath ben to hys contrey I haue

told, now ye shal hear how he hath shewed him self to

hys par[en]tes. Also Cicero for the law of Manilius:

Because we haue spoken of y^e kind of the warre, now

wyll we shewe a fewe thynges of the greatnes of it.

¶ [Sidenote: Paralepsis.] _Occupatia_, occupacion is,

when we make as though we do not knowe, or wyl not

know of y^e thyng y^t wee speke of most of al, in this

wyse: I wyl not say that y^u tokest money of our

felowes, I wyl not stand much in thys that y^u

robbedst kingdoms, cityes, and al mens houses: I passe

ouer thy theftes, & al thy rauyns. ¶ [Sidenote:

Asindeton.] _Dissolutio_, when the oracion lacketh

coni[un]ccions, thus: Obey thy par[en]tes, be ruled by

thi kinsfolke, folow thy fryndes, obey the lawes.

[Sidenote: Apostrophe.] _Auersio_, auersion, when we

turne our speche from them to whom we dyd speake to

another personne, eyther present or absent, or to a

thing to the whych we fayne a person, as a precher,

speaking of priestes, that feede not the flocke, may

fytly turn hys speche vnto Peter, sayinge: O Peter,

I wold thou liuedst, & sawest what thy brethren do,

howe far they be gone frõ that thou prescribedst them

to do. Againe: O world, howe pleasant be the thynges

that thou dost promyse, how bytter ben they that thou

geuest.

[Sidenote: Anangeon.] _Necessum_, necessitie, when we

cõfesse the thynge to be done, but excuse it by

necessitye, eyther of y^e person or tyme, thus:

I confesse that thys I dyd. But the woman that thou

gauest me, dyd deceyue me. Also, somtyme I was in that

opinion, but the tyme so required.

[Sidenote: Anaclasis.] _Refractio_, that is the

turninge backe agayne of a worde into a cõtrary

significacion, thus: I knowe kynge Ezechias that all

thys lyfe is but bitternes, but I praye thee, gyue me

suche bytternes.

[Sidenote: Bomphiologia.] _Verborum bombus_, when

small & triflyng thynges are set out wyth great gasyng

wordes. Example of this haue you in Terrence of the

boasting souldiar, & creping smel feast.

[Sidenote: Miosis.] _Diminutio_, when greate matters

are made lyghte of by wordes, as when he was wel beat[en]

bi a knaue, that knaue wyll saye he dyd but a lytle

stryke hym.

[Sidenote: Liptote.] _Extenuatio_, the makyng lesse of

a thynge to auoyde arrogance, thus: If I haue any wit

O Iudges, if any exercyse of endyghtyng, al may I

thanke Archias the Poete of. ¶ Cicero for Archias.

[Sidenote: Diasirmus.] _Eleuacio_, when we make lyghte

of, and dyspyse great argumentes brought agaynst vs,

whych to aunswer vnto it is labour, and we saye they

perteyne not to the purpose, or that they are vnworthy

to be answered vnto, or that we kepe them tyll another

tyme: Of thys ther nedeth none example.

As oute of lytle springs ariseth greate fluddes:

so now these preceptes of grammer finyshed, and the

fyrste order of the Rethorical figures: We nowe come

vnto that greate declaracion of eloquence, called of

Quintilian & Cicero, the ornamet[en]s of sentence.

Figures of sentence.

[Sidenote: Particio.] Particion called also diuision &

distribucion rethoricall, is when a thing that mai be

generally spok[en], is more largely declared, and diuided

into partes. Example: He is perfitely seene in all the

sciences. ¶ This s[en]tence spoken as it were in a s[um]me,

may be enlarged, if seuerally you reherse vp al the

kindes of learning. There is no kynd of doctrine at al

but he is exquisitely sene in it. There is no science,

but he hathe learned it thorowly, and so learned it,

that you wolde thynke he had labored onely in it.

So maruelouslye he knoweth all the fables of al the

Poetes, he so aboundeth in the floures of the

Rethoricians: He hath so boulted oute the paynefull

rules of the gramarians. So perfitely knoweth he the

subtilnesse of the Logicians, and hath so soughte oute

the priuities of natural thynges, and ouercome the

harde poyntes of supernaturall wisedome: he hathe

passed thorowe the secretes of the diuines, and hath

thorowlie perceyued the mathematical demõstracions. He

so knoweth the mocions of the starres, the reasons of

numbers, the measurynges of the earth, the situacions,

names & spaces of cities, mountaynes, fluddes, and

fountaynes, he so knoweth the difference and harmonies

of tunes: He so rem[em]breth all hystoryes olde and late:

So knoweth all good authors, all antiquities &

nouelties, and also is perfitelye well seene as wel in

Greke as latyne. Finallye whatsoeuer learnynge hathe

bene found and taught of good authors, al that

thorowlye hath he perceyued, knowen and rem[em]bred. Here

these wordes, he is perfitelye seene in all the

sciences, bee declared in theyr partes.

