[Illustration: THE MODERN WORLD AND THE BIBLE LANDS.
NOTE.--The Bible Lands are those included within the red lines.]
[Transcriber's Note: Bold text is set off by =equal signs= and italic
text by _underscores_.]
BIBLE ATLAS
A MANUAL OF
BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
ESPECIALLY PREPARED
FOR THE USE OF TEACHERS AND STUDENTS OF THE BIBLE, AND FOR SUNDAY SCHOOL
INSTRUCTION, CONTAINING
Maps, Plans, Review Charts, Colored Diagrams,
AND
ILLUSTRATED
WITH ACCURATE VIEWS OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES AND LOCALITIES KNOWN TO
BIBLE HISTORY.
REVISED EDITION.
BY REV. JESSE L. HURLBUT, D. D.,
AUTHOR OF "REVISED NORMAL LESSONS," "STUDIES IN THE FOUR GOSPELS,"
"STUDIES IN OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY," ETC.
WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
REV. BISHOP JOHN H. VINCENT, D. D., LL. D.,
CHANCELLOR OF THE CHAUTAUQUA UNIVERSITY.
CHICAGO:
RAND, McNALLY & COMPANY,
PUBLISHERS.
MANUAL OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY.
COPYRIGHT, 1884, BY RAND, MCNALLY & CO.
COPYRIGHT, 1887, BY RAND, MCNALLY & CO.
COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY RAND, MCNALLY & CO.
COPYRIGHT, 1908, BY RAND, MCNALLY & CO.
COPYRIGHT, 1910, BY RAND, MCNALLY & CO.
INTRODUCTION.
ON this side of the sea we sit down with a big book in our hands. It is
an old book. Nearly two thousand years have passed since the last word
of it was written, and no one can tell how many thousands of years ago
the records were made or the words uttered, out of which its first
writer prepared his wonderful statements.
This old book is a singular book as to the variety of its
contents,--ranging from dry chronological statement to highest flight of
royal poetry. Many pages of it are simply historical, with lists of
kings, and names of family lines through many generations. Geographical
allusions descending to minutest detail are strewn thickly through its
pages. There is no department of natural science which does not find
some of its _data_ recognized in the chapters of this venerable volume.
Stones and stars, plants and reptiles, colossal monsters of sea and
land, fleet horse, bird of swift flight, lofty cedar and lowly
lily,--these all find their existence recognized and recorded in that
book of "various theme."
As it is a long time since these records were made, so are the lands far
away in which the events recorded are said to have occurred. We measure
the years by millenaries, and by the thousand miles we measure the
distance. The greatest contrast exists between the age and land in which
we live and the age and lands in which this book found its beginning,
its material and its ending.
To one familiar only with the habits, dress and customs of American
life, the every-day events recorded in the book seem fabulous. We do not
dress as the book says that people dressed in those far-away years and
far-away lands; we do not eat as they did; our houses are not like
theirs; we do not measure time as they did; we do not speak their
language; our seasons do not answer to the seasons that marked their
year. It is difficult, knowing only our modern American life, to _think_
ourselves into the conditions under which this book says that people
lived and thought in those long-ago ages. Their wedding feasts and
funeral services differed utterly from ours. They lived and died in
another atmosphere, under a government that no longer exists; made war
upon nations that are powerless to-day as the sleeping dead in a
national cemetery; and the things which we read concerning them seem
strange enough to us.
In the changes which have taken place through all these centuries, it
would be an easy thing, under some circumstances, for men to deny that
the people of the book ever lived, that the cities of the book were ever
built, that the events of the book ever transpired. And, if its historic
foundation were destroyed, the superstructure of truth, the doctrinal
and ethical teachings resting upon it, might in like manner be swept
away.
This old Book--the Bible, a divine product, wrought into the texture of
human history and literature with the gradually unfolding ages--is the
old Book we study to-day on this side the sea.
It is a "Book of books,"--the Book out-shining all other books in the
literary firmament, as the sun out-splendors the planets that move in
their orbits around him.
It is a book that deals with man as an immortal soul; making known the
beginnings of the race; going back of the beginning to God, who is from
"everlasting to everlasting," and who "in the beginning created the
heaven and the earth"; revealing the creative purpose and loving grace
of God; tracing the fall and deterioration of man, the divine
interposition in human history, the preparation of a family, a race, a
nation, and a world at large, for the coming of the Redeemer; revealing
the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ; showing how the Christ
came, what he did, what he said, what he resisted, what he endured, what
he suffered, what he achieved; telling in simple way the story of the
early church, from the little meeting of the bereaved disciples in the
upper room to the magnificent consummation of Christ's coming, as seen
in the prophetic visions of St. John on the Isle of Patmos.
It is a book full of history, of geography, of archæology, of prophecy,
of poetry, of doctrine, of "exceeding great and precious promises."
In an important sense the foundations of this book are laid in human
history and geography. However high toward the heavens it may reach in
doctrine and promise, its foundations lay hold of the earth. If the
children of Israel did not live in Egypt and Canaan and the far East, if
the statements of their history as recorded in the book be not _facts_,
if the story of Jesus Christ be false,--everything fails us. With the
sweeping away of fact, we must also bid farewell to the words of
doctrine and of promise here recorded; to the divine words of assurance
which now give comfort to the penitent, hope to the despairing, strength
to the feeble, and immortal life to the dying.
As we sit down on this side of the sea, it is well that we are able to
look beyond the sea to the lands which gave to the world the book in our
hands. And it is well, that, as we look, we are able to connect the book
of to-day with those same lands as they now lie among the rivers and by
the seaside, from the sources of the Tigris and Euphrates to the mouths
of the Nile, from the palaces of Babylon to the dock at Puteoli and the
prison at Rome. And it is well that the lands as they are found to-day
correspond to the records of the Book as they were made centuries and
centuries ago. The Book, on its human historic, geographical and
archæological side, is true to the facts as in the nineteenth century
they are presented to us in the lands of the East.
There are those who believe with firm faith, that, for these days of
skepticism and of merciless and conscienceless historic criticism, the
lands have been kept almost in their original condition, that the
testimony of the modern skeptical traveler might (though unintentionally
on his part, but necessarily) corroborate the teachings of the Bible.
Have the mummy wrappings of Mohammedan domination held the far East
unchanged through the centuries, that in these days of doubt the hills
of Canaan, the plains of Egypt and the ruins of Mesopotamia might lift
their voice in solemn attestation to the divine truthfulness of the
sacred historians?
