CHAPTER IX

CRIME AND PUNISHMENT

The divers kinds of punishment and the laws are set forth by Harrison

(Holinshed, vol. i.):—

“The greatest and most greevous punishment used in England, for such

as offend against the state, is drawing from the prison to the place

of execution upon an hurdle or sled, where they are hanged till they

be halfe dead, and then taken downe and quartered alive, after that

their members and bowels are cut from their bodies and throwne into

a fire provided neere hand and within their one sight even for the

same purpose. Sometimes if the trespasse be not the more hainous, they

are suffered to hang till they be quite dead. And whensoever any of

the nobilitie are convicted of high treason by their peeres, that is

to saie, equals (for an inquest of yeomen passeth not upon them, but

onlie of the lords of the parliament) this maner of their death is

converted into the losse of their heads onlie, notwithstanding that the

sentence doo run after the former order. In triall of cases concerning

treason, fellonie, or anie other greevous crime not confessed, the

partie accused doth yeeld, if he be a nobleman, to be tried by an

inquest (as I have said) and his peeres; if a gentleman, by gentlemen;

and an inferiour by God and by the countrie, to wit the yeomanrie

(so combat or battle is not greatlie in use) and being condemned of

fellonie, manslaughter, etc., he is eftsoons hanged by the necke till

he be dead, and then cut downe and buried. But if he is convicted of

wilful murder, doone either upon pretended malice, or in anie notable

robberie, he is either hanged alive in chains neere the place where the

fact was committed (or else upon compassion taken first strangled with

a rope) and so continueth till his bonds consume to nothing. We have

use neither of the wheele nor of the barre, as in other countries, but

when wilful manslaughter is perpetrated, beside hanging, the offender

hath his right hand commonlie striken off before or neere unto the

place where the act was doone, after which he is led forth to the place

of execution, and there put to death according to the law.” (_See_

Appendix X.)

Felony was involved in various kinds of crime: such as breach of

prison; disfiguring the person; robbery in disguise; rape; conspiracy

against the prince; embezzlement of the master’s money; carrying

horses into Scotland; stealing hawks’ eggs; unnatural offences;

witchcraft, conjuring, sorcery, and digging up of crosses; prophesying

upon arms, cognizances, names and badges; casting of slanderous bills;

poisoning; desertion; clipping of coin; taking goods from dead men;

highway robbery; stealing of deer; forging documents, etc., these were

all, with some others, felony.

“If a woman poison her husband she is burned alive, if the servant kill

his master he is to be executed for petie treason, he that poisoneth

a man is to be boiled to death either in water or lead, although the

partie die not of the practise; in cases of murther all the accessories

are to suffer paines of death accordingly. Perjury is punished by the

pillorie burning in the forehead with the letter P, the rewalting[15]

of the trees growing upon the grounds of the offendors and losse of all

his moveables. Manie trespasses also are punished by the cutting of

one or both eares from the head of the offendor, as the utterance of

seditious words against the magistrates, grain makers, petie robbers,

etc. Roges are burned through the eares, carriers of sheep out of the

land by the loss of their hands, such as kill by poison are either

boiled or skalded to death in lead or seething water. Heretikes are

burned quicke, harlots and their mates by carting, ducking, and dooing

of open penance in sheets, in churches and market steeds are often

put to rebuke.... Roges and vagabonds are often stocked and whipped,

scolds are ducked upon cucking stooles in the water. Such fellons as

stand mute and speak not at their arraignement are pressed to death

by huge weights laid upon a boord, that lieth over their brest, and a

sharpe stone under their backs, and these commonlie hold their peace,

thereby to save their goods unto their wives and children, which if

they were condemned should be confiscated to the prince. Theeves that

are saved by their bookes and cleargie, for the first offense, if they

have stolen nothing else but oxen, sheepe, monie, or such like, which

be no open robberies, as by the high waie side or assailing of any

man’s house in the night, without putting him in fear of his life,

or breaking up of his wals or doores, are burned in the left hand,

upon the brawne of the thumb with an hot iron, so that if they be

apprehended againe, that marke bewraieth them to have been arraigned of

fellonie before, whereby they are sure at that time to have no mercie.

I doo not read that this custom of saving by the book is used anywhere

else than in England, neither doo I find (after much diligent enquirie)

what Saxon prince ordained that law.... Our third annoiers of the

common-wealth are roges, which doo verie great mischief in all places

where they doo become. For whereas the rich onlie suffer injurie by

the first two, these spare neither riche nor poore; but whether it be

great game or small, all is fish that commeth to net with them, and yet

I saie that both they and the rest are trussed up apace. For there is

not one yeare commonlie, wherein three hundred or four hundred of them

are not devoured and eaten up by the gallowes in one place and other.

It appearth by Cardane (who writeth it upon the report of the bishop

of Lexouia) in the geniture of King Edward the sixt, how Henrie the

eight, executing his laws verie severelie against such idle persons, I

meane great theeves, pettie theeves and roges, did hang up threescore

and twelve thousand of them in his time. He seemed for a while greatlie

to have terrified the rest; but since his death the number of them is

so increased, yea although we have had no warres, which are a great

occasion of their breed (for it is the custom of the more idel sort,

having but once served or seen the other side of the sea under colour

of service to shake hand with labour, for ever, thinking it a disgrace

for himself to return unto his former trade) that except some better

order be taken, or the lawes be better made to be executed, such as

dwell in uplandish towns and little villages shall live but in small

safety and rest. For the better apprehension also of theeves and

mankillers, there is an old law in England very well provided, whereby

it is ordered, that if he that is robbed, or any man complaine and give

warning of slaughter or murder committed, the constable of the village

whereunto he cometh and crieth for succour, is to raise the parish

about him, and to search woods, groves, and all suspected houses and

places, where the trespasser may be, or is supposed to lurke; and not

finding him there, he is to give warning unto the next constable, and

so one constable after serch made to advertise another from parish to

parish, till they come to the same where the offender is harbored and

found. It is also provided, that if anie parish in this business doo

not his dutie, but suffereth the theefe (for the avoiding of trouble

sake) in carrieng him to the gaile, if he should be apprehended, or

other letting of their worke, to escape the same parish, is not onlie

to make fine to the king, but also the same with the whole hundred

wherein it standeth, to repaie the partie robbed his damages, and leave

his estate harmlesse. Certes this is a good law, howbeit I have knowne

by mine owne experience, fellons being taken to have escaped out of the

stocks, being rescued by other for want of watch and ward, that theeves

have been let passe, bicause the covetous and greedie parishoners would

neither take the paines, nor be at the charge to carrie them to prison,

if it were far off, that when hue and crie have beene made even to the

faces of some constables, they have said: ‘God restore your losse, I

have other business at this time!’ And by such meanes the meaning of

manie a good law is left unexecuted, malefactors imboldened, and manie

a poore man turned out of that which he hath swet and taken great

paines for, toward the maintenance of himself and his poore children

and familie.” (Holinshed, vol. i.)

[Illustration: THE PILLORY

From a historical print in the British Museum.]

Among the punishments mentioned above was that of boiling alive.

One unfortunate, named Rose, a cook in the house of the Bishop of

Rochester, poisoned eighteen persons, of whom two died. He seems

to have done this wilfully. He was boiled to death. This fearful

punishment was inflicted by lowering the criminal slowly, inch by inch,

affixed to a post into a deep caldron full of boiling water. How long

the torture lasted before the heart stopped is not recorded.

The penalty for bloodshed in the King’s Court was the loss of the right

hand. The ceremony observed for such a punishment made a ritual of a

remarkable and imposing ceremony.

The offender, to quote Pike (_History of Crime_, vol. ii. p. 83), “was

brought in by the Marshal, and every stage of the proceedings was under

the direction of some member of the royal household. The first whose

services were required was the Serjeant of the Woodyard, who brought

in a block and cords, and bound the condemned hand in a convenient

position. The Master Cook was there with a dressing knife, which he

handed to the Serjeant of the Larder, who adjusted it, and held it

‘till the execution was done.’ The Serjeant of the Poultry was close

by with a cock, which was to have its head cut off on the block by the

knife used for the amputation of the hand, and the body of which was

afterwards to be used to ‘wrap about the stump.’ The Yeoman of the

Scullery stood near, watching a fire of coals, and the Serjeant Farrier

at his elbow to deliver the searing-irons to the surgeon. The chief

Surgeon seared the stump, and the Groom of the Salcery held vinegar

and cold water, to be used, perhaps, if the patient should faint. The

Serjeant of the Ewry and the Yeoman of the Chandry attended with basin,

cloths, and towels for the surgeon’s use. After the hand had been

struck off and the stump seared, the Serjeant of the Pantry offered

bread, and the Serjeant of the Cellar offered a pot of red wine, of

which the sufferer was to partake with what appetite he might.”

[Illustration:

_On the off hip of the Croupière_.

EXECUTION OF A SAINT

_On the near side of the Croupière_.

MARTYRDOM OF A SAINT

_On the off side of the Croupière_.

THE STORY OF ST. AGATHA

_On the off side of the Croupière_.

FURTHER PUNISHMENT OF ST. AGATHA

_On the near side of the Croupière_.

TORTURE OF ST. GEORGE

_On the near hip of the Croupière_.

BEHEADING OF A FEMALE SAINT

From the engravings upon Henry VIII.’s Armour in the Tower of London.]

Pickpockets, still called cutpurses, abounded. They formed a distinct

profession; there was even a school for them. This educational

establishment was carried on by a certain man named Wotton, at a house

near Billingsgate, in the year 1585. Purses were worn at the girdle,

attached by a chain or by a leathern string, and the pickpocket could

be known by the horn thimble worn on the right thumb to protect it from

the knife with which he cut the purse. Maitland says (p. 269):—

“Amongest our travells this one matter tumbled owt by the waye,

that one Wotton, a gentilman borne, kepte an Alehowse att Smarts

Keye neere Byllingsgate, and reared upp a newe trade of lyffe,

and in the same howse he procured all the Cuttpurses abowt this

Cittie to repair to his said howse. There was a Schole Howse sett

upp to learne younge boyes to cutt purses. There were hunge up two

devices, the one was a pockett, the other was a purse. The pocket

had in yt certen cownters, and was hunge abowte with hawkes bells,

and over the toppe did hannge a little sacringe bell; the purse

had silver in it; and he that could take owt a cownter without any

noyse was allowed to be a publique ffoyster, and he that could take

a peece of sylver owt of the purse without the noyse of any of the

bells, he was adjudged a judiciall Nypper. Note that a ffoyster is

a Pickpocte and a Nypper is termed a Pickepurse or a Cutpurse.”

Among the many additions to Literature made during the Elizabethan age

we have as detailed a description of the rogues, vagabonds, and the

criminal class in London as we can desire. Their tricks and cheats;

their way of living; their language or slang, can all be read in books

of the time. Harrison, already quoted, furnishes a great deal; more

may be read in Awdeley, Harman and Rowlands, Dekker, etc. To spare the

curious reader a great deal of trouble, he is referred to Furnivall’s

_Rogues and Vagabonds of Shakspere’s Youth_.