[Sidenote: Enumeracio.] Enumeracion is much lyke vnto

thys, when not beynge contente at once to declare the

ende of the matter, we rehearse vp all y^t went before

it was done. [Sidenote: Enumeraciõ of thynges that go

before] Example: Cicero oppressed the mischeuous

purposes of Catiline. Thus maye you set it forth: The

myscheuous enterpryses of Catiline by most vngracious

yonge men, whych went about the destruccion of the

citie of Rome, M Tullius the consull dyd quickelye

smell out by hys foresyghte, and by hys singuler

vigilancye sought th[em] oute, by his hyghe prudence

espyed them, by his incredible eloquence conuinced

them, and by hys graue authoritie repressed th[em], by

force of armes subdued them, & with great happines

toke them quyte awaye.

[Sidenote: Enumeraciõ of the causes.] Hitherto also

apperteineth, wh[en] we expo[un]d a thyng not barely,

but repete the causes also sumwhat before, and of what

begynnynges it came of. As if not contente to haue

sayd, that the Frenchmen made bataile with the

Neapolitans, we rehearse also what wer the causes of

theyr stryfe, who was the setter forward, and what was

the occasion of the warre, what hope and truste eyther

of them had to the victorye. Of these ar many examples

in Saluste & Liuie. [Sidenote: Enumeraciõ of effectes,

& consequ[en]tes.] From thys differeth not when we do not

simplye shewe forthe the matter, but reherse also

those thynges that eyther go with it, or folowe it,

as thus: We thanke the of thys warre. Thus maye you

dilate the matter. The treasure spente vpon the

Barbariens, the youthe broken wyth laboures, the corne

troden downe, the catel driuen awaye, stretes and

vyllages euery where set on fyre, fieldes lefte

desolate, walles ouerthrowen, houses robbed, temples

spoyled, so many olde men chylderles, so manye

orphanes, so manye wyddowes, so many virgins

shamefully defiled, y^e maners of so many yong m[en] made

worse by leude liberty, so many m[en] slayne, so great

mourning, so many good artes loste, lawes oppressed,

religion blotted, al thynges of god and man

confounded, all good order of the citie corrupted:

I say all this heape of myschiefs that riseth of war,

we mai thãke the only of it, which wast y^e beginner

of this war

[Sidenote: Energia.] _Enargia_, euidence or

perspicuitie called also descripcion rethoricall, is

when a thynge is so described that it semeth to the

reader or hearer y^t he beholdeth it as it were in

doyng. Of thys figure ben many kyndes.

The fyrste, called effiguracion or descripcion of a

thynge, whereby the figure and forme of it is set out:

as of the vniuersall flud.

The seconde, the descripcion of a personne, when a man

is described, as are the noble menne in Plutarch,

and the Emperours in Suetonius. Howe be it the

rethoricianes vse thys worde _Prosopopeia_, that is

descripcion of a personne to comprehende the sixe

kyndes folowinge.

[Sidenote: Charactirismus.] The thyrde kinde is called

_Charactirismus_, that is the efficcion or pycture of

the bodye or mynde, as Dauus describeth Crito, & Mitio

describeth Demea.

[Sidenote: Prosopographia.] The .iiii. is the fainyng

of a persõ called _Prosopographia_, and is of .ii.

sorts. Fyrst y^e descripciõ of a fained person, as

Vyrgyl in the syxt of Eneid, faineth Sibil to be mad,

& fayneth the persons in hell. An other forme is wh[en]

we fayne persõ, cõmunicacion, or affecte of a man or

of a beaste, to a dumme thynge, or that hath no bodye,

or to a dead man: as to the Harpies, furies, deuils,

slepe hongar, enuie, fame, vertue, iustice, and suche

lyke, the poetes fayne a person, and communicacion.

This seconde fashion the Poetes do call _Prosopopey_.

[Sidenote: Aetopeia.] The fyrst kind is called

_AEtopeia_, that is an expressiõ of maners or mylde

affeccions, and hath thre kyndes: of the whych the

fyrst is a significacion or expression of maners

somewhat longer, as of wittes, artes, vertues, vices.

Thus we expresse Thraso a boaster, and Demea a sowre

felowe.

The seconde forme, is an expression of naturall

propensitie, and inclinacions to naturall affeccions,

as of the fathers loue toward the chyldren .&c. of

fryendshyppe, neyghbourhod & cetr. as you maye se in

hystoryes.

¶ The thyrd kynde is the expression of lighter

affeccions, as when wee go about by fayre meanes to

gette the mery affeccions of menne to vs ward or to

other, & when the mynd is lyft vp into hope, myrth,

& laughter, and as be louyng salutations, promises,

& cõmunynges together in familiar epistles and

dialogues, and the getting of loue and fauour in the

begynnynges, and finallye thys figure doth teach, that

Rethorique is a part of flattery. [Sidenote:

Pathopeia.] The sixt kynde of rethoricall descripcion

is _Pathopeia_, that is expressyng of vehement

affeccions and perturbacions, of y^e whych ther be two

sortes. The fyrste called _Donysis_, or intencion, and

some call it imaginacion, wherby feare, anger, madnes,

hatered, enuye, and lyke other perturbacions of mynde

is shewed and described, as in Ciceros inuectiues.