These lands are memorial lands. They are now what the Book says they
once were. Although the sweeping away of ancient governments and the
reign of anarchy have modified the face of the country, the evidences
still remain that the most glowing descriptions of their prosperity were
not exaggerated. Infidels have doubted, for example, whether Palestine
could contain the immense populations which, in its prosperous days,
according to the statements of the Book, were resident there. But
scientists show that the soil of Canaan, under cultivation, is one of
the richest and most fertile in the world. The broken terraces that may
still be traced on the hill-sides, the walls of cities and other ruins
that fill the land, sustain the account of the prosperous days and the
immense populations of Bible times.
So little have the conditions of social life been modified, that one may
live the old life over again in Canaan. Soil and scenery, the seasons of
the year, Jacob's well and the Jordan, Ebal and Gerizim, the plain, the
wilderness and the city, all give witness to the words of the Book.
The names of olden time still linger. One lands at _Yafa_, the "Joppa"
of old; Jerusalem is now _el Khuds_,--"the Holy"; _Bahr-lut_--"the Sea
of Lot"--is the Dead Sea in the Valley of Sodom and Gomorrah; _Bir es
Seba_ is the Beersheba of the olden time; _el Azariyeh_ is Bethany, the
home of Lazarus; _Beit-lahm_ is still Bethlehem; and _el Khalil_--"the
Friend"--is the name of Hebron, the home of Abram, "the Friend of God."
In the customs and costumes, in the habits of speech and the manners of
the people, you read the same lesson. In the spring of 1863 I was
permitted to spend forty days and forty nights in Palestine. I saw
Abraham at his tent-door; Rebekah vailing herself at the approach of the
stranger; the long caravan of camels and Midianites on their way toward
the South. I saw the wailing mourners at the house of death; the roof
that might easily have been broken up; the wedding procession; the grass
on the house-tops; the sparrow making a nest for her young in the
synagogues of Jerusalem. I saw the elders in the gates; David the
shepherd, with his sheep, on the hill-side; the Jewish mother teaching
Timothy the words of the old Book in the old city on the hill. Verily,
it is the old land; it is the old life; it is the memorial presentation
in concrete form of what the Book says was true there thousands of years
ago.
As I stood on Safed, overlooking the Sea of Galilee and the lovely land
about it, I turned and looked toward the north, and saw snow-sheathed
Hermon, probably the Mount of Transfiguration, as it stood out that day
against the blue sky of Syria. I thought of Ruskin's words: "These pure
white hills, near to the heavens and sources of all good to the earth,
are the memorials of the light of his mercy that fell snow-like on the
Mount of Transfiguration."
I once saw the Alps glorified by the setting sun. I was standing on _La
Flégére_, looking down upon the Valley of Chamounix, and upward upon the
magnificent heights, above which towered the great Mont Blanc. A pall of
mist had hidden the rough and unilluminated rocks; but, when that mist
grew thin as a vail of delicate lace, I saw the Alps beyond, and they
appeared as if on fire. I cried out in ecstacy, "Behold Mount Zion."
Through the mists of earth I saw the splendors of heaven. The story of
the transfiguration on Mount Hermon, in the days of Jesus, if taken
literally, is not so marvelous as the history we call the life and
character of Jesus. Both belong to the realm of the supernatural. The
"life" granted, the transfiguration has no surprise in it. So I discover
the strange blending of the natural and supernatural in the Land and the
Book,--in the Land as to-day hallowed by the Book,--in the Book as
to-day supported and made real by the Land.
It thus easily appears that every Bible reader should be acquainted with
the outlines of Biblical and geographical antiquities. Without such
knowledge it is impossible properly to understand the divine word. How
often, through ignorance of sacred archæology, we overlook the force and
beauty of the allusions which abound in the narrative, poetic and
prophetic parts of Scripture. And there is, moreover, an air of reality
imparted to all history by familiarity with the geography involved in
it.
In view of the supernatural character of Bible history, acquaintance
with Bible geography is particularly important. Once give its wonderful
transactions an actual locality among the hills, valleys and cities
which may still be found and visited, connecting and comparing them with
the records of our present history, and our youth will readily
distinguish the miraculous from the mythical, and discover not only
clear illustrations of many portions of the Bible, but strong and
irresistible evidence in favor of its divinity.
I therefore hail with joy the admirable presentation of the facts of
Bible history and geography in this volume--a presentation so clear, and
so abundantly illustrative, that the humblest teacher and most
indifferent student may be interested and instructed.
The study of Bible history and geography must not be limited to the
theological school, the pastor's study, or the advanced Bible class. It
is a department peculiarly adapted to our youngest children, and by them
most needed, that they may secure the vivid realization of actuality in
the Bible narratives. Boys and girls to-day may not take much delight in
the advanced doctrinal teachings of the Bible; but it is possible so to
connect its history with stories of modern travel, through the regions
referred to in that history, that they will become interested in the one
because of the pleasure they find in the other.
Our Sunday School libraries should contain the many books of travel
through the far East which are published in these days. And our
ministers should enlist young people, through special classes, in the
study of Bible history and geography. In this way a "week-day hold" upon
our young people may be secured.
During ten years of my pastoral life, wherever the itinerant system of
my church placed me, I held on every Saturday afternoon, in the
lecture-room of my church, a class to which old and young, and the
representatives of all denominations, were admitted. It was called "The
Palestine Class," and was devoted to the study of Bible history and
geography. An outline of facts, prepared in catechetical form, was
printed, and committed to memory by every pupil. Difficult old Hebrew
names of lands, cities and mountains, were arranged in a rhythmic way,
and chanted after the manner of the old-time "singing geography"
classes. Answers were given in concert to help the memory, and personal
examinations were afterward conducted to test it. The class constituted
an "ideal company of tourists to the far East." The course of lessons
was divided into five sections, covering the whole of Bible history. As
each member, passing a personal examination, gave proof that he had
thoroughly mastered "Section One," he was constituted a PILGRIM to the
Holy Land, and given a certificate to that effect. Having studied
"Section Two," and passed a satisfactory examination, he was made a
RESIDENT in Palestine, and his name was associated with one town or
mountain. In that way every principal place on the map was associated
with the name of some member, who was held responsible to the class for
information concerning its history and present condition. An examination
in "Section Three" made our "pilgrim" and "resident" a DWELLER IN
JERUSALEM. Having been examined in "Section Four," he was made an
EXPLORER of other Bible lands, and was located on some mountain, or city
of Egypt, Arabia, Chaldea, Asia Minor, etc. A final examination made him
a TEMPLAR.