Harman’s account of these cheats and rogues is full of entertaining

anecdotes. For instance, there is the story of the robbery of his

cauldron by the “Upryght men,” and how he recovered it:—

“I lately had standinge in my well house, which standeth on the

backeside of my house, a great cawdron of copper, beinge then full

of water, havinge in the same halfe a doson of pewter dishes, well

marked, and stamped with the connizance of my armes, whiche being

well noted when they were taken out, were set aside, the water

powred out, and my caudren taken awaye, being of such bygnes that

one man, unlesse he were of great strength, was not able far to

cary the same. Notwithstandynge, the same was one night within

this two yeares convayed more than half a myle from my house into

a commen or heth, and ther bestowed in a great firbushe. I then

immediatly the next day sent one of my men to London, and there

gave warning in Sothwarke, kent strete, and Barmesey streete, to

all the Tynckars there dwelling. That if any such Caudron came

thether to be sold, the bringar therof should be stayed, and

promised twenty shyllings for a reward. I gave also intelligence

to the water men that kept the ferres, that no such vessel should

be ether convayed to London or into essex, promysing the like

reward, to have understanding therof. This my doing was well

understand in many places about, and that the feare of espyinge

so troubled the conscience of the stealer, that my caudoren laye

untouched in the thicke firbushe more than halfe a yeare after,

which, by a great chaunce, was found by hunters for conneys; for

one chaunced to runne into the same bushe where my caudren was,

and being perceaved, one thrust his staffe into the same bushe,

and hyt my caudren a great blowe, the sound whereof dyd cause the

man to thinke and hope that there was some great treasure hidden,

wherby he thought to be the better whyle he lyved. And in farther

searching he found my caudren; so had I the same agayne unloked

for.”

The Hooker or Angler was one who by day walked about the streets,

observing the windows and what was kept in them. At night he carried a

stick fitted with a hook. He opened the window from the outside, and

by means of his hook got out what he wanted. Once, says Harman, the

Hookers dragged from a bed, in which lay asleep a man and two boys, the

blankets and upper sheets, leaving them in their shirts.

[Illustration: BILLINGESGATE]

The Rogue professed a part and dressed up to it. Harman tells a story

of two rogues who wanted to break into a house but could not, because

it was of stone, with the mullions of the windows too close for them to

creep in. They had, however, a “horse-lock.” They woke up the tenant,

who had with him only an old woman, and begged for alms. He opened the

window and held out his hand with a penny in it. They seized his hand:

he naturally thrust out the other to succour the first; they seized

that as well, and clasped the two into the horse-lock, so that he was a

prisoner until he gave up all the money in the house.

The “wild” Rogue is a variety distinguished by greater courage. Harman

quotes one as a beggar by inheritance. “His grandfather was a beggar;

his father was one; and he must needs be one by good reason.”

The “Prygger of Prauncers” was a horse-stealer; the Pallyard of

Clapperdogen was one of the counterfeit sick men; he knew how to raise

blisters, and to create a sore place by means of spearwort or ratsbane.

The former raises a blister which passes away in a night; the latter a

sore place that is incurable.

The Frater—in the name we seem to catch a memory of the extinct

Friar—carried at his girdle a black box, in which there was a licence

(forged) to beg.

The Abram man was one who feigned to have been mad, and to have been

kept in Bedlam for a term of years.

The Freshwater Mariner or Whipjack was a beggar who pretended to be a

sailor on his way to get a ship; or who had recently been shipwrecked;

or who had been robbed by pirates; and who showed a forged writing

signed, as it seemed, by men of substance and position confirming his

story.

The Counterfeit Crank was a pretended epileptic. He carried a piece

of white soap, which he put into his mouth to represent the epileptic

foam. Harman draws a lively picture of such a man. He begged about the

Temple, his face covered with blood and his rags with mud and dirt. At

noon he repaired to the back of Clement’s Inn, where in a lane leading

to the fields he renewed the blood on his face from a bladder which he

had with him, and daubed his jerkin and hose again with mud. A certain

printer watched him: in the evening he took a boat across the river;

the printer followed him and caused him to be taken up in St. George’s

Fields as a common beggar. They took him to the Constable’s house,

where they stripped off his rags, showing him to be a healthy and

comely man with no sign of any disease; in his pockets they found the

sum of thirteen shillings, three pence, and a halfpenny; they gave him

an old cloak of the Constable’s, in which he sat by the fire and drank

three quarts of beer; after which he threw off the cloak and ran away

naked. But they found out where he lived, viz. in a “pretty house, well

stuffed, with a fair joined table, and a fair cupboard garnished with

pewter.” So they took him to Bridewell, where they painted him, first

in his disguise, and next in his proper attire. Then they whipped him

through London and brought him back to Bridewell, where he stayed till

they thought fit to let him go.

The Dommerar pretended to be dumb: he carried a forged licence, and

generally pretended to have lost his tongue. One of them was, unluckily

for himself, caught by a surgeon, who proved that he had a tongue

though he had neatly folded it away somewhere; and as the fellow still

would not speak, the surgeon tortured him till he did. This done, they

haled him before the magistrate, who administered the usual medicine.

The Drunken Tinker’s career may be dismissed; so may that of the

Pedlar; the Jackman made false writings and forgeries.

The “Demander for Glymmar” was a woman who pretended to have been

burned out, and carried a begging licence.

The Basket women carried laces, pins, needles and girdles for sale.

They bought coney skins and they stole linen from the hedges.

The “Autem Morte” and the “Walking Morte” were also pedlars, and of

evil repute.

The Doxy was the companion and the confederate of the Upright Man.

The Dell, the Kynchen Morte, and the Kynchen Cove were boys and girls

in training for the life of the vagabond.

Queen Elizabeth was fond of driving into the country as well as going

upon the river. One summer evening she rode out from Aldersgate, along

the road now called Goswell Road, towards the village of Iseldon or

Islington. Just outside the town she was surrounded and beset by a

number of beggars, to her great annoyance. Wherefore she sent her

running footman, Stone, to the Mayor and to the Recorder complaining

of this nuisance. The Recorder sent out warrants that same night to

the quarters complained of, and into Westminster, with the result that

seventy-four beggars were apprehended and sent to Bridewell, where they

were “punished” (_i.e._ soundly flogged). Some of them were found to be

very rich and usurers.

The mob under Elizabeth did not venture in assemblies on acts of

violence. One or two exceptions must be made. Once an armed company,

headed by gentlemen, attacked Bridewell. Seeing that their object was

the release of certain unrepentant women whose profession concerned

the gentlemen only, it is probable that the whole of the rioters were

gentlemen. On another occasion the ’prentices rose against foreigners.

Instances of hatred between Spanish residents and citizens of London

are common in the pages of Machyn. Thus on October 15, 1554, a Spaniard

killed a servant of Sir George Gifford without Temple Bar. The cause

of the quarrel is not stated. Ten days afterwards the unfortunate

foreigner was hanged at Charing Cross. On the 4th of November following

there was a great fray at Charing Cross between Spaniards and English.

Not many were hurt, and those who began it were arrested, especially

a blackamoor. In January another Englishman was murdered by three

Spaniards, two of whom held him while the other ran him through. In

April was hanged a certain person, servant to a poulterer. He robbed a

Spaniard in Westminster Abbey, and for the offence was condemned to be

hanged for three days, and then to be buried under the gallows. He was

hanged in a gown of tawny frieze, and a doublet of tawny taffeta, with

hose lined with sarcenet. Before being turned off he railed at the Pope

and the Mass.

Of street violence there was still a great deal, but not so much as

formerly. The following letter speaks for itself.

“On Thursday laste (Feb. 13th 1587) as my Lorde Rytche was rydynge

in the streates, there was one Wyndam that stode in a dore, and

shotte a dagge at him, thynkynge to have slayne him; but God

provyded so for my L. Rytche that this Wyndam apoyntynge his

servant that mornynge to charge his dagge with 11 bulletts, the

fellow, doubtinge he mente to doe sum myschefe with it, charged

it only with powder and paper, and no bullett; and so this L.’s

lyfe was thereby saved, for otherwyse he had beene slayne. Wyndam

was presently taken by my Lord Rytche’s men, and, beynge broughte

before the Counsell, confessed his intende, but the cause of his

quarrell I knowne not; but he is commyted to the Towre. The same

daye also, as Sir John Conway was goynge in the streetes, Mr.

Lodovyke Grevell came sodenly uppon him, and stroke him on the

hedd with a sworde, and but for one of Sir John Conwaye’s men,

who warded the blow, he had cutt off his legges; yet did he hurte

him sumwhat on bothe his shynns; the Councelor sente for Lodovyke

Grevell and have commytted him to the Marchallcye.” (Drake,

_Shakespeare and his Times_, vol. ii.)

The cucking-stool, trebucket, or tumbril, for the ducking of a scold,

was commonly found in every village. There were several kinds of it.

One was a chair set at the end of a braser which acted on a see-saw

principle; one a stump put into the ground at the edge of the water.

Another was a “standard” fixed at the entrance of a pond. To this

was attached a long pole, at the extremity of which was fastened the

chair. Such an one stood almost within the memory of man at the great

reservoir in the Green Park. Another kind was a sort of cart on four

wheels, with a braser, at the end of which was the chair. All over

Oxford these things are found, also at Wootton Bassett, Broad Water

Worthing, Leominster, Marlborough, Newbury, Scarborough, Warwick,

Ipswich. In 1777 a woman was ducked at Whitchurch.

The trial of Ben Jonson, an account of which has been recovered by Mr.

John Cordy Jeafferson for the Middlesex County Record Society, began

with the inquest on the body of one James Feake, held in Holywell

Street, St. Leonard’s Shoreditch, in the thirty-ninth year of Queen

Elizabeth, and on the 10th day of December. The said James Feake was

killed in a brawl by one Gabriel Spencer, who struck him with his

sword in its scabbard in the right eye, so that he fell down, and

after languishing for three days, died of the wound. What was done to

Gabriel Spencer does not appear. Perhaps the case was treated as one of

self-defence. However, Gabriel Spencer presently met with his reward.

For in the month of September following, viz. in 1598, the said Gabriel

fell to quarrelling with a young man named Ben Jonson, in Shoreditch,

or Hoxton Fields; from words they quickly came to blows, and Gabriel

was pierced by Ben Jonson’s sword through the right side, so that he

died immediately. Jonson was thrown into prison and was tried for

manslaughter, not for murder. He pleaded guilty; he also pleaded his

clergy, read his “neck-verse,” and was released in accordance with the

statute 18 Eliz. c. 7, after being branded in the hand with what the

London people called the Tyburn T.

I have found one instance, the earliest, of a kind of transportation.

Among Frobisher’s Company were six men condemned to death. Their

sentence was commuted into banishment. They were sent on board

Frobisher’s ship, to be landed on the shores of “Freezeland,” that

is Greenland or Labrador, with weapons and provisions. They were

instructed to win the good-will and friendship of the natives and to

inquire into their “estate.” In other words, to find out all that could

be learned concerning them. It is unfortunate that history makes no

further mention of these pioneers.