Another forme is called _Oictros_, or cõmiseracion,

wherby teares be pyked out, or pyty is moued, or

forgeuenes, as in Ciceros peroraciõs, and complaintes

in Poets: And to be shorte ther is gotten no greater

admiracion or commendacion of eloquence then of these

two, _AEtopeia_, and _Pathopeia_, if they be vsed in

place. [Sidenote: dialogismus] The .vii. kind is

_Dialogismus_ whych is how often a short or long

communicacion is fayned to a person, accordyng to the

comelines of it. Such be the concious in Liuie, &

other historians. [Sidenote: Mimisis.] The .viii. kynd

is called _Mimisis_, that is folowing eyther of the

wordes or manoures whereby we expresse not onlye the

wordes of the person, but also the gesture: and these

foresayd sixe kindes Quintiliane dothe put vnder

_Prosopopeia_. The .ix. kynde is the descripcion of a

place, as of Carthage in the fyrst of Eneid. Referre

hither Cosmographie and Geographie. The .x. kynd is

called _Topotesia_, that is ficcion of a place, when

a place is described such one peraduenture as is not,

as of the fieldes called Elisii in Virgil: refer

hither _Astrothesiam_, that is the descripciõ of

starres. The .xi. kinde is _Chronographia_, that is

the descripcion of the tyme, as of nyght, daye, and

the foure tymes of the yere.

[Sidenote: Amplificacio] A greate parte of eloquence

is set in increasing and diminyshing, and serueth for

thys purpose, that the thyng shulde seme as great as

it is in dede, lesser or greater then it seemeth

to manye. For the rude people haue commonly a

preposterous iudgem[en]t, and take the worst thynges

for the beste, and the beste for the worst. Al

amplificacion and diminucion is taken eyther of

thinges, or of wordes. Of thynges ryse effeccions, of

words those fashions that nowe I wyll shewe. The first

waye of increasyng or diminishing is by chaungynge the

worde of the thynge, when in encreasynge we vse a more

cruell worde, and a softer in diminyshynge, as when we

call an euyll man a thiefe, and saye he hathe kylled

vs, when he hathe beaten vs. And it is more vehem[en]te

if by correccion we compare greater wordes wyth those

that we put before: As thou haste broughte not a

thyefe, but an extorcioner, not an adulterer, but a

rauysher. &c. ¶ Lyke vnto this is _Hyperbole_, whyche

say the more then the truthe is in deede, as when we

saye: The crye was hearde to heauen, meanyng it was a

greate crye. An other kynde is by increase, whyche is

when the thynges goyng before beynge exaggerate,

we come from them to the hyeste: As agaynste Verres.

It is a myscheuous deede to bynde a Citizen of Rome,

haynous to beate hym, what? shall I saye to hange hym?

An other waye of increase is, when wythoute

distinccion in the context and course of the oracion,

the circumstaunces sette in order, somewhat alwayes is

added bygger then the fyrste, and that we come to the

hyest by a swyfte pace. As he was not ashamed to playe

at dyce wyth iesters in the common cokerye, beynge a

prieste, a Person, a Diuine, and a Monke. There is

another kynde of amplyfienge that is by comparison

contrary to increase. For as in increase the thynges

that go before beyng exaggerat, we go from them to the

hyest, so comparison taketh increase of the lesser,

whych if they be greater in all mens opinions, that

must nedes appeare verie greate that we wyll haue

amplified: And comparison is made by ficcion, & by

puttynge to an example. By ficcion, eyther in one

degree, or in many. As in the fyrst part of the

amplifiyng of Antonies vomite, for he fayneth it had

happened vnto hym at supper beyng but a priuate

person. If at supper in these great bowles of thine

thys happened vnto thee, who wolde not haue counted it

a shame: But now in y^e syght of the people of Rome

beynge a cõmon officer, master of the horse, to whom

it was shame once to belch, he wyth hys gobbets of

meat that stanke al of wyne, fylled al his lap, and

the iudgement seate. Here amplificacion is taken of

smaller thinges, and is made by one degree of many

degrees, this maye be an example. If a mã gaue the

euery yere .xl. po[un]d, woldest y^u not thanke him? If a

friend had redemed the out of prison w^t hys money,

woldest thou not loue hym? If eyther in battell or

shypwracke a man by hys valiantnes had saued the,

woldest thou not worshyp hym as God, and saye thou

were neuer able to make hym amendes? What ingratitude

is it then that Christ God & man, which hathe made

the, to whom thou dost owe al that thou hast, &c. so

to dispyse hym, so wyth dayely fautes to anger him,

& for so great beniuol[en]ce to geue hym agayn so great

contumelye and despyte? Neyther skylleth it that we

haue rehearsed ficcion and comparicion amonge

argumentes, for there is no cause why that

amplificacion and oruacion shuld not be taken out of

the same places from whence ther commeth probacion.