The songs, concert exercises, responses and ideal pilgrimage gave
enthusiasm to the class, while the personal examinations guaranteed
thoroughness. As I recall those Saturday afternoons of my early
ministry, surrounded by earnest women and wide-awake boys and girls of
all ages, I am amply rewarded for all the labor and time expended. The
enthusiasm and delight, the perceptible growth in knowledge, the spirit
of catholicity, the steadiness promoted in the frivolous, the
gratification afforded on the occasion of public examinations and
reviews, the increased appreciation of the Sunday preaching, visible on
the faces of young and old, the grateful words that have come through
the intervening years from those who were by these studies incited to a
more intelligent and earnest Bible study--these are some of the results
of those years of pastoral service. The plan is practicable for every
pastor. The book which I now have the honor of introducing to the public
furnishes to every minister a complete preparation for directing such
classes--a preparation which, twenty-five years ago, would have been a
great benediction to me.
One of these Palestine classes reported its imaginary tour through the
village paper. These articles gave local interest to the movement,
delighting the imaginary tourists, and (through no fault of ours)
deceiving more than one simple-hearted reader in the community. From
these letters I make a few extracts.
"PALESTINE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE 'INDEPENDENT WATCHMAN.'
"DEAR INDEPENDENT: In fulfillment of the promise
made the night before our departure, I sit down to
write the first of a series of letters detailing
the most noteworthy incidents of our journey to
the Holy Land, with such historical and
geographical facts as are suggested by the
localities we may be permitted to visit.
"As you are well aware, an association, which has
for its specific object the study of Bible history
and geography, was organized in your town some
months ago. After a course of thorough preliminary
training, arrangements were consummated for a tour
of observation through Egypt, Arabia,
Palestine,--the lands of Hebrew life and
literature, the scenes of the early Christian
history, and, later, the arena of Saracenic
invasion and domination. We are now on the way
thither. While the tide of mighty immigration is
pouring westward toward the American desert, the
Rocky Mountains, Pike's Peak and Cherry creek, a
tiny rill of exploration is trickling eastward
toward the desert of Sinai, the mountains of
Egypt, the peaks of Lebanon, and the river of
Jordan." * * * * *
After calling attention to two books which had just then appeared--"The
Land and The Book," by Dr. Thomson, and "Palestine Past and Present," by
Dr. Osborn--the Palestine correspondent continued:
"No class of literature is more refining and
exalting than the records of cultivated minds made
amid the sacred scenes of Palestine, and the not
less interesting ruins of Egypt, Asia Minor and
Greece. A taste for such mental pabulum is a
better safeguard against the popular and polluting
fictions of the day than all the mandates of the
parent or the uncompromising denunciations of the
pulpit. Preoccupy by the good, and there will be
no evil to expel. Create a taste for healthful
literature in our young people, and they will not
crave the blood and fire potions now so
mercilessly provided by the corrupt press. This is
one object of our present pilgrimage to Palestine.
We would open a new world--the newest and yet the
oldest of worlds--to their view. We would unfurl
bright maps and open new books, and delight them
in a field of thought and research, in which
healthful influences prevail, a field of fragrant
and thornless flowers, of luscious and life-giving
fruit. * * * * * The association to which I have
referred is composed of about eighty pilgrims. On
Saturday morning, the 25th, we left your quiet
village, reaching Chicago the same evening.
Tuesday morning found us on our way to New York,
where we arrived early this morning. We shall sail
on Saturday, April 2, for the Orient. In order to
diminish our expenses, we forego the speed of the
regular steam route, and have chartered the
sailing vessel, the schooner 'Star of Bethlehem.'
She is a new vessel, and a 'bright light' in her
way. Well rigged, and ably manned, she is prepared
for the buffeting of old ocean. Her captain is the
distinguished and experienced _Hardstudy_, with
whom, I am sure, you have some acquaintance. He is
a true gentleman, and, I am told, has been an
intimate companion of several Oriental travelers.
He accompanied Dr. Robinson on both his tours. The
'Star,' built expressly for excursions to the
Mediterranean waters, is a stout boat, and is
provided with the modern conveniences and luxuries
of travel. She is about 150 tons burden. I spent
an hour on board of her this afternoon, and am
much gratified with the neatness and elegance
displayed in all her departments. The library and
reading-room is a little palace. It contains about
1,500 volumes, chiefly of Eastern travel, which,
together with a number of good maps and paintings,
will afford us every opportunity to prepare for
the interesting tour we are about making. All thus
far are well. Remember us in our wanderings, and
send us copies of your paper, directing to the
'care of the United States Consul at Alexandria.'
Prepay to New York, and send 'Via Liverpool and
Beyrout.'"
The next letter gives an account of the various pilgrimages which have
been made to Palestine from the days of Abraham down to the present.
"Off Sandy Hook, 3.30 P. M.," our correspondent
wrote. "The wide ocean is before us. We have
passed the Battery, Brooklyn, Staten Island, the
ruins of old quarantine and the forts,--feeble
protection in cases of invasion,--and yonder to
the east is Sandy Hook. The bell of the tug rings.
In five minutes our friends who accompany us down
will return to the city, and we shall be alone
upon the wide, wide sea. The waters appear quiet;
a faint west wind is rising; all the children are
in good spirits. If they are as bright to-morrow
it will be strange. Farewell, native land!
Farewell!"
The third letter opened with a quotation from Browning:
"'In the dimmest northeast distance
Dawned Gibraltar, grand and gray.'
"SCHOONER STAR OF BETHLEHEM,
"HARBOR OF GIBRALTAR, May 4, '59.
"DEAR INDEPENDENT: Thirty-two days ago we left the
port of New York, and day before yesterday glided
through the Straits of Gibraltar, casting anchor
in this harbor. Our voyage was short and
agreeable, all that could be desired, with the
exception of the sea-sickness that prevailed among
us for the first four or five days, and the alarm
occasioned by the heavy gale of last week. For two
days the storm raged so violently that our fears
were much excited. On the evening of the 26th ult.
the winds were lulled, the clouds broke away, and
the rays of the setting sun hurried swiftly across
the yet raging waves, to brighten their foaming
crests with golden light, and bring hope to our
hearts. Religious services were conducted each
Sabbath by the chaplain, and our programme of
study and reading was faithfully observed every
day. All that we did, and all that we saw, cannot
be reported in a single letter. Our young friends
must themselves write about the wonders of the
sea,--whales, dolphins, icebergs; sunset, sunrise,
midnight; calms, storms, water-spouts; and all
other sources of joy or terror in ocean life.