[Illustration: THE CUCKING-STOOL.

From an old print in the British Museum.]

The story of Thomas Appletree: his terrible accident; his deadly peril;

his repentance; and his pardon, is pathetic. I suffer Stow to tell it

in his own words:—

“The seventeenth day of July, the Queenes moste excellent Maiestie,

being in ye river of Thamis, betwixt hir Highnesse Mannour of

Greenewiche and Detteforde, in hur privie Barge, accompanyed with

Monsier Schemere the French Embassadour, the Earle of Lincolne, and

Maister Vizchamberlaine, etc., with whim she entred discourse about

waightie affaires; it chanced that one Thomas Appletree, a yong man

and servant to Maister Henrie Carie, with two or three children of hir

Maiesties Chappell, and one other named Barnard Acton, being in a Boate

on the Thamis, rowing up and downe betwixte the places above named,

the foresaide Thomas Appletree hadde a Caliver or Harquebuze, whych he

hadde three or foure times discharged with Bullet, shooting at randone

very rashly, who by greate misfortune shot one of the Watermen, being

the seconde man nexte unto the Bales of the saide Barge, labouring

with hys Oare (whyche sate wythin five feete of hir Highnesse), cleane

through bothe hys armes; the blowe was so greate and greevous, that it

moved him out of his place, and forced hym to crye and scritche oute

piteouslye, supposing hymselfe to be slain, and saying, he was shot

through the body. The man bleeding abundantly, as though he had had 100

Daggers thrust into hym, the Queenes Maiestie showed such noble courage

as is moste wonderfull to be heard and spoken of, for beholding hym so

maimed, and bleding in such force, she never bashed thereat, but shewed

effectually a prudent and magnanimous heart, and moste courteously

comforting the pore man, she bad hym be of good cheere, and saide hee

should want nothing that might bee for his ease, commaunding hym to

be covered till such time as hee came to the shoare, till which time

hee lay bathing in his owne bloud, which might have been an occasion

to have terrified the eyes of the beholders. But such and so great

was the courage and magnanimitie of our dread and soveraigne Ladie,

that it never quailed. To be short, Thomas Appletree and the rest were

apprehended and brought before her honorable Counsell, who with great

gravitie and wisedome employed their times verie carefully, and with

greate diligence examined the saide Appletree and his companions,

and finding the case moste hainous and wicked, justly pronounced

againste him the sentence of death, and commit him to the Marshalsea in

Southwarke, from whence ye Tuisday following hee was brought through

the Citie with the Knight Marshalles men, ledde up to the Tower Hill,

and so to Radcliffe upp to Blackwall, and so downe to the waterside,

where was a Gibet sett upp, directly placed betwixte Detforde and

Greenewiche, for the execution of this malefactour, who in deed verie

pitifully bewayled the offence hee had committed, and as well in prison

as by the waie prepared himselfe verie penitently and willingly to

offer his body to the death.

Thus verie godly hee purposed to finish his miserable and wretched

life, and so prepared himselfe to ascend and goe upp the Ladder, and

being on the same, he turned himselfe, and spake to the people as

followeth: Good people, I am come hither to die, but God is my Judge, I

never in my life intended hurt to the Queenes Most excellent Maiestie,

nor meant the harme of any creature, but I pray to God with all my

heart long to prosper and keepe her Highnes in health, who blesse and

defende her from all perilles and daungers, who prosper her in all her

affaires, and blesse her moste Honorable Counsell, giving them grace to

doe all things to the glorie of God, and the benefit of this realme;

but of all things I am moste sorie for my offence, and wofully bewaile

the same; and more, I am penitent and sorie for my good Maister,

Maister Henrie Carie, who hath been so grieved for my fault, suffering

rebuke for the same: I would to God I had never been borne that have

so grievously offended him. And with that the teares gusht oute of

his eyes verie faste. This saide, hee persuaded all men to serve God,

and to take an example by him, and every night and morning moved them

devoutly to say the Lord’s Prayer. And as the executioner had put the

rope about his necke, the people cried stay, stay, stay, and with that

came the right Honorable sir Christopher Hatton, Vizchamberlaine to

her highnes, who enquired what hee had confessed, and being certified,

as is before expressed, hee bailed his bonet, and declared, that the

Queenes Maiestie had sent him thither both to make the cause open to

them how hainous and greevous the offence of ye said Thomas Appletree

was, and further to signify to him her gracious pleasure; and so

continued his message, as ye may reade it printed by itself, and

annexed to this discourse. Which, when he had declared, the hangman

was commanded to take the roape from his necke. Appletree being come

downe from the Ladder, received his pardon, and gave God and the Prince

praise for so great a benefite as he had by her moste gracious bountie

received. This done, Maister Vizchamberlaine saide: Good people pray

for the Queenes Maiestie, and then was this prayer saide, which is

usually reade (for the preservation of her Maiestie) in the Church: O

Almighty and everlasting God, the Lord of Lords, and King of Kings,

which dost fro’ thy throne behold all the dwellers of the earth, most

heartily we beseech thee with thy favour to behold our moste gracious

soveraigne lady Queen Elizabeth, etc. Whereunto all the people joyfully

accorded to saye Amen, crying, God save the Queen: casting up their

Cappes.” (Stow’s _Chronicles of England_.)

One of the last cases of ordeal by battle belongs to the year 1571.

“The eighteenth of June, in Trinitie terme, there was a combat

appointed to have been fought for a certeine manour and demaine

lands belonging thereunto in the Ile of Hartie, adjoining to the Ile

of Shepie in Kent. Simon Low and John Kime were plaintifs, and had

brought a writ of right against Thomas Paramore, who offered to defend

his right by battell. Whereupon the plaintiffs aforesaid accepted to

answer his challenge, offering likewise to defend their right to the

same manour and lands, and to prove by battell, that Paramore had no

right nor good title to have the same manour and lands. Hereupon the

said Thomas Paramore brought before the judges of the common plees of

Westminster, one George Thorne, a big, broad, strong set fellow; and

the plaintifs Henrie Nailer, maister of defense, and servant to the

right honourable the earle of Leicester, a proper slender man, and not

so tall as the other. Thorne cast downe a gantlet, which Nailer tooke

up, upon the sundaie before the battell should be tried. On the next

morow, the matter was staied, and the parties agreed, that Paramore

being in possession should have the land, and was bound in five hundred

pounds to consider the plaintifs, as upon hearing the matter the judges

should award. The queens majestie abhorring bloodshed, and (as the poet

very well saith)

“Tristia sanguinei deuitans praelia campi”

was the taker up of the matter, in this wise. It was thought good,

that for Paramore’s assurance, the order should be kept touching

the combat, and that the plaintifs Low and Kime should make default

of appearance; but that yet such as were sureties for Nailer their

champions appearance, should bring him in; and likewise those that were

sureties for Thorne, should bring in the same Thorne, in discharge of

their band; and that the court should sit in Tuthill Fields where was

prepared one plot of ground of one and twentie yards square, double

railed for the combat. Without the west square a stage being set up for

the judges, representing the court of the common plees.

All the compasse without the lists was set with scaffolds one above

another, for people to stand and behold. There were behind the square

where the judges sat, two tents, the one for Nailer, the other for

Thorne. Thorne was there in the morning timelie, Nailer about seven

of the clock came through London, apparelled in a doublet, and gallie

gascoine breeches all of crimsin satin, cut and rased, a hat of blacke

velvet, with a red feather and band, before him drums and fifes

plaieng. The gantlet cast downe by George Thorne was borne before

the said Nailer upon a sword’s point, and his baston (a staffe of an

ell long, made taper wise, tipt with horne) with his shield of hard

leather was borne after him, as Askam a yeoman of the queenes gard.

He came into the place at Westminster and staieng not long before the

hall door, came back into the king’s street, and so along thorough the

Sanctuarie and Tuthill street into the field, where he staied till past

nine of the clocke, and then Sir Jerome Bowes brought him to his tent:

Thorne being in the tent with Sir Henrie Cheinie long before.

About ten of the clocke, the court of common plees remooved, and came

to the place prepared. When the Lord chief Justice, with two other his

associates were set, then Low was called solemnlie to come in, or else

to lose his writ of right. Then after a certeine time, the suerties of

Henrie Nailer were called to bring in the said Nailer, champion for

Simon Low. And shortlie thereupon, Sir Jerome Bowes, leading Nailer by

the hand, entred with him the lists, bringing him downe that square by

which he entred, being on the left hand of the judges, and so about

till he came to the next square, just against the judges, and there

making courtesie, first with one leg and then with the other, passed

foorth till he came to the middle of the place, and then made the like

obeisance and so passing till they came to the barre, there he made

the like courtesie, and his shield was held up aloft over his head.

Nailer put off his netherstocks, and so barefoot and barelegged, save

his silke scauilones to the ankles, and his dublet sleeves tied up

above the elbow, and bareheaded, came in, as is aforesaid. Then were

the suerties of George Thorne called to bring in the same Thorne; and

immediately Sir Henry Cheinie entering at the upper end on the right

hand of the judges, used the like order in comming about by his side,

as Nailer had before on that other side; and so comming to the barre

with like obeisance, held up his shield. Proclamation was made that

none should touch the barres, nor presume to come within the same,

except such as were appointed.

After all this solemne order was finished, the lord chiefe justice

rehearsing the maner of bringing the writ of right by Simon Low, of

the answer made thereunto by Paramore, of the proceeding therein, and

how Paramore had challenged to defend his right to the land by battell,

by his champion Thomas Thorne, and of the accepting the triall that

was by Low with his champion Henrie Nailer; and then for default of

appearance in Low he adjudged the land to Paramore, and dismissed the

champion, acquiting the suerties of their bands. He also willed Henrie

Nailer to render againe to George Thorne his gantlet. Whereto the

said Nailer answered, that his lordship might command him anie thing,

but willingly he would not render the said gantlet to Thorne except

he could win it. And further he challenged the said Thorne to play

with him half a score blowes, to shew some pastime to the lord chiefe

justice and to the other there assembled. But Thorne answered, that

he came to fight, and would not plaie. Then the lord chiefe justice

commending Nailer for his valiant courage, commanded them both quietlie

to depart the field, etc.” (Stow’s _Chronicles of England_.)

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I

THAMES WATER

“Peter Morice, a Dutchman, in 1580 explained before the Lord Mayor

and Aldermen his invention for raising the Thames water high enough

to supply the upper parts of the City, and threw a jet of water over

the steeple of St. Magnus Church. Before this time no such thing had

been known in England. Whereupon the City granted him a lease for 500

years of the Thames water, and the places where his mills stood, and

of one of the arches of old London Bridge, at 10s. yearly. Two years

afterwards they granted him another arch on the same terms. He received

large grants from the City to help him to complete this curious system

of hydraulic mechanism. In the Act for rebuilding the City after the

Great Fire it was provided that Thomas Morris should have power to

rebuild with timber his water-house for supplying the City (18 & 19

Charles II. c. 8). The works continued in the family till 1701, when

they were sold for £36,000 to Richard Soames, and afterwards became the

property of a Company. On June 23rd, 1767, the fifth arch was granted

for the use of the Company. By Act of Parliament, 3 Geo. IV. cap. 109,

July 26th, 1822, the Acts relating to the Company were repealed. The

Company were to be paid £10,000, and their works to be removed by, or

at the expense of, the New River Company.” (_Remembrancia._)

This invention and the subsequent supply of the whole City with water

laid on, killed the Company of Water-bearers.