Nor it is no newes the selfe same thynges to be

applyed to diuerse vses. As of all circumstaunces both

of the thyng, and of the person are taken argumentes,

but euen oute of the selfe same are set affeccions and

exaggeracions, whych is manifest in the kynde

demonstratiue: As when we prayse chastitie in a yonge

man, we go not aboute to perswade that he was chaste,

but that that vertue shulde appeare greater in

floryshyng age. To lyke vse serue examples and

similitudes, as in Esaye: The Oxe knewe hys owner, and

the Asse the maunger of hys master, but Israel hathe

not knowen me. The example of the Oxe & the Asse is

not vsed for this to proue that the Hebrewes dyd not

knowe their God, but that the impietie and folishnes

of that nacion shulde be amplified. The same may be

applied to profe after thys maner. If the Oxe and Asse

knowledge theyr masters, of whõ they are norished and

do serue them, how much more conueniente is it, that

mã shuld knowledge hys maker and norisher, and serue

him bothe in bodye and mynd. Contrarye, when Paul

sayth: no man serueth in warre on his owne wages, he

proueth by similitudes, that it is not comelye, that

they that war vnder the gospell, shulde be compelled

to be carefull for their liuynge. He shuld haue

applied it to amplifiyng, if he had propouned it thus.

They that serue vnder a capteine be not careful for

their liuyng, but lokinge for the sustenaunce of their

capteine, only studye for thys to do hym faythful

seruice, howe muche more shame is it that some menne

that haue promised to fyght vnder Christ in the

gospel, to distrust such a capteyne, and studye all

they can to gather riches. Cõparison by puttyng to

example is, wh[en] by setting out as it were a lyke

example, wee brynge to passe that that we exaggerate

may be thought either very lyke, eyther equal, either

bygger. ¶ And in this kynd both the whole is cõpared

to the whole, & the partes to partes: as in the

oracion of Cicero for Milo. Did I pray you y^t noble

mã Scipio being a priuat persõ kil Tiberius Gracchus

whych shaked the cõmõ wealthe but a lytle, & shall wee

beynge consulles suffer Catiline, that gothe aboute to

wast the whole worlde wyth murther and fyre? Here both

Catiline is compared to Gracchus, and the estate of

the common wealthe to the whole world, & a lytle

shakyng to slaughter, fyer and wastyng, and a priuate

person to the consuls. ¶ Ther is an amplificacion also

wh[en] contraries be set together, wherby bothe the

partes seme bygger, and more euidente. As when

exhorting men to liberalitie, we shewe howe foule a

faute couetousenes is, that the foulnes of the faute

being exaggerate, the goodlines of the vertue shulde

be more encreased. There is another kynd of amplifiyng

called reasonynge, when of those thinges that eyther

folowe or go before, the hearer doth gather how great

that thynge is that we wolde to be amplified. By

thynges that go before, as when Homer armeth Achylles,

or Hector to batayle, by the greate preparacion, we

gather how sore y^e sight shal be. Of thinges y^t

folowe: How much wyne Antony dranke, when y^t hauyng

such a strong body he was not able to digeste it, but

spewed it vp the nexte daye after. Of thynges ioyned

to: as wh[en] Maro sayeth to Poliphemus: He had the bodye

of a pineapple tree for a staffe in hys hande. Manye

other kyndes ben there of amplifiynge, which who so

wyl se more at large, may read that right excellent

boke of the famouse doctor Erasmus, whych he intituled

the preacher.

The inuencion of many proposicions is, when the chyefe

state or principal proposion of the cause is declared

and proued by manye other proposicions and argum[en]tes,

so set in iuste order that there be no confusion of

proposions. And proposicions be taken partely of those

that be cõmon, and partly of those thynges that

belonge properlye to the cause: As if a man wolde

counsell Tullye not to take the condicion offered of

Antony, that is, that by burnynge of hys bookes called

philippia, he shulde haue hys lyfe, hy myght vse

commonly these proposicions. Fyrste y^t no man oughte

to by his life so dere, that therby he shulde lose hys

immortall name. ¶ To thys generall may serue a

perticuler taken oute of circumstaunces, that it

oughte not to be done, inespecialy of Cicero, whych by

so many laboures hathe gotten vnto hym selfe an

excellente and euerlastyng name, and that hath shewed

moste eloquently by putting out so manye noble workes

that deathe ought to be despised, inespeciallye seynge

that now he hath not much tyme to lyue beynge an olde

man. ¶ Agayn, another principall proposicion shall be

taken of the circ[um]sta[un]ces. That nothynge is worse,

then that Cicero beyng a very good mã shulde owe his

lyfe to Antonye the worst man of the world. The third

proposicion shal be cõiectural: how that Antony

craftely goeth about that the bookes beynge burned,

in the whych he perceiueth bothe hys owne immortal

infamye to be, and the immortal glory of Cicero, wh[en]

he hath afterwardes taken awaye hys lyfe, he maye

vtterlye extinguyshe Cicero.