Yesterday was spent in an excursion to the town of
Gibraltar." * * * * *
After a description of Gibraltar, the writer says:
"The whole juvenile forces of our vessel have been
invited to dine this afternoon with the officers
of _H. M. S. Manchester_, in company with the
British and American consuls of Gibraltar, and
left an hour ago, under the charge of Captain
_Hardstudy_, to comply with the gracious
invitation, and I remain to prepare this letter
for the morrow's steamer from Valetta to
Liverpool. The sun is already sinking in the blue
and gold waters of the Mediterranean. A fresh
breeze has startled the sleeping waves into lively
gambols, and our flag points eagerly westward and
homeward. See our party of little travelers just
off for the 'Manchester'! How their boats dance up
and down over the water! 'Boom!' 'boom!' go the
signal guns from the kind old ship! Now hear the
thunderous volleys from the batteries on the huge
mountain, proclaiming the hour of sunset!"
The letters which follow are from "Alexandria, Egypt, May 28"; from the
"Steamer Rameses, River Nile, June 11"; from "Off Joppa, June 16"; from
"Jerusalem, July 5"; from "Nablous, 'the City of Samaria,' July 12";
from "Beyrout, Syria, July 23"; and on Monday morning, July 25, our
correspondent writes his farewell, as follows:
"Well, friend INDEPENDENT, our travels are ended.
We came on board the 'Star of Bethlehem' this
morning. The steamer for Liverpool leaves this
afternoon, and we shall send our letters ashore to
be mailed. By the 30th of September we hope to be
with you again. We have seen the earthly Canaan,
with its degradation and defilement. Our minds
turn toward the better Canaan. With Watts we sing:
"'Look up, our souls, pant toward the eternal hills;
Those heavens are fairer than they seem.
There pleasures all sincere glide on in crystal rills;
There not a dreg of guilt defiles,
No grief disturbs the stream
That Canaan knows,--no noxious thing,
No cursed soil, no tainted spring;
No roses grow on thorns, nor honey wears a sting.'"
Such devices as these help to inspire the young with an interest in
sacred things. They may not yet be prepared to appreciate the night of
prayer on the mountain, the agony of the Lord in Gethsemane, or the
rapturous experiences of St. John on Patmos; but they may take delight
in the land, its customs, its wonderful histories, read with
gratification an account of journeys from Dan to Beersheba, with perils
from robbers, and the pranks of native children, the lonely horseback
ride from Jerusalem down to Jericho, the encampment by the "Fountain of
robbers" north of Jerusalem, the loveliness of Nazareth, the beauty of
the Sea of Galilee, and the glories of Lebanon and Hermon. Finding
delight in these more human things, they may, incidentally, under the
leadership of the divine Providence and Spirit, catch glimpses of his
face who, by simile and word and spirit, sanctified the land from north
to south and from Bashan to the sea.
J. H. VINCENT.
PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION.
DURING the fourteen years since this work was prepared great advancement
has been gained in knowledge of the ancient Oriental world. In the light
of recent researches it has become necessary to revise the entire book.
The work has been done with care, every location has been
reinvestigated, and the historical allusions have been compared with the
latest and best authorities. In this revision the author has been
materially aided by Prof. Robert W. Rogers of Madison, N. J., and Prof.
Karl P. Harrington of Chapel Hill, N. C., to both of whom thanks are
rendered. It is possible that some errors may yet remain, and if any
appear to students who make use of this work, corrections or suggestions
with regard to them will be gratefully received.
JESSE L. HURLBUT.