“The ‘Rules, Ordinances, and Statutes made by the Rulers, Wardens, and

Fellowship of the Brotherhood of Saint Cristofer of the Water-bearers

of London,’ are dated October 20th, 1496 (_Transactions of the London

and Middlesex Archæological Society_, vol. vi. p. 55). Their hall was

situated in Bishopsgate Street, near Sun Street, now numbered 143 and

144, Bishopsgate Street Without:—‘Robert Donkin, Citizen and Merchant

Taylor of London, left by his will, dated December 1st, 1570, that

messuage or howse which he purchased of the Company of Water-bearers on

the 9th of October, 1568.’”

APPENDIX II

SIR HUMPHREY GILBERT’S ACADEMY

In 1570 Sir Humphrey Gilbert laid before the Queen a plan for an

Academy or University of London.

His plan was as follows:—

“Seeing that young gentlemen resort most freely to London there should

be an Academy, viz.:—

1. A master for G. and L., £40.

2. Four Ushers at £20.

3. One Hebrew at £50.

4. One Logic and Rhetoric, £40.

Exercise and instruction in English.

5. One Reader of Moral Phil., £100.

6. „ „ „ Natural Phil., £40.

7. Two mathematicians ea. at £100 {1. Arith., Geom., Fort.

{2. Cosmog., Astronomy, Navigation.

8. Two Ushers at £40.

9. Riding Master.

10. Drill Master, £66:13:4.

11. Physician £100, with a garden.

12. Reader of Civil Law, £100.

13. Reader of Divinity, £100.

14. „ „ Law, £100.

15. Teacher of French, £26; Spanish, £26; Italian, £26; Dutch, £26;

with Ushers at £10.

16. Master of Defence, £36.

17. Dancing and Vaulting School, £26.

18. Music, £26.

19. Steward, Cooks, Butlers, etc., £600.

20. Minister and Clerks, £66:13:4.

21. Teacher of Heraldry, £26.

22. Librarian, £26.

23. Treasurer, £100.

24. Rector.

Amounting in all to £2966:13:4 a year.

“By erecting this academie, there shall be hereafter an effect, no

gentleman within the Realm but good for something; whereas now the most

parts of them are good for nothing. Your Majesty and your successive

Courtes shall be for ever, instead of a nurserie of idlenes, become a

most noble Academy of Chevallrie, Policy, and Philosophie.”

APPENDIX III

PETITION AGAINST ALIENS

“In most pitious and lamentable wise shewing and complaining unto your

most excellent highness, your humble, true and faithful subjects,

and contynualle orators, that is to sey, mercers, grocers, drapers,

goldsmythes, skynners, haberdassers, Taylers, ledyrsellers, pursers,

poyntmakers, glovers, powchemakers, Sadlers, Cutlers, pewterers,

Cowpers, gyrdlers, founders, Cordeners; vyntners, sporyars, joyners,

and all other Chapmen, retailers, occupiers of every craft, mystery,

and occupation, in all and every your Cities, ports, towns, and

boroughs within this noble realm of England. That where your said

realm and land is so inhabited with a great multitude, needy people,

strangers of divers nations, as Frenchmen, galymen, pycardis, flemings,

keteryckis, Spaynyars, Scottis, Lombards, and divers other nations,

that your liege people, Englishmen, cannot imagine nor tell wherto

nor to what occupation that they shalle use or put their children to

lerne or occupy within your said cities, boroughs, ports and towns of

this your said realm, with many other Chappmen and poor commons using

the said crafts, mysteries, and occupation in all and every shire of

this your said realm!... now it is so, most redoubted Sovereign lord,

that innumerable needy people of galymen, Frenchmen and other great

multitudes of alien strangers, do circuit, wander, go to and fro, in

every your Cities, ports, towns, and boroughs in all places, as well

within franchises, privileges, and liberties, as without, to every

man door, taking up standing, and there make their shows, markets and

sales of divers wares and merchandise to their own singular profits,

advantage, and advails, to the great disturbance, empoverishing,

hurt, loss, and utter undoing of your natural subjects and liege

people in all and every city, port, borough, town, and places of your

said realm: and also of more convenience for their advancement, the

said Aliens strangers use to hire them servants of their own nation,

or other strangers, or go about, wander, and retail in all cities,

ports, towns and boroughs, and all other places to bye, sell, retail,

and occupy seats and merchandise at their pleasure, without lawful

authority or license, contrary to the said acts and statutes afore

provided, and contrary to the Charters, liberties, constitutions, and

confirmations made, given, and granted by your said noble predecessor,

afore rehearsed: by means of which unlawful retailing so customably

haunted, used, and occupied, your liege people and natural subjects,

their wives, children, and servants, be utterly decayed, empoverished,

and undone, in this world, unless your excellent and benign grace of

your tender pity be unto your said subjects gracious at this time

showing in this behalf. And without a short remedy be had herein, your

said subjects be not able, nor shall not be of power to pay their

rents nor also to maintain their poor households and to bear lot and

scot and all other priests’ benevolences, and charges in time of need

and war for the defence of your grace and of this your said realm,

for the repressing, subduing, and vanquishing of your ancient enemies

Frenchmen, and all other their adherents and banished men outwards.”

(_Furnivall._)

APPENDIX IV

THE ORDER OF PROCESSIONS

“Messengers of the Court.

Gentlemen of lesse note.

Esquiers.

Esquiers of the Body.

Clarkes of the Chancery.

Clarkes of the Signet.

Clarkes of the Privy Seale.

Clarkes of the Counsell.

Masters of the Chancery.

Knights Batchlers.

Knights Banneretts.

Trumpets soundinge.

Serjeants at Law.

Queenes Serjeants.

The Queen’s Attorney and the Queen’s Solicitor together.

The Baron of the Exchequer.

The Judges of the Common Pleas.

The Judges of the King’s Bench.

The Lorde Chiefe Justice of the Common Pleas, and the Lord Chiefe

Justice of the Exchequer.

The Lord Chief Justice of England, and the Master of the Rolls.

The Younger Sonnes of Nobility.

Knight of the Privy Counsell.

Knights of the Garter.

The Principall Secretary.

The Treasurer of the Queen’s House, and Controller of the Queen’s

House.

The Queen’s Clarke and Hat-bearer.

Two Heralds.

The Barons two and two.

Two Heralds.

The Bishops.

The Vicounts.

Two Heralds.

The Earls.

An Herald or King of Armes.

The Marques, etc.

Places for Dukes.

The Lord Chancellor of England.

The Lord Treasurer of England.

The Archbishop of Canterbury.

Clarenciaux King of Armes.

The Sergeants at Armes with Staves.

Bearer of the Capp Royal, and the Carrier of the Marshall Rod of

England.

The Sword bearer on either side him.

The Great Chamberleine of England.

The Steward of the Queenes House on the left side.

Then the Queene in her Chariotte.

The Four Querryes of the Stable come next, with the Queen’s

footmen: and without them all in a rancke wayted the Pentioners

with their Partisans.

Then the Master of the Horse.

Then the Chamberleine of the Queenes House.

Then the Vice-chamberleine with many Noblewomen, Ladyes and others.

In this order passing to St. Peter’s Church, in Westminster: was there

met with the Queen’s Almoner, the Dean of Westminster with the Prebends

and all the Quier in their Copes.”

APPENDIX V

THE CHANGES OF RITUAL

On 28th July 1900 was published in the _Athenæum_ of that date a paper

by the late Rev. Prebendary Kitto, Vicar of St. Martin’s in the Fields,

on the changes effected in the rites and ceremonies of that church

during the years 1537–1560 or thereabouts. This instructive document

was compiled from the accounts and papers preserved in the archives of

the church.

Thus the ritual remained much the same during the reign of Henry

VIII. as it had been before the commencement of the Reformation. They

provided, as of old, candles, palms, incense; they hallowed sacred

coals for Easter Eve; they provided lights for the font, for the rood

loft, and for the altars; they set up the Easter sepulchre; they used

the great Paschal Candle, the tabernacle, and the pyx; they maintained

the side altars, and they not only repaired the vestments but they

received gifts of new vestments. They had obits and “minds,” celebrated

mass and kept up the images.

In 1538 lights before images were forbidden; but a perpetual light was

maintained at the high altar.

In 1539 the Parish sold the iron and latten candlesticks which had been

used for the images.

In the same year a Bible was bought for the church. It cost 12s. 8d.

In 1540 Henry is described under the title of “Defender of the Faith

and Supreme Head, under God, of the Church of England and Ireland.”

In 1547 they sold all the wax they had in stock, according to the

injunction.

In 1548 no more lights were allowed. The Parish sold the rest of their

candlesticks, and bought a Paraphrase of the Gospel and a Communion

Cup; they also whitewashed the church, in order, I suppose, to

obliterate the pictures.

In 1549 the altars were stripped: there were to be no more flowers or

garlands, no incense and no lights.

In 1550 they set up a box for the poor; sold their vestments; bought

white surplices, and put a green cloth over the “Communion Table.”

In 1553 they sold the “old broken stuff of the Rood Loft” and made

“Communion Pews.”

In the same year they were made to feel the mutability of things

religious, because everything had to be restored at great expense.

Their candlesticks, however, were of tin. They bought a cross for

processions; a mass-book, a holy water stoup with a sprinkle; a basket

for the holy bread; a pyx and all the other old vessels. Also, because

under Edward they had written texts on the walls, they were now ordered

to wipe them all out.

In 1559 they began to go back again to the Edwardian time, but not

immediately. In 1560 the Bible was restored.

It is worthy of note that the parish officers were a little uncertain,

after their melancholy experience, of the stability of things. They

therefore kept the vessels bought in the time of Queen Mary until 1569,

when, feeling somewhat reassured, they sold them all.