¶ A copious heaping of probacions.

[Sidenote: Proues.] So when proposicions be found,

remaineth argum[en]taciõ or proues, called in Greke

_Pistis_, because they make suretye of a doutefull

thyng. [Sidenote: Two sortes of proues.] Of proues

some be artificiall, some vnartificial. Vnartificial

be, foreiudgementes, rumoures, tormentes, tabelles,

othe, wytnesses, diuinacion, oracles. [Sidenote:

Signes be referred to proues vnartificial, & why?] To

these be referred whych the Greekes cal _Symeia_ or

sygnes: For they also commonlye are not set by the

wytte of hym that disputeth, but are ministred

otherwyse. [Sidenote: Signes wherfore.] They be called

signes properlye, whyche rysynge of the thynge it

selfe that is in question come vnder the sences of

menne, [Sidenote: Signes be referred to tyme.] as

threatninges, whych be of the time that is paste,

cryinge herde oute of a place, whyche is of the tyme

presente, palenesse of hym whyche is axed of the

murther, whyche is of the tyme folowynge, or that

bloud leapte oute of the bodye latelye slayne, when he

came that dyd the murther. [Sidenote: Two maner of

signes.] Also of signes some bee necessary, as that he

liueth whiche dothe breathe, and some probable, as

bloude in the garmente, whych myghte also come oute of

the nose, or otherwyse. [Sidenote: Proues tak[en] oute of

circ[um]stauces.] Also proues and argumentes are taken

oute of circ[um]staunces, partly of the person, partlye

of the cause or thyng it self, and be called also of

the Rethoricians places, neyther cleane contrarie to

those that Aristotle hath taughte, neyther the very

same: for some agree wyth them, some be all one, and

some diuerse. [Sidenote: How proues of circ[um]sta[un]ces

differ frõ Aristotels places.] Onlye differeth the

manour of teachynge, because the Rethoricianes do

teache a patrone, the philosopher generally helpeth

iudgement. [Sidenote: Circ[um]stãces of person.]

Circumstaunces of the person ben these. Kinred,

nacion, contrey, kynde, age, bryngynge vp, or

discipline, hauioure of the body, fortune, condicion,

nature of the mynde, studies, affectacion, wordes

forespoken, & deedes done before, commocion, counsell,

name. [Sidenote: Kynred.] Kynred monisheth vs to

cõsider of what progeny a man dothe come. For it is

semely, and happeneth cõmonlye that the sonnes be lyke

the forefathers, and thereof procedeth causes to lyue

well or euyll: [Sidenote: Nacion] Naciõ sheweth what

disposicion and maners euery nacion hath peculiarly of

theyr owne. [Sidenote: Kynd.] The difference of kynde

is knowen to euerye man: [Sidenote: Age.] To diuerse

ages diuerse thyngs be conueniente. [Sidenote:

Educacion.] It skylleth more by whom, and by what

wayes men be brought vp, then of whom they be

begotten. [Sidenote: Hauiour of the bodie.] The

hauioure of the bodye comprehendeth fayrnes or

foulnes, strength or weaknes: For more credible is the

accusacion of lecherye in a fayre body then in a

foule, and violence more probable in the strong, then

in the weake. [Sidenote: Fortune] Fortune perteineth

to ryches, kynred, friendes, seruitures, dignities,

honours. [Sidenote: Condicion.] Condicion

comprehendeth manye thynges: as whether he be noble or

not noble, an officer, or a priuate person, a father

or a sonne, a citizen or a straunger, a fre man, or a

seruaunt, a maried manne, or a single man, a father or

none, hauinge had but one wyfe, or two. [Sidenote:

The nature of the mynd] The nature of the mynde hath

manifold varieties in men. Some be fearful, some

strong, some gentle, some vehem[en]t, chaste, lecherous,

glorious, modeste &c. [Sidenote: Studies] Studies,

for other be the maners of the rustical, then of the

lawyer, of the marchaunte, then of the Soldier,

of the shipman then of the phisicion. [Sidenote:

Affectacion.] To these they adde affectacion: For it

skylleth muche what maner man euerye one wolde seme

to be, whether he be y^e same or not: as ryche, or

eloquent, iuste or mightie, mery or sad, a fauorer of

the people, or of the great men. [Sidenote: Wordes

spoken, & deedes done before] Both wordes that be

spoken before time, and dedes that be done, be also

considered. For of thynges that be paste, the present

be estemed, & also thinges that be to come. [Sidenote:

Commocion] Cõmocion in thys differeth from the nature

of the mynde, because that one is perpetuall, that

other for a whyle: as anger is commocion, rancour

the nature of the mynde, and feare a cõmocion,

fearefulnesse nature.