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
Ancient World, and the Descendants of Noah 23
Apostolic History, Early 112
Bible History, Chart of 13
Conquest of Canaan 50
Empire of David and Solomon 68
Illustrations, List of 11
Index to Descriptive Matter 157
Index to Map of Old Testament World (Map on pp. 18, 19) 156
Index to Map of Palestine (Map on pp. 152, 153) 151
Introduction 3
Isles of Greece and the Seven Churches 132
Jerusalem, Ancient 72
Jerusalem, Environs of 82
Jerusalem, Modern 77
Journeys of the Apostle Paul 116
Journeys of the Patriarchs 33
Kingdom of Saul 64
Lands of the Sojourn and Wandering 41
Life of Christ, The 103
Measures of the Bible, The 148
New Testament Palestine (Kingdom of Herod the Great) 100
Old Testament World, The 17
Oriental Empires, The Great 91
Palestine Among the Twelve Tribes 55
Palestine Before the Conquest 36
Palestine, Lessons in the Geography of 143
Palestine Under the Judges 60
Physical Palestine 28
Roman Empire, The 97
Solomon's Empire, The Division of 86
Tabernacle, The 135
Table of Contents 9
Temple, The 138
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
CHART OF BIBLE HISTORY 13-16
I. GENERAL PERIODS.
II. SUBDIVISIONS.
III. PERSONS AND RULERS.
IV. EVENTS OF BIBLE HISTORY.
V. THE HISTORY OF EGYPT.
VI. THE KINGDOMS OF THE EAST.
VII. THE ORIENTAL EMPIRES.
VIII. THE WORLD IN GENERAL.
THE OLD TESTAMENT WORLD 17-22
I. EXTENT.
II. SEAS.
III. MOUNTAIN RANGES.
IV. RIVERS.
V. LANDS.
I. _Lands of the Mountain System._
1. Armenia;
2. Media;
3. Persia.
II. _Lands of the Plain._
1. Assyria;
2. Elam;
3. Mesopotamia;
4. Chaldea;
5. Arabia.
III. _Lands of the Mediterranean._
1. Asia Minor;
2. Syria;
3. Phoenicia;
4. Palestine;
5. The Wilderness;
6. Egypt.
ANCIENT WORLD, AND DESCENDANTS OF NOAH 23-27
I. THE JAPHETIC NATIONS.
1. Gomer;
2. Magog;
3. Madai;
4. Javan;
5. Tubal;
6. Meshech;
7. Tiras.
II. THE HAMITIC RACES.
1. Cush;
2. Mizraim;
3. Phut;
4. Canaan.
III. THE SEMITIC RACES.
1. Elam;
2. Asshur;
3. Arphaxad;
4. Lud;
5. Aram.
PHYSICAL PALESTINE 28-32
I. DIMENSIONS.
1. Canaan;
2. Palestine Proper;
3. The Land of Promise.
II. NATURAL DIVISIONS.
1. Maritime Plain;
2. Mountain Region;
3. Jordan Valley;
4. Eastern Table-Land.
III. THE WATERS OF PALESTINE.
1. The River Jordan;
2. The Three Lakes;
3. The Brooks.
IV. THE MOUNTAINS OF PALESTINE.
1. West of the Jordan;
2. East of the Jordan.
V. THE PLAINS OF PALESTINE.
1. Phoenicia;
2. Sharon;
3. Philistia;
4. Esdraelon;
5. Negeb;
6. Jordan;
7. Hauran.
THE JOURNEYS OF THE PATRIARCHS 33-36
I. THE JOURNEYS OF ABRAHAM.
1. Ur to Haran;
2. Haran to Canaan;
3. Visit to Egypt;
4. Removal to Hebron;
5. Pursuit of the Elamites;
6. Settlement at Beersheba;
7. Offering of Isaac;
8. Burial of Sarah.
II. THE JOURNEYS OF ISAAC.
Homes:
1. Beer-lahai-roi;
2. Gerar;
3. Rehoboth;
4. Beersheba;
5. Hebron.
III. THE JOURNEYS OF JACOB.
1. Flight to Haran;
2. Return to Canaan;
3. Residence in Canaan;
4. Descent into Egypt;
5. Burial Procession.
PALESTINE BEFORE THE CONQUEST 36-40
I. THE EARLIEST INHABITANTS.
1. The Rephaim;
2. The Zuzim;
3. The Emim;
4. The Horim;
5. The Avim;
6. The Anakim.
II. THE TRIBES OF THE PATRIARCHAL ERA.
1. Zidonians;
2. Canaanites;
3. Philistines;
4. Hittites;
5. Girgashites;
6. Hivites;
7. Perizzites;
8. Jebusites;
9. Amorites.
III. THE NATIONS AT THE TIME OF THE CONQUEST.
1. Amorites;
2. Moabites and Ammonites.
IV. THE SURROUNDING NATIONS.
1. Hivites, Arkites, Sinites,
Arvadites, Hamathites;
2. Ammonites;
3. Amalekites, Kenites, Edomites.
LANDS OF THE SOJOURN AND WANDERING 41-49
I. THE LAND OF EGYPT.
1. Names;
2. Boundaries and Dimensions;
3. Divisions;
4. The Nile;
5. The People;
6. History;
7. Principal Places.
II. THE WILDERNESS OF THE WANDERING.
1. Situation;
2. Natural Features;
3. Inhabitants.
III. THE LAND OF EDOM.
1. Boundaries;
2. Names;
3. Natural Features;
4. History;
5. Peculiarities.
IV. THE WANDERING IN THE WILDERNESS.
1. Rameses to the Red Sea;
2. Red Sea to Mt. Sinai;
3. Mt. Sinai to Kadesh-barnea;
4, 5, 6. Kadesh-barnea to Mt. Hor,
Ezion-geber, and Return;
7, 8. Kadesh-barnea to Elath and Jordan;
Table of Stations.
THE CONQUEST OF CANAAN 50-54
I. CONQUEST OF EASTERN PALESTINE.
1. Gilead;
2. Bashan;
3. Midian.
II. CONQUEST OF WESTERN PALESTINE.
1. Central;
2. Southern;
3. Northern.
III. SUPPLEMENTARY CONQUESTS.
1. Judah and Simeon;
2. Caleb and Othniel;
3. Dan.
PALESTINE AMONG THE TWELVE TRIBES 55-59
I. REUBEN.
II. GAD.
III. MANASSEH--EAST.
IV. SIMEON.
V. JUDAH.
VI. BENJAMIN.
VII. DAN.
VIII. EPHRAIM.
IX. MANASSEH--WEST.
X. ISSACHAR.
XI. ASHER.
XII. ZEBULON.
XIII. NAPHTALI.
XIV. LEVI.
PALESTINE UNDER THE JUDGES 60-63
I. SUPPLEMENTARY TO THE CONQUEST.
1. Judah and Simeon;
2. Danite Migration;
3. Civil War.
II. OPPRESSIONS AND JUDGES.
1. Mesopotamian (south);
2. Moabite (central);
3. Early Philistine (south);
4. Canaanite (north);
5. Midianite (central and north);
6. Ammonite (east);
7. Philistine (south and central).
III. BATTLES OF THE PERIOD.
THE KINGDOM OF SAUL 64-67
I. SAUL'S APPOINTMENT AS KING.
II. THE WARS OF SAUL.
III. SAUL'S PURSUIT OF DAVID.
IV. SAUL'S DEATH.
THE EMPIRE OF DAVID AND SOLOMON 68-71
I. DAVID'S REIGN OVER JUDAH.
II. THE UNION OF PALESTINE.
III. DAVID'S FOREIGN CONQUESTS.
IV. THE CALAMITIES OF DAVID'S REIGN.
V. THE CLOSE OF DAVID'S REIGN.
VI. THE REIGN OF SOLOMON.
ANCIENT JERUSALEM 72-76
I. NAMES.
II. LOCATION.
III. GEOLOGIC FORMATION.
IV. VALLEYS.
V. MOUNTAINS.
VI. WALLS.
VII. HISTORY.
MODERN JERUSALEM 77-81
I. LOCATION.
II. WALLS.
III. GATES.
IV. QUARTERS.
V. FOUNTAINS AND POOLS.
VI. OUTSIDE THE WALLS.
THE ENVIRONS OF JERUSALEM 82-85
I. NORTHERN ROAD.
1. Mizpeh;
2. Nob;
3. Gibeah;
4. Anathoth;
5. Ramah;
6. Michmash;
7. Ai;
8. Beeroth;
9. Bethel;
10. Rimmon;
11. Ephraim.
II. EASTERN ROAD.
1. Bethany;
2. Steep Descent;
3. Jericho.
III. SOUTHERN ROAD.
1. Plain of the Rephaim;
2. Rachel's Tomb;
3. Bethlehem;
4. Valley of Elah;
5. Hebron;
6. Jeshimon.
IV. SOUTHWESTERN ROAD. "Jerusalem to Gaza."
V. WESTERN ROAD.
1. Emmaus;
2. Kirjath-jearim.
VI. NORTHWESTERN ROAD.
1. Ramah;
2. Gibeon;
3. Beth-horon.
THE DIVISION OF SOLOMON'S EMPIRE 86-90
I. KINGDOMS:
1. Syria;
2. Israel;
3. Judah;
4. Moab;
5. Edom.
II. PERIODS:
1. Period of Division;
2. Syrian Period;
3. Restoration of Israel;
4. Fall of Israel;
5. Fall of Judah.
III. BATTLES OF THE PERIOD.
THE GREAT ORIENTAL EMPIRES 91-96, 99
I. THE EARLY CHALDEAN EMPIRE.
II. THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE.
III. THE BABYLONIAN EMPIRE.
IV. THE PERSIAN EMPIRE.
THE DIVISION OF ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE, B.C. 250.