APPENDIX VI

GOLDSMITHS’ ROW

“Opposite to the Cross in Cheapside, on the south side of the street,

there stood a superb pile of buildings, called Goldsmiths’ Row,

extending from the west to Bread Street. This Row was erected in 1491,

by Thomas Wood, Goldsmith, Sheriff of London. Stow describes it in

1598 as ‘the most beautiful frame of fair houses and shops that be

within the walls of London, or elsewhere in England. It containeth in

number ten fair dwelling-houses and fourteen shops, all in one frame,

uniformly builded four stories high, beautified toward the street

with the Goldsmith arms and the likeness of Woodmen (in memory of

the founder’s name) riding on monstrous beasts, all of which is cast

in lead, richly painted over and gilt.’ ‘This said front was again

new painted and gilt over in the year 1594, Sir Richard Martin being

then Mayor, and keeping the Mayoralty in one of them’ (Stow, edition

1633). ‘At this time the City greatly abounded in riches and splendour,

such as former ages were unacquainted with. Then it was beautiful

to behold the glorious appearance of Goldsmiths’ shops in the South

Row of Cheapside, which, in a continued course, reached from the Old

Change to Bucklersbury, exclusive of four shops only of other trades

in all that space’ (Maitland’s _History of London_, edition 1760,

vol. i. p. 301). King Charles the First in 1629 issued a Proclamation

ordering the Goldsmiths to plant themselves, for the use of their

trade, in Cheapside or Lombard Street. The Lords of the Council, in

1637, sent a letter to the Lord Mayor and Aldermen (_vide_ vii. 197),

ordering them to close every shop in Cheapside and Lombard Street that

did not carry on the trade of a Goldsmith, about twenty-four in all,

Grove and one Widow Hill, Stationers; Dover, a Milliner; Brown, a

Bandseller; Sanders, a Drugster; Medcalfe, a Cook; Edwards, a Girdler,

etc.—Rushworth’s ‘State Papers.’” (_Remembrancia_, p. 106, n. 1.)

APPENDIX VII

LONDON PLANTS

In the _Archæologia_ may be found the following enumeration of plants

grown in an Elizabethan garden:—

Adderstong—Ophioglossum.

Affodyll—Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus. Affodyll Daffadilly.

Appyl—Apple—Pyrus Malus; and garden varieties.

Asche tre—Ash—Fraxinus excelsior.

Auans—Geum urbanum, Avance or Avens.

Betony—Saachys Betonica.

Borage—Borrago officinalis.

Bryswort—Bruisewort, Brusewort or Brisewort—Bellis perenni.

Bugull—Bugle—Ajuga reptans.

Bygull—Bigold—Chrysanthemom segetum.

Calamynte—Calamintha officinalis. “The garden mynt.”

Camemyl—Chamomile—Anthemis nobilis. “Camamyll.”

Carsyndylls? “Cars or Carses—cress.”

Centory—Great Centuary.

Clarey—Clary—Salvia sclarea.

Comfery—Comfrey—Symphytum officinale.

Coryawnder—Coriander.

Cowslippe—Cowslip.

Dytawnder—Dittander and Dittany.

Egrimoyne—Egremoyne.

Elysauwder—Smyrnium Olusatrum.

Feldwort—Felwort and Fieldwort.

Floscampi? Campion?

Foxglove—Digitalis purpurea.

Fynel—Fennel.

Garleke—Garlick.

Gladyn—Iris foetidissima or Iris Pseudacorus.

Gromel—Gromwell.

Growdyswyly—Growndyswyly—Groundswyll.

Hasel tre—Hazel tree.

Haw thorn—Hawthorn.

Henbane—Hyoscyamus niger.

Herbe Ion.

Herbe Robert—Geranium Robertianum.

Herbe Water—Herb Walter.

Hertystonge—Hartystonge—Hart’s-tongue.

Holyhocke—Althaea rosea, or Malva sylvestris or Althaea officinalis.

Honysoke—Honeysuckle.

Horehound—Marrubium vulgare.

Horsel—Horselle—Horsehele.

Hyndesall?—Hind-heal.

Langbefe, generally supposed to be Helminthia echioides.

Lavyndull—Lavandula vera.

Leke—Leek.

Letows—Lettuce.

Lyly—Lily.

Lyverwort.

Merege. Cannot identify.

Moderwort—Motherwort.

Mouseer—Mouse ear.

Myntys—Mint.

Nepte—Nep or Neppe or Nept.

Oculus Christi—Salvia verbanaca.

Orage—Atriplex hortensis.

Orpy—Orpies.

Ownyns and Oynet.

Parrow? Cannot identify? mistake for Yarrow.

Pelyter—Pellitory.

Percely—Perselye —Parsley.

Pere—Pear.

Peruynke—Periwinkle.

Primrole—Primrose.

Polypody—Polypodium vulgare.

Pympernold—Pimpernel.

Radysche—Radish.

Redenay. Cannot identify.

Rewe—Rue.

Rose—Rosa, red and white.

Rybwort—Ribwort.

Saferowne—Saffron.

Sage—Salvia officinalis.

Sanycle—Sanicle.

Sauerey—Savory.

Scabyas—Scabious.

Seueny—Seniue. Common mustard or field senive.

Sowthrynwode—Southernwood.

Sperewort—Spearwort.

Spynage—Spinach.

Strowberys—Strawberries.

Stychewort—Stichewort.

Tansay—Tansy.

Totesayne—Tutsan—Hypericum Androsæmum.

Tuncarse—Town cress.

Tyme—Thyme.

Valeryan—a general name for Valeriana.

Verveyn—Vervain—Verbena officinalis.

Violet—Viola. Generally V. odorata.

Vynys and Vyne tre—Vine.

Walwort—Walwort or Danewort of Dwarf elder.

Warmot—Wormwood.

Waterlyly—Water lily.

Weybrede—Plantago major.

Woderofe—Woodruffe.

Wodesour—Woodsour.

Wurtys—Wortys.

Wyldtesyl—Teazel.

Ysope—Hyssop. “Ysopus is ysope.”

(_Archæologia_, vol. 1. p. 167.)

APPENDIX VIII

THE GALLANTS’ WALK IN ST. PAUL’S

“Your mediterranean isle is then the only gallery, wherein the pictures

of all your true fashionate and complemental Gulls are, and ought to

be hung up. Into that gallery carry your neat body: but take heed you

pick out such an hour, when the main shoal of islanders are swimming

up and down. And first observe your doors of entrance, and your exit:

not much unlike the players at the theatres: keeping your decorums,

even in phantasticality. As for example: if you prove to be a northern

gentleman, I would wish you to pass through the north door, more often

especially than any of the other: and so, according to your countries

take note of your entrances.

Now for your venturing into the walk. Be circumspect, and wary what

pillar you come in at: and take heed in any case, as you love the

reputation of your honour, that you avoid the serving-man’s log, and

approach not within five fathom of that pillar: but bend your course

directly in the middle line, that the whole body of the church may

appear to be yours: where, in view of all, you may publish your suit

in what manner you affect most, either with the slide of your cloak

from the one shoulder: and then you must, as ’twere in anger, suddenly

snatch at the middle of the inside, if it be taffeta at the least:

and so by that means your costly lining is betrayed, or else by the

pretty advantage of compliment. But one note by the way I do especially

woo you to, the neglect of which makes many of our gallants cheap and

ordinary, that by no means you be seen above four turns: but in the

fifth make yourself away, either in some of the semsters’ shops, the

new tobacco-office, or amongst the booksellers, where, if you cannot

read, exercise your smoke, and inquire who has writ against this divine

weed, etc. For this withdrawing yourself a little will much benefit

your suit, which else, by too long walking, would be stale to the whole

spectators: but howsoever if Paul’s jacks be once up with their elbows,

and quarrelling to strike eleven: as soon as ever the clock has parted

them, and ended the fray with his hammer, let not the Duke’s gallery

contain you any longer, but pass away apace in open view: in which

departure, if by chance you either encounter, or aloof off throw your

inquisitive eye upon any knight or squire, being your familiar, salute

him not by his name of Sir such a one, or so: but call him Ned, or

Jack, etc. This will set off your estimation with great men: and if,

though there be a dozen companies between you, ’tis the better, he call

aloud to you, for that is most genteel, to know where he shall find

you at two o’clock: tell him at such an ordinary or such: and be sure

to name those that are dearest, and whither none but gallants resort.

After dinner you may appear again, having translated yourself out of

your English cloth cloak into a light Turkey grogram, if you have that

happiness of shifting: and then be seen, for a turn or two, to correct

your teeth with some quill or silver instrument, and to cleanse your

gums with a wrought handkerchief: it skills not whether you dined, or

no: that is best known to your stomach: or in what place you dined:

though it were with cheese, of your mother’s own making, in your

chamber, or study.

Now if you chance to be a gallant not much crost among citizens: that

is, a gallant in the mercer’s books, exalted for satins and velvets:

if you be not so much blest to be crost (as I hold it the greatest

blessing in the world to be great in no man’s books): your Paul’s walk

is your only refuge: the Duke’s tomb is a sanctuary: and will keep

you alive from worms, and land-rats, that long to be feeding on your

carcass: there you may spend your legs in winter a whole afternoon:

converse, plot, and talk any thing: jest at your creditor, even to his

face: and in the evening, even by lamp-light, steal out: and so cozen a

whole covey of abominable catchpolls. Never be seen to mount the steps

into the quire, but upon a high festival day, to prefer the fashion of

your doublet: and especially if the singing-boys seem to take note of

you: for they are able to buzz your praises above their anthems, if

their voices have not lost their maidenheads: but be sure your silver

spurs dog your heels, and then the boys will swarm about you like so

many white butterflies: when you in the open quire shall draw forth a

perfumed embroidered purse, the glorious sight of which will entice

many countrymen from their devotion to wondering: and quoit silver into

the boys’ hands, that it may be heard above the first lesson, although

it be read in a voice as big as one of the great organs.

This noble and notable act being performed, you are to vanish presently

out of the quire, and to appear again in the walk: but in any wise be

not observed to tread there long alone: for fear you be suspected to be

a gallant cashiered from the society of captains, and fighters.” (_The

Gull’s Horn Book._)

APPENDIX IX

MONTHLY PROVISION TABLE THROUGH THE YEAR 1605

+---+--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

| | | J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |

| | | a | e | a | p | a | u | u | u | e | c | o | e |

| | | n.| b | r | r | y | n | l | g | p | t | v | c |

| | | . | . | . | i | . | e | y | u | t | . | . | . |

| | | | | | l | | . | . | s | . | | | |

| | | | | | . | | | | t | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | . | | | | |

+---+--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

| | Rooe |...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| | Bucke |...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|

| | Braune |———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|

| | Muttone |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| | Pigge |———|———|———|———|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| | Hare |———|———|———|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| M | Beefe |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| E | Veale |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| A | Lambe |———|...|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|———|———|

| T | Dowe |———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|

| | Baconn |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| | Porcke |———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|

| | Rabbetts |———|———|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| | Hinde |———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|

| | Kidde |...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| | Stagges |...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|

| | Gote |...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|...|———|———|

+---+--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

| | Bustarde |———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|

| | Goose |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———|

| | Green Goose |...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|...|...|...|...|

| | Heron |———|...|———|...|...|———|———|———|...|———|———|...|

| | Egrett |———|...|...|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|

| | Widgeon |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|

| | Curlewiake |———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|

| | Turkie |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| | Phesaunte |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| | Pullett |———|...|...|———|———|...|...|...|———|...|———|———|

| | Bayninge |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|

| | Ruffe |———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|...|...|

| | Plover |———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|

| | Snipe |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|

| | Partreges |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| | Larckes |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|———|———|

| | Crayne |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|

| | Storcke |———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|

| | Shoveller |———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———|

| | Brue |———|...|...|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|

| | Curlewe |———|———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|

| | Gull |———|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|...|———|

| | Peacocke |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|———|———|

| | Henne |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|

| | Redshanke |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|

| | Knotte |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| | Blankett |———|...|...|...|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|

| | Stockdoves |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|

| | Indecocke |———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|

| | Quales |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|———|———|

| | Thrush |...|———|———|...|...|———|...|...|...|———|———|———|

| | Pidgeons |...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|———|———|

| F | Stennts |...|———|———|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|

| O | Turtells |...|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|

| W | Goldnye |...|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|

| L | Jedcokes |...|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|...|

| | Pevetts |...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|

| | Sea Pie |...|...|...|...|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|

| | Pea Chicks |...|...|...|...|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|

| | Petterells |...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|

| | Stares |...|...|...|...|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|

| | Churre |...|...|...|...|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|

| | Sparrows |———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|

| | Swanne |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|

| | Hernne |———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|...|...|———|

| | Bitter |———|———|———|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|

| | Mallarde |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|

| | Cudberduce |———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|

| | Cullver |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|

| | Caponne |———|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|———|———|

| | Godwite |———|———|———|———|———|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| | Ree |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|

| | Dotterell |———|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|...|

| | Teale |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|

| | Woodcocke |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|

| | Plover |———|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|

| | Fellfaire |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———|

| | Finshes |———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|

| | Smalebirds |...|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|

| | Chickens |...|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|

| | Chitt |...|...|...|...|———|...|———|———|...|...|...|...|

| | Kennecis |...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|

| | Mewe |...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|

| | Tearne |...|...|...|...|...|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|

| | Blackbirds |...|...|...|...|...|———|...|...|...|———|———|———|

| | Young Turkies|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|...|...|...|...|

| | Auk |...|...|...|...|...|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|

| | Martines |...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|...|...|...|...|

| | Crouces |...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|...|...|...|

| | Dunlings |...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|...|...|...|

| | Railes |...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|...|...|

| | Lapwine |...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|...|

| | Golne |...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|...|

+---+--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

| | Kennecis |...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|

| | Pearches |...|———|———|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| | Linge |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| | Tunny |———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|

| | Turbutt |———|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| | Whitinge |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| | Soles |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| | Lamprons |———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|

| | Carpe |———|...|...|...|...|———|...|...|———|———|———|———|

| | Tench |———|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|

| | Oysters |———|———|———|———|...|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|

| | Cockells |———|...|...|———|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———|

| | Codde |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| | Porposse |———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|

| | Haddocke |———|———|———|———|———|...|———|———|...|...|———|———|

| | Sealumpe |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|———|———|

| | Place |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|

| | Chevine |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|

| | Pike |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| | Eles |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|———|———|

| | Crabbs |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| | Crevices |———|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| | Styrgeon |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| F | Seals |———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|

| I | Thornebacke |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| S | Salmon |———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|...|———|———|

| H | Dace |...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| | Habberdine |...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| | Roche |...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| | Mussels |...|———|———|———|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———|

| | Crefishes |...|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|

| | Smeltes |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|...|

| | Barbell |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|

| | Breame |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| | Rudds |———|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|———|

| | Lobsters |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|

| | Praunes |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|

| | Herings White|...|...|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|

| | Herings Red |...|...|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|

| | Herringes |...|...|...|...|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|

| | Britt |...|...|...|———|...|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|

| | Conger |...|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|

| | Cunninge |...|...|...|———|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|

| | Goodgions |...|...|...|———|...|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|

| | Rochetts |...|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|

| | River Trout |...|...|...|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|

| | Trout |...|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|

| | Flounders |...|...|...|———|———|———|...|———|———|———|...|———|

| | Lamprais |...|...|...|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|

| | Mades |...|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|

| | Loche |...|...|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|

| | Gurnard |...|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|

| | Sprates |...|...|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|

| | Dabes |...|...|...|———|———|———|...|———|———|———|...|———|

| | Dory |...|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|

| | Millett |...|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|...|

| | Perches |...|...|...|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|

| | Burbott |...|...|...|———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|

| | Menewes |...|...|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|

| | Mackarell |...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|...|

| | Shads |...|...|...|...|———|...|———|———|...|...|...|...|

| | Mopps |...|...|...|...|...|———|...|———|———|———|...|———|

| | Breate |...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———|...|

| | Smalcod |...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|

| | Shrimps |...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|

| | Perrewinkell |...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|

+---+--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

Maitland gives a Table of Prices for the years 1274, 1302, 1314,

1531, and 1550. Note that in the years 1314 and 1550 provisions were

excessively dear.

+--------------------------+------------+---------+---------+-----------+-----------+

| | 1274. | 1300 or | 1314. | 1531. | 1550. |

| | | 1302. | | | |

+--------------------------+------------+---------+---------+-----------+-----------+

|A Fat Cock |... |1½d. |... |¾d. | ... |

|The best Hen |3½d. |... |1½d. |... | 9d. |

| „ Pullet |1¾d. |¾d. |... |... | 6d. |

| „ Capon |2d. |2½d. |2½d. |1s. | 1s. 4d. to|

| | | | | | 1s. 8d. |

| „ Goose (according |5d. or 4d. |4d. |3d. |... | 6d. to 9d.|

| to season) | | | | | |

| „ Wild Goose |4d. |... |... |... | ... |

| „ Pigeon |3 for 1d. |... |3 for 1d.|12 for 10d.| 12 for |

| | | | | | 1s. 2d. |

| „ Mallard |3½d. |1½d. |... |... | ... |

| „ Wild Duck |1¾d. |... |... |... | ... |

| „ Partridge |3½d. |1½d. |... |... | ... |

| „ Larks (per dozen)|12 for 1d. |... |... |12 for 5d. | 12 for 8d.|

| „ Pheasant |4d. |... |... |... | ... |

| „ Heron |6d. |6d. |... |... | 2s. 6d. |

| „ Plover |1d. |1d. |... |... | 4d. |

| „ Swan |3s. |3s. |... |... | 6s. 8d. |

| „ Crane |3s. |1s. |... |... | 6s. |

| „ Peacock |1d. |... |... |... | ... |

| „ Coney |4d. |... |... |... | ... |

| „ Hare |3½d. |... |... |... | ... |

| „ Kid (according |10d. or 6d. |... |... |... | ... |

| to season) | | | | | |

| „ Lamb |6d. or 4d. | 1s. 4d. |... |... | ... |

| | | or 4d. | | | |

| „ Plaice |1½d. |... |... |... | ... |

| „ Soles (per dozen)|3d. |... |... |... | ... |

| „ Mullet | 2d. | ... | ... | ... | ... |

| „ Haddock | 2d. | ... | ... | ... | ... |

| „ Conger | 1s. | ... | ... | ... | ... |

| „ Turbot | 6d. | ... | ... | ... | ... |

| „ Mackerel | 1d. | ... | ... | ... | ... |

| „ Gurnard | 1d. | ... | ... | ... | ... |

| „ Herring (accord- |6 for 1d. or| | | | |

| ing to season) | 12 for 1d. | ... | ... | ... | ... |

| „ Lamprey | 4d. | ... | ... | ... | ... |

| „ Oysters |2d. a gallon| ... | ... | ... | ... |

| „ Salmon (according| 5s. or 3s. | | | | |

| to season) | | ... | ... | ... | ... |

| „ Eels | 25 for 2d. | ... | ... | ... | ... |

| „ Smelts |100 for 1d. | ... | ... | ... | ... |

|A Quarter of Wheat | ... | 4s. | ... | ... |8s. to 13s.|

| „ Pease | ... | 2s. 6d. | ... | ... | 3s. to 5s.|

| „ Oats | ... | 2s. | ... | ... | 4s. |

|A Bull | ... | 7s. 6d. | ... | ... | ... |

|A Cow | ... | 6s. | 12s. | ... | ... |

|A Fat Sheep | ... | 1s. | ... | 2s. 10d. | 2s. 4d. to|

| | | | | | 4s. 4d |

|An Ewe | ... | 8d. | ... | ... | 1s. 8d. to|

| | | | | | 2s. 6d. |

|An Ox | ... | ... | £1:4s. | £1:6:8 | £2:5s. to |

| | | | or 16s. | | £1:8s. |

|A Hog | ... | ... | 3s. 4d. | 3s. 8d. | ... |

|Eggs | ... | ... |20 a 1d. | ... | ... |

+--------------------------+------------+---------+---------+-----------+-----------+

APPENDIX X

EXECUTIONS

The following is a list of executions which took place in the thirty

years ending 1586. It shows the various crimes which were then

considered capital:—

1563. A soldier executed at Newhaven for drawing his weapon without

orders.

1563. A sergeant and soldier executed for drawing their weapons

against their captain.

1569. Mestrell a Frenchman, and two Englishmen, hanged for

counterfeiting money.

1569. Sixty rebels executed at Durham.

1569. A ’prentice hanged for murdering his master.

1569. Five rebels executed at York.

1570. Thomas and Christopher Norton executed for treason.

1570. John Throckmorton and five others executed for treason.

1570. John Felton hanged for nailing the Pope’s Bull to the Bishop

of London’s Palace.

1570. Two young men hanged for debasing coin.

1570. Dr. John Storie hanged for high treason.

1571. Rebecca Chamber burnt for poisoning her husband.

1572. Barneie, Mather, and Rolfe, hanged for treason.

1572. Martin Bullocke hanged for robbery and murder.

1572. Duke of Norfolk beheaded for treason.

1573. Percy, Earl of Northumberland, beheaded as a conspirator.

1573. John Hall and Oswald Wilkinson hanged for treason.

1573. A man hanged for murder.

1573. George Browne hanged for murder.

1573. Anne Sanders, Anne Drurie, and trustie Roger hanged as

accessories to murder.

1573. Anthonie Browne hanged for felony.

1574. Peter Burchet hanged for murder.

1575. Two Dutch Anabaptists burnt at Smithfield.

1575. Twenty-two pirates executed.

1575. Thomas Greene, goldsmith, hanged for clipping coin.

1576. A woman burnt at Tunbridge for poisoning her husband.

1576. A man hanged at Maidstone as an accessory to poisoning.

1577. Cuthbert Maine hanged as a Romanist.

1577. John Nelson and Thomas Sherewood hanged for denying the

Queen’s supremacy.

1577. John de Loy and five Englishmen executed at Norwich for

counterfeiting coin.

1577. Seven Pirates hanged at Wapping.

1577. An Irishman hanged on Mile End Green for murder.

1580. A man named Glover hanged for murder.

1580. Richard Dod hanged for murder.

1580. William Randall hanged for conjuring.

1581. A man hanged at St. Thomas Waterings for begging by a licence

signed by the Queen’s own hand counterfeited.

1581. Edward Hance a seminary priest hanged.

1581. Edmund Campion, Ralfe Sherwin, Alexander Briars, hanged for

high treason.

1581. John Paine executed at Chelmsford for high treason.

1581. Thomas Foord, John Shert, Robert Johnson, priests, hanged for

designs against Elizabeth.