¶ [Sidenote: Name.] To these they adde the name of the

person, of whence many tymes an argument is tak[en]: as

Cicero iesteth muche vpon Verres, or sweepers name,

because beyng a strong thief, he swepte altogether.

Thus haue we shewed that much matter may be taken of

thynges belongyng to a personne, so maye be also of

those that belonge to a thynge or cause, whiche places

bee so handeled of Quintiliane, that he myngleth th[em]

wyth the places whyche Aristotle hathe comprehended

in hys eyghte bookes of Topyckes. [Sidenote:

Circ[um]staunces of things be these.] Circumstances of

the thynges be these: Cause, place, tyme, chaunce,

facultie, instrumente, manour. And fyrste of euerye

thinge there be foure causes, efficient, materiall,

formall and finall. Matter is the receptacle of al

formes. The forme causeth it to be thys, and not

another thynge: as the reasonable soule geueth to the

body that it is a man, and the soule because it is a

substaunce hathe her vnnamed forme, whereby she is a

soule, and not an aungel. [Sidenote: Fine or ende.]

And what soeuer is made, is made to a certen ende, and

one thynge maye haue diuerse endes: as nature hathe

geuen brestes vnto women to geue milke, and also for

comlynesse of theyr bodies, neyther doth any man that

is of a sounde mynde take vpon hym anye businesse, but

for that he desyreth to haue some thynge: nor there is

nothynge desyred, but vnder the consideracion of good

or profite. ¶ So the ende whyche is laste in effecte,

and fyrste in intencion, loketh vpon the gettinge of

profites, increase, and cõfirmacion of them, and also

vpon them, eschuynge of disprofites, diminyshynge,

or puttyng them awaye. But in chosyng them, false

perswacion deceyueth manye, whylest by errour they

beleue that to be good y^t is naughte. ¶ This place

therfore serueth for many thynges, to make more or

lesse. ¶ Greatly happy shulde men be, if euerye man

wolde looke vpon the marke, not the whych desyre hathe

sette before hym, but whyche God and honest reason

hath prefixed. ¶ And of such strengthe is the ende,

that hereof is taken the felicitie of euery thyng. To

fast that the body maye obeye the mynde, to do good

workes is an holy deede. To fast to be counted holye,

is hypocrisie. To faste to encrease thy good, is

couetousenesse. To faste to be whole in thy bodie is

phisycke, and so of praiynge, almose, and other

laudable workes. After lyke maner must be wayed the

secondarie endes. [Sidenote: Place.] An other

circumstaunce of a thynge, is the place, whose

qualitie oftentimes maketh the faute either greter or

lesser: as to steale an holye thing out of an holy

place, is worse then some other kynde of theft.

[Sidenote: Tyme.] No lesse matter of argumentacion

ministreth the qualitie of time, which signifieth two

thynges. [Sidenote: Time hathe two significacions.]

Fyrst it is taken playnly for the time present, past,

or to come: Seconde it signifieth oportunitie to do a

thynge, and so when a man cometh as we wold haue it,

we saye he cometh in time. And in the seuenth of Ihon,

when Christ sayth: My tyme is not yet come, tyme is

taken for oportunitie of tyme. And lykewyse in the

syxt to the Galat. Therfore whyle we haue tyme. &c.

[Sidenote: Chaunce.] The Rethoricianes put chaunce

vnder tyme, because the ende of a thynge perteyneth to

the time that foloweth: but of thys wyll we speke in

the place called Euent. Facultie is a power to do the

thynge that is taken in hand: and in coniectures two

thinges speciallye be considered: whether he could or

wold. Wyll is gathered of hope to performe it, and is

made more probable wh[en] the nature of the mynde is

ioyned to it: as it is not like he wyl abide in his

glorye, because he is enuious and ambicious. Also when

we counsell one to leaue of vayne mournynge, when it

is not in his power to get agayne that is gone.

[Sidenote: Instrument.] Instrument semeth to be a part

of facultie: for instrumentes sometyme are cause of

oure hablenes to do a thinge: and it is a more

mischeuous deede to kyl with venome th[en] with swearde.

And to instrum[en]t so nie is the manour of doyng, that

almoste it is all one. But more properlye perteyne to

the manour or fashion, those thynges that be eyther

excused, or made greater by wyl: As lesse faute is it

to fall into a vice by ignorance or frailtie, then of

a purpose and full deliberacion. The vse of

circ[um]stances profiteth to amplifie, to extenuate,

to euidence, to confirmacion, and probabilitie. And

hytherto be referred also the common places that

indifferentlye apperteyne to all kyndes and partes

of causes, of the whyche Rodulphe entreateth, and

Aristotle in his Topyckes. But before we speake of

them, it is to be noted, that thys woorde place, is

taken foure maner of wayes. They are called common

places, because thei be entreated of, of bothe partes,

althoughe not in all one cause: as he that is sore

spoken agaynste by witnesses, swadeth that we shulde

not geue credite to witnesses. Contrarye, he that is

holpen by them speaketh in defence of wytnesses, and

so of other that we spake of before, when we entreated

of vnartificial argumentes. Lyke to thys sorte be

sentences, whyche wee exaggerate as it were wythoute

the cause, but so that they serue to the cause whiche

wee haue in hande: as bee the amplificacions of

vertues, and the exaggeracions of vices. As when wee

accuse anye manne that by euyll companions he was

broughte to do also the mischeuouse deede. ¶ A common

place shall bee, wyth wordes to exaggerate howe much

it profiteth to keepe goodnesse, to bee in companye

wyth good men, and contrarye howe greate myschyefe the

companye of euyll men dothe cause.