1. Persian Supremacy;
2. Macedonian Supremacy;
3. Egyptian Supremacy;
4. Syrian Supremacy;
5. Maccabean Independence;
6. Roman Supremacy.
THE ROMAN EMPIRE 97-99
I. EUROPEAN PROVINCES.
II. INSULAR PROVINCES.
III. ASIATIC PROVINCES.
IV. AFRICAN PROVINCES.
NEW TESTAMENT PALESTINE 100-102
I. THE PROVINCES OF PALESTINE.
1. Judea;
2. Samaria;
3. Galilee;
4. Peræa;
5. Decapolis.
II. THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF PALESTINE,
B.C. 4-A.D. 70.
1. Kingdom of Herod the Great;
2. Tetrarchy;
3. Kingdom of Herod Agrippa;
4. The Two Provinces.
THE LIFE OF CHRIST 103-111
I. PERIOD OF PREPARATION.
1. Presentation in the Temple;
2. Flight into Egypt;
3. Settlement at Nazareth;
4. Visit to the Temple.
II. PERIOD OF INAUGURATION.
1. Baptism;
2. Temptation;
3. Marriage at Cana;
4. First Passover;
5. Return to Galilee.
III. PERIOD OF EARLY GALILEAN MINISTRY.
1. Opening of the Ministry;
2. Tour in Eastern Galilee;
3. Second Passover;
4. Sermon on the Mount.
IV. PERIOD OF LATER GALILEAN MINISTRY.
1. Tour in Southern Galilee;
2. Gadarene Voyage;
3. Tour in Central Galilee;
4. Retirement to Bethsaida.
V. PERIOD OF RETIREMENT.
1. Journey to Phoenicia;
2. Journey to Decapolis;
3. Journey to Cæsarea Philippi;
4. Last Return to Capernaum.
VI. PERIOD OF JUDÆAN MINISTRY.
1. Galilee to Jerusalem;
2. Jerusalem to Bethabara.
VII. PERIOD OF PERÆAN MINISTRY.
1. Bethabara to Bethany;
2. Retirement to Ephraim;
3. Journey in Peræa;
4. Jericho to Bethany.
VIII. PERIOD OF THE PASSION.
1, 2, 3. Bethany to Temple and Return;
4. Bethany to Supper;
5. Supper to Gethsemane;
6. Gethsemane to House of Caiaphas;
7. Caiaphas to Pilate;
8. Pilate to Herod and Return;
9. Pilate to Calvary.
IX. PERIOD OF THE RESURRECTION--The Ten
Appearances of Christ:
