MORE ABOUT THE MOON.
From a globe all fire, all energy, all action, we come to a globe
silent, voiceless, changeless, lifeless. So, at least, the moon seems
to us. But it will not do to speak too confidently.
True, we can find no trace of an atmosphere in the moon. If there is
any atmosphere at all, it must be so thin as to be less than that which
we on earth count as actually none. We pump away the air from a glass
inclosure in an air-pump, and say the glass is empty. Only it is not
quite empty. There is always just a very little air remaining, though
so little that fire would not burn and animals could not live in it.
Some believe that air, up to that amount, may be found in the moon. But
this is much the same as to say there is none at all. For, of course,
with either no air or so very little air, life can not possibly exist
on the moon. We can not imagine such a thing for a moment. That is
just how the matter stands. We “can not imagine,” and therefore we
conclude it to be an impossibility. As if we knew a hundredth part of
the possibilities in any one corner of God’s great universe! As if our
being unable to picture a thing proves that thing not to exist!
Suppose we had always lived in tropical heat, and had never seen,
known, or heard of such a fact as life in Arctic snows. Should we
consider it a thing possible? Suppose we had always lived on dry land,
with never a sight of sea or river or pond, and never a proof that
animal life could exist under water--aye, and that some living animals
may be suffocated by air, just as other living animals are suffocated
by water. Should we not, in our wisdom, reason out such a state of
affairs to be utterly impossible?
There _may_ be no life on the moon. It _may_ be that she is now passing
through a dead, cold, blasted stage, either at the close of some past
history, or in preparation for some future history--or both. But, on
the other hand, it _may_ be that the moon is no less full of life than
the earth; only the life must be different in kind, must be something
which we do not know any thing at all about.
The moon is very much smaller than the earth. Her diameter is about
two-sevenths of the earth’s diameter; her entire surface is about
two twenty-sevenths of the earth’s surface; her size is about two
ninety-ninths of the earth’s size; and her whole weight is about
one-eightieth of the earth’s weight. Attraction or gravitation on the
surface of the moon is very different from what it is on the earth. Her
much smaller bulk greatly lessens her power of attraction. While a man
from earth would, on the surface of the sun--supposing he could exist
there at all--lie helpless, motionless, and crushed by his own weight,
he would on the moon find himself astonishingly light and active. A
leap over a tall house would be nothing to him.
[Illustration: THE MOON--AN EXPIRED PLANET.]
The moon, unlike the sun, has no light or heat of her own to give out.
She shines merely by reflected light. Rays of sunlight falling upon
her, rebound thence, and find their way earthward. This giving of
reflected light is not a matter all on one side. We yield to the moon a
great deal more than she yields to us. Full earth, seen from the moon,
covers a space thirteen times as large as full moon seen from earth.
Perhaps you may have noticed, soon after new moon, when a delicate
crescent of silver light shows in the sky, that within the said
crescent seems to lie the body of a round, dark moon, only not
perfectly dark. It shows a faint glimmer. That glimmer is called
earth-shine. The bright crescent shines with reflected sunlight. The
dim portion shines with reflected earth-light. What a journey those
rays have had! First, leaving the sun, flashing through ninety-three
millions of miles to earth, rebounding from earth and flashing over two
hundred and forty thousand miles to the dark shaded part of the moon,
then once more rebounding and coming back, much wasted and enfeebled,
across the same two hundred and forty thousand miles, to shine dimly in
your eyes and mine. The popular description of this particular view of
the moon is “the old moon in the arms of the new.”
Now about the _phases_ of the moon; that is, her changes from “new”
to “full,” and back again to “new.” If the moon were a starlike body,
shining by her own light, she would always appear to be round. But as
she shines by reflected sunlight, and as part of her bright side is
often turned away from us, the size and shape of the bright part seem
to vary. For, of course, only that half of the moon which is turned
directly towards the sun is bright. The other half turned away is dark,
and can give out no light at all, unless it has a little earth-shine to
reflect.