¶ In the third sence places be called seates of

argumentes, whyche the Rethoricianes do applie to eche

kyndes of causes: As in the kynde suasorie, honest,

profitable, pleasa[un]t easye, necessarie. &c. In

demonstratiue kynde, kynred, contrey, goodes of the

bodye and of the mynde. In the Iudiciall kynde,

inespecial deniall, those that we spake of euen nowe.

The fourth places be general, whych declare what

belongeth to euerye thynge, and howe oute of eche of

them there be taken argumentes, partly necessary, and

partlye probable. These be commen to the Oratours with

the Logicians, albeit Aristotle hathe seperatelye

written of them in hys Topickes; and in his

Rethorickes hathe not touched th[em], and they profite

much both to iudgement, and to endightynge, but the

varietie of authors hath made the handlynge of them

sumwhat darke, because amonge them selues they can not

wel agre, neyther of the names, neyther of the number,

neyther of the order.

[Sidenote: Examples.] An example is a rehearsall of a

thynge that is done, and an applyynge of it vnto our

cause, eyther for similitude or dissimilitude,

profitable to perswade, garnyshe, and delyght.

Examples, some be taken out of hystories, some of

tales, some of fayned argum[en]tes, in comedies; and

bothe sortes be dilated by parable and comparacion.

Comparacion sheweth it equall, lesse, or bygger.

Parable is a feete similitude, whych sheweth y^e

example that is brought, either like, vnlyke or

cõtrarye. Lyke as Camillus restored the common wealth

of the Romaines that was oppressed by the Frenchmen,

and when it was brought into extreme losse, by theyr

valiauntnesse expelled the Barbariens: So Valla, whan

thorowe the ignorãce of y^e Barbarians, learnyng was

destroyed, restored it agayn, as it wer from death

into hys former brightnes. Vnlike. As not lyke thanke

is done to Laurence and Camillus, because that the one

moued by vertue wyth the ieopardie of hys lyfe

deliuered his contrey from the vngracious, that other

styrred vp by desyre of fame, or rather wyth an euyll

luste to checke manye, not restored agayn the latt[en]

tong oppressed, but brought it as it were into certen

rules. Cõtrary, Brutus kylled hys chyldren goyng about

treason, Manlius punished by death the valiauntnes of

hys sonne. Comparacion sheweth y^e thing y^t is

brought, eyther equall, lesse, or bigger: Lesse, as

our elders haue warred oftentymes, because theyr

marcha[un]tes and mariners wer euyl entreated. What mynd

ought you to be in, so many thousande citizens of Rome

slaine at one message, and one time? Equall, as in the

same Cicero. ¶ For it happed vnto me to stand for an

offyce wyth two gentlemenne, that one very naughte,

that other very gentle, yet ouercame I Catiline by

dignitie, and Galba by fauoure. Bygger: As for Milo,

they saye he shulde not lyue that confesseth he hathe

kylled a man, when M. Horacius was quitte, whyche

kylled hys owne syster.

[Sidenote: Parable.] Parable, which some call

similitude, some cõparacion, is a comparyng of a thyng

y^t hath no life, or no bodye to our cause and

purpose, for some thyng that is lyke or vnlyke. And as

example is taken of y^e dede of a man, and the person

of an hystorye, or that is fabulous and fayned, so is

comparison taken of thinges that be done, or that be

ioyned to them by nature, or by chaunce. ¶ As Attilius

retournyng agayne to hys enemies is an example of

kepynge faythe and promise: But a shyp in the whych

the sayles be hoysed vp, or tak[en] down after the

blowyng of the winde, is a parable whiche teacheth a

wyse man to geue place to tyme, and applye hymselfe to

the world that is presente. And lyke fashion is of

dilatyng a parable, as we haue shewed in example.

For sometime it is noted in a word as: Doest thou not

vnderstand that the sayles muste be turned? Sometyme

it is more largelye declared, as in the oracion for

Murena. And if vnto menne that sayle out of the hauen.

&c. Analogie.