1. At Jerusalem;
2. At Jerusalem;
3. Near Emmaus;
4. At Jerusalem;
5. At Jerusalem;
6. At Jerusalem;
7. Near the Sea of Galilee;
8. On a Mountain in Galilee;
9. At Jerusalem;
10. Near Bethany.
EARLY APOSTOLIC HISTORY 112-115
I. PHILIP'S JOURNEY.
II. SAUL'S JOURNEY.
III. PETER'S JOURNEY.
IV. BARNABAS' JOURNEY.
V. BARNABAS AND SAUL'S JOURNEY.
JOURNEYS OF THE APOSTLE PAUL 116-131
I. THE PROVINCES OF ASIA MINOR.
1. On the Black Sea;
2. On the Ægean Sea;
3. On the Mediterranean;
4. In the Interior.
II. THE FIRST MISSIONARY JOURNEY.
1. Antioch in Syria;
2. Seleucia;
3. Island of Cyprus;
4. Salamis;
5. Paphos;
6. Perga;
7. Antioch in Pisidia;
8. Iconium;
9. Lystra;
10. Derbe;
11. Return, and Attalia.
III. THE SECOND MISSIONARY JOURNEY.
I. _Asiatic Stations._
1. Syria;
2. Cilicia;
3. Derbe;
4. Lystra;
5. Phrygia;
6. Galatia;
7. Troas.
II. _European Stations._
1. Philippi;
2. Amphipolis;
3. Apollonia;
4. Thessalonica;
5. Berea;
6. Athens;
7. Corinth;
8. Cenchrea.
III. _Stations of the Return Journey._
1. Ephesus;
2. Cæsarea;
3. Jerusalem;
4. Antioch.
IV. THE THIRD MISSIONARY JOURNEY.
I. _Outward Journey._
1. Antioch;
2. Galatia;
3. Phrygia;
4. Ephesus;
5. Troas;
6. Macedonia;
7. Greece.
II. _Return Journey._
1. Philippi;
2. Troas;
3. Assos;
4. Mitylene;
5. Chios;
6. Samos;
7. Trogyllium;
8. Miletus;
9. Coos;
10. Rhodes;
11. Patara;
12. Tyre;
13. Ptolemais;
14. Cæsarea;
15. Jerusalem.
V. THE VOYAGE TO ROME.
1. Jerusalem;
2. Antipatris;
3. Cæsarea;
4. Zidon;
5. Myra;
6. Crete;
7. Melita;
8. Syracuse;
9. Rhegium;
10. Puteoli;
11. Appii Forum;
12. Rome.
VI. THE LAST JOURNEYS OF PAUL.
1. Colosse, Ephesus;
2. Macedonia;
3. Crete;
4. Nicopolis;
5. Troas;
6. Ephesus;
7. Rome.
THE ISLES OF GREECE AND THE SEVEN CHURCHES 132-134
I. PATMOS.
II. ASIA.
III. THE SEVEN CHURCHES OF ASIA.
1. Ephesus;
2. Smyrna;
3. Pergamos;
4. Thyatira;
5. Sardis;
6. Philadelphia;
7. Laodicea.
THE TABERNACLE 135-137
I. ORIGIN.
II. HISTORY.
III. DEPARTMENTS OF THE TABERNACLE.
1. The Court;
2. The Altar;
3. The Laver;
4. The Tent;
5. The Holy Place;
6. The Holy of Holies.
THE TEMPLE 138-142
I. COURT OF THE GENTILES.
II. SACRED ENCLOSURE.
III. COURT OF THE WOMEN.
IV. COURT OF ISRAEL.
V. COURT OF THE PRIESTS.
VI. THE HOUSE OF GOD.
LESSONS IN THE GEOGRAPHY OF PALESTINE 143-147
I. LINES AND WATERS.
II. NAMES AND DISTANCES.
III. NATURAL DIVISIONS.
1. Sea-Coast Plain;
2. Mountain Region;
3. Jordan Valley;
4. Eastern Table-Land.
IV. MOUNTAINS.
V. PLACES.
1. In the Sea-Coast Plain;
2. In the Mountain Region;
3. In the Jordan Valley;
4. In the Eastern Table-Land.
VI. PROVINCES.
1. Judæa;
2. Samaria;
3. Galilee;
4. Peræa;
5. Bashan.
THE MEASURES OF THE BIBLE 148-150
I. SMALLER MEASURES OF LENGTH.
II. LARGER MEASURES OF LENGTH.
III. DRY MEASURES OF CAPACITY.
IV. LIQUID MEASURES OF CAPACITY.
V. MEASURES OF WEIGHT.
VI. MEASURES OF VALUE.
INDEX TO AND MAP OF PALESTINE 151-155
INDEX TO MAP OF OLD TESTAMENT WORLD 156
INDEX TO DESCRIPTIVE MATTER 157, 158
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
MAPS.
PAGE
Alexander's Empire, Division of 94
Ancient Jerusalem in New Testament Period 72
Ancient World, and Descendants of Noah 24
Assyrian Empire 92
Babylonian Empire and its Surroundings 92
Beth-horon and Vicinity 50
Conquest of Canaan 50
Corinth and Vicinity 123
Damascus and Vicinity 114
Division of Solomon's Empire 86
Early Apostolic History 112
Empire of Chedorlaomer 34
Empire of David and Solomon 68
Environs of Jerusalem 82
Island of Cyprus 119
Isles of Greece and the Seven Churches 132
Isle of Patmos 134
Journeys of the Patriarchs 36
Kadesh-barnea and Vicinity 48
Kingdom of Egypt at its greatest extent under
Rameses II 42
Kingdom of Herod the Great 100
Kingdom of Saul 64
Lands of the Sojourn and Wandering 44
Modern Jerusalem 81
Modern Palestine 152, 153
Modern World and Bible Lands facing title
Mount Sinai, Vicinity of 44
Natural Features of Jerusalem 75
Nineveh and Vicinity 96
Old Testament World 18, 19
Oriental World in the Time of David 70
Outline Map for Review 26
Outline Maps (Geography of Palestine) 143-146
Palestine among the Tribes 58
Palestine as Promised and Possessed 53
Palestine before the Conquest 36
Palestine during the Ministry of Jesus 102
Palestine under the Judges 60
Palestine under the Maccabees, B.C. 100 96
Paul's First Missionary Journey 116
Paul's Second Missionary Journey 120
Paul's Third Missionary Journey 124
Paul's Voyage to Rome 126
Paul's Last Journeys 130
Period of Preparation. (Life of Christ) 104
Period of Inauguration. " 104
Period of Early Galilean Ministry. " 106
Period of Later Galilean Ministry. " 107
Period of Retirement. " 107
Period of Judæan Ministry. " 108
Period of Peræan Ministry. " 109
Period of the Passion. " 109
Persian Empire 94
Peter's Journey 112
Philip's Journey 112
Physical Palestine 28
Plain of Esdraelon 60
Restoration of Israel, B.C. 800 89
Roman Empire in New Testament Period 98
Saul's Last Battle 64
Saul of Tarsus' and Barnabas' Journeys 112
St. Paul's Bay, Malta, enlarged 128
Syrian Period, B.C. 884-840 88
The Two Provinces, A.D. 44-70 102
ENGRAVINGS.
Ancient Coins 149, 150
Antioch in Syria 117
Arches under Temple Area 147
Areopagus at Athens 121
Assyrian Palace 91
Babylon 95
Bashan, View in the Eastern Table-Land 55
Bethany 150
Bethlehem 105
Bible Measures 148, 149
Birs Nimroud (supposed Tower of Babel) 23
Black Obelisk 93
Brazen Altar 137
Capernaum and the Sea of Galilee 101
Church of the Ascension 54
Church of the Holy Sepulchre 16
Church of Nativity, Bethlehem 71
Colosseum at Rome 97
Damascus 113
David's Tomb 73
Defile between Jerusalem and Jericho 83
Dome of the Rock (Site of the Temple) 139
Egyptian Temple 41
Entry of Pilgrims into Bethlehem xii
Garden of Gethsemane 49
Gethsemane 85
Grotto of Jeremiah 99
Hebron 39
Jericho 67
Jericho and the Jordan 37
Jews' Wailing Place at Jerusalem 27
Laodicea from Hierapolis 133
Moabite Stone 88
Modern Jerusalem, Panorama and Description of 78, 79
Mosque El Aska 90
Mount Ararat 20
Mount Tabor 61
Mount Zion 115
Mugheir (supposed to be Ur of the Chaldees) 33
Nazareth 110
Pool of Siloam 103
Râs es Sufsafeh (Mount Sinai) 43
River Jordan 30
Round about Jerusalem 59
Shechem 51
Solomon's Pools 84
Tabernacle 135
Tower of David 69
Table of Shew Bread 136
Via Dolorosa 111
CHARTS.
Bible History 14, 15
Chronological Chart of Kings of Israel and Judah 87
Paul's First Journey, Review 119
Table of Nations, Review 27
COMPARATIVE DIAGRAMS.
Age of the Patriarchs, before and after the Deluge 34
Areas of Asia Minor and Texas, U.S. 118
Area of Egypt 42
Areas of Palestine and New England 29
Area of Palestine at Different Periods 70
Areas of Assyrian, Babylonian and Persian Empires 93
Height of Bible Mountains 17
Height of Mountains in Palestine 32
Population of the Twelve Tribes at Entrance into
Canaan 57
Size of the Territory of the Tribes 56
United States and Old Testament World 17
PLANS.