As the moon travels round the earth, she changes gradually from new to
full moon, and then back to new again. “New moon” is when the moon, in
her orbit, comes between the sun and the earth. The half of her upon
which the sun shines is turned away from us, and only her dark side is
towards us. So at new moon she is quite invisible. It is at new moon
that an eclipse of the sun takes place, when the moon’s orbit carries
her in a line precisely between sun and earth.
Passing onwards round the earth, the moon, as we get a little glimpse
of her shining side, first shows a slender sickle of light, which
widens more and more till she reaches her first quarter. She is then
neither between earth and sun, nor outside the earth away from the sun,
but just at one side of us, passing over the earth’s own orbit. Still,
as before, half her body is lighted up by the sun. By this time _half_
the bright part and _half_ the dark part are turned towards us; so
that, seeing the bright quarter, we name it the “first quarter.”
On and on round us moves the moon, showing more light at every step.
Now she passes quite outside the earth’s orbit, away from the sun. Not
the slightest chance here of an eclipse of the sun, though an eclipse
of the moon herself is quite possible. But more of that presently. As
she reaches a point in a line with earth and sun--only generally a
little higher or lower than the plane of the earth’s orbit--her round,
bright face, shining in the sun’s rays, is turned exactly towards us.
Then we have “full moon.”
Still she goes on. Once more her light narrows and wanes, as part of
her bright half turns away. Again at the “last quarter,” as at the
first, she occupies a “sideways” position, turning towards us half
her bright side and half her dark side. Then she journeys on, with
lessening rim of light, till it vanishes, and once more we have the
dark, invisible “new moon.”
It was these phases and aspects of the moon which formerly gave birth
to the custom of measuring time by months, and by weeks of seven days,
on account of the return of the moon’s phases in a month, and because
the moon appears about every seven days, so to say, under a new form.
Such was the first measure of time; there was not in the sky any signal
of which the differences, the alternations, and the epochs were more
remarkable. Families met together at a time fixed by some lunar phase.
The new moons served to regulate assemblies, sacrifices, and public
functions. The ancients counted the moon from the day they first
perceived it. In order to discover it easily, they assembled at evening
upon the heights. The first appearance of the lunar crescent was
watched with care, reported by the high priest, and announced to the
people by the sound of trumpets. The new moons which correspond with
the renewal of the four seasons were the most solemn; we find here the
origin of the “ember weeks” of the Church, as we find that of most of
our festivals in the ceremonies of the ancients. The Orientals, the
Chaldeans, Egyptians, and Jews religiously observed this custom.
An eclipse of the sun has already been described. An eclipse of the
moon is an equally simple matter. An eclipse of the sun is caused by
the dark, solid body of the moon passing just between earth and sun,
hiding the sun from us, and casting its shadow upon the earth. An
eclipse of the moon is also caused by a shadow--the shadow of our own
earth--falling upon the moon.
Here again, if the plane of the moon’s orbit were the same as ours,
eclipses of the moon would be very common. As it is, her orbit carries
her often just a little too high or too low to be eclipsed, and it is
only now and then, at regular intervals, that she passes through the
shadow of the earth.
If a large, solid ball is hung up in the air, with bright sunlight
shining on it, the sunlight will cast a _cone of shadow_ behind the
ball. It will throw, in a direction just away from the sun, a long,
round shadow, the same as the ball at first, but tapering gradually off
to a point. If the ball is near the ground, a round shadow will rest
there, almost as large as the ball. The higher the ball is placed, the
smaller will be the round shadow, till at length, if the ball be taken
far enough upwards, the shadow will not reach the ground at all. Our
earth and all the planets cast just such tapering cones of dark shadow
behind them into space. The cone always lies in a direction away from
the sun.
It is when the moon comes into this shadow that an “eclipse of the
moon” takes place. Sometimes she only dips half-way into it, or just
grazes along the edge of it, and that is called a “partial eclipse.”
Sometimes she goes in altogether, straight through the midst of the
shadow, so that the whole of her bright face for a short time grows
quite dark. Then we have a “total lunar eclipse.”