_Icon_, called of the latines _Imago_, an Image in

Englyshe, is muche lyke to a similitude, and if you

declare it is a similitude: as if you saye: As an Asse

wyll not be driuen from her meat, no not with a club,

vntyl she be full: no more wil a warriour reste from

murther vntyll he hath fylled his mynd with it. This

is a similitude: but if you saye that a man flewe vpon

his enemies like a dragon, or lyke a lyon, it is an

Image. Howbeit an Image serueth rather to euidence or

grauitie, or iocunditie, then to a profe. There is

also a general comparacion, speciallye in the kynde

demonstratiue, person wyth person, and one thing with

an other, for praise or dispraise

[Sidenote: Indicacio.] _Indicacio_, or authoritie,

is the cõparing of an other mans saying or sentence

vnto our cause: of the whiche ther be seuen principal

kyndes. The fyrst a comon morall sentence, as a common

principle perteyning to maners: as continuall laboure

ouercommeth all thynges, and as be the sentences of

Salomon and Cato: and all morall philosophy is ful of

suche sentences. The seconde are common rules, whych

be called dignities in euery science. The .iii.

a prouerb. The fourth called _Chria_, which is a very

short exposicion of any dede or worde wyth the name of

the author recited. The fyfte an _Enthimeme_, whyche

is a sentence of contraries: as if it be a great

praise to please good men, surely to please euyl men

it is a greate shame. The syxte called _AEnos_, that

is a saying or a sentence, taken out of a tale, as be

the interpretacions of fables, and theyr allegories.

The seuen is any answere tak[en] out of the mouth of God,

or taken out of the cõmaundement of God.

[Sidenote: Exergasia.] Expolicion is, when we tarye in

one thynge, speakynge the same in diuerse wordes and

fashions, as though it were not one matter but

diuerse. A goodlye example of the moste largest

expolicion is rehearsed in Erasmus, whych, because it

is very profitable, I wyll wholye rehearse it. A wyse

man for the cõmon wealth sake shall eschue no peryll:

euen for thys cause that it happeneth oft[en], that wher

he wold not dye for the common wealth, he perysheth

yet of necessitie wyth the cõmon wealth. And because

all the commodities we haue be taken of our contrey,

ther ought no incõmoditie to be counted paynfull,

taken for our contrey. They therfore that flye that

peryll which must be tak[en] for the cõmon wealth, do

folyshely: for neither can they auoyde it, and they be

found vngrate to the citie. But they that by their

owne peril put away the perils of their cõtrei, they

are to be counted wyse, seyng that bothe they geue to

the cõmon wealth that honour y^t they shulde geue, and

had rather dye for many, th[en] w^t many. For it is much

against reason that receiuing thy naturall lyfe by thy

contrey, to deliuer it agayne to nature when she

compelleth the, and not to geue it to thy cõtrey when

she desyreth the. And where y^u mayst wyth hye

valiauntnes & honour die for thy contrei, to haue

rather lyke a cowarde to liue in shame. And for thy

fryndes and parentes, and other acquayntance to put

thy selfe in peryll: for the cõmon wealth in the

whyche both it & that most reuerende name of the

contrey is conteyned, not to be willynge to come in

ieopardye. Wherfore as he is to be dyspised whyche

being vpon the sea had rather haue hym selfe safe,

then the ship: so is he to be rebuked, whych in

ieopardye of the commen wealthe, prouideth more for

his own then for y^e cõmon wealthe. When the shyppe

hathe ben broken, many haue ben saued: But after the

shypwrake of the cõtrey no man can escape. Whyche

thynge me thynketh Decius dyd wel perceiue, whych

reported wholy to haue bestowed hym selfe, and for the

sauegard of his men of war to haue run amonge the

myddest of hys enemyes. Wherfore he loste not hys

lyfe, but let it go: for he redemed for a thynge of

verye small pryce, a ryght dere thyng. He gaue his

life, but he receiued his contrei. He loste his life,

but he inioyed glorye, whyche written to his greate

prayse, shyneth euerye daye more and more. Wherefore

if we haue proued both by reason & by exãple, that we

be bounde to put oure selfe in peryll for the common

wealthe, they are to be counted wyse men, whych for

the sauegarde of the contrey auoyde no peryll. It

wolde be meete to exercyse chyldren in suche themes,

wherby shal be gott[en] bothe wysedome and eloquence.

And here me thynketh I maye ryghte well ende these

Rethoricall preceptes, although I be not ignoraunt

that much helpeth bothe to persuasions and copye, the

proper handlyng of tales taken oute of the nature of

beastes, dreames, fayned narracions, sumwhat lyke vnto

the truth, w^t allegories much vsed of diuines. But

because they requyre a longer treatie, for this tyme I

leaue them of, addynge vnto these before written rules

of oratory, a declamacion

bothe profitable and verye elo-

quente, wrytten by Erasmus

vnto the moste noble Duke

of Cleue, as here appe-

reth after.

¶ Impryn-

ted at London by Iohn Day,

dwellinge ouer Aldersgate, beneth

saint Martyns. And are to be sold

at his shop by the litle conduit

in Chepesyde at the sygne

of the Resurrec-

tion.

_Cum priuilegio ad imprimendum

solum. Per septennium._