Antioch, Ancient 114
Athens, Ancient 122
Babylon 93
Camp of Israel 47
Ephesus and Vicinity 125
Rome, Ancient 129
Sacred Enclosure (Herod's Temple) 141
Section of Palestine, North to South 31
Section of Palestine, East to West 31
Section Through the Middle of Temple, East to West 140
Solomon's Temple 71
Temple in the Time of Christ (Herod's) 138
[Illustration: ENTRY OF PILGRIMS INTO BETHLEHEM.]
CHART OF BIBLE HISTORY.
THE Geography and the History of the Bible are so closely united that
neither subject can be studied to advantage without the other. We
therefore present at the opening of our work the Chart of Bible History,
upon which the leading events of Bible History and those of the ancient
world in general are arranged in parallel columns. The blue lines
extending across the page represent the centuries before Christ, each
space between them being 100 years. Until recently the common chronology
found in all reference Bibles and Biblical works, was that prepared by
Archbishop Ussher, who died in 1656, long before the present sources of
information from "the monuments" had been discovered. His chronology has
not been regarded as trustworthy by scholars for thirty years past; but
until recently it has been retained because students of Biblical and
Ancient History were not agreed as to the dates which should be given in
place of it. But there is now a substantial, though not complete
agreement among scholars; and we therefore discard the Ussherian system,
and adopt that obtained from the information given in the inscriptions
of Assyria, Babylonia, and Egypt, when compared with statements in the
Bible.
We begin at the date 2500 B.C. as the events of Bible History earlier
than 2500 B.C. cannot be fixed with any certainty. And it must be
admitted that none of the dates earlier than 1000 B.C. can be regarded
as established.
I. =General Periods.= In the first column we note the five great periods
of Bible History. These are the natural divisions of the events
contained in the Bible story.
1. The Period of the Early Races, from the Deluge, at a date unknown, to
the Call of Abraham, B.C. 2280. Before the Call of Abraham, the history
in the book of Genesis is introductory.
2. The Period of the Chosen Family, from the Call of Abraham, B.C. 2280,
to the Exodus from Egypt, about 1250 B.C.
3. The Period of the Israelite People, from the Exodus, 1250 B.C., to
the Coronation of Saul, about 1050 B.C.
4. The Period of the Israelite Kingdom, from the Coronation of Saul,
1050 B.C., to the Captivity in Babylon, B.C. 587.
5. The Period of the Jewish Province, from the Captivity in Babylon, 587
B.C., to the Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans, A.D. 70.
II. In the second column the larger periods are broken up into
=Subdivisions=. 1. In the _Period of the Early Races_ the line of
division is made at the Dispersion of the Races, to which no date is
assigned. 2. _The Period of the Chosen Family_ is subdivided at the
Descent into Egypt by Jacob and his family, about 2060 B.C. 3. _The
Period of the Israelitish People_ has three subdivisions. (1.) The
Wandering in the Wilderness, from the Exodus, B.C. 1250, to the Entrance
into Canaan, B.C. 1210. (2.) The Settlement, extending to the
Mesopotamian Oppression, B.C. 1180. (3.) The Rule of the Judges, to the
Coronation of Saul, B.C. 1050. 4. _The Period of the Israelitish
Kingdom_ naturally divides itself into three sections. (1.) Unity, to
the Division of the Kingdom, B.C. 935. (2.) Division, to the Captivity
of the Ten Tribes, B.C. 721. (3.) Decay, the stage of the kingdom of
Judah alone, from B.C. 721 to 587, the Babylonian Captivity. 5. _The
Period of the Jewish Province_ has five subdivisions. (1.) Chaldean
Rule, to the Return from Captivity, B.C. 536. (2.) Persian Rule, to the
Conquest by Alexander the Great, B.C. 330. (3.) Greek Rule, under the
kingdoms of Alexander's successors to the Revolt of Mattathias, B.C.
168. (4.) Jewish Independence, to the Annexation of Judæa to the Roman
Empire, A.D. 6. (5.) Roman Rule, to the final Destruction of Jerusalem,
A.D. 70.
III. Next, we notice the prominent =Persons and Rulers= in Sacred
History. The perpendicular lines opposite the names of the patriarchs
indicate the duration of their lives, according to the common
chronology. Only the most important of the Judges are named, and with
each is given his number in the order of the list. The crowns show the
kings, and the years show the period of their reigns. The chronology
during the age of the Judges is very uncertain, and the dates are only
conjectural.
IV. =The Events of Bible History=, given in the fourth column, are too
numerous to be recapitulated. The student should divide them according
to the Subdivisions of the Periods, already given.
V. =The History of Egypt= occupies the fifth column. The opinions of
scholars are greatly at variance with regard to the dates of the first
eighteen dynasties, some of them differing by a thousand years. The
ancient history of Egypt is divided into three sections. (1.) The Old
Kingdom, founded by Menes perhaps 4700 B.C., and governed by ten
dynasties in succession. (2.) The Middle Kingdom, from about 2900 B.C.
to 1570 B.C., Dynasties XI. to XVII. (3.) The New Kingdom, from 1570
B.C. to 525 B.C., Dynasties XVII. to XXVII. Egypt was part of the Persian
Empire from 525 to 332 B.C. After 323 B.C. it was governed by a line of
Greek kings, who bore the name of Ptolemy, until 30 B.C., when it became
a Roman province.
VI. =The Kingdoms of the East=, Babylonia and Assyria, appear on the
sixth column; beginning with a number of states in Babylonia; becoming
an empire under Hammurabi about 2280 B.C.; by turns strong and weak
until about 1100 B.C., when the Assyrian empire arose, overpowering
Babylon. The Assyrian Empire lasted until 625 B.C., when Babylon again
arose to power, though the Chaldean Empire did not begin until 606 B.C.
In 536 B.C. it fell before the Persian conquerors, and the whole world
of the Bible was under Persian control until 330 B.C., when Alexander
the Great won it. No world-empire arose after the death of Alexander,
until the Roman period.
[Transcriber's Note: This time-line has been changed from the original
layout due to width and text constraints. Originally, there were eight
columns across with the Roman numeral major divisions noted below and
the century marks ran down the left and right margins. The original is
also color-coded to indicate eras of history such as the Roman Rule of
Israel. To try to make this time-line still useful in a text format,
each item from each column has been arranged in order with a letter
indicating its original column title. This leads to some necessary
repetion. For example:
[C] c. 1010. David, King.
[D] 1010--David King over Judah.