1582. Laurence Richardson and Thomas Catcham executed for Romanism.

1582. Philip Prise hanged in Fleet Street for killing a Sheriff.

1583. Thomas Worth and Alice Shepheard hanged in Shoolane for

killing a ’prentice.

1583. Elias Shackar hanged at Bury St. Edmunds for spreading

seditious literature.

1583. Ten priests hanged.

1583. John Lewes burnt at Norwich for heresy.

1583. John Slade and John Bodie hanged for high treason.

1583. Ten horsedealers hanged at Smithfield for robbery.

1583. Edward Arden hanged for treason.

1583. William Carter hanged for high treason.

1584. Francis Throckemorton hanged for treason.

1584. William Parrie hanged for treason.

1585. Thomas Awfeld and Thomas Weblie hanged for publishing

seditious matter.

1586. Two seminary priests hanged at Tyburn.

1586. A witch burnt at Smithfield.

1586. A woman executed at Tyburn for adultery.

1586. Two priests hanged at Tyburn for treason.

1586. Jone Cason hanged for witchcraft.

1586. A man named Foule hanged for robbing his wife.

1586. Henry Elks hanged for counterfeiting the Queen’s signature.

1586. Seven persons condemned for treason.

1586. John Ballard, a priest, executed for conspiring with Anthony

Babington against Elizabeth. With him were executed John

Savage, Barnewell, Tichborne, Tilneie, Edward Abingdon,

Anthony Babington.

1586. Thomas Salisbury executed for treason. With him suffered

Henry Dun, Edward Jones, Charnocke, Robert Gage, Jerom

Bellamie.

1586. Three seminary priests hanged at Tyburn.

1563–1586—76 Executed for high treason.

71 Rebels.

17 Murder.

3 Military offences.

12 Counterfeiting and clipping coin.

2 Counterfeiting Queen’s signature.

29 Pirates.

2 Witchcraft and conjuring.

3 Heresy.

12 Robbery.

1 Adultery.

APPENDIX XI

PLAN OF TOTTENHAM COURT

(MARQUIS OF SALISBURY’S COLLECTION, HATFIELD HOUSE)

(Endorsed 1) The plot of Toten’am Coorte.

(Endorsed 2) Ap. 1591 Totenham Cort.

Below the plan is written:—

“M^d. [memorandum] there doth belonge to the said Scite of Tottenham

Court two other Closes over and above the pastures mentioned in this

plotte; And not here mentioned by reason they lye so farr distaunt

from the said londes mentioned in this plott: Vĩz the one of the said

Closes doth lye in Kentishe Towne in the said Countie, distaunt one

Mile and more from the farthest part Northward of the ground mentioned

in the said plott, late in the Tenure of Widowe Glover: And the other

Close contayning 4 Acres by estimacõn doth lye in the parishe of St

Pancrasse in the said Countie now or late in the Tenure of Willm̃

Bunche, distaunt from the South part of the saied landes mentioned in

the said plott one quarter of A myle: w^{ch} saied two Closes w^{th}

two Tenem^{ts} there (As I am enfourmed) are demised unto Serieaunt

[Serjeant] Haynes for certaine yeares yet enduring, by the right

Honourable Henry late Earle of Arundell, And Robert late Earle of

Leyester; yeelding yearley to the Cofferer of hir Ma^{ts} [Majesty’s]

housholde—lxvi^s viii^d. The charge of the new building of one of

the Tenem^{ts}, And the continuall Repairing thereof, hath (As I am

enfourmed) cost Serieaunt Haynes—xxxiii^{li} vi^s viii^d. And the new

building of the other, w^{th} the repairing thereof did coste Alexander

Glover late Hearde there—xx^{li} or thereabouts.

Also I am enfourmed, that Serieaunt Haynes doth hold the said ffowre

Closes, lying next the said Parke pale, w^{th} thafter pasture of two

of the same Closes, beyng the middle Closes; yeelding yearlie ffiftie

loades of hay, to be delivered at the Muse, ffor and twords her Ma^{ts}

[Majesty’s] provision there, cleere above all charges; every loade

to contayne 18. hundred weight. And thafter pasture of the other two

Closes are to be used for the feede of her Ma^{ts} Cattell untill the

feaste of the Purification of o^r Lady following.

Also I finde one Danyell Clerke one of her Ma^{ts} servaunts doth now

dwell in the Scite of the said howse, w^{ch} is A very slender building

of Timber and Bricke And hath beene of a larger building, then now it

is: ffor some little parte hath been pulled downe of late, to amend

some part of the howses now standing; w^{ch} has beene repaired of

late, by the said Alexander Glover Heard there: And other some part

being two Roomes, whereof the one Roome contayneth in breadth w^{th}in

the wall 15 foote; And in lengthe 24 foote; And thother Roome is 15

foote broade, and in length 34 foote very greatlie decaied, w^{ch} will

coste to be repaired—lx^{li} at the least. And the said cheife howse,

one Stable, and two barnes, And A little Close called Ponde Close,

w^{th} the Ortcyard, And the two Closes called Murrells mentioned

in the platt are used to be fedd w^{th} her Ma^{ts} Cattell, At the

discretion of her Ma^{ts} Officers.

6^t Aprilis 1.5.9.1

̃p. me Willm̃ Nector.”

NOTE ON AGAS’S MAP AT THE END OF THE VOLUME

Ralph Agas was born about 1540. He was a land-surveyor, and his

chief claim to notice lies in the three maps or plans he made of

London, Oxford, and Cambridge. Of these the one reproduced in this

volume, entitled “A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster,

the Borough of Southwark and parts adjacent,” was engraved by Edward

J. Francis, and edited by W. H. Overall, F.S.A. Mr. Overall made a

careful examination of all the facts, and believes that the original

map of Agas was not made earlier than the year 1591, though it has been

commonly supposed to have been made about 1560. Of the original, two

copies are extant—one in the Guildhall, and the other in the Pepysian

Collection at Magdalen College, Oxford.

In 1737 G. Vertue published a copy of Agas’s map, altering the original

in many important particulars, which are enumerated by Mr. Overall in

his account of the map. Among these may be mentioned the water-bearers

seen off Tower Stairs and the Steelyard, filling their casks, which are

slung across the backs of horses, by the aid of a long-handled ladle.

In Vertue’s map this interesting detail is turned into a meaningless

one, namely, a man driving cows into the water with a whip. In Agas

the figures seen in the fields are in Elizabethan costume; in Vertue’s

map they are in the costume of William III.’s reign. Other particulars

omitted in Vertue are the royal barge in mid-stream off Baynard’s

Castle; the Martello Tower at the mouth of the Fleet; the Chapter

House and the Church of St. Gregory on the south side of St. Paul;

and various other points. By noting these details, Vertue’s spurious

reproduction can be at once distinguished from the genuine map of

Agas.

INDEX

Abergavenny, 218

Abram man, the, 386

Acheley, R., 42

Acton, Barnard, 389

Africa, trade with, 222

Agas, Ralph, 186, 417

Aldermen, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 26, 27, 37, 40, 77, 78, 90, 98, 210, 211,

212, 259, 309, 313, 324, 342, 345, 371, 373, 397

Aldermen, Court of, 27, 28, 40, 220

Aldersgate Street, 58, 246

Aldersgate, Ward of, 76

Aldgate, Ward of, 76

Ale and beer, 292, 293, 300, 302, 334, 337, 368

Aliens, 13, 14, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 42, 59, 61, 80, 82, 203, 237, 238,

242, 387, 399

Allen, Cardinal, 72, 73, 119, 143

Allen, J., 376

Almshouses, 375–378

Ambassadors, the French, 23, 24, 26, 39, 351, 389;

the Russian, 63, 234

Amusements—Archery, 193, 343, 354–356, 363;

bear-baiting, 74, 241, 343, 346, 347, 352–354;

bowls, 181, 290, 363;

bucklers, 25;

bull-baiting, 343, 346, 347, 352, 353;

cards, 290, 363;

cock-fighting, 363;

dancing, 20, 153, 182, 325, 343, 363;

dice, 290;

fighting, 183;

hawking, 98;

hunting, 100, 215, 363;

masques, 313;

May-day games, 347;

pigeon-shooting, 153;

quarter-staff, 343, 352, 363;

quintain, 343;

reading, 365;

single-stick, 352;

story-telling, 364, 365;

tennis, 290;

theatres (See _Drama, Theatres_);

tilting and tournaments, 100, 351, 363;

and women, 272;

wrestling, 183, 343, 352, 363

Anabaptists, 160, 161

Anfrelini, Fausto, 286

Anglers, 385

Anstry, Ralph, 10

Antwerp, 219–220, 232

Apollo Club, 340

Appletree, Thomas, 82, 389–391

Apprentices, 12, 13, 80, 199, 218, 275, 276, 291, 310, 323–332, 387

Apprentice bell, the, 147

Apsley, 246

Ardeley, J., 136

Arden of Faversham, 47

Armour, 318, 319, 322

Arthington, Henry, 158, 159

Arthur, Prince, 9

Artillery Company, 356

Artillery Ground, 16

Arundell, Earl of, 39

Ascham, 248

Ashmole, 165

Askew, Anne, 31

Astrology, 165

Atwater, John, 9

Audley, Lord, 7, 8

Autem Morte, the, 387

Awdeley, 384

Aylmer, Lawrence, 12

Babington Conspiracy, the, 81

Bacon, Lord, 202, 248

Bainbrigg, 150

Bakewell, 150

Bale, John, 129, 130, 257

Ballads, 251, 252, 253

Balthazar, 203

Bankside, 203, 240, 346, 347, 352

Barbican, the, 100

Barges, 39, 86, 211, 259, 351, 389, 417

Barley, W., 246

“Barmesey” Street, 384

Barnard’s Inn, 276, 333

Barnet, 140

Barnstaple, 218

Barrington, Daines, 355

Barton, Elizabeth, 31, 32

Basinghall Street, 201

Basket woman, the, 387

Bassishaw, Ward of, 76

Bath, 217, 376

Bavaria, Duke of, 99, 100

Baynard’s Castle, 12, 35, 181, 203, 417;

Ward of, 76

Beaumont, F., 247, 339

Bedford, 217

Beds, 278, 281, 284, 333

Beggars and rogues, 19, 20, 29, 40, 41, 44, 147, 288, 291, 347,

366–371, 380, 381, 385, 387

Bele, Dr., 24, 25

Bellmen, 63

Bentley, Justice, 150, 151

Bermondsey, 237, 370

Berwick, 218

Betrothal, 311, 312

Bible, the, 45, 46, 70, 121, 127, 144, 178, 197, 227, 285

Billingsgate, Ward of, 76

Bishopsgate Street, 99, 195, 397

Bishopsgate, Ward of, 76, 204

Bishop of London, 30

Black Death, 369

Blackfriars, 128, 148, 203

Blackheath, 7, 26

Black Waggon, the, 26

Blackwall, 191, 390

Blackwell Hall, 43

Bodmin, 218

Boleyn, Anne, 30, 38, 39, 40

Bond, Martin, 77, 78

Bonham, John, 256

Books, sale of, 244, 245, 246, 247, 272, 273

Booksellers and authors, 247

Borough, the, 333

Boswell, 339

Bow, 238

Bowes, Sir J., 392

Bowes, Lady, 150

Boxley, Holy Rood of, 148

Boy-Bishop, the, 46, 356, 364

Boycott, the, 42

Bradford, John, 58

Bread Street, 200, 339, 403

Bread Street, Ward of, 76

Brecknock, 218

Bricks, 276

Bridewell, 185, 315

Bridewell, Palace of, 28, 48, 132, 178

Bridge foot, 53

Bridge House, the, 313

Bridge, J., 246

Bridge Within, Ward of, 76

Bridge Without, Ward of, 48

Bridgewater, 218

Bridgnorth, 217, 377

Bridport, 218

Bristol, 217, 376

Britannia Fields, 356

Brixton, 150

Broad Street, 181, 202, 221, 355

Broad Street, Ward of, 76

Broad Water Worthing, 388

Brockby, Anthony, 129

Broken Wharf, 158

Brome, 340

Bromley, R., 136

Brook, Robert, 49

Browne, John, 259

Browne, Sir T., 248

Buckingham, 217

Buckingham, Duke of, 30

Bucklersbury, 180, 403

Bunhill Fields, 16

Burbage, James, 345, 346

Burby, C., 246

Burgundy, Margaret, Duchess of, 13

Burleigh, 85, 143

Burnell, Anne, 159

Burroughs, 222

Butchers, 151, 152

Butcher Row, 44

Butler, N., 246

Cadman, 246

Caerleon, 218

Caermarthen, 218

Calais, 62

Cambridge, 218, 376

Camden, 240

Campeggio, Cardinal, 28, 39

Campion, Edmund, 72, 81

Candlewick, Ward of, 76

Cannon Street, 44

Canterbury, 140, 191, 217

Canting, 367

Capel, William, 12

Cardiff, 218

Cardmaker, J., 58, 140

Carey, Henry, 389

Carion, 284

Carmillion, Alice, 258, 260

Carpenter, John, 35, 375

Carpets, 277, 278, 281

Carter Lane, 273

Carthusian martyrs, the, 111, 112, 132, 136

Carver, D., 136

Carving, 297, 298

Casaubon, Isaac, 203

Cason, Joan, 163, 164

Caursini, 111

Cavendish, Sir Charles, 150

Cavendish, George, 286, 287

Cavendish, Thomas, 222, 227

Caverley, H., 257

Caxton, 182, 244, 254

Chancellor, Richard, 222, 234

Chancery Lane, 44, 83

Chaplains, domestic, 274

Chapter House, 417

Charing Cross, 155, 387

Charity, 74, 369, 374–378

Charnock Conspiracy, the, 81

Charter House, 67

Chaucer, 247

Cheapside (Cheap, Chepe), 8, 20, 23, 25, 83, 90, 91, 142, 154, 158,

180, 181, 203, 211, 337, 339, 347, 362, 371, 403;

conduit in, 20, 90, 91;

Cross in, 180, 403;

Standard in, 90, 180

Cheap, Ward of, 76

Cheinie, Sir H., 392

Chelsea, 86

Chester, 218, 263

Chicheley, R., 375

Chichester, 217

Child, Sir Josiah, 236

Children of the Chapel, 349, 389

Children of St. Paul’s, 349

Children of the Revels, 349

Children of Westminster, 349

Children of Windsor, 349

Children, treatment of, 274, 285

Chiswell Street, 44

Cholmeley, Ranulph, 91

Christmas, 356–359

Churches, 70, 290;

behaviour in, 152–154, 272;

bells, 147, 148, 171, 172;

burials in, 315;

changes in, 144–146;

Feast of All Fools in, 356;

Lord Mayor’s attendance at, 214;

Mysteries in, 364;

processions in, 148;

ritual, 402;

services in, 144, 145, 148;

sword-stands in, 214;

treatment of, 153:

All Hallows, 176;

St. Andrew’s by the Wardrobe, 201;

St. Antholin’s, 148;

St. Augustine’s, 118;

St. Botolph’s, 192, 194;

St. Bride’s, 140;

St. Catherine Cree, 118;

Chapel Royal, 262;

St. Christopher le Stock, 145, 147, 148;

St. Dunstan’s in the East, 78;

St. Dunstan’s in the West, 94, 273;

St. Ethelburga’s, 150;

St. Giles’s, Cripplegate, 78, 176, 194, 227, 377;

St. Gregory’s, 417;

St. Helen’s, Bishopsgate, 77, 78;

Holy Trinity, 118;

Leadenhall Chapel, 40;

St. Leonard’s, Shoreditch, 192, 193;

St. Magnus, 397;

St. Margaret’s, Lothbury, 147;

St. Margaret Patens, 145;

St. Margaret’s, Westminster, 58, 118, 140, 146;

St. Mary Overies, 164;

St. Mary Spital, 24;

Mercer’s Chapel, 203;

St. Michael’s, Eastcheap, 182, 339;

St. Michael le Querne, 180;

the Papey, 176;

St. Paul’s Cathedral, 5, 9, 16, 40, 46, 47, 53, 98, 140, 150, 157,

158, 177, 178, 180, 194, 212, 272, 358, 365, 407, 408;

St. Peter-le-Poor, 118;

St. Peter’s, Westminster, 194, 401;

St. Thomas Acon, 97, 154;

Westminster Abbey, 12, 20, 67, 96, 118, 387;

Whitechapel, 44, 192

Church ales, 290

Church House, the, 155–157

Cinque Ports, the, 218, 227

Citizens, Musters of, 37, 38, 320–322

City, the—and aliens, 13, 19, 23, 25, 42, 61, 80;

and apprentices, 12, 13;

and Cardinal Wolsey, 23;

and charity, 371;

and the companies, 17;

and country trade, 13;

and the drama, 342–345;

the Earl of Essex, 83;

and the Exchange, 220–222;

and its Fleet, 77;

fortified, 15;

and the freemen, 130;

and the French War, 23, 40, 62;

government of, 209–215, 370;

and the Great Beam, 43;

and Henry VII., 4, 7, 8, 10–13;

and Henry VIII., 16, 18–20, 38;

and Katherine of Aragon, 38;

and the manors, 194, 195;

and the markets, 48;

and the medical profession, 30;

and military service, 75–80;

and the monasteries, 40, 132;

and its offices, 27;

and the priests, 72;

prosperity of, 172;

and Protector Somerset, 49;

and Protestantism, 148, 149;

and Queen Elizabeth, 38, 84;

and Queen Mary, 52, 62;

and Roman Catholicism, 58;

and the Russian Ambassador, 63;

and sanitation, 13, 40, 42;

separation of, from the Court, 272;

and soldiers, 317;

and the Sovereign, 18, 68;

and the Spanish marriage, 57;

state of, at death of Henry VIII., 44;

and supplies of men and money, 42, 62, 75, 78;

and trade, 13, 197;

and vagrants, 370, 371

City Companies, the, 8, 13, 20, 23, 53, 62, 76, 86, 110, 130, 231,

234, 314, 315, 374;

Joint-Stock, 236;

Regulated, 236;

Clothworkers, 377;

Drapers, 232;

Fishmongers, 315;

Grocers, 43;

Leathersellers, 172;

Mercers, 35, 62, 221, 222, 232;

Merchant Adventurers, 231–233, 237, 242;

Merchant Taylors, 13, 35, 376, 377;

Painter-Stainers, 259;

Staplers, 231, 232;

Stationers, 245, 246, 251, 317, 377;

Water-bearers, 397

City Constables, 20

City Courts, 42

City Granary, the, 42

City Offices, 63

City Watch, the, 20

Clare Market, 199

Clarence, Duke of, 181

Cleaton, Ralph, 150

Cleef, Joost van, 260

Clement VII., Pope, 118, 119

Clement’s Inn, 386

Clergy, the, 4, 28, 30, 32, 33, 40, 42, 53, 56, 57, 64, 126, 149–151,

244, 261

Clerks, Company of, 314

Clinton, Lord, his Company, 350

Clochard, the, 180

Cloth, manufacture of, 43

Cloth Market, the, 43

Clough, Richard, 220

Cnihten Gild, 194

Coaches, 198–200

Coat-money, 318

Cockaine, Sir W., 233

Coinage, the, 47

Colchester, 203, 217, 376

Cold Harbour, 181

Coleman Street, 201;

Ward of, 76

Colet, John, 34, 35, 376

Collier, Payne, 251

Commissioners for religion, 68

Common Council, 24, 28, 48, 49, 63, 78, 323, 324, 373

Common lands, 35, 36, 37

Commons, House of, 43, 112, 149, 373

Companies’ Halls, 176, 202, 325;

Grocers’, 180, 209, 210;

Haberdashers’, 201, 210;

Mercers’ 180;

Merchant Taylors’, 26, 209, 351, 355;

Painter-Stainers’, 259;

Sadlers’, 201;

Water-bearers’, 397

Conscience, Court of, 42

Constables, 24

Convocation, 40, 56

Conway, Sir J., 388

Cooke, Sarah, 163, 164

Cooper, Elizabeth, 138

Coppinger, Edmond, 158, 159

Cordwainer Street, Ward of, 63, 76

Corineus, 95, 263–265

Cornelius Agrippa, 165

Cornhill, 16, 20, 148, 220, 273, 337, 358, 362;

Ward of, 35, 76, 214

Cornish Rebellion, the, 7, 15, 47

Corporation, the, 5, 43, 48, 77

Corvus, Johannes, 258

Coryat, Tom, 228

Cosmo, Duke of Tuscany, 292

Council, the King’s, 37, 72

Counterfeit Crank, the, 386

Coventry, 217, 263, 376

Cowbridge, 218

Craftsmen, 18, 42, 49, 136, 300, 301, 309

Cranmer, 46, 53, 142, 146, 162

Crimes, 81, 82, 367, 379–391

Cripplegate, Ward of, 76

Croker, C., 256

Cromwell, Thomas, 30, 40, 219

Crosby Hall, 181

Cucking-stool, the, 388

Cunningham, 217, 218, 238, 239

Dacre, Lord, 155

Dance of Death, the, 47, 180

Danne, M., 376

Dartmouth, 218

Davis, John, 100

Day, John, 246

Dean of St. Paul’s, 30

Dean’s Mews, 346

Debtors, 43, 84, 288

Dee, John, 165, 166

Dekker, 248, 384

Dell, the, 387

Demander for Glymmar, the, 387

Denton, 217

Deptford, 7, 100, 228, 288, 389, 390

Derby, 156, 376

Derby, Earl of, 39;

his Company, 350

Des Periers, Bonaventure, 258

Dialects, 254

Dissent, 144

Distress, 374

Dobbs, Sir R., 48

Doctor’s Commons, 276

Dogs, 40

Dolet, Etienne, 111, 258

Dominican Friars, 28

Dommerar, the, 386